Báo cáo " Vai trò của Oliver Cromwell trong giai đoạn cầm quyền (1649 - 1658) đối với sự phát triển của ngoại thương Anh." pdf

VAI TRO
CIJA
OLIVER CROMWELL
TRONG GIAI
DOAM
CAM
QIJVl^M (1649
-
1658)
DOI
Vdl
Slf PHAT
TRI^I^
CIJA
l^GOAI
TllUOMG AI\H
Triin Nggc
Dung
Khoa
Llch sir
-
Dgi
hpc
Sir phgm
Ha
Npi
"Ngogi thuang la su gidu c6 cita quoc
vuang, la danh du cua
vuang
qudc,
Id

sir
minh cao quy cua thuang
nhdn.
Id
su ldn tgi
cua chiing ta vd
Id
cdng dn
vi$c
lam cua
nguai ngheo a nu&c
ta.
Id
su cdi
thi$n
ddt
dai chung ta,
Id
truang hgc cua cdc thuy thu
chiing ia, la dgng luc chiin tranh cda chiing
ta, la
sir
khung khiip cua ke thu ciia chung
ta"\
Chi tdng dy can van thdi, Thomas Mun
dd khdi qudt len gid trj vd y nghla vd cung to
Idn eua ngogi thuang ddi vdi su phdt trien
cua todn bd nudc Anh trong giai dogn ddu di
Idn chu nghia tu ban. Sy phdt tridn cda "chu
nghta trgng thuang" da trd thdnh diem nhdn

quan trpng trong tien trinh Ijch su chu nghTa
tu ban Anh. Do do, mpi vdn dd tu kinh td cho
den ehinh trj, vdn hda, xa hpi deu thdm dam
mdu sac "trgng thucmg". Trong hodn cdnh
dd, mdt ydu cdu cdp thidt ddi vdi nhd nude
chinh Id vide bdo dam mpi dilu kidn dl phdt
tridn ngogi thuong. Che dp phong kiln Anh
dudi thdi Charles I mdc du da ed nhdng hipn
phdp kich thich su phdt trien cda ngoai
thuong, lam gid tri ngoai thuong tang 10 ldn
trong giai dogn 1610 - 1640 , nhung so vdi
trilu dai cua Nd hodng Elizabeth thi van
chua ed dugc sy tuang xdng vd chua dem
den sy hdi
Idng
cho lang ldp thuang nhdn.
Chinh vi
thi,
cuOc
cdch mgng tu sdn Anh dd
lal dd chl dd phong kien, dua den sy thidt
lap nha nudc tu sdn ma ngudi dgi dipn tieu
bilu
la
Oliver
Cromwell^.
Vdi vai trd cua
mpt Bdo hp cdng (Lord Protector), dng
khdng chi cd nhiing chinh
sdeh

dua nen kinh
te tu bdn di ldn md cdn ddc biet chu y ddn
sy
phdt trien cda ngoai thuong. Nhung chinh
sdeh todn dien vd cai cdch quan dpi, xam
lugc,
chien tranh , xet mpt cdch sdu xa,
chinh la nhiing bipn phdp vo cung phu hpp,
tgo dieu kien
lhu$n
Igi cho sy phdt tridn nen
ngogi thuang Anh trudc sy cgnh tranh cua
Hd Lan, Phdp, Tdy Ban Nha,
' Michel Beaud, 2002,
Lfch
su chu
nghTa
tu bdn tir
1500
din 2000, ThI gidi, Hd Npi, tr. 62,
din
theo
P.Deyon,
Chu nghTa trgng
thucmg,
tr. 54.
^
Michel Beaud, sdd, tr. 61.
^
Oliver

Cromv/ell
(1599 1658), sinh ra
d
Huntingdon trong
m^t
gia dinh quy
t^c
nho, la
m^ttK
d6
Thanh gido, ngudi
da
tham gia
vao pfae
Nghj
viSii
trong cupc
N^i
chiln Anh (1642 - 1649),
vi la ngirM
thli ba kl vdo Ifnh tu hinh vua Charles I. Trong
n^i
chiln, 6ng
da
xdy
d^g
m$t d6i quSn thi^n chi^n
la
"dgi
qudn sudn

sdC,
sau niy tra thdnh hinh
mSu cho
h|
thong qudn d0i mdi cua
nu6c
Anh. 6ng
la ngutri
n5m quSn d0i
trong thdi gian Cong h6a (1649 - 1652)
va sau d6 thdu tdm mpi quyln lyc
i§p
ph^P>'|^
phap
va
qudn
dOi
trong giai
do^n
Bdo
h$
edng
(^^^
1658).
(Vai
tro eua
Olio^r
^rotnwell
57
1.

Vai trd trong
vi^c
thilt
l^p
chinh
quyln va
lure
lugng hdi qudn
vQ-ng
manh
bao dam cho sy phdt trien ciia ngoai
thirong
Oliver Cromwell ldn cam quyln vdi sy
tin tudng vd
iing
hp
ciia
bd phdn thuang
nhdn nen muc lidu trudc mdt md dng thyc
hien chinh la ciing c6 quyln lyc cda minh vd
nhung luc lupng
iing
hd,
d6ng thdi dua ra
nh&ng bidn phap 1dm gidu hon nda cho hp.
Tridu dgi cua Charles
1
syp do do khdng
ddm bdo dugc quyln Igi ciia dai da s6
qu^

chiing nhan ddn,
d$c bi^t Id
tu sdn cdng
thuong, chinh
Id
bdi hpc nhdn lien cho chinh
quydn mdi ciia Cromwell. Du Id dudi chd dd
Cpng hda (1649 -
1652)
hay sau ndy
Id
Bdo
hd cdng (1653 - 1658), uu lidn hdng ddu
ciia
dng van
Id
sy md rpng cua thuang mai Anb.
Bk thyc hidn dugc dilu dd, trudc
hit,
dng dd
tim cdch xdy dyng mdt chinh quyen thuc sy
cd quydn lyc. Trong giai dogn ndn Cpng hda,
md thyc chdt
Id
ndn chuydn chinh tu sdn
trong tay cdc ludng
ITnh
phai Dpc lap,
Cromwell ddng
m^t

vai trd quan trpng
yong
Nghi vien Rump"*. Vdi vai trd
Id
mdt trong
nhung thdnh phan
chii
ch6t nhdt cda Nghi
vien, lai
Id
ngudi ndm quyen ldnh dgo lyc
lugng qudn dpi, Cromwell cd dieu kien thugn
lgi dk tidn hdnh cdi cdch, dem den quyen lyc
* Thang 12/1648, mpt nhdm linh co vu trang
dufn sy
chi huy cua
69114
Thomas
Pride dS
tien hanh khai trit
bp phan nghi vien muon
thucmg
lugng voi Charles I
trang
qua
U-lnh
nOi
chien (hay c6n gpi
\h Sir
thanh lpc

cua Pride). Sau
sv ki§n
d6, Nghj
vi^n
chi con nhQng
thanh vien muon
ti^p
tyc
n^i
chiln
ch6ng nhi
vua,
l^t
do che dp phong kien, xiy
d\mg
che
dO
mdi tu
ban
chu nghia va dupc gpi
Ik
Nghj
vi§n
Rump.
cho qudn
ddi
vd tu sdn thuang mgi img
bO
dng trong thdi gian npi chiln.
Tuy nhien,

vide
thill ldp mpt bdn Hiln
phdp mdi
da
gdy ra mau thuin
gida
dng vdi
Nghj vipn. Cromwell
muln
thilt lap mpt chl
dp mdi md trong dd qudn ddi cd quyln lyc
ldn vdi nhdng nguydn tdc nhdt djnh, ngugc
Igi,
Nghj
vi^n mu6n
xdy dung Hiln phdp trdn
linh
th^n
ly do vd ddn
ehii.
DI
ddm bdo han
niia quyln
lyc ciia
mlnb, ndm 1653, dng dd
dpp bd Nghj
vi§n
Rump, lap ra Nghi vidn
Barebone^
bao gom nhihig

phlin Id
Thanh
gido tien
bO thu^c
phe quan dpi dugc bilt
din
dudi ten gpi "Praise-God
Barebone'*
Nghi vidn ndy dd dua ra mdt Phdp
Ipnh
mdi
(Instrument of Government), cdng nhdn
Cromwell Id Bdo hd cdng cua Vuang quoc
Anh. 6ng da trd thdnh mdt vj vua khdng
thi
hi
phi
truat, tdc
Id
cd quyen lap ngudi thda
kl chdc vu Bdo hd cdng cua
mmh'.
Mdc
dii
CO
su
tin
tai cua Nghi vien, Hdi ddng Nhd
nudc,
nhung cdn bdn Cromwell dd tu minh

ndm lay quyln lyc. Trong phien hpp ddu lidn
eiia
Nghj vien mdi dd cd mpt sd it dai bieu
Idn dn ban Phdp ldnh ndy vd tim cdch ludc bd
quyen
luc
trong qudn dpi cua Cromwell
nhung
hk
tbdnh^
chirng td sy thdu tdm
quyln hdnh
ciia
dng
Id
rdt ldn. Den ndm
*
Nghj
vifn nay
chi tfin
t^i
trong mpt
thW
gian
ngSn
(1653 - 1655),
m$c
dii bao gfim hau het
nhOng
ph^

tu ung
h$
Cromwell.
*'
Day la nhihig
ngucri
Thanh giao rat cufing tin, chi
duy
nhit
tin vio Chiia
vi luon iing hO quyfin lyc
cua
Cromwell. (Nguon:
Corelli
Bamett,
1974, Britain and
her army
1509
- 1970: amililary, political and social
survey.
Penguin books,
Middleses,
p. 106).
^
Corelli
Bamett,
sdd,
p.ip6.
*
Corelli Bamett, sdd, p.l07.

58
NGHIEN
COU CH&U AU
- EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW
N°10 {1331.2011
1655,
Nghj vien ndy dd bj gidi tdn bdi chinh
ngudi
lap
ra nd. Hdnh
d^ng
ndy dli vdi
nhilu hpe gid nhu David Hume, Christopher
Hill Id
dpc tdi, mdt ddn
chu'.
Nhung xdt theo
myc tidu xdy dyng mpt cudng
qu6c vQng
manh, dd
Id
mpt chinh
sdeh
phu hgp vdi
hodn cdnh nudc
Anli,
tgo dilu kipn
thu|ln
lgi
dl cung

CO
dia vj quoc le cua Anh. Bdn cgnh
vide
logi bd nhdng rdo cdn trong nudc,
Cromwell ciing lich
eye
dua ra nhihig hdnh
dpng rdn de vdi cdc thupc dja cd y tudng
ching doi. Vipc Virginia, Maryland tuyen bo
trung thdnh vdi tridu
dinh
phong kiln cii dd
dan ddn mdt cupc phong tda hdi qudn ngay
lap tdc vdi nhirng thugc dja
nay'**,
nhung
ngudi dung ddu dd bj thay thd bdng nhung
vien ehde ed tinh thdn
iing
hd chinh phu mdi.
Xet trong hoan cdnh qudc td, khi ma Hd Lan
chua cd sy thdng nhat hoan toan ndn chinh
tri,
Phdp vdn d trong che dp phong kidn lac
hdu thi mdt chinh quyen mdi vdng manh cua
giai cdp tu sdn, quy tdc mdi vdi chu truong
"trgng thuang" thyc sy la ddn bay quan
trpng cho sy phat tridn cua ngogi thuong. Do
dd, nhilu hpc gid dd coi ddy
Id

mdt nguydn
nhdn quan trpng li gidi vipc Anh gidnh thdng
lgi trudc Hd Lan trong cupc cgnh tranh dja vi
bd chu mat bidn sau nay. Didu dd cung khdc
vdi nudc Phdp, khi md hp ludn coi trgng tinh
chdt quy tpc, du duge cho phep ciing khdng
tham gia vao cac tdu budn hay cdng vipc
budn ban. Chinh quyen mdi cua Anh di theo
mOt
quan dilm
r4t
rd rdng rdng dia vj
quy tdc
quan trpng nhung sdc mgnh nhd nudc dupc
ddnh gid bdng
d6ng
tiln nen vipc hudng
din
phdt triln ngogi thuang Id
mdt
dilu rdt cdn
thilt"
Trong hodn cdnh
h^u
hit
cde qudc gia
Tdy Au
diu
nh^
thdy rd vai trd

ciia
ngoai
thuong vd tim cdch dau tu, ehilm
ITnh
nhiing
thj Irudng quan trpng nhu Dja Trung Hdi,
Baltic, Nga, An Dp va sau dd
Id
vide
1dm chii
Dai Tay Duong thi hogt dpng ngoai thuong
khdng chi don thuan Id mpt hogt dpng kmh
tl nda. Bdn cgnh nhihig thucmg
thuyin
Iudn
la
nhung
hgm dpi hung mgnh bdo vd nhdm
chdng lgi sy chdn ep cua qudc gia khdc ciing
nhu ngdn chdn nguy co cudp bidn (nhieu
liic
dugc sy bdo trg cua cdc chinh phd
khdc).
Do
dd, mudn phat trien ngogi thuong khdng chi
edn ndn kinh td
pliat
trien, chinh phu vung
mgnh, quan tdm ddn phdt trien thuong mai
md cdn can cd nhirng ham dpi. Vdi y nghia

dd, cudc chay dua trong xay dyng lye lugng
hdi qudn giii'a cdc qudc gia ciing chinh
Id mdt
bieu hipn cua cupc chgy dua gianh thj trudng
budn
bdn.
Len cam quyen nhd qudn
dpi,
thau
hieu dugc nhu
ciiu
cua giai cdp tu san,
Cromwell dd tim mpi each de cdi cdch quan
d0i,
trong dd cd sy luu y ddc biet ddn hdi
quan. Neu nhu trong thdi ki npi chidn, dng
chu tam vao xay dyng lyc lugng kj binh
nhdm tao uu
thi
vdi phe ddi ldp thi sau khi
nam dugc quyln lyc, chi cd hdi quan mdi
^
'"
Arthur M.Schlesinger, Jr, 2004, The Almanac of
American
history.
Nien gidm lich su Hoa Ky, Khoa
hpc
xa
h^i,

Ha
Npi,
tr. 94-95.
" Alfred Thayer
Mahan,
1889, The
influence
of
seapower
upon history, 1660 - 1783, Little, Brown
and company, Boston, p.55.
<Vai
tro eua
OUo^r
QrommM
59
giup Anh thda mdn tham vpng va khdt khao
bdnh trudng quyln lyc.
So vdi giai doan Charles I, Cromwell
cung cd nhidu dilu kien thudn lgi tuang ty
dd phdl tridn qudn dpi vd dng da dgt duge
nhdng thdnh edng ldn. Ddu tidn Id
vide
dng
ndm todn bd mpi quydn hanh trong quan ddi,
do do dd ddng hon trong vide dua ra nhiing
chinh sach cdi cdch qudn dpi. Nhiing vj
tudng tdi nhu Monck, Deane vd Robert
Blake dugc dng didu dgng ehi huy hdi qudn
nhdm

biin lyc
lugng ndy thyc sy trd thdnh
chuyen nghidp, ndng cdt chd khdng chi
Id
mdt bp phdn nhd trong quan dpi nhu thdi
phong
kidn'^.
Nhirng cudc cdi each hdi qudn
bao gdm nhidu mat nhu ehd dp di linh, che
tao Sling dgi bac, chd tao tdu chidn, Ddc
bidt, he thdng dai bac hidn dgi cua hdi qudn
Anh dd Idm cho Hd Lan vd Tdy Ban Nha
khiep sg. Day ciing la mdt trong nhung
nguydn nhdn chinh dan ddn thdng lgi eua
Anh trudc Hd Lan trong cudc Chidn tranh
IdnthdNhdt
(1652-1654).
Cd
thi
ndi, sau ndi chidn,
vide
cung cd
sue mgnh hdi quan da trd thdnh trpng lam
trong chinh
sdeh
cua Cromwell. Cdc xudng
ddng tdu mdi dugc lap ra d Portsmouth,
Chatham, Deptford,
Woolwich'^.
Trong giai

dogn 1649 - 1651, Anh da ddng mdi dugc
41
tdu chidn''', xay dyng
m§t
hgm dpi vdi
nhung uu thd hon hdn hgm
dOi
Hd Lan. Hdi
qudn Anh dugc uy thdc
nhi§m
vy Iam chu
mdt
biin
vd chinh phyc nhihig vdng
d^t
mdi.
Chinh lyc lugng ndy da giiip Oliver
Cromwell ddnh bgi Nghj vidn, thilt
lap
chd
dd Bdo hp cdng, chinh phyc Scotland,
Ireland, thilt ldp Vuong qudc Anh mdi ciing
nhu tidu dipt nhung nhdm cudp bidn d
Barbary vd Dunkirk dd bdo vd sy phdt triln
ciia ngogi thuang Anh. Mpt hp qud quan
trgng
ciia
vide phdt trien hdi qudn Id dua Anh
trd thdnh
mOt

trong 6 cudng qudc tgo ra sy
can bdng sue manh trdn bidn: Hd Lan, Tdy
Ban Nha, Bd Ddo Nha, Thyy Dien, Phdp vd
Anh
.
Ndu nhu nam 1630, tdng trpng tdi cua
hdi quan Anh
Id 31.000
tdn, Tdy Ban Nha la
40-60.000 tdn, Ha Lan
Id
40.000 tan thi ddn
ndm 1650 dd cd sy chuydn bidn tich
eye
khi
ti
Id
giiia 3 nudc ldn lugt Id 49.000 tdn, 25-
35.000 tdn va 29.000
tdn'^
Trong giai doan
1651
- 1660, hdi qudn Anh dd tang thdm 200
tdu dd cdng cd them lyc lugng". Didu dd
cho thdy sy phdt trien mgnh md cda hdi qudn
Anh so vdi cdc qudc gia cgnh tranh tryc tiep.
2.
Vai tro md rong thi
trirdng thvoug
mai gan vdi viec tang

cirdng
xam
lirgc
thu$c dja
'^
Corelli Bamett, 1974,
Britain and
her
army 1509
-
1970:
amililary.
political and
social
survey.
Penguin
books, Middleses, p. 105.
"
Philippe Contamine, 2000,
fVar
and
competition
between states, European science
foundation.
Clarendon press, p. 88.
'*
CReynolds,
1976,
Command
of

the
sea,
the history
and
strategy
of
maritime
empires,
Robert hale and
company, London, tr. 179.
''G.Reynolds,
sdd,
tr. 174.
'*
David Jaeobstein, Joost Sneller, , 2004, The
Dutch republic: social, political and economic
dynamics
of World trade
primacy,
tr.63.
"
Tien Thira Ddn, (DSng Thanh
Tjnh
d), 2005,
Thong
sunu^cAnh,
Lao dfing
xS
h^i.
Ha

Npi,
tr.
139.
60
NGHIEN
CCrU
CHAU
AU
- EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW
N°10 n33).2011
DI
phdt triln ngogi thuong, Cromwell
khdng chi tiln hdnh thdu tdm quyln lyc, cdi
cdch hdi qudn md cdn tiln hdnh cdc hogt
ddng bdnh trudng
ianh
thi,
xfim lugc
thuOc
dja dl md
rOng
thj trudng budn bdn cda Anh.
Ldnh thd nudc Anh trong thdi ki
n^i
chiln
1642 - 1649 chi bao
g6m
vdng ddt England,
xd Wales vd Scotland, trong dd xd Wales Id
thudc dja Idu ndm cda Anh, cdn Scotland

mdi cd sy thing nhdt chinh phd
vdi
Anh ndm
1603
vdi sy kidn James VI cda Scotland kl
vi ngai vdng
ciia
Nu hodng Anh Elizabeth I
vd trd thdnh James I cua Anh. Tuy nhidn,
mdu thuan giiia nhdn ddn Scotland vd xd
Wales vdi chinh quyln dd
1dm
cho nudc Anh
mat dn dinh, khdng tgo dugc didu kidn tdt
nhdt cho kinh td phat tridn. Do dd, qud trinh
Cromwell chinh phuc cac qudc gia
Idng
gidng dd thidt lap mpt vuong qudc hung
mgnh nam 1653
Id
cdng lao to ldn cda dng
de
eung cd va nang cao sue mgnh ciing nhu
dja vj cua Anh d chau Au luc do.
Ireland
Id quIc
gia ddu tidn bj Cromwell
chinh phuc. Ngdy
15/5/1649,
12.000 qudn

Anh d gt dd bd vdo Ireland do quoc gia ndy
da ki hidp ude vdi lyc lugng Bdo hodng Anh.
Do sy khdng thdng nhat trong luc lugng Bao
hodng, quan dpi kilu mdi cua Cromwell dd
Iidn tidp gidnh duge thing lgi d Drogheda,
Wexford,
Clonnel'^
Chi trong thdi gian
ngdn, td thdng
8/1649
ddn 26/5/1650, qudn
dpi kidu mdi cua Cromwell dd chinh phye
dugc nhiing vimg ddt quan trpng cda Ireland,
chu ylu
Id
vdng
dkt
phfa ddng, td Drogheda
kdo
ddi 30
d$m din
bac Dublin vd tdi
Cork d
miln
Nam'^.
Cudc chiln tranh du kich
ciia
nhan ddn Ireland
kdo
ddi den ndm

1652
thi
thdt
bgi khi thdnh
liiy
cu6i cdng la Galway
cling bj sup dl trudc quan dpi Anh. Ddy
la
sy kipn quan trpng, thuc ddy qud Irinh sdp
nh§p
cdc lanh th6 khdc vdo Anh dd tgo ra
m$t
vuong qudc, mpt thj tnrdng rpng ldn
hon vd Id ca sd quan trpng cho sy phdt triln
cua kinh te. Ben canh dd, ciing can thdy rdng
Ireland thyc chat dd bj bien thdnh mpt thupc
dja quan trpng,
lien
kd nudc Anh vd
Id
mpt
ylu tl quan trpng dan den sy thdnh Igp
ciia
de qudc Anh sau ndy.
Cdng cupc chinh phuc Scotland eung
Id
mdt ddng gdp to ldn cua Cromwell ddi vdi
vide
md
r^ng

thj trudng thuong mgi cda
Anh.
D^c
bipt, Hd Lan - ke thu thuong mgi
tryc tilp cua Anh luc
bdy
gid - dd giiip
dd
Charles II ldn ngdi vua Scotland vd chudn bj
lyc
lugng tan edng Anh dd gianh
lay
quyen
lyc
dd mdt. Charles dd dua 14.000 quan,
dudi su chi huy cua cdng tudc Hamilton,
Leslie ldn cdng sang
Anh^^.
Tuy nhien, dudi
sy chl huy cua Cromwell, qudn dpi da nhanh
chdng day
lui
dugc cupc
tin
cdng
ndy vd tien
vdo Edinburgh, Dunbar, ddnh bai qudn
dOi
Scotland.
D$c

biet, trong
tr^
Worcester
(8/1651), Cromwell da huy ddng ddn 30.000
qudn bao vay va ddp tan luc lugng quan
ddi
NhQng thdnh pho
trfi
phd
n9m
it
phia
Ddng, Ddng
Nam Ireland.
" The
year
1649 was
a
climacteric
watershed,
p.
3in
www.olivercromweil.org/resources/cromwell_uiJreIa
nd.pdf
'^
^°
William Russell, 1822,
History
of
modern

Europe,
vol
in,
Philadephia
printed and published,
p.
209.
^'
William Russell, sdd, tr.209.
(Vai
tro eua
Olioer
^^onuoeU
61
Scotland. Chien thdng nay cd y nghia vd
cimg quan trpng khi lyc lugng chdng ddi chd
ydu dd bi lidu diet (chi edn lai mpt sd tan du
sau dd bj tudng Monck truy quel), Id dilu
kidn thudn lgi cho Anh sap
nh^p
hodn todn
Scotland vdo Ianh thd cua minh.
Nhu vdy, hai cudc chidn tranh vdi
Ireland vd Scotland, mac dd Id nhihig cupc
chien tranh xdm
lugc,
ldn sat dd man nhiing
ngudi Thien Chua gido (Ireland), nhung dd
lgi Id mgt thdnh edng trong chinh
sdeh

xam
lugc thupc dia, phye vu myc tidu phdt triln
ngogi thuong cda Oliver Cromwell. He qud
cy the cua eudc chidn ndy Id sy hgp nhat ba
qudc gia thdnh mdt the thdng nhdt vdi sy cai
tri
ciia
Bdo ho cdng Oliver Cromwell. Xet
tren khia cgnh md rpng ldnh thd, nhdng vimg
ddt mdu md cua Scotland va Ireland ehinh
Id
nhung ngudn cung cdp quan trpng vd Iuong
thyc,
nguydn lieu cho sy phdt trien edng
thuong nghipp Anh. Su thdng nhdt chung
mdt chinh phu ciing dua Scotland va Ireland
budc vdo gudng quay cua ndn thuang mgi
ihl
gidi, phdl huy dugc tdi da nhimg didu
kidn thudn lgi vd tdi nguydn vd edng bidn d
hai qudc gia ndy. Cac cdng nhu Peterhead,
Aberdeen, Dundee (Scotland), Dublin
(Ireland) vd ddc bidt la he thdng
hem
790 hdn
ddo khdc nhau cda Scotland chinh
Id
co sd
cho
vide

md rdng tdm dnh hudng cda thuang
mgi Anh ra Dgi Tay Duong, true tilp tgo
nhimg dilu kien thuan lgi trong sy cgnh
tranh vdi Hd Lan, Phap. Do dd, ben cgnh mgt
trdi
Id
hdnh ddng xam luge, cudp ddt dai, tan
sdt ddn thudng thi chung ta cung cdn nhin
nhan tdc dpng tich
eye
cda hai cupc chiln
tranh d gdc dp kinh tl. Thyc chdt, Scotland,
Ireland dd trd thdnh nhimg thudc dja dac
bi$t
ciia
Anh trong qud trlnh md rdng, bdnh
trudng
thi lyc
d nda sau
Ihl
ki XVII.
Khdng chi nhdm nhe chiem thupc dja
gdn ke, Anh cdn mudn chidm dogt ddt dal
trong
lyc
dia chdu Au. Trudng hgp didn hinh
nhat cho tham vpng dd la
Dunkirk^^.
Trong
cupc chiln tranh vdi Tay Ban Nha ndm

1655,
Anh da thidt lap mpt lien minh vdi
Phdp - didu ma chua bao gid dgt duge trong
thdi ki trudc dd. Tdu chidn Anh da tham gia
cimg quan ddi Phdp, do Marshal Turenne chi
huy, tidn vdo Dunkirk thudc vimg ddt thdp
cua Tay Ban
Nha^^.
Dunkirk da dugc
nhugng Iai cho Anh vd trd thdnh thudc dja
quan trpng trong luc dja chdu Au cua Anh.
Vdi vj tri ddc dja nay, Anh cd khd ndng kidm
sodt tdt con dudng thuong mai ven bd Dgi
Tdy Duong cung nhu ngdn chgn sy phdt tridn
vd ngogi thuong
ciia
cde qudc gia lye dja
chdu Au nhu Ha Lan, Phdp, Tdy Ban Nha.
Vide chidm dogt thudc dja ndy cho thdy tham
vpng cua Cromwell la khdng chi phdt huy
sdc mgnh d dgi duong md cdn mudn kilm
chl sy phdt trien thuang mgi cua cde eudng
qudc khac.
^^
Dunkirk hay Dunkerk
la
m^t
ving
dat nho
nam d

phfa
b5c
nudc Phdp
ngay
nay, ben bb eo Channel/
Manche. Ddy la noi xay ra
s\f
tranh chdp quylt
li^t
giiJa TSy
Ban Nha, Phdp, Ha
Lan,
Anh boi vj trl
thu§n
Ipi cua n6. Noi
dSy
cung la viing dat hoat
d$ng ciia
nhiing
tSn cu6p biSn
thdi
cSn
dai boi
n6
co kha
nSng
khing
ch^
tuy^n
duong thuong mai ven

bis
Dai Tdy
Duong
Clia cae
qu6e gia
l^c
dia chau Au.
"
G.Reynolds,
sdd,
tr. 183.
62
NGHIEN
CGU
CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW
N°10 (133).2011
Bdn cgnh dd, Anh cdn md rdng dnh
hudng ra nhilu khu vyc khdc nhau tren the
gidi.
Thudc dja quan trpng md chung ta cdn
nhac
din
chinh Id An
D0.
Vipc thdnh
\^p
Cdng ty thuang mgi Ddng An London (Cdng
ly Ddng An Anh) ngdy
31/12/1600
dd lao ra

nhihig tiln dl quan trpng cho qud trinh md
rpng thupc dja va thj trudng thucmg mgi cua
Anh. Nhiing hogt dpng cua cdng ty thuong
mai ndy khdng chi gidi hgn trong vipc trao
ddi budn bdn ma cdn Id xdm
ehilm
dat dai.
Den giai dogn cdm quyln cda Cromwell,
hogt ddng nay dugc ddy mgnh hon nua. Den
cudi thd ki XVII, Cdng ly Ddng An Anh dd
ehilm dugc ba thu phu chinh d Madras,
Bombay vd Calcutta, gidp cho Anh "bdm
chdc vdo vung duyin hdi An Dg, khdng
chi mat bien vd uy hiep dich thu eua minh,
tien
len dgc
chiem
tiiu luc
dia
An
Dg"
.
Ddc
biet, Cromwell dd ep Bd Ddo Nha phdi ki
Hidp udc thdng 7/1654, cdng nhgn quyen
budn bdn eua Anh d Ddng An Dp, timg budc
logi bd djch thu ra khdi thi trudng rpng ldn
vd quan trpng ndy. Trong qud trinh xam
chidm An Dp, Anh cung phdi ddi phd vdi sy
eudng thjnh cua Cdng ty Ddng An Hd Lan.

vdn dl An Dp do do ciing trd thdnh mpt npi
dung quan trpng trong Hiep udc Westminster
1654 sau cudc Chidn tranh Anh-Ha Lan
ldn
thd Nhdt (1652-1654), budc Cdng ty Ddng
An Ha Lan bdi thudng cho Cdng ty Ddng An
Anh 85.000 bdng vd vu tham sdt Amboyna
ndm
1623^^
Tuy nhidn, trong thdi gian nay,
Anh mdi cung co hon nda nhQng gi dd
dgt
dugc d giai dogn trudc, van chua hodn loan
ndm quyln
"c/i«
dgng" trong vipc xam
ehilm
ddt dai vd gidnh uu
thi
kinh doanh d An
Dp
so vdi cdc
quIc
gia khdc nhu Bo Ddo
Nha va
HdLan.
Ngodi ra, Cromwell cdn chu truong gay
chien tranh vdi Tay Ban Nha
de
ehilm

Jamaica. TSy Ban Nha Id nudc cd nhilu
tham vpng d Tdy An vd dd bdt gilt nhilu
dan
dinh cu Anh lgi khu vyc ndy. Cromwell da
quylt dinh cd
Venables
va Penn chi huy
qudn dpi trd thu vd ciing nhdm md rpng dnh
hudng cua Anh len bidn Bdc. Binh linh dupc
tuyln chpn d ddo
Barbadoes^*
vd Stainl
Christopher^'.
Ban ddu, Anh Iidn minh vdi
Bd Ddo Nha vd do bg vdo ben cang
Tunis tai
Porto Farina. Hdi quan Anh tidn ddn dao
Santo
Domingo^^
vd nhanh chdng chidm
dugc thdnh luy, nhung vap phdi chidn tranh
du kich va
thipt
hgi mdt 600
ngudi^'.
Nhung
Cromwell dd thanh cdng trong vide chidm
Jamaica ndm 1655, bien noi ddy trd thdnh
Idnh thd eua nhiing tdn cudp bidn nguoi
"

Nguyen
Thira
Hy,
1986, An Dg qua cdc thdi dgi,
van
hfia,
Hd
Npi,
tr.84.
"
Trdn Thj Thanh VSn, 2010, Chinh sach thyc
ddn
cua Anh a An Dg tie the ki
XVII
din giua the ki XX,
Lu§n &n ti^n
sT, Khoa
Ljch
sur, DHSP
Hk
Npi, tr. 41.
"
Mpt dao nhfi it
BSc Dgii
TSy Duong, ban
dSu 14
thuOe
dja cua Bl
Dio
Nha,

din
n5m 1625 trd
th^nh
thuOc
dja cda Anh.
"
Ldnh tho hai
ngo^i
cua Anh, thufic
qu^
^
Leeward, vinh Caribbean.
^'
Santo Domingo
li
thu dfi vd thdnh ph6
16n
nhdt
ciia
COng hda Dominica.
D&y Id m$t
thdnh
phi
cfi su
d|nh
cu
ISu
dfii cua ngucri chdu Au vd \i am dfin tru dau
tiln Clia
Tfiy

Ban Nha d
chSu
MJ.
"
F.A.Kirkpatrick,
1906,
Lectures on British
colonization and empire, first series
(1600
-
1783),
London, p.49; William Russell, sdd,
p.223.
(Ved
tro eua
OUottr
^rotnwell
63
Anh. Hdnh dpng cudp bdc dugc chinh phd
eho phep nhung khdng khuyin khieh nhdm
hiln nhung ten cudp
biin
thdnh mgt lyc
lugng chdng phd ngoai thuong Tdy Ban Nha.
Nhiing thuong nhdn Anh tgi Jamaica thu lgi
mdt phdn
Id
vide budn lau vdi cdc thupc dja
Tdy Ban Nha gdn kd, mpt phdn Id td nhimg
hang hda cudp bdc dugc . Ngodi vide tranh

gidnh thudc dja, Anh edn tien hdnh nhidu
hoat ddng qudn sy khdc Idm suy yeu ddi thu
vd ndng cao vi thd cua
minh.
Sau khi gidnh
thang lgi tgi Jamaica, hdi qudn Anh tidp tyc
tudn tra vd bao vdy Cadiz , tdn edng 16 tdu
Tdy Ban Nha (6 tdu chd hang vd 10 tdu hd
tdng) tai vinh Santa
Cruz^^,
cudp bdc hdng
hda va phd huy hdt tdu hd tdng. Vipc su dung
ca hdi quan vd nhdng tdn cudp bien dd tan
cdng, qudy nhidu
vide
budn ban cua thuang
nhdn Tay Ban Nha dd gdp phdn khdng nhd
vdo viec giup nudc Anh
vucrt
ldn tren ddi thu
trong cdc hoat dpng ngogi thuang.
Ddi vdi nhirng thudc dja Anh d Bdc My,
chinh sdeh co bdn cda Cromwell Id tidp tyc
duy tri dnh hudng eua "chinh qudc" vd timg
budc ldn ehilm nhiing vdng dat mdi. Ngay
td ndm 1650, tdu be nude ngodi da bj cdm ra
vdo budn bdn d cdc thudc dia nay khi chua
cd gidy
phep^^.
Khi chidn tranh Anh-Hd Lan

nd ra, nhiing mau thuan giua Lidn hidp cdc
thudc dja New England vd thudc dia New
Netheriand da trd ndn cang thdng. Tuy
nhien.
Anh khdng tryc tidp nhdng tay vdo nhdng
hdnh ddng gdy hdn vdi Hd Lan lgi khu vyc
ndy md thudng sd dyng qudn dpi bdn dia.
Ndm 1653, qudn dpi thupc dja Connecticut
dd tan cdng vd chiem giu doanh trgi cua qudn
Hd Lan tgi phdo dai Good Hope, Hartford
(Connecticut). Qudn dpi chinh qudc Iudn
dugc dgt trong linh trgng sEn sdng, nhung
chua mdl Idn tham chien de md rpng thudc
dja. Nhu vgy, trong giai dogn
ciia
Cromwell,
nhung thupc dja d Bac My tuang ddi dn
djnh, hdu nhu khdng cd sy thay ddi Idn bdi
dng dang chu trpng vdo
vide
gid gin dnh
hudng cua chinh qudc.
Ngodi ra, Anh cdn dd y ddn vimg dat
Canada rpng ldn phia tren nhdng thudc dia
Anh d Bdc My. Day la vimg ddt md ngudi
Phdp da ddt dugc nhung co sd ban dau cho
sy thdng trj cua hp. Nam
1654,
Cromwell cd
mdt dodn thdm hiem den khu vyc nay vd

chidm gid Port
Royal"''',
md ra mdt qud trinh
xdm nhgp mdi cua Anh vdo vung ddt nay.
Sau dd, Anh chiem ed Nova Scotia, New
Brunswick (Canada). Cung vdi nhung thudc
dja khdc nhu Saint Helena , he thdng thudc
dja cua Anh trong giai dogn cam quyen eda
Oliver Cromwell dd cd budc phdt tridn mdi
vd ddng gdp phan ldn vdo nhung thdnh cdng
'"
F.A.Kirkpatrick, sdd,
U.50.
"
Thinh phfi cang
a
tSy nam Tay Ban Nha.
"
Mpt
thinh
phfi cua California (My) ngiy nay, vd la
mpt trong nh&ng khu djnh
cir dku
tifin
ciia
Tdy Ban
Nha
cr
chiu MJ.
"

Arthur M.Schlesinger, Jr, sdd, tr. 94.
^^
F.A.Kirkpatrick,
sdd, tr.56. Day
Id
thinh phfi thu do
cua Acadia
(thu^c
dia Phip lap ra
a
Canada bao gom
cic
tinh
dong
bic
Bdc My
nhti
Dong
Quebec,
cic tinh
ven
bi^n,
nay li New England vi
k6o
dii
xudng
Philadelphia).
Hi§n
nay Port Royal la
mOt

vdng nfing
thfin thupc tinh Nova Scotia (Canada).
cin cd
sir
phin
bi€t
voi Port Royal
thuOc
Jamaica,
vfin li
mOt
thupc dia cu cua Tay
Ban
Nha.
^^
Mpt dio nui
lura
nim d Nam Dai Tiy Duong,
Id
lanh thfi hai
ngo^i
eiia Anh vi cung li noi
Imi
day
Napoleon Bonaparte giai doan
1815
-
1821.
64
NGHIEN

CCU
CHAU
AU
- EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW
N°10
(133).2011
cua ndn ngogi thuang. Cd the ndi, ehi Irong
mpt thdi gian ngdn cdm quyen, dng da Iidn
tiep thdnh cdng trong
vi^c
md
r^ng
xdm
lugc
thupc dja d hdu khdp cde khu vyc tren
thi
gidi,
tgo dd eho cdng
cu$c
chinh phyc nhflng
viing ddt mdi vd bdnh trudng
thi
lyc sau ndy.
Nhflng thupc dja dd dd trd thdnh nhflng thj
trudng quan trpng trong todn bp
h? Ih6ng
thuang mgi khdp kin cua Anh.
3.
Vai trd
ciia

cupc canh tranh
thvong
m^i
Anh -
Hd
Lan
Vdi sy suy ylu tiing budc eua Tdy Ban
Nha, Bd Ddo Nha, tu nda sau thd ki XVII, kd
thd chu ydu
ciia
Anh trong vide chinh phuc
mat bidn chinh Id Ha Lan va Phdp. Do Phdp
vdn tdp tnmg vdo xdy dyng mdt cudng quoc
trong lyc dia chdu Au vd bj thidt hai nhilu
sau chidn tranh 30 nam (1618 - 1648) ndn
"ke
ch& hdng
trin biin" chinh
Id
ke thu cgnh
tranh tryc tiep vdi Anh qudc. Sau khi gidnh
dugc ddc
lap Id
Tdy Ban Nha, nhiing thuong
nhdn Hd Lan dd
phat.
huy hdt thd mgnh cua
minh de md rpng thuong mgi vd dugc vi vdi
nhung thuang nhdn Phoenicia ndi tieng. Hd
Lan chidm

nhung
vung rdng ldn trong ndn
thuang mgi tnmg chuydn chau Au, vd cd sy
vgn ehuydn td vung ddt mdi sang Tdy Ban
Nha vdi gid tri thuang mgi hdng ndm
Id
36
tridu Francs. Nhihig qu6c gia phia Bdc nhu
Brandenburg, Dan Mgch, Thyy Diln,
Muscovy (Cdng quoc
Matxcova)
hay Ba Lan
vd khu vyc Baltic ddu md cda cho Hd Lan va
trd thdnh thj trudng
ciia
hp^^.
Nhdng thuong
nhdn Hd Lan
ehilm
tdi 50% gid tri thuang
mgi
ciia
Anh vd hogt dpng d khdp cdc hai
cdng cua Anh trong nhflng ndm ddu the ki
XVII^'.
Ngudi Anh ddng trude sy cgnh tranh
dd da phdi cdng nhdn rdng "kinh te cua
Hd
Lan dd lam tSn thuang
l&n

din thanh
danh
vd ngogi thuang cua chiing
ta"^^.
Sy thua
kdm ve quyln lgi thuang mai da khien
nhihig thuang nhdn Anh thuc giuc ehinh
phii
lien hdnh
mdt
cupc chidn tranh chdng Iai Ha
Lan, tao dilu kipn cho thuang mgi Anh phat
trien.
Ban ddu, Cromwell dua ra Dgo
ludt HO
tdng ndm 1650 (Convoy Act), cho phep
Chinh phd dugc can thipp vao cdng viec
thuang mai nhdm bdo ddm sy an todn cho
nhflng chuyin hdng cua Anh. Ngay ndm sau
do,
Dgo
ludt
Hang hai thu Nhdl (Navigation
Act) tiep tuc dugc dng ban bd. Theo do,
khdng mpt hdng hda ndo tu chdu A, chdu
Phi,
chdu My hay bdt cd qudc gia ndo d
chdu
Au dugc nhgp khdu vdo Anh, tru nhiing
hdng

hda duge chuyen chd trdn tdu cda Anh hay
dugc sdn xudt ra d cae thudc dja cua Anh .
Dd thyc sy
Id
mpt ddn gidng mgnh vdo cdng
vipc vd
Iham
vpng cda Ha Lan - mdt cudng
quoc thuang nghipp ludn chu trpng phat trien
vipc chuyen chd hdng hda gida cdc qudc gia.
Cromwell muon thdng qua dao ludt ndy
"
Alfred Thayer Mahan, 1889, The
influence
(^
seapower upon
history,
1660-
1783,p. 84.
"
Clement Jones,
1922,
British
merchant
shipping,
Edward Arnold and company,
London,
p.l3.
"
Alfred Thayer Mahan, sdd. tr. 64.

"
William Rusell, sdd, tr. 212
(Vai
tr^
eda
Otioer
^ronuottll
65
nhdm phd bd mdt phdn quan trpng 1dm ndn
thdnh cdng cda de qudc thuang mai Hd Lan,
tgo didu kidn eho thuang nhan Anh md rdng
hogt ddng. Hdnh dpng nay dd dua
din
cupc
chidn tranh thuang mai giua hai cudng qudc
luc
do.
Cd the ndi cd Anh vd Hd Lan Id nhdng
qudc gia dau tidn quan tam ddn vi thd bd chu
tren
biin"*".
Cudc Chiln tranh Anh - Hd Lan
ldn thd Nhdt (1652
-
1654) chinh Id cupc ddi
ddu gida mpt the lyc truydn thdng vd
mdt
he
thdng qudn dpi mdi dd tranh gidnh dnh
hudng trdn bidn. Tuy

nhidn.
Ha Lan budc
vdo cudc chien ndy vdi nhilu bdt lgi, cdn
Anh Iai hodn loan chu ddng. Lien hidp cdc
tinh cd sy rgn vd khi md
5
bang trong Bd Hai
quan, dgc bidt khi Hd Lan vd
Zeeland
ydu
cdu dua William III cdn rdt
Ire
ldn Idm Tdng
Chi huy chung'". Hd Lan da sai Idm trong
qud trinh chidn tranh khi giii Igi
Id 100
ddn
400 tdu chidn d khu vyc Baltic, Dja Trung
Hai vd phuong Ddng de bdo vd
vide
budn
ban, mdc
dii
hai quan Anh da uy hidp nghidm
trpng Idnh thd d chdu Au. Ngugc lai,
Cromwell, Nghi vidn, Chinh
phii
Anh ed sy
thdng nhdt trong muc tidu chidn tranh vd den
nam 1653

thi thdng nhdt trong cd quydn lyc.
Ong da nhgn thdc rd day la mdt cupc chien
tranh thuang mgi ndn
each
tot nhdt dd phd
hoai
nin
thuang mgi Hd Lan
Id
phd huy tdu
chidn - nhiing dpi hd tdng tdi quan trgng cho
nhiing thuong thuydn chd hdng. Do dd, ham
dpi Anh dugc tap trung trudc
hit
d eo
Dover - cda ng6 cda chau Au
lyc
dja, dudi
sy chi huy ehung cua tu
Ipnh
Robert Blake.
Myc tidu md Anh
d$t
ra vl mdl chiln
luge
Id thay thd co bdn vj
Ihl
tren
biin
cua

Hd Lan khdp thd gidi.
Vl
phuang thdc tdc
chien, Anh thyc hidn mdt logt nhdng cudc
hdnh qudn bao gom cdc hogt ddng nhu
phong
Ida,
tdn phd, vd bdn phd nhiing dudng
bd
biin
ciia Hd Lan. Toan bp hgm dpi phdi
ddt dudi sy chi huy cua nhung dd ddc
vT
dgi
nhat llie dd . Vdi vide vach ro chidn
lugc
vd
phuang phdp tde chien, cung nhu su dyng
ddng dan nhan tdi, hdi quan Anh tdng cdng
da giao chien vdi Hd Lan 8 trdn: Goodwin
Sands, Plymouth, Kentish Knock, Dungenes,
Portland, Leghorn, Gabbard Bank,
Scheveningen. Cdc
Iran
tidu bien
Id:
Kentish
Knock (phia bdc eo Dover) ngdy 28/09/1652,
khi 72 tdu chiln Hd Lan do dd ddc Witt de
With vd Michiel Adriaenszoon de Ruyler

chgm trdn 68 tau chien Anh do Robert Blake
vd William Penn chi huy. Chien thdng cua
Anh trong trgn ndy da dem den
"si^
kiim sodt
hodn todn eo bien. nghta
Id
phong tda
Amsterdam
vd
nhirng
cdng
khdc cua
Hd Lan
vd lam bdng gid mgi hogt dgng thuang mgi
ciia de qudc ndy" Trdn chidn Gabbard
*" G.Reynolds,
sdd,
tr.
180.
*'G.Reynolds,
sdd,
tr.
180.
Mpt hii cing nim
d
Dong Nam nudc Anh, ddi dien
true
tiep vdi nudc Phap thfing qua eo
Channel/Manche, do dd ed kha

n^ng
kh6ng
ch^
dupc
mpi hoat
d$ng
cua ham dpi dfii thu
a
phia ben kia eo
bien ndy.
^^
James J.Tritten, 1995, A doctrine reader: the navies
of United Slates, Great Britain, France, Italy, and
Spain, Newport, Rhode island, p.3.
""
G.Reynolds,
sdd,
tr.
181.
66
NGHIEN
CCfU
CHAU
AU
- EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW
N°10 n33).2011
Bank (23/06/1653), 100 tdu chiln cua Anh
da Idm choang vdng todn bd hgm
d^i
Hd

Lan, khiln cho
vide
bao vay. phong
Ida
tiep
luc dugc thyc hidn. gay
thidl
hgi
n^ng
nl cho
nen kinh ll
I Id
Lan. Trgn chiln cuoi ciing lgi
Scheveningen
(31/07/1653) ddnh ddu sy that
bgi hoan loan
ciia
Hd Lan khi mat ddn
1.500
Ihiiy
thil vd
14
tau chidn ciing vdi dd ddc
ciia
hp
la
Maartcn Tromp
Harpertszoon**^.
Ket
qud chung

ciia
cupc chidn tranh thuong mai
Id sy thdng thd
eiia
Anh trdn nhieu phuong
didn, dua ddn su thilt
lap
vd bdnh trudng
ihudc
dja, thi Irudng thuang mai d nhieu khu
vyc vdn
Id cua Hd Lan.
Vdi chidn thdng trude ke cgnh tranh
nguy hiem va tryc tiep nhdt
Iiic
bay gid la Hd
Lan, vj thd cua Anh dugc ndng Idn dang kd,
khdng chi trdn
ITnh
vyc chinh trj, qudn su ma
keo
Iheo
dd
Id
van de thudc dja, thuong mgi.
Thdt bai dd bupc Hd Lan phdi ki Hidp udc
hda binh Westminster ndm 1654. Theo Hiep
udc ndy, Hd Lan phdi chap nhdn Dgo
Iudi
Hang hdi

1651,
trd chidn phi cho nhiing tdu
chien
ciia
Anh, ddn bd cho nhdng thidt hgi
cua thuang mgi Anh tgi Ddng An, phyc tung
vide treo cd Anh tai eo bidn Channel/Manche
vd nhidu yeu cau khdc eua Anh vd thuong
mgi"*^.
Anh cung tjch thu dugc 1.700 tdu
chien dd phat tridn ban nua ham dpi
eiia
minh"".
Ddc biet, Anh thu dugc nhidu Igi ich
thuong mai khi xdm nhdp vdo nhihig khu
vuc vdn
ehju
anh hudng eua Hd Lan vd tranh
^
G.Reynolds,
sdd,
U.182.
^
William Rusell, sdd, tr.222.
'
Tign Thira Dan, sdd, tr.
139.
doal
dugc vai trd chuydn chd tgi nhilu khu
vye khdc nhau. Cd

thi
ndi,
cu0c
Chiln tranh
Ihuong
mgi vdi Ha Lan
ldn
thu Nhdt
Id
thdnh
cdng Idn cua Cromwell trong chinh sdeh
irgng
thuang md dng ciing vdi gidi cdm
quyen Anh dang theo dudi. Nd dd tgo ra lien
dl Idn cho vipc tilp tuc ddnh hg cde djeh
thii
khdc,
dua Anh vuon
len
vi thd bd chu mat
bidn trong giai dogn sau dd.
Ket luan
Mdc dil chi ndm quyen
lye
trong mpt
giai doan ngdn, nhung Oliver Cromwell da
dd Iai ddu dn dam net khi mang Igi cho nudc
Anh nhung thdnh cdng nhdt djnh Irong viec
phat triln ngogi thuang. Nhihig chinh sach
Clia dng, lu vipc thidt Igp chinh quydn

"dgc
tdi", xdy dung qudn dpi, dua quan di xdm
lugc hay gay chidn tranh vdi cdc cudng qudc
khae,
dd chdng td dugc vai trd vd gid trj to
Idn trong mpt thdi ki ljch sd. Sau may ndm
ndi chidn, nudc Anh dd hodn todn khdc hdn
so vdi trudc do vd timg budc vuon Idn khdng
djnh dja vi
ciia
minh trong vide kidm soal
mat bien. Day chinh Id nhihig budc di ban
dau gidp cho nudc Anh sau ndy hodn todn
ndm quydn bd chu mdt bidn khi
logi
bd dupc
mpi ddi thu cgnh tranh. Chinh Cromwell chd
khdng phdi ai khac la ngudi ddt ndn mdng
cho chinh quyen tu sdn Anh trong qud trinh
cgnh tranh vdi cdc cudng qudc khdc de
khdng djnh vj thd cda minh trong nen Ihuong
mgi thd gidi, va hon thd nfla Id trd thdnh ba
chu mgt bidn trong cdc
thi
ki sau dd.