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THONG BUON
BAN PHRT THBI
CUB
U€N /VIINH CHRU BU
- CO
CHC'l/NG
PHO VOI
SLT BICN
DOI KHI
HRU
TORN
CnU
Ths.
Bui Viet
Hirng
Vien Nghien cuu
ChduAu
1.
Boi Ciinh chung
\c bien
doi khi hau
toan cau
Trong mpt \'ai
ihap
ky qua, ciing voi su
phat
trien
nhanh chong
eiia
khoa hoc c6ng

nghe, la nhu cau khai
ihdc
vd sir dung ngdy
mpt lang ngu6n ldi nguyen khodng sdn, ldi
nguNcn
rirng, phd buy he sinh thai, sinh
quNcn
tren loan
Irai
dal. He luy
ciia sir
gia
lang cac boat dgng nhu vay gay ra qua trinh
phdi ihdi
mot lugng lon khi cacbon, nito vdo
bau khi quyen khien be mat
Irai
dal co xu
huong ngdy cdng nong len, gay ra nhiing
Ihdm
hoa nhu lii lut, ban ban, chdy rimg dien
ra tren khap cdc khu vuc voi lan suat ngdy
mpi
lang. Theo cdc nhd khoa hgc, nguyen
nhan chfnh
ciia
bien d6i khi hau
Irai
dal Id do
sir

gia lang
ciia
cdc boat dpng lao ra cdc chal
Ihdi
khf nha kfnh, cdc boat dpng khai thdc
qua mirc cdc be hap
Ihu
khf nhd kfnh nhu
sinh khoi, rimg, cdc he sinh
Ihdi
ven bien
Nguy
CO
xdy ra nhirng tdc dgng toi te nhit
ciia
bien d6i khi hau co the dugc gidm
Ihilu
phan lon neu lugng khf thdi vdo khf quyin
on djnh a
miic
450 ppm- 550 ppm, tuong
img mirc tang nhiet do tir
2°C-
2,4°C
(Hien
nay gan 430 ppm). Dieu d6 doi hoi
ting
lugng khf thdi ft nhat phdi thip hon 25%
mirc hien nay vdo nam 2050. Day dugc xem
nhu mot Irong nhirng thach thirc Ion nhat doi

vai cac quoc gia co mirc phdt thdi cao Irong
vice
thuc bien cac cam kel cat gidm
miic
phat thai quoc gia
Dirng truoc nhung tbuc trang \a
ihach
Ihirc ngay cdng lo lon nhu \ay,
\iee
lim ra
nhirng gidi phdp cung nhu xay dung cac
chien
luge
phdt trien ben viing khong chi la
nhiem vu cap bdch
ciia
moi quoc gia ma doi
hoi phdi
CO sir
chung
la\
cua todn nhan loai
Irong cugc chien chong bien doi khf hau loan
cau. Tren linh than do, hgi nghj quoc le do
Lien hiep quoc trieu lap tai Rio de Janeiro
nam 1992 da thong qua Hiep djnh Khung va
Chuong trinb Hdnh dgng quoc le nham
ciiu
\ an Tmh Irang "xau di" nhanh cbong cua bau
kbi quyen Trdi dal, von dugc coi

Id
nguyen
nhan chu yeu cua
sir
gia tang hiem hga. To
chirc nghien ciiru Lien chfnh phu ve Bien doi
khf hau
ciia
Lien hiep quoc
(IPCC)
da dugc
thdnh lap, tbu
hiit sir
tham gia cua hang ngan
nhd khoa hgc quoc te.
Voi muc tieu cat giam lugng khf thai
gay hieu ung nhd kinh,
iin
diu tien mpt
khuon kho phap ly ve biln
dii
khf hau mang
tam quoc te
ciia Lien
hiep quoc voi
sir
tham
gia ky ket
ciia
chinh phu cdc quoc gia tham

aue
intf^nif.
imoH itaii
p.Hat
thai.
41
du da dugc thong qua trong bdn du thdo
ngdy
11/12/1997
lai Kyoto, vd chfnh
Ihiic
co
hieu
lire
vao ngdy 16/2/2005. Nghj djnh
Ihu
Kyoto da danh ddu moc quan trpng Irong n6
lire
lodn cau ve bdo ve m6i truong vd
phdi
trien ben vung. Theo lh6ng ke
ciia
IPCC,
Ifnh
den Ihdng
11/2007
da co
175
nuoc kf kel
Iham

gia chuong trinh ndy, trong do co 36
nuac phat trien (Lien minh Chau Au dugc
linh
la mpt nuoc) dugc yeu cau bat bupc phdi
gidm thieu khi thdi nhd kinh ma hg da cam
Nghj djnh thu Kyoto
Id
mgt cam
kit
dugc lien bdnh dua tren nhirng nguyen lac
ciia
Chuang trinh Khung cua Lien hiep qu6c
ve bien doi kbi hau, Irong do cdc qu6c gia
Iham
gia ky ket phdi chap nhan viec cat gidm
khi
CO2
va 5 loai khf gay bieu irng nhd kfnh
khdc nhu CH4,
N2O,
HFCs, PFCs vd
SFg,
trong khodng thai gian lir 2008-
2011.
Miic
Iran
da dugc quy djnh cu the nhu: Lien minh
Chau Au
Id
8%; 6% voi Nbal Ban , Irong

khi mirc ban ngach cho phep lang
Id
8% voi
lie,
vd
10%
voi
Ailen.
kel \u6ng il nhat
Id
5% so
\o\
nam
1990.
Bang
I:
Mot so
chi
tieu cam ket giam phat thai khi nha kinh
ciia
cac nuoc tham gia
ky ket Nghj djnh
thir
Kyoto
Cac chi tieu ve de
xuat giam thai khi
nha kinh
Con duong phdt thdi
ben viing d6i voi
cdc nuoc phdt trien

Lien minh Chau Au
Anh
Phap
Diic
Italia
Thuy Dien
Uc
Canada
Nhat Bdn
Nauy
My
Ngan ban
Khf phdt thdi dal
dinh diem
Cac chi tieu Kyoto
8%
12,5%
(20%
chi
tieu
quoc gia)
0%
21%
6,5%
-4%
-8%
6%
6%
Tang 1% (chi tieu
quIc

gia gidm
10%)
7%
Trung ban
30%
Dai han
Il nhdt 80%
Hau Kyoto
20%
hay 30% vai
thoa thuan quoc te
26-32%
40%
25%
12%
tang so voi
ndm1990
30%
-
60-80%
thoa
tbuan qu6c te
60%
75%
-
-
-
-
Gidm 80% so vol
nam 1990

50%
100%
Ngudn
;?/rp://hdr.undp.org/en/media/HDR_20072008_VN_Chapter31 .pdf
42 NGHIEN
CQU
CHAU AU
EUROF2
„.« ^ h H >JH>(Hi •^
ssv»(e*:*<
P^'"HM
«TI33».<4.JI1
Nham the
che
hoa nhirng cam kcl
eiia
chinh phil cac nuoc Irong Nghj djnh
Ihu
Kyoto \ a dc nhung cam kcl ndy di vdo hien
thuc,
CO
tfnh rang buoc ve mat phap ly ciing
nhu linh den \ an dc gan kcl giiia giam thieu
phai
thai khi nha kinh \(Vi van de phat
trien
ben
vung. Nghj dinh thu Kyoto da dc ra cac
nguyen lac \a quy uoc
\oi

khung thai gian
ihirc
hien chuong trinh. Theo do, cac qu6c
gia tham gia ki ket dugc chia Idm 2 nhom:
Nhom cac quoc gia pbal Iricn (con ggi la Phu
luc 1), la nhom bat buoc phdi luan
ihco
nhiing cam kcl cat giam khi nhd kfnh; vd
Nhom cac quoc gia dang phdt trien (kh6ng
thupc Phu luc 1) (Non Annex 1), kh6ng bj
rdng huge vdo cdc nguyen lac
iing
xir Irong
Nghj djnh
Ihu.
Nghj djnh
Ihu
quy djnh ro:
Trong truong hgp cdc quoc gia Irong nhom
Phu luc I khong dap
iing
dugc yeu cau dal ra
trong bdn kf kel, se bat buoc phdi cat gidm
them
1,3
lugng khf vugl mirc cho phep Irong
ihori
ban liep
Iheo ciia
Nghj djnh. Muc lieu

phat thdi cua moi nuoc Irong giai doan 2008-
2012 se dugc tfnh todn
Iren
co so trung binh
cpng
ciia
5 nam. Qud trinb thir nghiem phdi
dugc lien hdnh vdo nam 2005 nham cat gidm
3 loai khf chu yeu
Id
CO2,
CH4 vd
NaiO,
so
sdnh voi
miic
nam
1990.
Vol ba co che linh
hoat
Id:
Buon ban phdt thdi todn ciu
(lET);
Co che dong thuc hien (JI) vd Co
cbi
phdt
trien sach (CDM), Nghj djnh thu Kyoto cho
phep
cac nuoc Irong Phu luc
1

co the liep can
linh boat cac co ehl tren nham dal dugc muc
lieu
gidm
ihdi
quoc gia.
So lieu bang
Iren
cho
Ihay,
van de
cai
giam pbal thai khf nhd kfnh da thuc
sir Ira
thanh mli quan lam bang dau
6
mgt so quoc
gia khi cong bo chuang Irinh cat gidm
khi
nhd kfnh dugc thuc
hien
voi mire do manh
mc ban voi cac cam kel chung nhu: Lien
minh Chau Au se cat gidm 30% so voi cam
kcl Id 20%), Vuong qu6c Anh tu dal ra chi
lieu
Kyolo+. tlic
Id
cat gidm 20% so voi cam
kcl Id 12,5%), Nauy gidm

1%
vox
miic
cho
phep dugc ldng
10%
Thai ban cam kel Nghj djnh
Ihu
Kyoto
se het han vao nam
2012.
trong khi nhirng
cugc tranh luan tren cac dien ddn da phuang
ve cdc van de bien doi khf hdu giira mpt ben
Id
cdc quoc gia phdt trien voi
mgi
ben
Id
cac
quoc gia dang phdt trien chua di den h6i ket.
Nbu-ng
lieu chf moi cho
vice
xay dung va
hinh
ihdnb
ngan quy cdcbon todn cdu chua
dugc thiet lap, trong khi d6 nhiing no
lire

gidm
Ibieu
phdt thdi khf nhd kfnh chua dugc
bao nhieu thi cong viec tat yeu vd cap bdch
hien nay doi hoi moi mgt quoc gia can phai
nhanh chong co nhung giai phdp hiru hieu
hon trong chfnh sach phat trien nang lugng.
Dot vol cdc quoc gia phdt trien can vd
phai
c6 nhiing co che vd giai phap
hiiu
hieu hon
trong van de cat giam khf nhd kfnh. Cac
ri^^
i(<<y-T<^
tj^ttfti
i^itt
fu'nir
man.
43
phuang dn djnh gid thj truang cacbon lodn
cau can co cdi nhin diing dan ban
Iren
ldl cd
cac phuang dien ve lac dgng doi voi van de
kinh le xa hoi Con cdc quoc gia dang phat
trien ciing can phdi co 16 trinh huong loi
mpi
nen kinh le cacbon
Ihap,

co
Ifnh
den cdc yeu
lo ngu6n
lire
du>'
Iri
tang
iruorng
kinh le xa
hpi vai van de xoa doi giam ngheo.
Trong khuon kh6 cdc cupc dam phan da
phuong trong thai gian vira qua ve cdc giai
doan liep theo
ciia
Nghj djnh tbu Kyoto, loi
nay,
mpi
s6 kjch bdn da dugc dua ra thdo
luan. Cac quan diem xoay quanh van de ve
viec lim ra nhirng giai phap hiru hieu ban
Irong van de cat gidm hon nira hieu ung khf
nhd kinh. Tuy nhien, viec an djnh lim ra an
s6 cho cdc kjch bdn van chua dugc nhat quan
nhu: Cac nuoc cong nghiep pbal trien can
phai cat gidm
6f miic
do bao nhieu la hgp ly?
Cdc cam ket trong Nghj djnh thu Kyoto can
phai

CO
them che ldi gi de co the mang lai
tfnh phdp ly rdng huge cao ban? Cac nen
kinh te mai noi phdt thdi khf nhd kfnh nhieu
nhu Trung Qu6c, An Do, Brazin can phdi
kh6ng che gidm thdi
or miic
bao nhieu? Hay
nhu viec thuyet phuc My, quoc gia c6ng
nghiep phdt thdi nhieu khf cdcbon nhat, lai
chua tham gia vdo viec phe chuan Nghj djnh
thu Song theo mot s6 chuyen gia moi
truong nhan djnh, xu huong trong thori gian
toi,
giai doan tilp theo
ciia
Nghj djnh thu
Kyoto
Id
thiic diy hgp tdc qu6c tl cin dugc
Irien khai sau rgng ban niia, kjch ban "ciing
Ihdng" phdi dugc nhan rpng. Cdc nuoc
phdi
Irien can nhanh chong co Irdch nhiem, ho trg
ldi chinh va cong nghe nham giup cdc nuoc
ngheo, cac nuoc dang pbal Irien thuc hien
chien luge chuyen doi nang lugng cacbon
thap.
Chfnb sach phdt trien nang lugng sinh
hpc

ciia
cac qu6c gia pbal trien ciing can phai
dal Irong
sir
pbal trien ben virng l6ng the
ciia
cac qu6c gia dang pbal Irien, Iranh gay ra
hau qud gid nhien lieu sinh hoc ldng cao lai
cdc nuac phdt Irien se gay ra hieu
iing
chat
pha rirng tai cac qu6c gia kem
phdi
Irien.
2.
Co che boat dong cua he thong
buon ban phat thai EU
Tuy chi chiem
15%
lugng phdt
Ihdi CO2
ra loan the giai, song nhiing gi dal dugc
Irong su6l thai gian qua da khang djnh vai
Iro
vd vj the
ciia
Lien minh Chau Au ngdy
cang lang cao trong viec lanh dao vd gidi
quylt cdc van de ve bien doi khi hau dien ra
a cd hai mirc do khu vuc vd todn cau. Trong

Djnh buong Chien
luge
Chdu Au 2020, EU
mpt ldn nira giri di thong diep doi voi loan
Ihl
gioi
Id
theo duoi muc lieu chien luge
xanh, gin
kit
giira phdt trien kinh te - xa hoi
bin
viing voi van de ve moi truong, lang ty
trgng ndng lugng tdi sinh vd gidm thieu
miic
phdt thdi khf nhd kfnh ft nhat 20% so voi
nhung nam
1990
vd trong dieu kien co the se
ciing cam
kit
vd chju trach nhiem voi cdc
kbu vuc khdc, dac biet la nhiing quoc gia
44 NGHIEN ClfU CHAU AU
EURC:
nrr:iinsi?(noi:g.,v.,,;|g
in!
(.'1
2011
dang

phdi
Iricn
Ircn
loan
the
giai, Irong c6ng
cupc ch6ng
bien
d6i khi hau chung. Mirc
phai
thai co
the
se giam xuong 30% vdo nam
2020.
Nhu da dl cap a
tren.
Nghj dinh thu
KNOIO
\oi 3
CO
che linh boat la: Buon ban
phat thai loan cau
(IT'T),
Q\y
che
dong thuc
hien
(JI) \a Ca ehe phat trien sach (CDM)
cho phep eae quoc gia phat
tricMi

Irong nhom
Phu lue I dugc linh boat dp dung nhdm dal
chi lieu giam thai quoc gia.
Thj truong cdcbon bay
lET
Id
mgi
phuang Ihirc dua
Ircn
co so
ihj
truong de dal
loi cdc muc lieu m6i truong, cho phep nhirng
ai giam pbal
Ihdi
khf nhd kfnh duoi mirc can
thiel dugc sir dung hoac mua ban phan gidm
qua mirc de
bii
cho
phdi Ihdi o
ngu6n khdc
hoac ben ngodi nuoc minh. Viec mua bdn co
the dugc thuc hien
6
pham vi irong nuoc,
khu vuc hoac dugc thuc hien tren cd binh
dien qu6c le.
Co che dong
Ihirc

hien JI dugc quy djnh
lai dieu 6
ciia
Nghj djnh
Ihu
Kyoto
Id sir
phoi
hgp thuc hien cdc du an hgp ldc giira cdc
nuoc phdt Irien voi nhau nham gidm thdi cdc
loai khf quy dinh trong Nghj djnh. Don vj do
trong cdc du dn ndy dugc tfnh
Id
don vj gidm
thdi (Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) quy
doi luong duong voi
1
tin khf
CO2.
Co che phdt trien sach CDM dugc ghi
Irong dieu 12
ciia
Nghj djnh thu Kyoto cho
phep chfnb
pbii
bode tl chirc ca
i lan 6
cac
nuoc c6ng nghiep thuc bien cdc du dn giam
phdi Ihdi

lai cdc nuoc dang pbal iricn vd doi
lai cae doanh
nghiep
ndy nhan dugc "Chirng
nhan gidm phdt thai", viel ldl
Id
CERs va
dugc
Ifnh
cho muc lieu gidm
phdi
thai
ciia
quoc gia do, dong thoi trg giiip cdc nuac
dang
phdi
trien dal dugc muc lieu pbal Irien
ben
virng bang viec ho trg, khuyen khich eac
du an dau lu than
ihien
voi moi truong tir
phfa chfnh
phii
\ a nhd dau lu
ciia
cac nuoc
c6ng nghiep. Co
the hieu
co che van hdnh

dir
dn CDM nhu sau:
Mgi
nhd dau lu hoac chfnh
phil
ciia
mgt nuoc cong nghiep co the dau tu
hoac cung cap ldi chfnb cho mgt du an tai
mpt nuoc dang
phdi
trien nhdm gidm phat
thai khf nhd kfnh. Nhu \ ay lugng
phdi
thai se
nho hon so voi truong hgp khong co dau lu
phu
Irpi
(c6 the xay ra neu khong co
sir
tham
gia
ciia
CDM
ha\
con ggi
Id
phuong an
"kinh doanh binh thuong").
\ha
dau lu sau

do nhan dugc "Chiing nhan gidm thai
Cacbon"
\
a co the sir dung chimg nhan nay
dap img muc tieu Kyoto
ciia
minh. Neu co
che CDM \an hdnh diing, no se khong lam
Ihay
doi l6ng lugng KNK cin phai gidm thai
md don gidn chi la thay doi dja diem phat
thai.
Trong boi cdnh
15
nuoc thdnh vien EU
cam ket 16 trinh thuc hien cat gidm phdt thai
khf CO2 theo Nghj djnh thu Kyoto
din
h^t
nam
2012
la 8%, ngay 1/1/2005, nh6m cac
nhd lanh dao EU ciing nhau dat duoc
moi
45
thoa thuan vl co
chi
van hdnh he thing pbal
thai.
Den nay, luy con nhilu nhiing bit cap

vd ban che, song c6 the noi viec van hdnh
Thi
Ihirc Mua bdn
phai Ihdi
ETS (The
European Union s Emissions Trading
System (EU-ETS) dang
dirge
xem
Id mpi
Irong nhiing co che img pho mang lai hieu
qud nhat cua Lien minh Chau Au Irong cupc
chien ch6ng bien d6i khf hau loan cau.
Co che
ihirc
bien
ciia
He thong Bu6n
ban phdt
ihdi
Lien minh Chau Au dugc \an
hdnli
lh6ng qua viec phdn b6 vd mua ban
giay phep
phdi
thdi khf nhd kinh cho cac
qu6c gia thanh vien (National Allocation
Plans (NAP). Viec pban b6 cdc giay phep
can
cii

vdo t6ng lugng phdt thdi cua cdc co
so lap ddt tren tdt cd cdc
ITnh
vuc nhu dien,
luyen kim, khai khodng ddt tai cdc nuoc
thanh vien tren lodn khu vuc EU. Cdc giay
phep phan b6 ban ngach phdt thdi tir EU toi
cac nuac thdnh vien tiep luc dugc phan b6
tai cac co so phdt thdi da dugc dang ky.
Theo do, he thong ETS dugc chia ldm 3 giai
doan: Giai doan I dugc ggi
Id
giai doan thir
nghiem, keo ddi tir ngdy 01 thdng
01
nam
2005
din 31
thdng 12 nam 2007; Giai doan 2
se dugc triln khai trong khung thoi gian tir
2008 - 2012; Giai doan 3 se tilp tuc triln
khai cho thai ky hau Kyoto,
tiic Id
sau nam
2012.
Giai doan I, can cir vao ke hoach
ciia
cac qu6c gia thdnh vien EU ve l6ng lugng
phdi Ihdi
dugc Uy ban Chau Au phe

duyel,
he lh6ng bu6n bdn
phdi
thai ETS da triln
khai vd
Ihirc
hien phan b6 cdc giay phep
dugc gpi
Id
Tin dung cdcbon (Carbon credit)
cho ban 12.000 co so phdt thai lai 22 qu6c
gia thdnh vien. Tren co so viec an djnh ban
mirc pbal thai khi
CO2
chiem khodng 40%
l6ng lugng khf
Ihdi
lodn khu vuc, cdc c6ng ly
gay 6 nhiem vugl qud ban miirc can phdi bo
lien ra mua them Tin dung cacbon hoac ban
lai cho don vj khdc khi con chi lieu ban
ngach dugc phan bo. Hoat dgng thuong mai
ciia
cdc Tfn dung cacbon dugc thuc hien
Iheo
hai cdch:
Thu nhdt, ciing nhu cdc c6ng cu tdi
chfnh khdc, cdc
Tin
dung cacbon dugc trao

d6i giiia ben mua vd ben bdn tren cdc thj
truong da dugc quy djnh theo ban ngach
dugc giai ban (cap-and-trade). Hinh thirc
mua bdn han ngach phdt thdi
or
day co the
kiem sodt dugc djnh mirc phdt thdi cua limg
c6ng ly, theo do c6ng ty ndo cat gidm dugc
lugng
kbi
phdt thdi co the giao bdn cbi tieu
cua minh.
Thu hai la Thuong mai cdcbon th6ng
qua nhiing du an ddu lu. Co che phdt thdi
sach CDM se cho phep nhirng nuoc c6ng
nghiep phdt trien nban dugc nhirng ho trg tai
chinh tir cdc du dn gidm thieu phdt thdi KNK
giiip cdc nuoc dang phdt trien.
46
NGHIEN
COU
CHAU AU
El
;^-sl*^-::^•s^^?^^/^,^?^'A'^^r^(o) O33).20i 1
Tiiong
qua hai hinh
ihire
trao doi
nhir
tivn.

nam dau tien thue hien T
IS.
^()2
trieu
lan
CO:
da dirge giao dich Iren tbi
tririrng
\oi gi;i
iii
dat 7.2
t\
T.UK,
Iinh
chung eho
den nam 2007 tbi truang
ibmnig
mai
e;iehon
loan cau da dat
In gia
40.4
i\
TT'R,
\a\
2,7
i\
lan
CO;,
trong do

00"o
la giao djch
(28
ty
TUR) thong qua
lo
dure Thuang
mai
Cae
bon
cu.i TTJ
nlur
Qu\
eaehon Kl W
cua Dire,
(,hi\
eaehon Italia. Dan ,\1aeh
Trong
giai di>aii
I cua qua trinh van
hanh he thong
I-IS,
\(ri phmrng
cbam vira
hoe \ira lam. I ien minh Chau Au khong
k\
\ong nhicu \ao qua trinh giam thai lai cdc
quoc gia, ma muc dich chinh la cdn cir vao
bao eao kel qua gidm
ihdi

timg quoc gia bdng
nam lam
ecr
so dc dc ra nhirng chien
luge
thich hgp hon eho giai doan tiep theo, ddc
biet sd
la CO so de
1:1'
co
the
dp dung vao
giam thai trong
ITnh
vuc bang khong.
Giai doan
11
cua
be
thong
1-
TS dirge bdt
dau tir 2008 den
2012.
I
rong giai
do^n
nay,
hQ
ihong

ElS
cua EU khong chi bao
triini
toi
27 nuoc thanh vien EU ma c6n mo rgng ra
cho mgt so thanh vien khu \
vrc
nhu Nauy va
Ailen.
KhSc
phyc nhiing
khiem
khuyet trong
giai
do^n
I do la
sy
giao dgng
qu^
nhieu ve
gia
eiia
eae tin dung eaebon lir 30
TTJR/lan
CO;
thang 4/2006 xuong 0.1
EUIVlin
vao
thang 9/2007, gay ra
sy

true igi dang ke
ciia
ede doi tac thuong mai, cac cum cong nghiep
lia>
cac ca sa
dicMi
nang I y ban Chau Au
dd
Ihirc
thi mgt loat cac giai phap manh tay
nham minh bach boa thi truomg
gia\
phep
phcit
thai, thue hien dau gia cung nhu phan
tich kc hoach
giam
thai cua cac quoc gia, qua
do tao nguon
ihu
ngan saeh nham
khu>en
khfch h(m niira cac doanh
nghiep
dau tu vao
eae nganh cong nghiep phat thai fl khi
eaebon, tao
dieu
kien gan kel thj truang
cacbon \ai eae muc tieu giam thieu bien doi

khi hau.
NhCrng tin hieu thi trucmg ve gia cac tin
dung cacbon duge nang len 19-30
TIR
vao
ndm 2009 da cho
tha\
mgi
loat cac giai phdp
dieu
ehinh cua
ItU
vol he thong
E
TS.
So lieu
Bang 2 cho
tha) vi^e
eac thong so phdt thai
ciia
limg quoc gia
\ai
sy phe chuan cua Uy
ban Chau
.Au
dS gan nhu khong co thay doi
gi nhieu. dieu do minh chimg phan nao \e
vice
quyet sach cua Uy ban
dii

voi cdc
chuang trinh phat thai cua cac quoc gia
thanh vien,
1^
ca so de EU thuc hien dugc
cam
kit
voi cpng ddng quoc tl.
47
Bang 2: Gioi ban phat thai giai doan 2008-2012 cua he thong ETS cho cac quoc gia
thanh
vien
Cac nuoc
thilnh
vien EU
Ao
Bi
Cong hoa Sec
Phan Lan
Phap
HungarN'
Dire
Hy Lap
Ai Len
Y
Ha Lan
Tay Ban Nha
Thuv Dien
Anh
Tong cong

Lu°9'ng
ph^t
thai
nikm
2005
dii \&c
minh
theo
Giai
doan II
ciia
ETS
(Trifu
tan
CO2)
33
56
83
33
131
26
474
71
22
226
80
183
19
242
1.943

Oc
xuiit ciia
chfnh phu
(Trifu
tan
CO2)
33
63
102
40
133
31
482
76
23
209
90
153
25
246
2.045
Uy ban Chau Au
cho ph6p
(Trifu
t^n
CO2)
31
59
87
38

133
27
453
69
91
196
106
152
23
246
1.897
Uy ban Chau Au
cho
ph^p
theo ti
trpng % lu'9'ng
ph^t
thai
nam
2005
94
105
105
105
102
104
96
97
95
87

97
83
151
101
98
Ngudn: Tdng hgp sd lieu lir European Commission 2007
http://en.x\'ikipedia.org/xviki/Eiiropean Union Emissicm Trading
Scheme
http://\\\\xv.eoearth.org,/article/European_Union_Einissions_Trading_Scheme_(EU_ETS)
va
Giai doan III
ciia
chuong trinh ETS
dugc bit diu lir
1/1/2013
din
31/12/2020.
Tuy
CO
nhimg bat d6ng trong viec xay dung
mot thoa uac cho
thofi
ky hdu Kyoto giira cdc
ben
Iren
cac dien ddn da phuang ve bien d6i
khf hau, song Uy ban Chau Au van du kien
dua ra khung thai gian
dkn
31/12/2020.

Trong khodng thoi gian ndy, voi ky vong
giam tmng binh 36 trieu tin khf thdi
CO2
hang nam vd
miic
gia cdc tfn dung binh quan
to 30 EUR/tin khf thdi, he thong ETS se
Id
cong cu dk EU thirc hien thdnh c6ng nhirng
cam
kit
voi cong d6ng qu6c te.
Sir
gia tang
nhanh chong lugng phdt thdi trong
ITnb
vuc
hdng kh6ng khien cho cdc nhd hoach djnh
chinh sdch dang can nhdc de be
lh6ng
ETS
se bao
Iriim
trong cd
ITnh
vuc ndy. Theo s6
lieu uoc
linh,
s6 lugng tfn dung
CO2

trong
giai doan nay se bao
Iriim
cho kh6i lugng
khodng 10-12 trieu tin khf thdi
CO2
trong
lodn khu vuc. Nhu vay, co the noi viec trien
khai he th6ng ETS trdi qua bai giai doan da
bao
triim
len todn bg he th6ng phdt thdi trong
todn khu vuc EU.
Din
nay, Uy ban Chau Au, mac
dii
chua
chfnh thirc phe duyet cho nhirng
kl
hoach va