Báo cáo "Đề cập tới những nhân tố tác động đến sự can thiệp của Mỹ vào Hy Lạp từ sau năm 1947. " pot

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SU
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•
• • •
TirSflUNnA/\1947
PGS.TS.
Dao
Tuan Thanh
Ha
Thj Hue
Khoa Lich
sw - Bai hpc
Sir
pham
Ha Npi

1.
Dat van
de
Trong sudt tien trinh lich
sir
ciia
minh,
ban dao
Bancang ludn chiu
sir
chi
phdi
va
tac
ddng manh
me
eiia eae
cudng qudc chau
Au.
Ngay
khi
Chien tranh
the
gidi thir Hai chua
ket thiic,
mdt
trat
tu the
gidi
da

dan
hinh
thanh
-
Trat
tu
hai
cue
lanta
(Yalta). Viec
tranh gianh
va
phan
chia
khu vuc
anh
hudng
sau ehien tranh giira
cac
cudng qudc ndng
edt
ciia
khdi Ddng minh chdng phat
xit
ciing
da dien
ra
(Lien
Xd, Anh
va

My). Thuc trang
nay
da tac
ddng
tdi
ban dao
Bancang. Theo
y
kien
cua
Barbara Jelavich,
mdt
ehuyen
gia
ngudi
My
chuyen nghien
cim ve
lieh
sir
ban
dao
Bancang
thi "do
sic
thieu vdng
bdt
cii
mpt thda thuan
ndo

trudc chien tranh,
cdu
triic chinh
tri
cita
ede
qudc
gia
Ddng
Au vd
Trung
Au se
dugc quyet dinh
bdi
lice
lugng
chiem
ddng"\
Ngay
tir
thang
4 nam 1945,
ngudi dimg
dau
Lien
Xd
Stalin
da
khang
dinh

vdi
Tito
- nha
lanh
dao Nam Tu sau
nay
- rang: "Cude chien tranh
ndy
khac
vdi cae
cude ehien tranh trudc
day; bdt
cic
ai
chiem
ddng
mpt
viing lanh
thd se
tie
dp ddt
dugc
he
thdng
xd hpi
cita
minh.
Bdt eu ai
cung
cd the

dp
dgt
duge
he
thdng
xd hpi
ciia
minh
d
nhieng
nai md
qudn
dpi
eiia
minh
thiet
lap
dugc quyen kiem sodt. Khdng
the
khde
nhu
vgy"
.
Trong sudt
the ky XIX den tan nam
1947,
anh
hudng
va
sir

chi
phdi
cua Anh ddi
vdi
ban dao
Bancang
ndi
chung
va
Hy Lap -
mdt
qudc
gia nam
phia
nam
ban
dao
Bancang
- ndi
rieng
la
rat
Idn.
Ngay
tir
thang
12
nam
1944'',
Chinh

phii
Anh da
quyet dinh
thuc
thi
nhieu bien
phap
nham tiep
tuc duy
tri
anh
hudng
d Hy Lap,
nhat
la
trong
bdi
canh Dang Cdng
san
d
cac
qudc
gia
lang
gieng
vdi Hy Lap d
phia
bac
(Bungari,
Anbani,

Nam Tu)
dang tang cudng
anh
hudng
va
kiem soat dugc chinh quyen.
De cd
the tiep
tuc duy tri uu the ndi
trdi
cua
minh
d
Dia Trung
Hai, Anh
quyet
tam
bien
Hy Lap
trd thanh
eir
diem
cd vai trd
quan trpng hang
dau.
Vi vay, Anh da
theo
ddi sat sao mpi
dien bien tren chinh trudng
ciia

Hy Lap, trg
giiip
Hy Lap
khdi phuc
lai
cac
the ehe tai
chinh,
he
thdng
tu
phap
va
chinh
tri,
eiing
' Barbara Jelavich, Istoria Baealnilor
secolului
al
XX-lea
(Lieh
sir
Bancang
thi
ky XX), Vien Chau
Au,
lasi,
2000, trang 273 (tieng Rumani).
2
Barbara Jelavich, sdd, trang 273.

3
Barbara Jelavich, sdd, trang 277.
Qlltuntf.
nhdn
t(%
tde
itfutg^.
43
nhu thuc hien mdt sd du
an
nhim khic phuc
hau qua chien tranh,
han
gan nen kinh te. Dai
dien cho the luc
ciia
Anh chinh
la
tudng
Scobie
va
Dai sir R. Leeper, hp
la
nhiing
ngudi ed anh hudng
rat Idn
"ho da dicgc hdi
y kien ve viee thdnh lap tdt ed 8 chinh
phii
ndm quyen d Hy Lgp tie thdng 01 ndm 1945

den thdng 04 ndm
1946""^.
Ndi ve
sir
can
thiep
ciia
Anh ddi vdi chinh trudng Hy Lap,
cd y kien eho rang "Cho den ndm 1947,
chinh phu Anh da
etc,
edch
chiec Thit tiedng,
coi Hien phdp cht
Id
edi binh phong. Cdc
chuyen gia Anh dua ra moi quyet dinh lien
quan den Chinh sdch kinh te, chinh sdch
phdng thit vd ddi ngogi, an ninh, tu phdp, vd
cd vdn de cua cdc cdng dodn, that
nghiep"
.
van
de dat ra la tai sao Anh lai khdng tiep
tuc thao tiing ddi sdng kinh te, chinh tri cua
Hy Lap tir sau nam
1947,
ma
th"ay
the cho

anh hudng
eiia
Anh lai
la anh
hudng cua
My?;
Dau
la nhirng ly do can
ban/nhan
td
chii
yeu khien eho My, vdn chu y it den Hy
Lap quyet dinh can thiep manh me
vao
qude
gia Nam Au
nay? -Sau
Chien tranh the gidi
thii
Hai (1939 -
1945),
thai dp cua My da cd
su thay ddi, tir chd khdng tim thay
Igi
ich
eiia
minh d khu vuc
nay,
den chd "coi Hy
Lgp la mpt qude gia cd tdm quan trong cd y

"
Barbara Jelavich, sdd, trang 277.
5
C. M. Woodhouse, The Struggle for Greece,
1941-
1949,
Hart-Davis,
MacGibbon,
London,
1979,
trang
149.
*
Ban dao Bancang noi chung va Hy Lap noi rieng,
cho
dgn
truoc khi
Chign
tranh
thS
gioi thu Hai kk
thiic chua thu
hiit dugc
su quan tam
ciia
IVIy.
My rk it
can thiep vao khu vuc nay, chu yeu la
do chii
nghTa

biet lap My va viec My danh su
chii
y nhieu
hon din
khu vuc Chau A - Thai Binh Duong.
_
nghia sdng cdn ddi vdi nude My" . Vay, dieu
gi da khiln My thay ddi thai dp ddi vdi Hy
Lap tir sau Chiln tranh the gidi
thii
Hai? Vi
sao My lai quyet dinh can du
ngay cang sau
vao ndi tinh
ciia
Hy Lap? Phai chang su phan
chia
anh
hudng giiia
cac
cudng qudc trong
trat tu hai cue lanta
va
tham vpng
ciia
My
va
Lien Xd deu cd lien quan chat che ddi vdi
nhirng
sir

kien
xay
ra d Hy Lap sau nam
1945.
Trong khudn khd cua bai viet
nay,
chiing tdi mudn gdp
phan lam
sang td nhiing
eau hdi
tren.
2.
Nhii'ng nhan to tac dong den su can
thiep eiia My vao Hy Lap tir sau nam 1947
Sau nam
1945,
nhung bien ddi to
Idn
ciia
tinh hinh the gidi da cd
tac
dpng khdng
nhd tdi muc dp quan tam
ciia
My tdi Hy Lap.
Trude tien, do ehinh la
sic
cdng (hdng,
ddi ddu trong quan he giira Lien Xd vd
My. Sau Chien tranh the

gidi'thii
Hai, My
vuon len trd thanh cudng qude hung manh
nhat trong the gidi Tu
ban chii
nghTa, day
manh viec hien thuc hda
muu
do ba chu the
gidi
eiia
minh. Tuy nhien, My cd mgt ddi
trgng la Lien Xd. Dudi anh hudng
va vdi
su
trg giiip tich cue
ciia
Lien Xd, d Trung va
Ddng Au,
hang loat
nha nudc dan chu nhan
dan da
duge thanh lap dudi su lanh dao
eiia
cac Dang
Cdng
san.
Ben canh dd, su suy yeu
eiia ehinh phii
tu

san
d
cae
nudc
Tay
Au
va
vai trd
ciia
nhirng ngudi Cdng
san d
Phap,
Italia ciing thuc
sir la
mdt
m.di
lo ngai vdi
Jon.V. Kofas, Intervention and underdevelopment
—
Greece during the Cold War, Pennsylvania
State
University Press, U.S., 1989, trang 63.
44
NGHIEN
COU
CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°02 n25).20n
My. Sau chiln tranh, Lien Xd mong mudn
tao ra mdt viing dem chien
luge
bao quanh

bien gidi
eiia
minh. Nhirng nudc
lang
gieng
phia Bic
ciia
Hy Lap
diu
trd thanh ddng
minh
ciia
Lien Xd va Hy Lap
la
qude gia
Bancang duy nhit "khdng bi ddng hda trong
khdi Xd Viit thdi ki phdi
thai"^.
Ddi vdi
cac
nudc phuong Tay, Hy Lap
la
mdt bd phan
cua vanh dai chiln
luge,
trong do bao gdm
ca
Thd NhT Ky va Iran. Khu vue
nay
khdng

ehi quan trpng vdi nhiing suy tinh chien
luge,
ma
cdn bdi vi nd la vimg dem
bao
ve
eae
viing diu md d Trung Ddng. Do cd vi tri
quan trpng nhu vay nen
cac
nude phuong
Tay tim mpi
each
dl kiem soat Hy Lap, Thd
NhT Ki
va
Iran^.
Viec Anh
va
My tang cudng
sir
hien
dien ve
quan
su
va
can thiep
vao
ddi sdng
chinh trudng

ciia
Hy Lap ciing da gap phai
su phan ling cua Lien Xd.
Ngay
21/1/1946,
Andrej Vishinsky, dai dien
ciia
Lien
Xd
d
Lien Hgp Qudc da td
cao
su hien dien
ciia
quan dpi nudc ngoai tren lanh thd Hy Lap -
mdt dat nudc khdng cd chien tranh - da tao
ra mdi de dpa cho hda binh
ciia
khu vuc .
Mac
dii
Lien Xd khdng can thiep vao cdng
viec ndi bd
ciia
Hy Lap", nhung mdi de doa
^
Jon.V. Kofas, Intervention and underdevelopment -
Greece during the Cold War, sdd, trang
61.
'

Jon.V. Kofas, Intervention and underdevelopment -
Greece during the Cold War, sdd, trang 62.
'°
Jon.V. Kofas, Intervention and underdevelopment
- Greece during the Cold War, sdd, trang 62.
' I
Trong thap nien 40 cua
thg
ky XX, Nam Tu lai la
qu6c
gia c6 anh huong va vai tro a Hy Lap Ion hon ca
Lien Xo.
Dg trg
giiip cho Dang Cong san Hy Lap,
Nam Tu da cho phep nhung nguai Cong san Hy Lap
CO
thg tu do qua lai duong bign gioi
giu;a
hai nuoc.
Ben canh
do.
Nam Tu con thanh lap nhigu trai huan
cdng sdn - nhu quan niem
eiia
phuong Tay -
ed
thi
nhin thiy ro
rang
chinh tir nhiing

phong
trao each
mang xa hdi dudi anh
sang
ciia chii
nghTa Mae.
Dang
Cdng san Hy Lap
(KKE) ra ddi tir rit sdm, ngay tir nam
1918.
Trong nhirng nam giira hai cude chien tranh
thi
gidi
Dang
Cdng
san
Hy Lap ludn tich
cue nang
cao vi the chinh tri
ciia
minh.
Tii'
nam 1945, Dang Cdng
san
Hy Lap la chinh
dang manh nhat d Hy Lap .
Sir
troi day
ciia
phong

trao
du kich do
Dang Cong
san
Hy Lap lanh dao da dugc
diy nhanh hon sau chien tranh, va nd trd
thanh mdi ban
tam Idn
cho chinh quyen tu
san
Hy Lap
va cac
ddng minh
ciia
nd d
phuang Tay.
Vao
thang 4/1946,
lire
lugng du
kieh da cd khoang 950 ngudi, thang 5 la
1300 ngudi, thang 6 la 2700 ngudi. Cho tdi
thang 12/1946, eon sd da tang len 9.285
ngudi'''.
cae
nhdm du kich, trong mdt sd
trudng hgp hoat dpng mdt
each
dpc lap vdi
nhiing chi thi

ciia Dang
Cdng
san,
thuc hien
hang tram hoat dpng thanh edng chdng lai
Chinh
phii va lire
lupng
ban
quan
sir
eanh
hiiu''*.
Chinh thuc trang
nay
da khien cho
phuong Tay ndi chung
va
My ndi rieng lo sg
luyen
nSm
bgn trong lanh tho
ciia
nuoc nay nham
giiip
da nhung du kich Hy Lap, tham tri ca huan luyen
quan su cho ho. Phai dgn thang 7 nam
1949,
nha lanh
dao Nam Tu Tito mai ra lenh dong cua bign gioi, cat

dut duong tigp tg
ciia
luc luong du kich canh ta do
Dang Cong san Hy Lap lanh dao
(Ngu6n:
Barbara
Jelavich,'^^^',
trang 278, 284).
'2
Barbara Jelavich, sdd, trang 278.
'3
Jon.V. Kofas, Intervention and underdevelopment
- Greece during the Cold War, sdd, trang 62.
''t
Jon.V. Kofas, Intervention and
underdevelopn-ent
—
Greece during
thp Cnld
War
'^M trano 67
Qlkdnq,
nhdn
to^tde
itettg
45
Hy Lap se khd diing viing trudc su lan
tran
eiia chii
nghTa cdng

san.
Thi}
hai, dd
Id
su khiing hodng trdm
trong ve kinh te, chinh tri, xd hdi
eiia
Hy Lap
sau ehien tranh da day nudc
nay
roi
vao
tinh
trgng hdn
logn.
Chien tranh the gidi
thii
Hai
cimg vdi su chiem ddng
ciia
quan dpi phat
xit
va sir
phong tda eua
lire
lugng ddng minh
da de lai nhirng hau
qua
nang ne eho nen
kinh te, ehinh tri, xa hdi Hy Lap. Ve kinh te:

Viee Dire yeu eau Hy Lap phai
tra
nhirng chi
phi cho viec chiem ddng da
dan
den su sup
dd khdng the cim van
ciia
tien te va
toan
bd
nen kinh
te''.
Ca san
lupng ndng nghiep
va
cdng nghiep deu giam manh, co sd ha tang
eiia
he thdng giao thdng (sd
dau may va
toa
xe lira, nhiing
cay
cau,
ham
dudng bd
va
dudng sat,
cac cang va
kenh dao) bi

tan
pha
gan
nhu
toan
bd'^.
Sir
chiem ddng
eiia quan
dpi phat xit
Diic va
hau
qua
tir
sir
phong tda
ciia
quan Ddng minh da tach Hy Lap khdi
nhiing thi trudng qudc te quan trpng,
dan
den
su
mat mat
ve doanh thu
ciia ca
xuat khau
va
nhap khau. Hon niia, phat xit
Diie
cdn budc

Hy Lap phai cung
iing
cho chiing luong thuc
va nhiing nhu yeu pham can thiet, dua den
tinh trang thieu luong thue
va
khan hiem
hang hda. Ciing vdi nd la
sir
tham hut
ngan
sach
khdng the tranh khdi trong thdi chien,
day
Hy Lap
vao
nhirng khd khan
Idn
ve tai
chinh. Trong sudt nhiing nam chien
tranh.
'^
Jon.V. Kofas, Intervention and underdevelopment
- Greece during the Cold War, sdd, trang 67.
'^
Athanasios Lykogiannis, Britain and the Greek
economic crisis 1944-1947: From Liberation to the
Truman Doctrine, University of Misouri Press,
Columbia, 2002, trang 39.
eae

khoan tham hut
ngan sach
tang len
miic
khiing khiep: tir chi cd 4% trong nhung nam
1938 - 1939 len 71% nhimg nam 1941 -
1942,
82% nhung nam
1942
-
1943
va 94%
nhung nam 1943 -
1944'^
Thii
tudng Hy
Lap Tsaldaris da
canh bao
vdi
cac
ddng minh
phuang Tay cua Hy Lap trong mdt cude
phdng
van
tai Paris rang: " Trie khi ddng
drachma Hy Lgp dugc hd trg bdi ngudn vien
trg tie Anh, Phdp, My, neu khdng nd se sup
do vdi hdu qud la tinh trgng
Igm
phdt tai

hgi" . Trong nhung nam 1945 -1947, tuy
da cd su hd trg tir ben ngoai de giai quyet
van
de khiing hoang
eiia
nen kinh te Hy Lap
nhung tinh hinh gan nhu khdng cd ehuyen
bien
gi theo hudng tich cue. Den thang
12/1946,
toan
bd
san
lupng edng nghiep udc
tinh van ehi dat mirc 67% mirc trudc chien
tranh'^.
Thu nhap qudc gia nam 1947 ehi dat
62,6%
miic
trudc chien tranh
va
thu nhap
binh
quan
dau ngudi dat 52,8
ddla
My/nam
(1947),
so vdi
miie

90 ddla My
nam 1938
(do theo gia tri
nam
1938). Ddng drachma
mat
gia tir 600/bang Anh rdt xudng
20.000/bang
Anh^°.
Gia
ban
le d Hy Lap
dugc ghi nhan tang len
100%
vao
nam 1946
so vdi mire tang 30% trudc chiln tranh.
Cac
chi sd gia sinh hoat tai Athens da tang tir
'^
Athanasios Lykogiannis, Britain and the Greek
economic crisis 1944-1947: From Liberation to the
Truman Doctrine, sdd, trang
41.
'8
Jon.V. Kofas, Intervention and underdevelopment
- Greece during the Cold War, sdd, trang 55.
"
Athanasios Lykogiannis, Britain and the Greek
economic crisis 1944-1947: From Liberation to the

Truman Doctrine, sdd, trang
190.
20
Marion Sarafis, Martin Eve, Background to
contemporary Greece, The Merlin Press, London,
1990,
trang 55.
46
NGHIEN CLfu CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°02
(125).2011
19,0 nam 1945 len 145,2 vao nam
1946^'.
Du trii vang
ciia Ngan
hang trung uong Hy
Lap ehi eon 4 trieu ddla My, du trir ddla ehi
dat 150.000 ddla My. Mae
dii
Chinh
phii
Anh da cho Hy Lap vay 2 trieu ddla vao
thang 4/1947, nhung nd ciing khdng du de
can
bang han
sir
suy giam ve tai chinh
eiia
qudc gia Bancang nay . Su bat
lire eiia cac
chinh

phii
Hy Lap trong viec giai quyet
nhiing ddi hdi cap thiet nhat cua nen kinh
te da tao them trd ngai cho
sir
phuc hdi.
Khac vdi tinh trang
ciia
phan
Idn cac
qude
gia
chau
Au, tinh hinh kinh te
eiia
Hy Lap
khdng nhiing khdng dugc
cai
thien khi chien
tranh cham dirt,
ma
ngugc lai
ngay
lai mdt
tdi te hon. Hau
qua
eua cude Chien tranh the
gidi
thii
Hai that nang ne. Ben canh 500.000

ngudi tren tdng sd 7 trieu
dan
bi giet ,
nhiing ngudi sdng sdt ciing khdng cd mdt
cude sdng de chiu, ddi
va
ret
day
hp
vao
bude dudng cimg. Ve chinh tri, nhiing nam
cudi
va
sau Chien tranh the gidi thir Hai da
chimg kien hang loat bat dn
Idn
d Hy
Lap.
Trong nhirng nam
Hy
Lap bi chiem
ddng, cd hai chinh
phii
dugc hinh thanh, dd
la
chinh
phii
luu vong
va
chinh

phii bii
nhin
trong nudc. Chinh
phii
luu vong da khdng
kiem soat dugc tinh hinh chinh tri trong
nudc,
nhieu
lire
lugng khang chien dugc
thanh lap vdi nhieu dudng hudng chinh tri
khac nhau, song
Idn
manh nhat la
lire
lugng
Cdng san.
Cude
dau tranh giiia
cac lire
lugng ehinh tri dan
din
su thay ddi lien tuc
ciia
chinh
phii.
Kl tir khi
kit
thiie
sir

chiem
ddng eua Due d Hy Lap thang
10
nam
1944
cho den nam
1946,
ehinh
phii
da thay ddi 16
lan^''.
Nhiing ehinh
phii nay
deu
rat
yeu kem,
cd mdt bd
may
"tham nhiing, khdng hieu
qud,
vd ngdy cdng mdt ldng
ddn"
^.
Su tranh
chap
giiia
canh
ta va
canh
hiiu da dan den

nhirng cude xung dot vii trang hon
la
hda
giai,
quyet liet nhat
la
cude Ndi chien vdng
ba, bat
dau
tir nam
1946 va
keo dai cho den
nam 1949.
N exd
hpi: Cude khiing hoang ve
kinh te
va
chinh tri da keo theo nhirng bat dn
ve mat xa hdi.
Sir
thieu thdn ve ngudn luong
thuc,
thuc
pham
da
day
ngudi
dan
Hy Lap
vao

tinh trang thieu ddi. Ap
lire
ve ngudn
cung
cap
thi trudng chg den da
day
gia ca
vugt xa thu nhap
ciia
mdt cdng dan binh
thudng. Gia
ca
leo thang da
dan
tdi nhiing
sue ep khdng the tranh khdi ve tien
luong. Ddi mat vdi nhiing
siie
ep dd, nhiing
chinh
phii bii
nhin lien tiep da thue hien
chinh
sach
cung
cap
viec
lam
va tien trg cap

nhu mdt hinh thirc phuc
Igi,
khien cho bien
che nha nudc tang len mdt
each
dang bao
ddng. Do dd, cho tdi thang 11/1944, sd
lupng lao ddng nha nudc
va
ngudi dugc
hudng trg cap da tang len con sd la 72.000
va 117.000
(con sd tuong ung cho nhiing
nam 1938 - 1939
la
53.000
va
87.000).
Chinh
phii
ciing nhan trach nhiem cho hang
2'
Jon.V. Kofas,
Inten'ention
and underdevelopment
- Greece during the Cold War, sdd, trang 55.
22
Marion Sarafis, Martin Eve (1990), sdd, trang 55.
23
Barbara Jelavich, sdd, trang 279.

2't
Paul Olkhovsky, The Greek civil war: An
examination of American 's first Cold War
victory.
Center for Naval analyses,
2003,
trang 6.
25
Paul Olkhovsky, The Greek civil war: An
examination of
American's
first Cold War
victoiy,
sdd, trang 6.
QVtunfj,
ithdn te
tde
itdtiq,.
47
nghin
ca
nhan trong tinh trang
bi pha san
va
ca nhiing ngudi
cd kha
nang
roi
vao
tinh

trang chet
ddi, do dd bd
sung them 80.000
lao ddng
va
55.000 ngudi nhan
trg
cap
vao
bien che nha nudc. Tdng
sd ca
nhan true tiep
nhan hd
trg
ciia
nha nudc nhu vay
da
tang
tir
141.000 trude chiln tranh
len
324.000^^
Trong
tat ea
nhirng ngudi
ed
tien luong,
cdng chirc
la
nhirng ngudi

bi anh
hudng
Idn
nhat
bdi lam
phat. Cude
dau
tranh
de duy tri
mirc sdng
tdi
thieu
dua den
sir
sao
nhang
trach nhiem
va sir
tham nhiing thudng
xuyen.
Ket
qua
la, nha nudc
dan
sir
Hy
Lap
sau chien tranh
d
trong tinh trang

tdi te hon
bat cir
thdi gian
nao
trudc
dd. Vdi con sd
khdng
Id
trong bien
che nha
nudc,
hau het
ngudi
lao
ddng khdng
cd
viee
de
lam
va chi
nhan tien luong.
Ti le
that nghiep
da
tang
11%
trong
khu vuc dd thi
trong nhirng
nam

1945
-
1947^^.
Ddi vdi
nhirng ngudi
cd
viec
gi
dd de
lam,
hp
thue hanh cdng viec
it
hang
hai
hon. Vao
cudi thang 7/1947, thdi gian
lam viee trung binh mdt
tuan la
25 tieng.
Do
dd,
rat
nhieu ngudi
lao
ddng
da
dimg
tat ea
phuang tien

de
lam
tang
sd
tien luong
it di
eiia
hp.
Tinh trang tham nliiing
tran
lan
va
kieu kiem tien bang
mpi
each
da
gay sir
bat
man
Idn
trong
xa
hdi. Cude sdng
eiia
ngudi
dan sdng
d
ndng thdn
va
mien

mii vdn da
khd khan
lai
cang them khdn cimg.
Su ddi
ngheo,
mit ve
sinh
va gia
tang
sir
bat
binh
26
Athanasios Lykogiannis, Britain
and the
Greek
economic crisis
1944-1947:
From Liberation
to the
Truman Doctrine, University
of
Misouri Press,
Columbia, 2002, trang
45.
27
Marion Sarafis, Martin Eve (1990), Background to
^Q,,(^,„^op/ii-v Crpprp
sdd- trans 55. ,

,,
trong cdng ddng
cu dan
ndng thdn, khien
khu vuc
nay
trd
thanh
manh
dat
mau
md eho
cac
cude
ndi day .
Thic
ba, su
riit
lui
ciia
Anh da tgo ra
khodng trdng quyen
lice
a Hy
Lgp.
Tuy Anh
da
can
thiep
vao

cae
van de
ciia
Hy Lap
trong sudt
hon
130
nam, song
vao
nam
1945,
sir
can du
ciia
Anh
bi kim ham bdi
nhieu
vat
can
Idn,
lam
tieu
tan mpi
tham vpng
va
tinh
toan ciia
Anh.
Anh
budc

ra
khdi cude chien
tranh
vdi su
ngheo
ddi
va
gan nhu pha san.
De
duy tri
cude
chien tranh, 36%
vdn tu
ban
cua
Anh d
nudc ngoai
da
phai
ban
trong
nhiing
nam
1939
-
1945,
va chi
tieu 33%
du
trii vang.

Gia tri
xuat khau
da
giam
den
40%
mirc trude chien tranh
. Mac
dii
cd
chuang
trinh vay mugn
va cac
thda thuan khac, song
tdng
can can
thanh
toan eiia
Anh
trong sudt
thdi gian ehien tranh
van
tham
hut tdi
10
ti
bang Anh,
dua tdi
nhirng khoan
ng

qudc
te
tri
gia hon 3,5 ti
bang
Anh
vao
eudi
nam
1945.
Day la
mdt
khoan
ng
Idn
nhat trong
lich
sir,
vugt
xa bat cir
nhiing
gi
phat sinh
trong
bat
cii
eugc chien
nao
khae
ma

Anh
tham gia,
va
du
trir
vang va
ddla
chi cdn 600
trieu bang
.
Chinh
phu
London
bat dau
dam
phan vdi Washington cho mdt khoan vay
vao
thang 9/1945
va
da dat
duge
mdt
thda thuan
vao cudi
nam
nay. Khoan
vay nay
la
3,75 ti
ddla, mien

lai
suat
cho nam nam dau
tien
va
lai hang
nSm la
12%
cho
nam muoi nam tiep
28
Barbara Jelavich,
sdd,
trang
279.
29
Jon.V. Kofas, sdd, trang
51.
30
Athanasios Lykogiannis,
sdd,
trang
78.
48
NGHIEN
CQU
CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW
N°02 (125).2011
theo^'.
Nhiing van de kinh te

Idn
trong nudc
va sir
thay ddi nhanh chdng trong ddi
sdng chinh tri
(sir
that bai dang kinh ngae
ciia Dang Bao thii ciia
Churchill), da
lam
giam bdt
sire
manh kinh te
va
quan
sir ciia
Anh d nudc ngoai. Anh khdng cdn
dii
kha
nang de giii' vi the
ciia
mdt cudng qudc de
qudc
va
duy tri nhirng vi tri chien luge tren
toan the gidi cua minh, chdng lai nhiing
thach thirc
ciia
Lien Xd. Dieu dang
chii

y
la
trude khi Hpc thuyet Truman dugc cdng bd,
Anh da
san sang
chia se
"ganh
nang Hy Lap"
vdi My. Thang 12/1944,
Thii
tudng Anh
Churchill da giri mdt thdng diep cho Tdng
thdng My Roosevelt thdng qua Dai
sii
MaeVeagh:
"Hay ndi vdi dng ta rdng dng
ta cd the giiip dd chiing tdi bdng mpt vdi
cdch ndo do. Chimg tdi khdng mudn gl
tie
Hy
Lgp
Chimg tdi den ddy do Hiep udc vdi
ede nudc Ddng minh de ddnh dudi qudn Diec
vd sau do thdy rdng ehiing tdi phdi ddu tranh
de bdo ve ngudi ddn Aten khdi su tdn sdt
Tdt cd dieu ehimg tdi mudn bdy gid
Id
bien
khdi nai chet tiet ndy" . Cho tdi nam 1947,
ngudi Anh da vd cung that vpng vdi tinh

hinh
ngay cang
hdn loan
ciia
Hy Lap
va
lo
ngai rang mpi viec se trd nen tdi te hon neu
Anh tiep tuc
cac
chinh sach d dd. Thang
2/1947, Anh giri cho My mdt tdi hau thu,
ngudi Anh se
riit
khdi Hy Lap
vao
cudi
3'
Jon.V. Kofas, Intervention and underdevelopment -
Greece during the Cold War, Pennsylvania State
University Press, U.S.,
1989,
trang 52.
^"
Paul T. Calbos, Cold War conflict: American
inten'ention in Greece, Indiana University, 1993,
trang 65.
thang 3 nlu My khdng chia se
ganh
nang vdi

hp".
Trong nira diu nam 1947, ngudi Anh
eat giam su hien dien
quan sir eiia
hp d Hy
Lap tir 15.000 ngudi xudng cdn
5.000
ngudi .
Sye
rut lui cita Anh tgo ra mpt
khodng trdng quyen
lice
vd ciing lan a khu
vice
ndy, la ea hdi eho Lien Xd md rpng
phgm vi dnh hudng cita minh, vd day thuc
sic
la dieu khien My gia tdng
sir
lo nggi.
Nhu vay, bdi
canh
lich sir trong va
ngoai Hy Lap sau Chien tranh the gidi
thii
Hai da ed nhiing bien ddi manh me. Mdt dat
nude vdi
sir
yeu kem ve kinh te, bat dn ve
ehinh tri, hdn loan ve xa hdi, lai nam d

mgt
vi tri chien luge,
rat
de bi cdng
san
tan cdng
da de dga
true
tiep den
Igi
ich cua My va cac
nude ddng minh. Thue te dd bupc My phdi
thay ddi cdch nhin ve tdm quan trong eua Hy
Lgp vd cd nhicng dieu chinh ve chinh sdch
cua
minh
a khu
vice
ndy. Cho tdi nhiing nam
trude khi Chien tranh the gidi
thii
Hai ket
thiic.
My khdng thuc su quan
tam
tdi khu
vuc Bancang ndi chung
va
Hy Lap ndi rieng.
My chi thuc hien mdt chinh

sach
can thiep
han ehe. Trong bdi
canh
Chinh
phii
tu san
Hy Lap phai ddi phd
vat va
vdi phong trao
du kich dudi su lanh dao
eiia
nhiing ngudi
Cdng
san,
ngay cang
gap phai nhiing khd
khan
Idn
trong cude ndi chien, tuy nim giu
quyin lue, song hp lai khdng phai la
lire
lugng nim uu the,
ma
ngugc lai hg d
thi
hi
33
Martin Eve, Anti-communism and American
intervention in Greece, trang

102.
3t
Paul Olkhovsky, The Greek civil war: An
examination of
American's
first Cold War
victory^
Center for Naval
aLiiu'viSf;.
2003,
•,/;.,;aK
5,
QfUuinf^
nhdn
t/i^td^
ttmig,.
49
ddng, phai phdng thu trudc
cac cude
tin
edng
ciia lire
lugng
eanh
ta, ddng thdi su bit
lire
cua Chinh
phii
Anh
va sir riit

lui
ciia
Anh
khdi Hy Lap da budc Chinh
phii
Hy Lap phai
cau eim
sir
trg giup
eiia
My.
Sir
can du
ciia
My
vao
edng viec ndi bd cua Hy Lap leo
thang ciing vdi thdi gian. Bude di dau tien la
su tang cudng giiip dd ve kinh te. Chinh
phii
My "bdt ddu cho rdng nhirng su kien dien ra
d Hy Lgp la mpt vi du cu the eho thdy su gdy
hdn vd xdm
luge
cita Lien Xd ddi vdi nhieng
qudc gia nhd be vd bdt dri'' . Thang 2 nam
1947,
Dai
sii
My tai Aten, Lincoln

MaeVeagh, da giri
bao cao
ve Bd Ngoai giao
My, trong dd da
canh bao
rang: "Neu Hy Lgp
rai vdo tay
ciia Chii
nghia Cpng sdn, todn bp
Can Ddng vd
mpt
phdn Bde Phi chdc ehan se
ndm dudi dnh hudng
ciia
Xd Viet" .
Trong sudt nam 1945
va dau
nam
1946,
bat chap ldi keu gpi khan cap
ciia MaeVeagh
va
sir
thue giuc tir Anh de chia se "ganh nang
Hy Lap", chinh sach chinh thiic eua
Washington
van
" de trdnh khdng can
thiep vdo edng viee npi bp Bancang, vd
khong tham gia bdt ky hogt dpng qudn

sie
ndo ed the, ngogi trir lien quan den cuu trg
vd tdi thiet" . Tuy nhien, nhirng bien ddng
nhanh chdng
ciia
tinh hinh qudc te
va
khu
vuc da budc My thay ddi
each
nhin nhan
ciia
minh.
Sir
phat trien trong nhan thiic ve de
dpa eua
ehii
nghTa edng
san
ca trong
va
ngoai
Hy Lap da ehiing td tim quan trpng
eiia
viee
dinh hinh lai thai dp cua My. Bd Ngoai giao
My da trich
dan
mdt danh
sach

dai nhirng
hanh ddng chdng Hy Lap do Lien Xd va
ddng minh thue hien de chirng minh rang Hy
Lap
va
Thd NhT Ki tao thanh "chuang nggi
vgt duy nhdt cho su thdng tri
eiia
Lien Xd
phia ddng Dia Trung Hdi" va khuyen nghi
Washington nen san
sang
"dua ra cdc bien
phdp thich hgp" de bao ve "todn ven lanh thd
vd chinh tri cua Hy Lgp, bao gdm su
iing
hp
ve ngogi giao vd tinh thdn, su hd trg thiet
thiec trong cdc
hinh
thiec tin dung vd trang
thiet bi qudn su" . Den
dau
nam 1947, tinh
than
ciia
nhung edng van do nhung ngudi
My sdng d Aten giri ve da
gieo'
hoang mang

thue su cho gidi chirc My. MaeVeagh ehi
ra
rang
sir
ket hgp cua
siie
ep ben ngoai
va
tinh
trang bat dn ben trong ed kha nang dan den
cude
each
mang
va
"su kiem soat
ciia
Lien
Xd"; trong khi Mark Ethridge, dai dien cua
My trong Uy ban Dieu tra Lien hgp qudc, so
sanh
Hy Lap vdi mdt "qua man chin" cd kha
nang rai
vao
tay Lien Xd chi trong vdng vai
tuan^^.
Nhiing tin hieu
tran
day
sir
hoang

mang nay budc Washington tien
gan
hon tdi
hanh ddng cu
thi.
Ngay 21/2/1947, Thir
trudng Bd Ngoai giao My, Dean Acheson,
da
canh bao
ve nhiing hau qua cua viec cho
phep Hy Lap roi
vao sir
thdng tri
ciia
Lien
Xd ehi dan gian
la
do "thieu
sir
hd trg day
dii"
tir phia My
va
Anh. Dean Acheson eho
rang do Anh da khdng the cung
cap
trang
thiet bi
quan sir
can thiet trong ke hoaeh, nen

My
can
md rdng hd trg cua minh trong
ITnh
vuc dd. Tren het, dng ta keu ggi mdt du luat
35
Barbara Jelavich, sdd, trang 282.
36
Barbara Jelavich,
sdd,
trang 282.
"
Paul
T.
Calbos, sdd, trang
9.
38
Paul
T.
Calbos, sdd, trang 43.
39Athanasios
Lykogiannis (2002), sdd, trang 212.
50
NGHIEN CLfu CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°02
(125).2011
dac biet can dugc nhanh chdng thdng qua d
Qudc hdi, cho phep cho mdt khoan vay true
tilp danh cho Hy
Lap''".
Vdi y thuc

cap
bach
da bao
triim
Washington, trong vdng
vai
tuin, Hpc thuyet Truman dugc
hoan
chinh
va
bien phap dde
toan
lue cho chinh sach ngan
chan
chii
nghTa cdng san, bao vay, cd lap
ciia
Lien Xd da dugc thue thi. Theo Tdng thdng
Truman "Neu chimg ta that bgi tren the gidi,
nhicng khu
vice nhie
Hy Lgp, bi suy yeu vd
phdn chia
nhie Id
mpt ket qua cua chien
tranh,
se rai vdo quy dgo Lien Xd md khdng
can nhieu nd
lice
cita ngudi Nga. Su thdnh

cdng cita Nga
a
nhicng khu
vice
dd vd su
thieu quan tdm da dtegc thica nhdn
ciia
chimg ta se ddn den su phdt trien cua cdc
Ddng Cpng san ben trong cdc nudc chdu Au
nhic
Phdp vd Y, nhieng nai dang bi de doa
nghiem
trong"'^\
Dieu nay da eho thay
sir
•
kien quyet
ciia
chinh quyen Truman trong
viec giai quyet cac van de lien quan den Hy
Lap.
Ngay
12/3/1947, Tdng thdng Truman
giri den Qudc hdi mdt thdng diep ma sau dd
dugc biet den vdi ten gpi la Hpc thuyet
Truman. Ong keu gpi 400 trieu ddla hd trg
kinh te
va
quan
sir

eho Hy Lap va Thd NhT
Ky, trong dd 300 trieu ddla dugc danh cho
Hy
Lap'^'.
Tuy nhien, nhiem
vii
khd khan
ciia
Truman va cac cd van
ciia
dng la phai
thuyet
phiic
dugc Qudc hdi. Su
phan
ddi den
tir nhimg nha lanh dao My theo
chii ngliTa
biet lap. Dieu nay
la hoan
toan cd can cir, bdi
vi hp khdng nhin thay bat cir trien vpng gi
cho
sir
phuc hdi kinh tl d Hy Lap. Trong hai
nam dau sau chiln tranh, da ed rat nhieu nd
luc cim trg nudc ngoai ddi vdi Hy Lap
nhung tinh hinh
ngay cang
them

tram
trpng,
nhu A. W. Sheppard da khang dinh trong
nghien eim
ciia
dng ve Hy Lap . Trong sudt
thang 3
va
thang 4, ke hoaeh trg giiip
eiia
Chinh
phii
My danh cho Hy Lap
va
Thd NhT
Ky gay ra nhieu
sir
tranh cai trong chinh gidi
My, bi nhirng ngudi chdng ddi chi trich
manh me. Tham chi hp eon cho
rang:"Chii
nghia cpng sdn
nhic
mpt con ngcia pp, nhicng
chiing ta dang dtegc yeu cdu gid lien cua
ehiing ta den mpt
Id
hdng - Hy Lgp" .
Tuy nhien, vdi viec vien
dan

rang an
ninh
ciia
My phu thupc vao viec tang cudng
cho Hy Lap, Thd NhT Ky
va
My
can
gin giir
dde lap dan tdc
ciia cac
nudc nay, Tdng
thdng Truman da thanh cdng trong viec
thuyet phuc
cac
nha lanh dao Qudc hdi My.
Dd thue
sir
la mdt budc ngoat trong chinh
sach ddi ngoai
ciia
My. Thugng nghi sT
Arthur Vandenberg,
Chii
tich
IJy
ban Ddi
ngoai Thugng vien
va la
ngudi theo chu

nghTa biet lap trudc day, da trd thanh mdt
ngudi
iing
hd vd dieu kien cho chinh sach
mdi
va
da giup
gay anh
hudng den hanh
ddng
ciia
Qude hdi. Trong mdt
la
thu eho
mdt ddng nghiep tai thdi diem dd, dng ta da
vilt " vdn de cita Hy Lgp khdng the bi cd
lap.
Ngugc
Igi,
nd ed le
Id
bieu tugng cita
xung dpt y thiec he cpng sdn tren loan the
gidi giica chit nghia cpng sdn phia Ddng vd
40
Paul
T.
Calbos, sdd. trang
68.
"1 Din

theo, Paul
T.
Calbos, sdd, trang
68.
42
Paul Olkhovsky (2003), sdd, trang
5.
43
Marion Sarafis, Martin
Eve , sdd,
trang
56.
44
Paul
T.
Calbos,
sdd,
trang
70.
QfUtu-iifj^
nhau
tfitde
itanei
51
nen ddn chit phia Tdy

md yeu cdu chimg ta
thue hien mpt sd quyit dinh mang tinh dinh
menh vd vuan
xc/""*^.

Cudi ciing, dudi su
cheo
lai ciia
Vandenberg, Qude hdi My da
img hd ke hoaeh
ciia
Tdng thdng Truman.
Ngay 22/5/1947, Thugng vien My da thdng
qua de nghi vien trg cho Hy Lap
ciia
Tdng
thdng Truman. My da bat
dau
chuyen tir mdt
chinh sach can thiep han che
va
mang tinh hd
trp
la chii
yeu, sang ehinh
sach
can thiep mdt
each
manh me,
toan
dien
va
cd
chii
dich

vao
Hy Lap. Chinh
phii
My da thay
dan
vai trd
ciia
Chinh
phii
Anh d Hy Lap vdi tu
each
la
the
lire
nudc ngoai ed
anh
hudng
chii
yeu d
Aten.
cac
phai doan quan
sir
va chuyen gia
eua My da
dam
nhiem nhii'ng sir menh va
trpng trach d Hy Lap
ma
trudc day ngudi

Anh da
lam
. So vdi ngudi Anh,
each lam
ciia
ngudi My cd nhieu diem khac, "khdn
kheo han, hieu qud han, linh hogt han,
khdng de chdp nhgn ngogi le, ludn dp ddt
cdch ldm
ciia
ngudi My, khdng quan tdm den
cdc dgc trung ddn
tpe"'^^.
Nam 1948 la mdt
nam quan trpng ddi vdi
cac
phe phai trong
cude ndi chien d Hy Lap, mdi ben deu chuan
bi tung ra nhii'ng ddn danh quyet dinh trong
cac
cude
dimg
dp sap dien ra. Vdi su trg giiip
tich
cue ciia
My, quan dpi chinh
phii
Hy Lap
da duge tang cudng khdng chi ve sd lupng
ma ea

kha nang
tac
ehien va trang bi vii khi
(sd quan tang tir 132.000 len 232.500; ben
canh
quan
dpi Hy Lap cd su hien dien
ciia
nhieu cd vin quan su My; tinh
din
thang 9
nam 1948, My da cung cap cho quan dpi Hy
Lap 140
may
bay, 3.890 khau phao cac loai,
97.000 khau sung trudng va 10.000 xe dtd
cac
loai"*^).
Dieu
dang
ndi la, mac
dii
Lien Xd
phan ddi manh me su trg giiip tren
ciia
My
danh cho Hy Lap, song Lien hgp qudc lai
iing
hd hanh ddng
eiia

My .
Sir
trg giup kinh te,
quan
su cua My
danh cho Chinh
phii
Hy Lap da ed vai trd
quan trpng trong viec quyet dinh
sir
thanh
bai
ciia
cude ndi chien d Hy Lap. Dang Cdng
san
Hy Lap (KKE) da khdng the ddi mat vdi
thach thirc den tir phia My va
quan
dpi ehinh
phii.
Tuy
lire
lugng du kieh do Dang Cdng
san
lanh dao cd nhan dugc su trg giiip
ciia
Nam Tu
va
Bungari, song nd khdng dang ke.
Trong khi dd, chinh

phii
Lien Xd da khdng
danh cho
Dang
Cdng
san
Hy Lap bat ky
sir
trg giiip
nao,
cdn ban
than
nha lanh dao Lien
Xd, Stalin, lai mudn
cham diit cac
cude ndi
day do nhii'ng ngudi Cdng
san
Hy Lap lanh
dao vi lo sg
sir tac
ddng tieu cue
ciia
nd den
ehinh
sach ciia
Lien Xd d
cac
khu vuc khac
tren the gidi. Stalin da td rd thai dp phan ddi

ciia
minh trong cude gap mat vdi
cac
nha
lanh dao Nam Tu va Bungari nhan dip hp
vieng tham Matxcava khi khang dinh ring:
"Nhieng ngudi ndi day khdng ed bdi cic ca
hpi thdnh cdng ndo. Cdc anh lieu cd tin rdng
Anh vd My - nhicng cudng qudc mgnh nhdt
the gidi
Igi
cho phep viec cat did mdt cdc
con dudng huyet mgch
a
Dia Trung
Lldi?
Dd
la
sie
ngd ngdn. Vd chiing la khdng cd hgm
45
Paul T. Calbos, sdd, trang 69.
46
Barbara Jelavich,
.sdd,
trang 282.
47
C. M.
Woodhouse.
sdd,

pp.
235.
48
Barbara Jelavich, sdd, trang 282 - 283.
49
Barbara Jelavich, sdd, trang 283.
52
NGHIEN
CGU
CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°02
(125).2011
dpi (a do). Cupe ndi day a Hy Lgp cdn phdi
ngdn
Igi
nhanh nhdt cd the" .
3.
Ket luan
Sau Chiln tranh the gidi
thii
Hai, tinh
hinh the gidi da ed nhiing bien ddi quan
trpng, trong do ndi bat
la
su ddi dau giira hai
cue Xd - My vdi
sir
chi phdi
ciia
nd tdi
toan

bd quan he qudc te nira sau the ki XX. Tham
vpng
ciia
hai cudng qudc trong viec md rdng
pham vi anh hudng
eiia
minh da keo theo
rat
nhieu qude gia
vao
vdng
xoay ciia
nhung
xung dot, tranh chap. Hy Lap
la
noi ehimg
kien sdm nhat
ciia
xung dot giira hai phe
Ddng - Tay.
Sir
bimg nd cude ndi ehien Hy
Lap trong nhirng nam 1946 duge md ta nhu
"ldi tuyen bd chinh
thiec ciia
cude Chien
tranh Lgnh" giiia "the gidi tu do" va luc
lugng edng
san^'.
Ddi vdi My, trong cude

chien chdng lai
sir
md rdng
anh
hudng
ciia
Lien Xd d chau Au va the gidi, Hy Lap da
trd nen rat quan trpng. "Tdm quan trong
ehien
luge ciia
Hy Lgp ddi vdi an ninh
eiia
nude My tren thiec te, a chd, ddy la qude gia
Bancang duy nhdt chua rai vdo tay Lien Xd.
Hy Lgp vd Thd Nhi Kl hinh thdnh nen trd
nggi duy nhdt eho
sic
thdng tri cita Lien Xd d
phdn phia Ddng Dia Trung Hdi - nai chiem
vi tri vd ciing quan trong ve mat ehien luge
vd kinh te
^
. Nhirng bat dn ve kinh te, bien
*53
50
Dan
theo, Barbara Jelavich,
sdd,
trang 283.
51

Lt. Col.
Robert
W.
Selton, U.S. Army,
"The
Cradle
of
US
Cold
War
Strategy," Military Review (August
1966),
trang
68.
52
Jon.V. Kofas (1989), Intervention
and
underdevelopment
-
Greece during
the
Cold
War,
Pennsylvania State University Press, U.S.,
1989,
trang
64-65.
ddng ve ehinh tri
va
tinh chat khde liet

ciia
cude npi chien Hy Lap (mdt qude gia ed vi
tri dia-ehinh tri quan trpng tren ban dao
Bancang, qudc gia tiep giap true tiep vdi khu
vuc
anh
hudng
eiia
Lien Xd) da khien cho
My quyet dinh can thiep
vao
ndi tinh
ciia
qudc gia Nam Au nay, hdng
lap
di chd hdng
ve quyen
lire
do
sir riit
lui
eiia
Anh de lai,
bien Hy Lap trd thanh mdt mat xich quan
trpng trong chien luge toan eau
eiia
My
nham chdng lai chu nghTa cdng
san.
Sir

can
du
ciia
My
ngay
cang manh me
vao
Hy Lap
ke tir nam
1947,
nai My chua timg quan tam
cho den thdi diem dd "ddnh ddu mpt budc
ngogt trong chinh sdch ddi ngogi
eiia
My.
Nd la mpt su bd sung cho ke hogch Marshall
ve giiip dd kinh te cita My ddnh cho chdu Au
dugc cdng bd vdo thdng 6 ndm 1947, trong
do bao gdm ed Hy
Lgp"^
. Cd le, chinh tham
vpng ba
chii
the gidi
ciia
My
la
nhan td quan
trpng khien My quyet
tam

the hien vai tro
ciia
minh d nhiing nai dugc My coi nhu tien
ddn trong cude chien chdng lai chu nghTa
cdng
san,
ma Hy Lap la mdt vi du tieu bieu,
trd thanh nai md dau cho
sir
xung dot, cang
thang cua
cude
Chien tranh Lanh.
53
Cuoc
noi
chign
a Hy Lap kgt
thiic
nam
1949,
vai su
that
bai cua luc
lugng
du
kich duoi
su
lanh
dao

ciia
Dang Cong
san,
thuc
su la mot
tham
hoa d6i voi dat
nuac
Hy Lap. Uac
tinh
so
nguai chgt
phia
quan
doi
Chinh
phu Hy Lap la
70.000 nguai, phia
luc
luong
du
kich
ch6ng
Chinh
phu la
38.000 nguai; thigt
hai
kinh
tg
con

Ion
con han ca
trong Chien tranh
thg
gioi
thii'
Hai.
Bgn
canh
do,
viec Chinh
phii
Hy Lap thi
hanh
chinh sach khiing
b6
cac
lang
mac
trong thai gian
diin
ra
cuoc
noi
chign
da lam
tang nhanh
s6
nguai
chay

ti
nan, tang
Ign g§n
700.000 nguai
vao nam
1949
(Ngu6n:
Barbara Jelavich,
sdd,
trang 284).
54
Barbara Jelavich,
sdd,
trang 283.