encyclopedia of chemical processing

Encyclopedia
of Chemical
Processing
volume 1


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Encyclopedia of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering
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Encyclopedia
of Chemical
Processing
volume 1
Edited by:
Sunggyu Lee
Department of Chemical Engineering
University of Missouri - Columbia
Columbia, Missouri
U.S.A.
New York London
Published in 2006 by
Taylor & Francis Group
270 Madison Avenue
New York, NY 10016
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
No claim to original U.S. Government works
Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper
10987654321
International Standard Book Number-10: 0-8247-5563-4 (Set)
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This Encyclopedia is dedicated to
my wife
Kyung Paik Lee
who put up with me,

lovingly supported me,
and helped make this venture
a success

Sunggyu Lee
Editor
Department of Chemical Engineering
University of Missouri–Columbia
Columbia, Missouri, U.S.A.
Editorial Advisory Board
John C. Angus
Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland,
Ohio, U.S.A.
Alexis T. Bell
University of California, Berkeley,
California, U.S.A.
Dibakar Bhattacharyya
University of Kentucky, Lexington,
Kentucky, U.S.A.
Milorad P. Dudukovic
Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, U.S.A.
Robert Fulton Dye
Dye Engineering & Technology, Sugar Land,
Texas, U.S.A.
James R. Fair
University of Texas, Austin, Texas, U.S.A.
Liang-Shih Fan
The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, U.S.A.
Mehmet Gencer
IMET Corporation, Akron, Ohio, U.S.A.

Sun-Tak Hwang
University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, U.S.A.
Michael T. Klein
Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, U.S.A.
L. James Lee
The Ohio State University, Columbus,
Ohio, U.S.A.
Ki-Jun Lee
Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
Chung-Chiun Liu
Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland,
Ohio, U.S.A.
Badie I. Morsi
University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh,
Pennsylvania, U.S.A.
Peter R. Pujado
UOP LLC, Des Plaines, Illinois, U.S.A.
M. M. Sharma
HONY, Chembur, Mumbai, India
James G. Speight
CD&W Inc., Laramie, Wyoming, U.S.A.
David G. Wood
University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
Jeffrey Yen
Atofina Chemicals, Inc., King of Prussia,
Pennsylvania, U.S.A.

Contributors
Kim Aasberg-Petersen = Haldor Topsøe A=S, Lyngby, Denmark
Mohamed O. Abdalla = Department of Chemistry, Tuskegee University, Tuskegee, Alabama, U.S.A.

Abdullah M. Aitani = King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia
G. Akay = Process Intensification and Miniaturization Centre, School of Chemical Engineering
and Advanced Materials and Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology,
University of Newcastle, Newcastle Upon Tyne, U.K.
S. Al-Malaika = Polymer Processing and Performance Research Unit, School of Engineering and
Applied Science, Aston University, Birmingham, U.K.
Lyle F. Albright = School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, U.S.A.
T. L. Alford = Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Arizona State University,
Tempe, Arizona, U.S.A.
S. W. Allison = Engineering Science and Technology Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory
(ORNL), Oak Ridge, Tennessee, U.S.A.
M. Cengiz Altan = School of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Oklahoma,
Norman, Oklahoma, U.S.A.
Ramin Amin-Sanayei = Arkema Inc., King of Prussia, Pennsylvania, U.S.A.
Paul Andersen = Coperion Corporation, Ramsey, New Jersey, U.S.A.
Ee Lui Ang = Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois,
Urbana, Illinois, U.S.A.
Piero M. Armenante = Otto H. York Department of Chemical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of
Technology, Newark, New Jersey, U.S.A.
David S. J. Arney = 3M Company, St. Paul, Minnesota, U.S.A.
David B. Asay = Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University,
University Park, Pennsylvania, U.S.A.
Gabriel Ascanio = URPEI, Department of Chemical Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique, Montreal,
Quebec, Canada
W. R. Ashurst = University of California–Berkeley, Berkeley, California, U.S.A.
Naveed Aslam = University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, U.S.A.
Victor Atiemo-Obeng = Engineering Science and Market Development, The Dow Chemical Company,
Midland, Michigan, U.S.A.
Andre
´

Bakker = Fluent Inc., Lebanon, New Hampshire, U.S.A.
Michael W. Balakos = R&D, Su€d-Chemie Inc., Louisville, Kentucky, U.S.A.
Shankha K. Banerji = Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of
Missouri–Columbia, Columbia, Missouri, U.S.A.
Jimmie R. Baran = 3M Company, St. Paul, Minnesota, U.S.A.
Stanley M. Barnett = University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island, U.S.A.
Shubhayu Basu = Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University,
Columbus, Ohio, U.S.A.
Roger N. Beers = The Goodyear Tire & Rubber Company, Akron, Ohio, U.S.A.
Ce
´
line T. Bellehumeur = Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Calgary,
Calgary, Alberta, Canada
T. J. Bencic = Optical Instrumentation Technology Branch, NASA John H. Glenn Research Center at
Lewis Field, Cleveland, Ohio, U.S.A.
ix
Jonathan W. Bender = Department of Chemical Engineering, University of South Carolina,
Columbia, South Carolina, U.S.A.
David A. Benko = The Goodyear Tire & Rubber Company, Akron, Ohio, U.S.A.
Sujata K. Bhatia = Dupont Central Research and Development, Wilmington,
Delaware, U.S.A.
Surita R. Bhatia = Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts–Amherst,
Amherst, Massachusetts, U.S.A.
P. R. Bishnoi = Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Calgary,
Calgary, Alberta, Canada
T. Reg. Bott = School of Engineering, Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham,
Birmingham, U.K.
Andrea Bozzano = UOP LLC, Des Plaines, Illinois, U.S.A.
Mike Bradford = Jacobs Engineering Group Inc., Houston, Texas, U.S.A.
Ian D. Brindle = Brock University, St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada

Edmundo Brito-De La Fuente = Departamento de Alimentos y Biotecnologı
´
a, UNAM,
Me
´
xico, Me
´
xico
Michael C. Brooks = U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Kerr Research Center,
Ada, Oklahoma, U.S.A.
Nigel D. Browning = Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science,
University of California Davis, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory,
Berkeley, California, U.S.A.
David A. Bruce = Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Clemson University,
Clemson, South Carolina, U.S.A.
Joel G. Burken = Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, University of
Missouri–Rolla, Rolla, Missouri, U.S.A.
J. R. Burns = Protensive Ltd., Bioscience Centre, Centre for Life, Newcastle Upon Tyne, U.K.
Richard V. Calabrese = Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of
Maryland, College Park, Maryland, U.S.A.
Gregg Caldwell = 3M Company, St. Paul, Minnesota, U.S.A.
Gerard T. Caneba = Department of Chemical Engineering, Michigan Technological University,
Houghton, Michigan, U.S.A.
Giovanni Maria Carlomagno = Department of Energetics, Thermofluidynamics and Environmental
Control (DETEC), University of Naples Federico II, Napoli, Italy
C. Carraro = University of California–Berkeley, Berkeley, California, U.S.A.
Eldon D. Case = Chemical Engineering and Materials Science Department, Michigan State University,
East Lansing, Michigan, U.S.A.
M. R. Cates = Engineering Science and Technology Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL),
Oak Ridge, Tennessee, U.S.A.

John C. Chadwick = Dutch Polymer Institute (DPI), Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry,
Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
Louay M. Chamra = Southeast Cooling, Heating and Power Application Center, Department of
Mechanical Engineering, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi, U.S.A.
Jamal Chaouki = Ecole Polytechnique, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
Vicki Chen = UNESCO Centre for Membrane Science and Technology, School of Chemical Engineering,
University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
Zhilei Chen = Center for Biophysics and Computational Biology, University of Illinois,
Urbana, Illinois, U.S.A.
Hyoung J. Choi = Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Inha University,
Incheon, Korea
Kyu Yong Choi = Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Maryland,
College Park, Maryland, U.S.A.
Pyoungho Choi = Albany Nanotech, The College of Nanoscale Science and Engineering (CNSE),
State University of New York, Albany, New York, U.S.A.
x
T. C. Chung = Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University,
University Park, Pennsylvania, U.S.A.
Matthew A. Clarke = Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Calgary,
Calgary, Alberta, Canada
Gary Combes = School of Chemical Engineering and Industrial Chemistry, The University of
New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
Richard F. Cope = Fluid Mechanics and Mixing Group, The Dow Chemical Company,
Midland, Michigan, U.S.A.
Richard Corkish = ARC Centre of Excellence for Advanced Silicon Photovoltaics and Photonics,
University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
R. A. Cottis = School of Materials, Corrosion and Protection Centre, University of Manchester,
Manchester, U.K.
Sean A. Curran = Honeywell International Inc., Morristown, New Jersey, U.S.A.
Wayne R. Curtis = Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University,

University Park, Pennsylvania, U.S.A.
Teresa J. Cutright = Department of Civil Engineering, The University of Akron,
Akron, Ohio, U.S.A.
Qizhou Dai = Advanced Biomaterials Chemistry, University of British Columbia,
Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
A. K. Dalai = Catalysis and Chemical Reactor Engineering Laboratories, Department of
Chemical Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
Douglas A. Dale = Genencor International, Palo Alto, California, U.S.A.
Rohit P. Datar = Technical Operations, CPKelco, Okmulgee, Oklahoma, U.S.A.
Ravindra Datta = Fuel Cell Center, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester,
Massachusetts, U.S.A.
Sharad M. Dave = Bhabha Atomic Research Center, Mumbai, India
Forrest M. Davidson, III = The University of Texas, Austin, Texas, U.S.A.
Frank Davis = Cranfield University, Silsoe, U.K.
Mark DeDecker = Firestone Polymers, Bridgestone=Firestone Research LLC,
Akron, Ohio, U.S.A.
Fariba Dehghani = School of Chemical Engineering and Industrial Chemistry, The University of
New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
Shuguang Deng = Chemical Engineering Department, New Mexico State University,
Las Cruces, New Mexico, U.S.A.
Amy S. Determan = Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University,
Ames, Iowa, U.S.A.
Glenn B. DeWolf = URS Corporation, Austin, Texas, U.S.A.
Partha Dey = P.A. Consulting, Nashville, Tennessee, U.S.A.
R. Dhib = Department of Chemical Engineering, Ryerson University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Huu D. Doan = Department of Chemical Engineering, Ryerson University,
Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Mildred S. Dresselhaus = Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge,
Massachusetts, U.S.A.
Nishith Dwivedi = Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology,

New Delhi, India
Vahid Ebadat = Chilworth Technology, Inc., Princeton, New Jersey, U.S.A.
Sina Ebnesajjad = DuPont Fluoroproducts, Chestnut Run Plaza, Wilmington, Delaware, U.S.A.
Jeremy S. Edwards = Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Delaware,
Newark, Delaware, U.S.A.
Brian W. Eggiman = Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, U.S.A.
J. Richard Elliott, Jr. = Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Akron,
Akron, Ohio, U.S.A.
xi
Morinobu Endo = Faculty of Engineering, Shinshu University, Wakasato, Nagano-shi, Japan
Rolf Erni = Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of California
Davis, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, U.S.A.
Arthur W. Etchells = DuPont Fellow, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.A.
L S. Fan = Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University,
Columbus, Ohio, U.S.A.
Rajeev Farwaha = Celanese Polymers, Bridgewater, New Jersey, U.S.A.
James J. Feng = Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Department of
Mathematics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
D. Ferdous = Catalysis and Chemical Reactor Engineering Laboratories, Department of
Chemical Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
Jim C. Fitch = Noria Corporation, Tulsa, Oklahoma, U.S.A.
J. F. Forbes = Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta,
Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
Neil R. Foster = School of Chemical Engineering and Industrial Chemistry, The University of
New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
Jonathan Francis = University of Central Lancashire, Preston, U.K.
Matthew H. Frey = 3M Company, St. Paul, Minnesota, U.S.A.
Joanna D. Fromstein = Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of
Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Mina Gabriel = Honeywell International Inc., Morristown, New Jersey, U.S.A.

Alfred Gaertner = Genencor International, Palo Alto, California, U.S.A.
Prabhu Ganesan = Department of Chemical Engineering, University of South Carolina,
Columbia, South Carolina, U.S.A.
Shubhra Gangopadhyay = University of Missouri–Columbia, Columbia, Missouri, U.S.A.
Hugo S. Garcia = UNIDA, Instituto Tecnologico de Veracruz, Veracruz, Mexico
Dinesh Gera = Fluent Incorporated, Morgantown, West Virginia, U.S.A.
Richard Gilbert = Department of Wood and Paper Science, North Carolina State University,
Raleigh, North Carolina, U.S.A.
Giuseppe Giorleo = Department of Materials and Production Engineering (DIMP), University of
Naples Federico II, Napoli, Italy
S. M. Goedeke = Engineering Science and Technology Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory
(ORNL), Oak Ridge, Tennessee, U.S.A.
Scott Gold = Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois,
Urbana, Illinois, U.S.A.
Vincent G. Gomes = University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
James G. Goodwin, Jr. = Department of Chemical Engineering, Clemson University,
Clemson, South Carolina, U.S.A.
John R. Grace = University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
Brian P. Grady = School of Chemical, Biological and Materials Engineering, University of Oklahoma,
Norman, Oklahoma, U.S.A.
Dan F. Graves = Firestone Polymers, Bridgestone=Firestone Research LLC, Akron,
Ohio, U.S.A.
Erich Grotewold = Department of Plant Cellular and Molecular Biology and Plant Biotechnology
Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, U.S.A.
Rajiv Grover = Jacobs Engineering Group Inc., Houston, Texas, U.S.A.
Ronald W. Gumbs = Gumbs Associates Ltd., East Brunswick, New Jersey, U.S.A.
L. Jay Guo = Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, The University of
Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, U.S.A.
Ram B. Gupta = Department of Chemical Engineering, Auburn University,
Auburn, Alabama, U.S.A.

xii
Byung Gwon Lee = Envi ronment and Process Technology Division, Korea Institute of Science and
Technology, Cheongryang, Seoul, South Korea
Don C. Haddox = Waterbury, Vermont, U.S.A.
Joel M. Haight = Pen nsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, U.S.A.
Pradeep Haldar = Albany Nanotech, The College of Nanoscale Science and Engineering (CNSE),
State University of New York, Albany, New York, U.S.A.
Ian Hamerton = University of Surrey, Surrey, U.K.
Youssef K. Hamidi = School of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Oklahoma,
Norman, Oklahoma, U.S.A.
Tobias Hanrath = The University of Texas, Austin, Texas, U.S.A.
Douglas P. Harrison = Gordon A. and Mary Cain Department of Chemical Engineering,
Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge , Louisiana, U.S.A.
Gareth P. Harrison = Institute for Energy Systems, School of Engineering and Electronics,
University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, U.K.
Takuya Hayashi = Faculty of Engineering, Shinshu University, Wakasato, Nagano-shi, Japan
Douglas G. Hayes = Department Biosystems Engineering and Environmental Science, University of
Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, U.S.A.
Donald T. Haynie = Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Bionanosystems Engineering
Laboratory, Center for Applied Physics Studies, Louisiana Tech University,
Ruston, Louis iana, U.S.A.
Roland H. Heck = Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, U.S.A.
William L. Hergenrother = Bridgestone Americas Center for Research and Technology,
Bridgestone=Firestone Research LLC, Akron, Ohio, U.S.A.
Andrew M. Herring = Department of Chemical Engineering, Colorado School of Mines,
Golden, Colorado, U.S.A.
Se
´
amus P. J. Higson = Cranfield University, Silsoe, U.K.
Charles G. Hill, Jr. = Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of

Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, U.S.A.
John O. Hill = La Trobe University, Melbourne , Victoria, Australia
Hugh W. Hillhouse = Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, U.S.A.
B. Keith Hodge = Southeast Cooling, Heating and Power Application Center,
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Mississippi State University,
Mississippi State, Mississippi, U.S.A.
J. D. Holladay = Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington, U.S.A.
W. A. Hollerman = Department of Physics, University of Louisiana at Lafayette,
Lafayette, Louisiana, U.S.A.
W. C. Hsu = Sino- American Silicon Product Inc., Hsinchu, Taiwan, ROC
X. D. Hu = R&D, Su€d-Chemie Inc., Louisville, Kentucky, U.S.A.
Yinlun Huang = Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Wayne State University,
Detroit, Michigan, U.S.A.
Anton Huber = PolySaccharide Initiative, Institut fu
¨
r Chemie, Karl-Franzens, Universita
¨
t Graz,
Graz, Austria
Kang Moo Huh = Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Chungnam National University,
Daejeon, South Korea
Raymond L. Huhnke = Biosystems and Agricultural Engineering, Oklahoma State Unviersity,
Stillwater, Oklahoma, U.S.A.
Steven C. Hukvari = Parr Instrument Company, Moline, Illinois, U.S.A.
Scott M. Husson = Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Clemson University,
Clemson, South Carolina, U.S.A.
Sangchul Hwang = Department of Civil Engineering and Surveying, University of Puerto Rico,
Mayagu€ez, Puerto Rico
Oleg Ilinich = Engelhard Corporation, Iselin, New Jersey, U.S.A.
xiii

R. J. J. Jachuck = Process Intensification and Clean Technology (PICT) Group, Department of
Chemical Engineering, Clarkson University, Potsdam, New York, U.S.A.
Manish Jain = 3M Company, St. Paul, Minnesota, U.S.A.
Krishnan Jayaraman = University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
Nigil Satish Jeyashekar = Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Mississippi,
University, Mississippi, U.S.A.
Myung S. Jhon = Department of Chemical Engineering and Data Storage Systems Center,
Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, U.S.A.
Tyler Johannes = Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois,
Urbana, Illinois, U.S.A.
Bob Johnson = School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology,
Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
Joshua Jurs = Departments of Chemistry, Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science,
and Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Rice University,
Houston, Texas, U.S.A.
John F. Kadla = Faculty of Forestry, Biomaterials Chemistry, The University of British Columbia,
Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
Kishore K. Kar = Fluid Mechanics and Mixing Group, The Dow Chemical Company,
Midland, Michigan, U.S.A.
Thomas E. Karis = Hitachi Global Storage Technologies, San Jose Research Center,
San Jose, California, U.S.A.
S. Komar Kawatra = Department of Chemical Engineering, Michigan Technological University,
Houghton, Michigan, U.S.A.
David O. Kazmer = Department of Plastics Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Lowell,
Massachusetts, U.S.A.
Jason M. Keith = Department of Chemical Engineering, Michigan Technological University,
Houghton, Michigan, U.S.A.
Sunil Kesavan = Akebono Corporation, Farmington Hills, Michigan, U.S.A.
Daeik Kim = University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, U.S.A.
Ji W. Kim = Department of Chemical Engineering and Data Storage Systems Center,

Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, U.S.A.
Jin-Kuk Kim = Centre for Process Integration, University of Manchester, Manchester, U.K.
Seong H. Kim = Department of Chemical Engineering, Materials Research Institute,
The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, U.S.A.
Yoong-Ahm Kim = Faculty of Engineering, Shinshu University, Wakasato, Nagano-shi, Japan
Brian P. Kirkmeyer = International Flavors and Fragrances, Union Beach, New Jersey, U.S.A.
Dehong Kong = Chilworth Technology, Inc., Monmouth Junction, New Jersey, U.S.A.
Brian A. Korgel = The University of Texas, Austin, Texas, U.S.A.
Milivoje M. Kostic = Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northern Illinois University,
DeKalb, Illinois, U.S.A.
J. Kouvetakis = Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Arizona State University,
Tempe, Arizona, U.S.A.
Andrzej Kraslawski = Lappeenranta University of Technology, Lappeenranta, Finland
Suzanne M. Kresta = Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta,
Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
Satoshi Kubo = Faculty of Forestry, Biomaterials Chemistry, The University of British Columbia,
Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
Mark A. Kuehne = NL Chemical Technology, Inc., Mount Prospect, Illinois, U.S.A.
Ashok Kumar = Department of Civil Engineering, University of Toledo,
Toledo, Ohio, U.S.A.
Vimal Kumar = Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology,
New Delhi, India
xiv
Arunabha Kundu = Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology,
New Delhi, India
Charlotte T. M. Kwok = Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois,
Urbana, Illinois, U.S.A.
K. S. Lackner = Department of Earth and Environmental Engineering, Columbia University,
New York, New York, U.S.A.
Harry J. Lader = Harry Lader and Associates, Inc., Cleveland, Ohio, U.S.A.

Yadunandan Lal Dar = Corporate Research, National Starch and Chemical Company,
Bridgewater, New Jersey, U.S.A.
Joseph M. Lambert, Jr. = Parr Instrument Company, Moline, Illinois, U.S.A.
C. W. Lan = Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University,
Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
H. Bryan Lanterman = Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Missouri–Columbia,
Columbia, Missouri, U.S.A.
Pierre Le-Clech = UNESCO Centre for Membrane Science and Technology, School of Chemical
Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
James M. Lee = Department of Chemical Engineering, Washington State University,
Pullman, Washington, U.S.A.
L. James Lee = Department of Chemical Engineering, The Ohio State University,
Columbus, Ohio, U.S.A.
Sunggyu Lee = Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Missouri–Columbia,
Columbia, Missouri, U.S.A.
Yoon Seob Lee = Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University,
Columbus, Ohio, U.S.A.
Youn-Woo Lee = Environment and Process Technology Division, Korea Institute of Science and
Technology, Cheongryang, Seoul, South Korea
Kwok-Wai Lem = Honeywell International Inc., Morristown, New Jersey, U.S.A.
Douglas E. Leng = Leng Associates, Midland, Michigan, U.S.A.
Alan G. Letki = Alfa Laval Inc., Warminster, Pennsylvania, U.S.A.
Christopher Lew = Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California
at Riverside, Riverside, California, U.S.A.
Randy S. Lewis = School of Chemical Engineering, Oklahoma State University,
Stillwater, Oklahoma, U.S.A.
Bingyun Li = Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Bionanosystems Engineering Laboratory,
Center for Applied Physics Studies, Louisiana Tech University,
Ruston, Louisiana, U.S.A.
Jane C. Li = NL Chemical Technology, Inc., Mount Prospect, Illinois, U.S.A.

Jun Li = Department of Polymer Science, University of Southern Mississippi,
Hattiesburg, Mississippi, U.S.A.
Norman N. Li = NL Chemical Technology, Inc., Mount Prospect, Illinois, U.S.A.
Shuang Li = Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California
at Riverside, Riverside, California, U.S.A.
Wenping Li = Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, U.S.A.
Xiaodong Li = Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of South Carolina,
Columbia, South Carolina, U.S.A.
Zijian Li = Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California
at Riverside, Riverside, California, U.S.A.
Michael K. Lindell = Hazard Reduction and Recovery Center, Texas A&M University,
College Station, Texas, U.S.A.
Chung-Chiun Liu = Electronic Design Center and Chemical Engineering Department, Case Western
Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, U.S.A.
Henry Liu = Freight Pipeline Company, Columbia, Missouri, U.S.A.
xv
Daniel G. Lo
¨
ffler = Quarens Technologies, Inc., Bend, Oregon, U.S.A.
Ali Lohi = Department of Chemical Engineering, Ryerson University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Stephen J. Lombardo = Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Missouri–Columbia,
Columbia, Missouri, U.S.A.
Helen H. Lou = Department of Chemical Engineering, Lamar University,
Beaumont, Texas, U.S.A.
Jorge A. Lubguban = University of Missouri–Columbia, Columbia, Missouri, U.S.A.
Douglas K. Ludlow = Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Missouri–Rolla,
Rolla, Missouri, U.S.A.
Adriane G. Ludwick = Department of Chemistry, Tuskegee University, Tuskegee, Alabama, U.S.A.
Juergen Lueske = Fluid Mechanics and Mixing Group, The Dow Chemical Company,
Niedersachsen, Germany

Xiaoliang Ma = Clean Fuels and Catalysis Program, The Energy Institute, and Department of
Energy and Geo-Environmental Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University,
University Park, Pennsylvania, U.S.A.
R. Maboudian = University of California–Berkeley, Berkeley, California, U.S.A.
Sundararajan V. Madihally = School of Chemical Engineering, Oklahoma State University,
Stillwater, Oklahoma, U.S.A.
Surya K. Mallapragada = Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University,
Ames, Iowa, U.S.A.
Raffaella Mammucari = School of Chemical Engineering and Industrial Chemistry, The University of
New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
Elizabeth Marden Marshall = Fluent Inc., Lebanon, New Hampshire, U.S.A.
T. E. Marlin = Department of Chemical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
Stanley Marple = Chemical Engineering Department, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, U.S.A.
Richard I. Masel = Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois,
Urbana, Illinois, U.S.A.
Takeshi Matsuura = Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Ottawa,
Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
J. W. Mayer = Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Arizona State University,
Tempe, Arizona, U.S.A.
Kevin P. Menard = PerkinElmer Thermal Laboratory, Materials Science Department, University of
North Texas, Denton, Texas, U.S.A.
Carosena Meola = Department of Energetics, Thermofluidynamics and Environmental Control
(DETEC), University of Naples Federico II, Napoli, Italy
John C. Middleton = BHR Group Ltd., Cranfield, Bedfordshire, U.K.
Jan D. Miller = Department of Metallurgical Engineering, University of Utah,
Salt Lake City, Utah, U.S.A.
Patrick L. Mills = Chemical Science and Engineering Laboratory, DuPont Company,
Wilmington, Delaware, U.S.A.
Kishore K. Mohanty = Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Houston,
Houston, Texas, U.S.A.

Sanat Mohanty = 3M Company, St. Paul, Minnesota, U.S.A.
Satish C. Mohapatra = Advanced Fluid Technologies, Inc., Dynalene Heat Transfer Fluids,
Whitehall, Pennsylvania, U.S.A.
Alexander B. Morgan = Dow Chemical Company, Core R&D, Midland, Michigan, U.S.A.
Sarah E. Morgan = Department of Polymer Science, University of Southern Mississippi,
Hattiesburg, Mississippi, U.S.A.
Maximiliano Luis Munford = Group of Organic Optoelectronic Devices, Departamento de Fı
´
sica,
Universidade Federal do Parana
´
, Curitiba, Parana
´
, Brazil
Balaji Narasimhan = Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University,
Ames, Iowa, U.S.A.
xvi
Amarnath Nareddy = Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Clemson University,
Clemson, South Carolina, U.S.A.
Robert Naumann = University of Alabama, Huntsville, Alabama, U.S.A.
Flora T. T. Ng = Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo,
Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
Anh V. Nguyen = Discipline of Chemical Engineering, The University of Newcastle,
Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
Zheng Ni = Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois,
Urbana, Illinois, U.S.A.
K. D. P. Nigam = Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology,
New Delhi, India
Takamasa Nonaka = Faculty of Engineering, Department of Applied Chemistry and Biochemistry,
Kumamoto University, Kurokami, Kumamoto-shi, Japan

Paul O’Connor = Akzo Nobel Catalysts, Amersfoort, The Netherlands
Kimberly Ogden = Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona,
Tucson, Arizona, U.S.A.
Masahiro Ohshima = Department of Chemical Engineering, Kyoto University,
Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
Cristina Otero = Departamento de Biocata
´
lisis, Instituto de Catalisis y Petroleoquimica, CSIC,
Campus Universidad Autonoma, Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain
Richard P. Palluzi = ExxonMobil Research and Engineering Company, Annandale, New Jersey, U.S.A.
A H. Park = Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University,
Columbus, Ohio, U.S.A.
Kinam Park = Departments of Pharmaceutics and Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University,
West Lafayette, Indiana, U.S.A.
Jae Hyung Park = Department of Advanced Polymer and Fiber Materials, Kyung Hee University,
Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
Kenneth R. Parker = Ken Parker Consultant APL, West Midlands, U.K.
Andre
´
Avelino Pasa = Thin Films and Surfaces Group, Departamento de Fı
´
sica, Universidade Federal
de Santa Catarina, Floriano
´
polis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
Shwetal Patel = Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Delaware,
Newark, Delaware, U.S.A.
Rajam Pattabiraman = Central Electrochemical Research Institute, Karaikudi, India
Edward L. Paul = Merck and Co., Inc., Sea Girt, New Jersey, U.S.A.
Jing Peng = Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Peking University,

Beijing, People’s Republic of China
A. Penlidis = Institute for Polymer Research, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of
Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
W. Roy Penney = Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Arkansas,
Fayetteville, Arkansas, U.S.A.
Mario A. Perez = 3M Company, St. Paul, Minnesota, U.S.A.
Ronald W. Perry = School of Public Affairs, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, U.S.A.
Ralph W. Pike = Department of Chemical Engineering, Louisiana State University,
Baton Rouge, Louisiana, U.S.A.
Branko N. Popov = Department of Chemical Engineering, University of South Carolina,
Columbia, South Carolina, U.S.A.
Mark A. Prelas = Nuclear Science and Engineering Institute, University of Missouri–Columbia,
Columbia, Missouri, U.S.A.
Todd Pugsley = University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
Peter R. Pujado
´
= UOP LLC, Des Plaines, Illinois, U.S.A.
Yunying Qi = Shell Global Solutions (US) Inc., Westhollow Technology Center, Houston,
Texas, U.S.A.
xvii
Mehrdad Rafat = Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Ottawa,
Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
Theodore W. Randolph = Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Colorado,
Boulder, Colorado, U.S.A.
Harish G. Rao = LFR Inc., Elgin, Illinois, U.S.A.
Sanjeev N. Rao = University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
James F. Rathman = Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State
University, Columbus, Ohio, U.S.A.
Louis G. Reifschneider = Department of Technology, Illinois State University,
Normal, Illinois, U.S.A.

David G. Retzloff = Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Missouri–Columbia,
Columbia, Missouri, U.S.A.
Richard W. Rice = Department of Chemical Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson,
South Carolina, U.S.A.
J. A. Richardson = Anticorrosion Consulting, Durham, U.K.
Peter L. Rinaldi = Department of Chemistry, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio, U.S.A.
Clayt Robinson = Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University,
Columbus, Ohio, U.S.A.
Ken K. Robinson = Mega-Carbon Company, St. Charles, Illinois, U.S.A.
Alexander F. Routh = Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Sheffield,
Sheffield, U.K.
Wolfgang Ruettinger = Engelhard Corporation, Iselin, New Jersey, U.S.A.
Gregory T. Rushton = Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Kennesaw State University,
Kennesaw, Georgia, U.S.A.
James M. Ryan = Ryan Consulting, Inc., Fort Myers, Florida, U.S.A.
Ajit Sadana = Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Mississippi, Life Sciences Division,
Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, U.S.A.
Krishnendu Saha = Nuclear Science and Engineering Institute, University of Missouri–Columbia,
Columbia, Missouri, U.S.A.
Sangrama K. Sahoo = Department of Chemistry, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio, U.S.A.
C. Sanchez = Chimie de la Matie
`
re Condense
´
e, Universite
´
Pierre et Marie Curie,
Jussieu, Paris, France
Abhay Sardesai = Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Missouri–Columbia,
Columbia, Missouri, U.S.A.

Robert J. Schmidt = UOP LLC, Des Plaines, Illinois, U.S.A.
Karl B. Schnelle, Jr. = Department of Chemical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville,
Tennessee, U.S.A.
M. J. Scorah = Institute for Polymer Research, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of
Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
Edmund G. Seebauer = Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois,
Urbana, Illinois, U.S.A.
Arup K. Sengupta = Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Lehigh University,
Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, U.S.A.
Sukalyan Sengupta = Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, University of Massachusetts,
Dartmouth, Massachusetts, U.S.A.
Selim M. Senkan = Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California,
Los Angeles, California, U.S.A.
Xinming Shao = Akebono Corporation, Farmington Hills, Michigan, U.S.A.
Zengyi Shao = Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois,
Urbana, Illinois, U.S.A.
J. M. Shaw = Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta,
Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
xviii
H. H. Sheena = Polymer Processing and Performance Research Unit, School of Engineering and
Applied Science, Aston University, Birmingham, U.K.
Ken D. Shimizu = Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina,
Columbia, South Carolina, U.S.A.
Allen R. Siedle = 3M Company, St. Paul, Minnesota, U.S.A.
Michael R. Simurdiak = Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois,
Urbana, Illinois, U.S.A.
Azad Singh = Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi, India
Shivaji Sircar = Chemical Engineering Department, Lehigh University, Bethlehem,
Pennsylvania, U.S.A.
Andrew W. Sloley = VECO USA, Inc., Bellingham, Washington, U.S.A.

Gary S. Smith = Arkema lnc., King of Prussia, Pennsylvania, U.S.A.
John M. Smith = School of Engineering, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, U.K.
Robin Smith = Centre for Process Integration, University of Manchester, Manchester, U.K.
Ryan G. Soderquist = Department of Chemical Engineering, Washington State University,
Pullman, Washington, U.S.A.
Stephen Sohn = UOP LLC, Des Plaines, Illinois, U.S.A.
G. J. A. A. Soler-Illia = Unidad de Actividad Quı
´
mica, CNEA, Centro Ato
´
mico Constituyentes,
San Martı
´
n, Buenos Aires, Argentina
Chunshan Song = Clean Fuels and Catalysis Program, The Energy Institute and Department of Energy
and Geo-Environmental Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University,
University Park, Pennsylvania, U.S.A.
Richard Q. Song = NL Chemical Technology, Inc., Mount Prospect, Illinois, U.S.A.
James G. Speight = CD & W Inc., Laramie, Wyoming, U.S.A.
Vijay R. Srinivas = Arkema lnc., King of Prussia, Pennsylvania, U.S.A.
Jason Stephenson = Departments of Chemistry, Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, and
Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Rice University, Houston, Texas, U.S.A.
Michael R. Stoner = Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Colorado,
Boulder, Colorado, U.S.A.
Truman S. Storvick = Chemical Engineering Department, University of Missouri–Columbia,
Columbia, Missouri, U.S.A.
Kenneth Strawhecker = Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University,
University Park, Pennsylvania, U.S.A.
Kyung W. Suh = Midland, Michigan, U.S.A.
Timothy P. Sullivan = Randolph Air Force Base, Texas, U.S.A.

Steve Sund = Honeywell International Inc., Morristown, New Jersey, U.S.A.
Aydin K. Sunol = University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, U.S.A.
Sermin G. Sunol = University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, U.S.A.
Kenji Takeuchi = Faculty of Engineering, Shinshu University, Wakasato, Nagano-shi, Japan
Philippe A. Tanguy = URPEI, Department of Chemical Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique, Montreal,
Quebec, Canada
Andreas Taubert = Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
Maruicio Terrones = Advanced Materials Department, IPICyT, San Luis Potosı
´
, SLP, Me
´
xico
Francis Thibault = URPEI, Department of Chemical Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique, Montreal,
Quebec, Canada
Louis J. Thibodeaux = Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, U.S.A.
Cristina U. Thomas = 3M Company, St. Paul, Minnesota, U.S.A.
Karsten E. Thompson = Gordon A. and Mary Cain Department of Chemical Engineering,
Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, U.S.A.
Frank M. Tiller = Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Houston,
Houston, Texas, U.S.A.
xix
Maria P. Torres = Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University,
Ames, Iowa, U.S.A.
James M. Tour = Departments of Chemistry, Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, and
Center for Nanoscale Science, and Technology, Rice University, Houston, Texas, U.S.A.
Linh T. T. Tran = Discipline of Chemical Engineering, The University of Newcastle,
Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
Drew D. Troyer = Noria Corporation, Tulsa, Oklahoma, U.S.A.
Maxwell Tsai = NL Chemical Technology, Inc., Mount Prospect, Illinois, U.S.A.
Tom Chunghu Tsai = The Dow Chemical Company, Houston, Texas, U.S.A.

Uday T. Turaga = Clean Fuels and Catalysis Program, The Energy Institute and Department of Energy
and Geo-Environmental Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park,
Pennsylvania, U.S.A.
Simant R. Upreti = Department of Chemical Engineering, Ryerson University,
Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Vikrant N. Urade = Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, U.S.A.
Ivo F. J. Vankelecom = Centre for Surface Chemistry and Catalysis, Department of Interphase
Chemistry, Faculty of Agricultural and Applied Biological Sciences, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven,
Leuven, Belgium
Charanya Varadarajan = Department of Civil Engineering, University of Toledo,
Toledo, Ohio, U.S.A.
Angel Velez = Nuclear Science and Engineering Institute, University of Missouri–Columbia,
Columbia, Missouri, U.S.A.
Abhilash Vijayan = Department of Civil Engineering, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio, U.S.A.
V. V. Viswanathan = Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington, U.S.A.
Dionisios G. Vlachos = Department of Chemical Engineering and Center for Catalytic Science
and Technology, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, U.S.A.
Tuan Vo-Dinh = Life Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory,
Oak Ridge, Tennessee, U.S.A.
Bipin V. Vora = UOP LLC, Des Plaines, Illinois, U.S.A.
Chun Wang = Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology,
Cambridge, Massachusetts, U.S.A.
J. R. White = School of Chemical Engineering and Advanced Materials, University of Newcastle
Upon Tyne, Newcastle Upon Tyne, U.K.
Kimberly A. Woodhouse = Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of
Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Guy B. Woodle = UOP LLC, Des Plaines, Illinois, U.S.A.
Jiangning Wu = Department of Chemical Engineering, Ryerson University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Eleanore T. Wurtzel = Department of Biological Sciences, Lehman College, The City University
of New York, Bronx, New York, U.S.A.

Nicholas Patrick Wynn = Sulzer Chemtech GmbH, Neunkirchen, Germany
Xuekun Xing = NTK Powderdex, Inc., Wixom, Michigan, U.S.A. and Department of
Chemical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, U.S.A.
Yushan Yan = Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California
at Riverside, Riverside, California, U.S.A.
Shang-Tian Yang = Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University,
Columbus, Ohio, U.S.A.
Xiaobo Yang = Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, University of Hanover,
Hanover, Germany
Hirotsugu K. Yasuda = University of Missouri–Columbia, Columbia, Missouri, U.S.A.
Mingli Ye = Departments of Pharmaceutics and Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University,
West Lafayette, Indiana, U.S.A.
Jeffrey H. Yen = Arkema Inc., King of Prussia, Pennsylvania, U.S.A.
xx
Teh Fu Yen = University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, U.S.A.
W. S. Yip = Suncor Energy Inc., Fort McMurray, Alberta, Canada
W. C. Yu = Department of Molecular Science and Engineering, National Taipei University
of Technology, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
John Zabasajja = MOS 12, Technology and Manufacturing, Motorola Semiconductor
Products Sector (SPS), Chandler, Arizona, U.S.A.
Jacques L. Zakin = Department of Chemical Engineering, The Ohio State University,
Columbus, Ohio, U.S.A.
Sergei V. Zelentsov = Chemical Department, Nizhny Novgorod State University,
Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
Nadezda V. Zelentsova = Chemical Department, Nizhny Novgorod State University,
Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
Ying Zhang = Department of Chemical Engineering, The Ohio State University,
Columbus, Ohio, U.S.A.
Huimin Zhao = Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois,
Urbana, Illinois, U.S.A.

Haishan Zheng = Department of Chemical Engineering, Michigan Technological University,
Houghton, Michigan, U.S.A.
X Y. Zou = Oilphase-DBR, Schlumberger, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
xxi

Contents
Contributors
Topical Table of Contents
Preface
Volume 1
Absorption Equipment = Karl B. Schnelle, Jr. and Partha Dey 1
Activated Sludge Process = Shankha K. Banerji 11
Adsorption = Shivaji Sircar 25
Advanced Oxidation = Sangchul Hwang 41
Alkaline Zn–MnO
2
Batteries = Chung-Chiun Liu and Xuekun Xing 51
Alkylation Processes to Produce High-Quality Gasolines = Lyle F. Albright and
James M. Ryan 57
Animal Cell Culture = Shang-Tian Yang and Shubhayu Basu 67
Antioxidants = S. Al-Malaika and H. H. Sheena 81
Biocatalysis = Tyler Johannes, Michael R. Simurdiak, and Huimin Zhao 101
Biofilms = T. Reg. Bott 111
Biofuels and Bioenergy = Dinesh Gera 121
Bioinformatics and Modeling Biological Systems = Shwetal Patel and
Jeremy S. Edwards 131
Biomass to Ethanol = Randy S. Lewis, Rohit P. Datar, and Raymond L. Huhnke 143
Biomaterials = Sujata K. Bhatia and Surita R. Bhatia 153
BioMEMS = L.JamesLee 161
Biomolecular Engineering = Zengyi Shao, Ee Lui Ang, and Huimin Zhao 171

Bioprocess and Chemical Process Intensification = G. Akay 183
Bioprocessing = Ryan G. Soderquist and James M. Lee 199
Bioremediation = Teresa J. Cutright . 207
Bioseparations = Shubhayu Basu and Shang-Tian Yang 221
Blowing Agent = Kyung W. Suh 237
Branching Level Detection in Polymers = M.J. Scorah, R. Dhib, and A. Penlidis 251
Bubble Cap Tray = Stanley Marple . 269
Bulk Molding and Sheet Molding Compounds = Sanjeev N. Rao and
Krishnan Jayaraman 283
Capsule Pipeline = Henry Liu 295
Carbon Dioxide Capture and Disposal: Carbon Sequestration = K. S. Lackner,
A H. Park, and L S. Fan 305
Carbon Fibers from Lignin-Recyclable Plastic Blends = Satoshi Kubo and
John F. Kadla 317
Carbon Nanotubes = Morinobu Endo, Yoong-Ahm Kim, Takuya Hayashi,
Kenji Takeuchi, Maruicio Terrones, and Mildred S. Dresselhaus 333
Catalyst Preparation = X. D. Hu and Michael W. Balakos 345
xxiii
Catalytic Combustion for Thermal Energy Generation = Daniel G. Lo
¨
ffler 361
Catalytic Cracking = Paul O’Connor 371
Catalytic Dehydrogenation = Bipin V. Vora and Peter R. Pujado
´
379
Catalytic Naphtha Reforming = Abdullah M. Aitani 397
Centrifuges = Alan G. Letki . . 407
Ceramics = Stephen J. Lombardo 417
Chemical Mechanical Planarization in Integrated Circuit Manufacturing =
John Zabasajja 429

Chemical Vapor Deposition = David G. Retzloff 441
Chiral Drug Separation = Bingyun Li and Donald T. Haynie 449
Chlorofluorocarbons = Byung Gwon Lee and Youn-Woo Lee 459
CHP Technology/Systems = Louay M. Chamra and B. K. Hodge 469
Chromatographic Separations = Scott M. Husson 481
Coal–Water Slurries = S. Komar Kawatra 495
Computational Fluid Dynamics = Andre
´
Bakker and Elizabeth Marden Marshall 505
Computer-Aided Process Engineering = Andrzej Kraslawski 517
Conductive Polymers = RonaldW.Gumbs 527
Contact Angles, Surface Tension, and Capillarity = Peter R. Pujado
´
539
Corrosion in the Process Industries = J. A. Richardson and R. A. Cottis 549
Critical Phase Behavior = J. Richard Elliott, Jr. 563
Cross-Linked Polyethylene = Carosena Meola, Giovanni Maria Carlomagno, and
Giuseppe Giorleo 577
Crystal Growth = C. W. Lan, W. C. Yu, and W. C. Hsu 589
Cumene Production = Robert J. Schmidt 603
Dehumidification = Louay M. Chamra and B. Keith Hodge 617
Denitrogenation = Daeik Kim and Teh Fu Yen 627
Design of Extrusion Dies = Milivoje M. Kostic and Louis G. Reifschneider 633
Desulfurization = Chunshan Song, Uday T. Turaga, and Xiaoliang Ma 651
Detergent Alkylate = Bipin Vora, Andrea Bozzano, and Stephen Sohn 663
Detergent Enzymes = Michael R. Stoner, Douglas A. Dale,
Alfred Gaertner, and Theodore W. Randolph 673
Volume 2
Diamond Films = Angel L. Velez and Mark A. Prelas 685
Diamond-Like Carbon Films = Angel Velez and Mark A. Prelas 695

Differential Scanning Calorimetry = John O. Hill 699
Dimethyl Ether = Abhay Sardesai 707
Dimethylcarbonate = Byung Gwon Lee 719
Distillation Column Design: Packing = Andrew W. Sloley 729
Distillation Column Design: Trays = Andrew W. Sloley 749
Drag Reducing Agents = Jacques L. Zakin, Ying Zhang, and Yunying Qi 767
Dust Explosion Hazard Assessment and Control = Vahid Ebadat 787
Dynamic Mechanical Thermal Analysis = Kevin P. Menard 799
Education on Plant Design = Truman S. Storvick 813
Electrodeposition = Andre
´
Avelino Pasa and Maximiliano Luis Munford 821
Electronic Chemical Sensors = Chung-Chiun Liu 833
Electroplating = Helen H. Lou and Yinlun Huang 839
Electrostatic Precipitation = Kenneth R. Parker 849
xxiv