Báo cáo khoa học: Hư từ khẩu ngữ trong Quốc Âm thi tập của Nguyễn Trãi pptx

^
Hu
tCr
khau ngur trong Quoc am thi tap
cua Nguyin Trai
HA THUY ANH*
1.
Md dau
Hfl tfl la nhflng tfl khdng cd nghia bieu
vat, ne chuyen dung phu cho ndng cdt cau
de bieu thi thai do, tinh cam, danh gia cua
chu the phat ngdn. Day la mdt loai tfl cd
so'
Ifldng khdng nhieu nhUng tin sd' sfl
dung cao. Nhd cd cac hu tfl ma cau trd nen
sinh ddng cd hdn hdn. Trong tac pham
thd- mdt the loai yeu ciu cao trong viec
Ifla chgn ngdn tfl viec sfl dung hu tfl
thanh cdng khong chi khing dinh tai
nang vfldt trdi cua ngUdi nghe si ma qua
dd cdn tha'y gdp phin the the hien phong
each nha van, truyen dat cai nhin, gigng
dieu, ca tinh cua tac gia. Do vay cd the
ndi,
hu tfl la mdt trong nhflng yeu td' gifl
vai trd quyet dinh ddi vdi toan bd cau trflc
ngdn tfl trong tac pham. Nhan tha'y vai
trd quan trgng cua viec sfl dung hu tfl
trong ngdn ngfl thd ca, chflng tdi tien
hanh tim hieu hU tfl khau ngfl trong tac
pham thd Nora dau tien cua nen van hgc

dan tgc - Quoc dm thi tap nhara chi ra
nhflng dac diem cua viec sfl dung hU tfl
khau ngfl, hieu qua cua viec sit dung cua
nd va dac biet tha'y dUdc tai nang cua con
ngUdi toan tai Nguyen Trai va y thfle sfl
dung ngon tfl dan tgc cao do cua tac gia
qud'c am.
2.
Hv^ tii khau ngflf trong Quoc am thi
tap cua Nguyen Trai
Thd lam theo the Dudng luat khac vdi
cac the van xudi, thudng it dung hu tfl.
Quoc dm thi tap cd nhieu bai dUdc sang
tac theo the that ngdn DUdng luat, cd
nhieu bai dUdc cai bien tfl the thd dd.
Nhflng khac vdi cac nha thd khac cflng
thdi,
trong thd Ndm Nguyin Trai sfl dung
mdt sd' lUdng hu tfl dang ke.
Tieng Viet Trung dai la thfl tieng dflde
dung chu yeu treng khau ngfl. Nd la thfl
ngdn ngfl chfla cd dflde sfl quan tara thich
dang tfl cac gidi van hda. Mat khac, ve
mat chflc nang (tfl vflng, ngfl phap) cua he
thd'ng hu tfl chfla cd dflde sfl dinh hinh re
net. Bdi vi cd nhflng hfl tfl vfla la thfle tfl
vfla la hu tfl. Tflc la ndi ham ngfl nghia
cua tfl chfla cd sfl khu biet rd rang. Vi vay
de xac dinh cac bu tfl tren cin phai dfla
vao ngfl canh cu the cfla cau thd de xac

dinh. Tren cd sd li thuyet ve bU tfl va dac
diem cua he thdng hU tfl thdi Trung dai,
chflng tdi khio sat 245 bai thd trdng Qud'c
dm thi tap. Qua khid sat chung tdi nhan
thay cd nhflng diera dang ehfl y sau:
Mot sd' hu tfl khdng phan dinh ngi
ham nghia cua minh rd rang cho nen din
Hk Thuy Anh, Dai hoc Su pham Thai Nguyen
76
Nghien cdu Ddng Nam A 10/2010
den tinh trang khdng phan dinh ranh gidi
ro rang gifla thfle tfl va hfl tfl. Chang ban
nhfl tfl "cho" cd luc dUdc sfl dung vdi tU
each la met hU tfl lam nhiem Vu ndi ket
trong cau nhU:
U chd ni hay hpc cd nhdn,
Lanh minh cho khoi dng phong vdn.
(29/
1 - 2)
NhUng cd khi "cho" lai dUdc dung vdi tU
each la mdt dgng tfl vdi y nghia ban phat
nhfl:
Bac mai vdng cue de cho con.
Dac biet, trong thd Qudc dm Nguyen
Trai cd nhflng hu tfl dflde sfl dung vdi
nghia kha mdi me, hien dai se vdi thdi dd.
Dien hinh nhU tfl "neu" xuat hien 23 lin
va d mot
so'
cau thd nhU:

- Neu cd dn thi cd lo. (20/1)
- Neu cd sdu thi bo canh. (136/ 6)
- Neu cd ngheo thi cd an. (144/ 8)
Li giai sfl mdi me nay, tac gia Pham
Thi Phfldng Thai da dfla ra cac cfl lieu xac
dang dUa tren nhflng van ban dang tin
cay va khang dinh; " chung ta cd the tin,
thdi Nguyen Trdi dd diing td gid dinh
"neu". Xet trong ngd cdnh cdu thd, td
"neu" trong nhiiu cdu thd Ndm Nguyen
Trdi hieu vdi nghia gid dinh se cd li hdn.
[8,
97].
Ben canh nhflng trfldng hdp dac biet
nhfl vfla neu, qua khae sat Qudc dm thi
tap chung tdi nhan tha'y sd' lfldng hfl tfl
dflde sfl dung vdi ti le rat eao. Theo thd'ng
ke sd bg, cd khoang 130 hU tfl vdi 2090
Ifldt xuat hien, chiem 19,2% lUdt tfl cua
tean bd tac pham, tflc la cfl gin nam tfl
thi cd mdt tfl. Nhieu hU tfl cd tin so' lap
lai cao nhfl:
Lai (= them niifa): 39 lin
Lai cd hoe hoa xen bdng liic. (197/ 3)
Lai cd mpt cdnh ngodi dy re. (225/3)
Chi:
47 lan
Mdng chi phu quy nhpc khoe khoang.
(192/
2)

Ao mac du chi qudn cii den. (140/ 4)
Ay: 57 lin
Thi thu thUc dy bdo ngdn ddi. (10/ 8)
Au td Id dy yeu dUdng chua (158/ 5)
Thi:
66 lin
Hoa thi hay heo co thUdng
tUcti.
(120/ 6)
Cd ke thi che cd ke khen. (124/ 2)
Da: 100 lin
Cd thud giang lau ngdy dd tdi. (122/ 7)
Ddi lan dd mdy dng phdn hoa. (169/1)
Chang (chang): 176 lan
- Danh chdng chdc lpc chdng cdu
Dupc dt chdng mdng mdt chdng du.
(121/
1 - 2)
- Chdng khon, chdng dai, ludng Udng
Udng
Chdng dai, ngUdi hoa lai chdng
thUdng. (157/ 1-2)
Ngoai ra cdn cd: au (= hin la): 8 lan,
nhiJng: 18 lan, vi: 23 lan, cho (= de ma):
23 lin, chufa (chfla): 33 lin, cung: 38 lin,
chd: 42 lin, d: 49 Ian, qua:50 lin, con: 70
lin.
Viec sfl dung hu tfl vdi sd Ifldng Idn, tin
so'
cao da tao nen nhflng dac diem rieng

khac d Qudc dm thi tap. Cd the neu ra ragt
sd' dac diem nhu sau:
Xet ve vi trf xuat hien trong cau thi cac
hfl tfl xuat hien d bat ki vi tri nao trong
Hd Thiiy Anh - Hu ta khdu ngii trong Qudc dm thi teip ciia Nguyen Trdi
11
cau. Cd the d dau cau nhU: "Lai cd hoe hoa
chen bdng luc" (197/ 3) bay d gifla cau
nhU: "Au tU la dy yeu dUdng chua" (158, 5)
va cd the d cudi cau nhU: "Lan, hue chdng
thdm thi chd' (167/ 7). Cac hu tfl xua't hien
d nhflng vi tri khac nhau trong cau tao cho
cau thd gid'ng nhu nhflng ldi ndi thUdng
ngay trdng cuoc song cua nhan dan.
Ben canh sU cd mat cua cac hu tfl d
nhflng vi tri khac nhau d trong cau thi
chflng tdi nhan tha'y each dung hu tfl nay
phin Idn la each dflng theo cfl phap khau
ngfl. Chang ban nhU:
- Dd biet cda quyen nhieu hiem hdc,
Cho hay dUdng
Ieii cUc
quanh co. (20/ 5- 6)
Nen thd nen thdy vi cd hpc.
No dn no mac bdi hay ldm. (173/ 3- 4)
Viec sfl dung hu tfl khau ngfl, cau true
ngfl phap khau ngfl cdn gdp phin tao ra
nhflng cau thd mang ngfl dieu khau ngfl
nhu:
- Cd biet ddu la sU the gian. (95/ 2)

- Sen ndo cd ben trong ldm. (70/ 8)
Dac biet treng Qudc dm thi tap tfl lap
xuat hien kha nhieu va dac biet la lap d
hu tfl vdi so' Ifldng rat Idn. Day la mdt
trong nhflng dac diem rat mdi la cua thd
Qudc dm bdi thd luat DUdng rat "ki" lap tfl
va neu tac gia nao lap tfl se hi coi la "que".
Tuy nhien thi qua qua trinh khao sat
chung tdi nhan tha'y hien tUdng nay rat
phd bien. Lap tfl khdng chi xua't hien d
trong cau ma rat nhieu trUdng hdp lap d
cac cau khac nhau trong bai. Cd the dUa
ra mot
so'
vi du nhU:
Lap d vi trf cau 1 va cau 2:
Chdng khdn, chdng dpi, ludng Udng Udng.
Chdng dpi, ngUdi hoa lai chang
thUdng. (157/ 1 -2)
Lap d vi trf cau 1 va cau 7:
Chdng hay rap rap dd bd'n mUdi
Phu quy chdng tham thanh tUa nUdc.
(24/
2- 7)
Va mot dac diem khdng the khdng ndi
den trong each dung bfl tfl cua tac gia
Qud'c dm la each sfl dung hu tfl theo tuc
ngfl, ca dao dan tdc. Dd la each mfldn y
nhflng cau tuc ngfl, ca dao de sang tao
nen nhflng cau thd cho rieng minh.

Ching ban nhu Nguyin Trai mUdn
nhflng cau tuc ngfl, ca dao ndi ve tinb
chat nham hiem cua ldng ngUdi dudi che
dg phong kien nhU:
- Song sdu con cd ke do
Long ngUefi nham hiem ai do cho ciing.
- Khdu phat, tdm xd.
Tac gii tao nen nhflng cau thd trong
Qudc dm thi tap nhU:
- Ngodi chUng mp chdn deu khong biet
Bui mpt long ngUdi cUc hiem thay. (26/
7-8)
- Bi hiem nhdn gian ai ke biet
Ghe thay thenUde vi qua mim. (115/ 7 -8)
Qua mot so dac diem ndi bat vfla neu
tren trong viec sfl dung hU tfl d Qudc dm
thi tap, chflng tdi nhan tha'y: Nguyin Trai
da sfl dung kha dat cac hu tfl. Dflng nhfl
nha ngdn ngfl Hoang Thfly Chau tflng ndi
"Khong
CO
ta ndo hay hefn ta ndo md chi
cd
nhang ta diing dung chd vd ta diing sai
cho md thdi". Sfl dung hU tfl dung chd,
Nguyin Trai da tao ra nhUng cau thd gian
di,
di hieu, gin gui va di vao tam hdn
ngUdi Viet - nhflng cau thd "hodn todn
78

Nghien ciiu Dong Nam A 10/2010
Nom thUc sd' dem lai hieu qua nghe thuat
cao nhU:
Thdy ldi thi ldm cho phdi nghia
MUa tdy mat khien lan long dam. (173/
7-8)
Dieu dd cdn gdp phin dien ta sau sac
nhflng trang hudng tinh cam, thai do cua
Nguyen Trai. Chang ban trong bai thd
167 Nguyen Trai viet:
Lan,
hue chdng hay thi chd
Nd chi lai phdi chdn tank tao. (167/ 7-8)
Vdi viec sfl dung cac hU tfl "chdng",
"thi", "chd, "chi", "lai phdi", Nguyin Trai
da tao nen cau thd gin gui vdi ldi ndi
thudng va dien dat chfnh xac, cu the cam
giac dau ddn cua ragt con ngUdi cdt each
thanh tao lai phai sd'ng chdn bun nhd.
3.
Ket luan
Da hdn 6 the ki nhUng nhflng cau thd
Quoc am thi tap van cdn gifl dUde ve tUdi
mdi.
Dieu dd nhd mot phan ddng gdp Idn
cua hu tfl. Nhu da trinh bay thi hU tfl tuy
khdng cd y nghia tfl vflng ro rang nhflng
cd vai trd bet sfle quan trgng trong diin
dat. Vdi viec dung nhflng hU tfl khau ngfl
tren, Nguyen Trai da tao ra nhflng cau

thd mang tinh triet If, ngan ggn nhU ldi an
tieng ndi cua nhan dan nhUng cung het
sfle can ddi, te nhi.Nhu vay vdi viec sfl
dung nhflng hu tfl khau ngfl ndi rieng va
ldi an tieng ndi cua nhan dan ndi chung,
ldi diin dat trong cuoc song hang ngay vao
thd Nora, chung ta cd the khing dinh:
Nguyin Trai la ngUdi dau tien cd y thfle
dfla phong each khau ngfl vao van hgc
viet. Ddng thdi, qua dd, tac gia Qud'c am
da nang ngdn ngfl tieng Viet giao tiep
binh dan thanh ngdn ngfl tieng Viet van
hda. Va thera ragt lin nfla khang dinh:
Nguyen Trai da cira ragt cgt mdc quan
trgng tren con dUdng tien len ciia dan tec
ta. Cgt rade ay rat quan trgng del vdi dan
tdc ta. Dung nhU Phara Van Ddng nhan
xet: "Nguyen Trdi Id khi phdch ddn tpc, la
tinh hoa ddn tpc. Su nghiep vd tdc phdm
cua Nguyen Trdi la mpt bdi ca yeu nUdc vd
tu hao ddn tdc". /.
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
1.
Lai Nguyen An (1999), 150 thuat ngQ van
hpc, NXB Dai hgc Qud'c gia. Ha Ngi.
2.
Le Bao (Tuyen chgn va bien khao) (1997),
Nhd vdn vd tdc phdm trong nhd trUdng
pho thong, NXB Giao Due, Ha Ngi
3.

Le Ba Han, Tran Dinh Sfl, Nguyin Khic
Phi (1999), Ta dien thuat nga vdn hpc,
NXB DHQG, Ha Ngi.
4.
Hoang Van Hanh, VUdng Lgc (1980), Mdy
ddc diem cua vd'n tU tieng Viet vdn hpc the
ki XV qua "Qudc dm thi tap" ciia Nguyen
Trdi, t/c NN (3), tr 22-28.
5.
Nguyin Thi Du Khanh (2009), Thi phdp
hpc vd vdn di gidng day vdn hpc trong nhd
trudng, NXB Giao due.
6. Dinh Gia Khanh (ehu bien) Bfli Duy Tan,
Mai Cao Cbudng (2002), Vdn hpc Viet
Nam (the ki X - naa ddu the ki XVIII),
NXB Giao Due, Ha Ngi.
7.
Bui Van Nguyen (1994), Thd qudc am
Nguyin Trdi, NXBDH va THCN, Ha Ngi.
8. Pham Thi PhUdng Thai (2006), Ngon nga
vd
the thd trong Quoc dm thi tap cua Nguyen
Trdi, Luan an Tien si, Vien Van hgc.
9. Nguyin Hflu Sdn (Tuyen chgn va gidi
thieu) (2002), Nguyin Trdi vi tdc gia va
tdc phdm, NXB Giao due. Ha Ngi