encyclopedia of environmental science and engineering, fifth edition

FIFTH EDITION
VOLUME 1 A-L
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF
ENVIRONMENTAL
SCIENCE
and
ENGINEERING
A CRC title, part of the Taylor & Francis imprint, a member of the
Taylor & Francis Group, the academic division of T&F Informa plc.
EDITED BY
JAMES R. PFAFFLIN
EDWARD N. ZIEGLER
FIFTH EDITION
VOLUME 1 A-L
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF
ENVIRONMENTAL
SCIENCE
and
ENGINEERING
Boca Raton London New York
Published in 2006 by
CRC Press
Taylor & Francis Group
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Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
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Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper

10987654321
International Standard Book Number-10: 0-8493-9843-6 (Hardcover)
International Standard Book Number-13: 978-0-8493-9843-8 (Hardcover)
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EDITORS
JAMES R. PFAFFLIN
EDWARD N. ZIEGLER
Polytechnic University
EDITORIAL ADVISORY BOARD
NEAL E. ARMSTRONG
University of Texas at Austin
GERARD P. CANEVARI

G. P. Canevari Associates
TAKESHI GODA
Ritsumeikan University
JOSEPH M. LYNCH
Mayo Lynch Associates
JOHN H. SEINFELD
California Institute of Technology
FRANCES P. SOLOMON
King County Department of Natural Resources
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Thou ever-darting Globe! through Space and Air!
Thou waters that encompass us!
Thou that in all the life and death of us, in action or in sleep!
Thou laws invisible that permeate them and all,
Thou that in all, and over all, and through and under all, incessant!
Thou! thou! the vital, universal, giant force resistless, sleepless, calm,
Holding Humanity as in thy open hand, as some ephemeral toy,
How ill to e’er forget thee!
One thought ever at the fore—
That in the Divine Ship, the World, breasting Time and Space,
All Peoples of the globe together sail, sail the same voyage, are bound
to the same destination.
—Walt Whitman (ca 1890)
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CONTENTS
Foreword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xv
Editors’ Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xvii
Editors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xix

List of Contributors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxi
VOLUME 1
Acid Rain
Gary J. Stensland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Aerosols
John H. Seinfeld, Yasuo Kousaka, and Kikuo Okuyama . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Air Pollutant Effects
Edward F. Ferrand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Air Pollution Instrumentation
James Geiger and Mark D. Mueller . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
Air Pollution Meteorology
Hans A. Panofsky . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
Air Pollution Sources
Jehuda Menczel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
Aquatic Primary Production
Charles R. Goldman . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
Atmospheric Chemistry
Larry G. Anderson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
Biological Treatment of Wastewater
J. K. Bewtra and N. Biswas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
Brownfields
Lee Dorigan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
Coal Gasification Processes
Robert J. Farrell and Edward N. Ziegler . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166
Community Health
John B. De Hoff . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
Composting
J. K. McCarthy and Raul R. Cardenas, Jr. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
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x CONTENTS

Desalination
E. Delyannis and B. Belessiotis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194
Disinfection
A. D. Russell and P. J. Ditchett . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224
Ecology of Plants
Elroy L. Rice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244
Ecology of Primary Terrestrial Consumers
Francis C. Evans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253
Ecosystem Theory
Eugene P. Odum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260
Effects of Chemicals
James R. Pfafflin and Paul Baham . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271
Electrostatic Precipitation
Roger G. Ramsdell, Jr. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282
Energy Sources—Alternatives
Friedrich-Werner Möllenkamp and Kenneth C. Hoffman . . . . . . . . . . . . 295
Environmental Assessments and Related Impacts
Robert Dresnack . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325
Environmental Education
Eugene B. Golub . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333
Environmental Health
Joseph A. Salvato, Jr.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 334
Environmental Law
William Goldfarb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361
Epidemiology
J. H. Lange . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 368
Eutrophication
Robert Dresnack . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 389

Fluidized Bed Combustion
James Sanderson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 402
Fossil Fuel Cleaning Processes
Edward N. Ziegler . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 411
Geographic Information Systems
Todd Hepworth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 425
Greenhouse Gases Effects
B. J. Mason . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 427
Groundwater Resources
Paul Chan, Yuan Ding, and John R. Schuring, Jr. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 439
Hazardous Waste Management
Richard T. Dewling and Gregory A. Pikul . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 450
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CONTENTS xi
Hazardous Wastes
Edward F. Ferrand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 459
Hydrology
Michael C. Quick . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 465
Indoor Air Pollution
John D. Constance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 490
Industrial Ecology
Tao Wang and T. E. Graedel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 502
Industrial Hygiene Engineering
Frank S. Gill and Roger J. Alesbury . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 512
Industrial Waste Management
Clinton E. Parker and Syed R. Qasim . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 526
Instrumentation: Water and Wastewater Analysis
Leonard L. Ciaccio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 538
Legal Aspects of the Environment
Victor J. Yannacone, Jr. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 590

Limnology
Frances Paula Solomon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 608
VOLUME 2
Management of Radioactive Wastes
Colin A. Mawson and Yuan Ding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 627
Management of Solid Waste
Peter B. Lederman and Michael F. Debonis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 642
Marine Spillage—Sources and Hazards
Donald P. Roseman . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 668
Microbiology
Helene N. Guttman . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 684
Mobile Source Pollution
Edward N. Ziegler . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 701
Modeling of Estuarine Water Quality
Neal E. Armstrong . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 714
Municipal Wastewater
James R. Pfafflin and Cameron MacInnis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 727
Natural Systems for Wastewater Treatment
Mohammed S. Kamal and Syed R. Qasim . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 737
Nitrogen Oxides Reduction
Edward N. Ziegler and W. Michael Sutton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 746
Noise
Charles E. Wilson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 769
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xii CONTENTS
Non-Ionizing Radiations
George M. Wilkening . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 779
Oceanography
Michael Bruno and Richard Hires . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 790
Oil Spillage into Water—Treatment

Gerard P. Canevari . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 802
Particulate Emissions
John M. Matsen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 817
Particulate Removal
John M. Matsen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 832
PCBs and Associated Aromatics
Ian Webber . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 845
Pesticides
Robert L. Metcalf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 956
Physical and Chemical Treatment of Wastewaters
Alessandro Anzalone, J. K. Bewtra, and Hambdy I. Ali . . . . . . . . . . . . 972
Planning
Elizabeth McLoughlin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 990
Planning for New Processes: Environmental Aspects
Robert H. Quig, Thomas Granger, and Edward N. Ziegler . . . . . . . . . . . 992
Planning Water Supply and Sanitation Projects in Developing Nations
Syed R. Qasim . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1003
Pollution Effects on Fish
John E. Bardach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1010
Pollution from Mine Drainage
Ernst P. Hall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1016
Prevention of Toxic Chemical Release
John D. Constance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1022
Psychological Aspects of Man’s Environment
Sheila M. Pfafflin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1028
Radiation Ecology
Stanley I. Auerbach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1041
Radon
Richard T. Dewling, Donald A. Deieso, and Gerald P. Nicholls . . . . . . . . . . 1047
Recycling Waste Materials

Mark A. Tompeck . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1058
Remote Sensing
Jonathan Chipman . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1061
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CONTENTS xiii
Sediment Transport and Erosion
J. A. McCorquodale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1064
Small Flow Wastewater Treatment Technology for Domestic and Special Applications
Syed R. Qasim . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1082
Stack Sampling
Donald G. Wright and Marcus E. Kantz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1094
Statistical Methods for Environmental Science
Sheila M. Pfafflin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1123
The Terrestrial System
R. Buckminster Fuller . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1137
Thermal Effects on Fish Ecology
Charles C. Coutant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1146
Toxicology
J. H. Lange

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1152
Urban Air Pollution Modeling
Alessandro Anzalone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1163
Urban Runoff
Richard Field . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1180
Vapor and Gaseous Pollutant Fundamentals
Tai-Ming Chiu and Edward N. Ziegler . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1211
Water and Waste Management Systems in Space
Robert G. Zachariadis and Syed R. Qasim . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1242
Water Chemistry

Martin Forsberg, Steven Gherini, and Werner Stumm . . . . . . . . . . . . 1256
Water Flow
S. P. Chee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1275
Water: Properties, Structure, and Occurrence in Nature
Martin Forsberg, Steven Gherini, and Werner Stumm . . . . . . . . . . . . 1289
Water Reuse
Prasanna Ratnaweer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1307
Water Treatment
Philip H. Jones and Mark A. Tompeck . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1311
Appendix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1329
Acronyms and Abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1353
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1375
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FOREWORD
The editors were honored to have had the foreword to the first four editions written by the eminent thinker and
renowned environmental engineer, the late Dr. Abel Wolman. His insights through the decades proved to be accu-
rate and his overview is shared in this fifth edition as inspiration to innovators in the coming decades and in
memory of his distinguished contributions to the environmental field.
The 1980s appear in a world dominated by change at an unprecedented pace. Familiar and new problems tumble
over each other and are communicated globally by the second, instead of by the month. Scientific and technologic
choices are spawned day by day, while search for innovation is stimulated anew by government, universities, and
private industry.
Practitioners are startled by these events and try to keep apace with society’s demands by pressing for relevant
research, implementation of findings, and translating their significance to the public they serve. It is within this
challenging setting that a fifth edition of the Encyclopedia of Environmental Science and Engineering is born. Its
content is intended to register the striking characteristics of the changes we note to eliminate the already obsolete
and to expose the new on the horizon.
In the turbulence of the sixties and seventies, policies, plans, solutions, and regulations flowed without inter-
ruption from legislative and executive halls. The eighties might appropriately be devoted to post-audit stock-

taking and reorientation of both policy and action. Clarification of purpose in confrontation of the problems of the
environment is overdue. Validation of our efforts, over the last two decades, should provide an arena of productiv-
ity for science and engineering to guide us through the coming decades.
As manpower and money are always in short supply, even in so-called rich countries, they must be husbanded.
How to use them with maximum competence and logic, minimum risk, and least cost is a continuing obligation in
the protection and control of the biosphere.
We must extricate ourselves from adversarial combat in a world of negativism and move to an orderly identifi-
cation of what we know and away from the hysterical search for a doubtful Utopia. The authors in this fifth edition
continue the pursuit of new knowledge, calculated to bring new fruits of health, safety, and comfort to man and his
environs. The charms, as well as the subtle hazards, of the terms “conservation, preservation, and ecology” need to
be crystallized so that the public and their decision-makers practice this complex art with clearer conception and
perception than is apparent in recent bitter confrontations.
A
BEL WOLMAN
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EDITORS’ PREFACE
In the editors’ preface to the fourth edition it was noted that there was good news and there was bad news. It is the
same for this, the fifth edition. One suspects that this will always be the case.
The 2004 Nobel Prize for Peace has been awarded to Professor Dr. Wangari Maathai. Dr. Maathai’s award was
based on her efforts on behalf of conservation

and women’s rights. These efforts were made at great personal risk.
In addition, the Kyoto Protocol has been ratified by the requisite number of countries. The bad news is that
some developed nations have declined to join this global effort. It is to be hoped that, in time, these countries will
change their policies.
Protection of the environment is an ongoing struggle, and it is incumbent on all citizens of the planet to join
in protecting the only home that we have.
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EDITORS
James R. Pfafflin holds degrees from Indiana State University, Johns Hopkins University and the University
of Windsor. He is a professional engineer in Ontario, a chartered engineer in the UK and also holds the title of
European Engineer (EUR ING). He is a member of the Commissioned Reserve of the US Public Health Service.
Edward N. Ziegler is Associate Professor of Chemical & Biological Engineering at Polytechnic University and
former director of its Environmental Science Program. Dr. Ziegler, a Distinguished Teacher Award recipient,
teaches graduate courses, one in air pollution engineering control and another in chemical reactor analysis in addi-
tion to undergraduate chemical engineering courses. He earned his BS in Ch E from CCNY (City University of
New York) and MS and PhD degrees from Northwestern University. He is a member of the American Institute
of Chemical Engineers (Environmental Division) and the Air & Waste Management Association (Education
Committee). Dr. Ziegler is also a consultant to private industry and government. He received a US Environmental
Protection Agency bronze medal (Region 2) for his technical assistance to the Agency team in a power plant pol-
lution control settlement.
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LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS


ROGER J. ALESBURY—British Petroleum. Industrial Hygiene Engineering
HAMBDY I. ALI—Ain Shams University. Physical and Chemical Treatment of Wastewaters
LARRY G. ANDERSON—University of Colorado at Denver. Atmospheric Chemistry
ALESSANDRO ANZALONE—University of South Florida. Physical and Chemical Treatment of Wastewaters.
Urban Air Pollution Modeling
NEAL E. ARMSTRONG—University of Texas at Austin. Modeling of Estuarine Water Quality
STANLEY I. AUERBACH—Oak Ridge National Laboratory. Radiation Ecology
PAUL BAHAM—U.S. Merchant Marine Academy. Effects of Chemicals
JOHN E. BARDACH—University of Michigan. Pollution Effects on Fish
B. BELESSIOTIS—National Center for Scientific Research (Greece). Desalination
J. K. BEWTRA—University of Windsor. Biological Treatment of Wastewater. Physical and Chemical Treatment of
Wastewaters

N. BISWAS—University of Windsor. Biological Treatment of Wastewater
MICHAEL BRUNO—Stevens Institute of Technology. Oceanography
GERARD P. CANEVARI—Cranford, New Jersey. Oil Spillage into Water — Treatment
RAUL R. CARDENAS, JR.—City College of New York. Composting
PAUL CHAN—New Jersey Institute of Technology. Groundwater Resources
S. P. CHEE—University of Windsor. Water Flow
JONATHAN CHIPMAN—University of Wisconsin. Remote Sensing
TAI-MING CHIU—Institute of Nuclear Energy Research (Taiwan). Vapor and Gaseous Pollutant Fundamentals
LEONARD L. CIACCIO—Ramapo College. Instrumentation: Water and Wastewater Analysis
JOHN D. CONSTANCE—Cliffside Park, New Jersey. Indoor Air Pollution. Prevention of Toxic Chemical
Release
CHARLES C. COUTANT—Oak Ridge National Laboratory. Thermal Effects on Fish Ecology
MICHAEL DEBONIS—Federal Emergency Management Agency. Management of Solid Waste
JOHN B. DE HOFF—Cockeysville, Maryland. Community Health
DONALD A. DEIESO—Research Cottrell. Radon
E. DELYANNIS—National Center for Scientific Research (Greece). Desalination


RICHARD T. DEWLING—Dewling Associates, Inc. Hazardous Waste Management. Radon
YUAN DING—New Jersey Institute of Technology. Groundwater Resources. Management of Radioactive Wastes
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P. J. DITCHETT—University of Wales. Disinfection
LEE DORIGAN—King County Department of Natural Resources. Brownfields
ROBERT DRESNACK—New Jersey Institute of Technology. Environmental Assessments and Related Impacts.
Eutrophication
FRANCIS C. EVANS—University of Michigan. Ecology of Primary Terrestrial Consumers
ROBERT J. FARRELL—ExxonMobil. Coal Gasification Processes
EDWARD F. FERRAND—Edward F. Ferrand Associates. Air Pollutant Effects. Hazardous Wastes
RICHARD FIELD—Environmental Protection Agency. Urban Runoff
MARTIN FORSBERG—Harvard University. Water Chemistry. Water: Properties, Structure and Occurrence

in Nature
R. BUCKMINSTER FULLER—Southern Illinois University. The Terrestrial System
JAMES GEIGER—Betz Converse Murdoch, Inc. Air Pollution Instrumentation
STEVEN GHERINI—Harvard University. Water Chemistry. Water: Properties, Structure and Occurrence in Nature
FRANK S. GILL—Hampshire, United Kingdom. Industrial Hygiene Engineering
WILLIAM GOLDFARB—Rutgers University. Environmental Law
CHARLES R. GOLDMAN—University of California, Davis. Aquatic Primary Production
EUGENE B. GOLUB—New Jersey Institute of Technology. Environmental Education
T. E. GRAEDEL—Yale University. Industrial Ecology


THOMAS GRANGER—Ebasco Services. Planning for New Processes: Environmental Aspects
HELENE N. GUTTMAN—U.S. Department of Agriculture. Microbiology
ERNST P. HALL—U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Pollution from Mine Drainage
TODD HEPWORTH—University of Wisconsin. Geographic Information Systems
RICHARD HIRES—Stevens Institute of Technology. Oceanography
KENNETH C. HOFFMAN—Mathtech, Inc. Energy Sources — Alternatives
PHILIP H. JONES—Griffith University. Water Treatment
MOHAMMED S. KAMAL—University of Texas at Arlington. Natural Systems for Wastewater Treatment
MARCUS E. KANTZ—Environmental Protection Agency. Stack Sampling
YASUO KOUSAKA—California Institute of Technology. Aerosols
J. H. LANGE

—Envirosafe Training and Consultants. Epidemiology. Toxicology
PETER B. LEDERMAN—Peter B. Lederman Associates. Management of Solid Waste
CAMERON MACINNIS—Toronto, Ontario. Municipal Wastewater
B. J. MASON—Imperial College. Greenhouse Gases Effects
JOHN M. MATSEN—Lehigh University. Particulate Emissions. Particulate Removal
COLIN A. MAWSON—Ottawa, Ontario. Management of Radioactive Waste s
J. K. MCCARTHY—Rutgers University. Composting

J. A. MCCORQUODALE—University of New Orleans. Sediment Transport and Erosion
xxii LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS
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LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS xxiii
ELIZABETH MCLOUGHLIN—PS&S Keyspan. Planning
JEHUDA MENCZEL—U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Air Pollution Sources
ROBERT L. METCALF—University of Illinois. Pesticides
FRIEDRICH-WERNER MÖLLENKAMP—Fichtner Beratende Ingenieure. Energy Sources — Alternatives
MARK D. MUELLER—Betz Converse Murdoch. Air Pollution Instrumentation
GERALD P. NICHOLLS—New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection. Radon
EUGENE P. ODUM—University of Georgia. Ecosystem Theory
KIKUO OKUYAMA—California Institute of Technology. Aerosols
HANS A. PANOFSKY—Pennsylvania State University. Air Pollution Meteorology
CLINTON E. PARKER—University of Texas at Arlington. Industrial Waste Management
JAMES R. PFAFFLIN—Gillette, New Jersey. Effects of Chemicals. Municipal Wastewater
SHEILA M. PFAFFLIN—AT&T. Psychological Aspects of Man ’ s Environment. Statistical Methods for
Environmental Science
GREGORY A. PIKUL—Dewling Associates, Inc. Hazardous Waste Management
SYED R. QASIM—University of Texas at Arlington. Industrial Waste Management. Natural Systems for
Wastewater Treatment. Planning Water Supply and Sanitation Projects in Developing Nations. Small Flow
Wastewater Treatment for Domestic and Special Applications. Water and Waste Management Systems in
Space
MICHAEL C. QUICK—University of British Columbia. Hydrology
ROBERT H. QUIG—Ogden Products, Inc. Planning for New Processes: Environmental Aspects
ROGER G. RAMSDELL, JR.—Rockville Center, New York. Electrostatic Precipitation
PRASANNA RATNAWEER—Open University, Sri Lanka. Water Reuse
ELROY L. RICE—University of Oklahoma. Ecology of Plants
DONALD P. ROSEMAN—David Taylor Research Center. Marine Spillage — Sources and Hazards
A. D. RUSSELL—University of Wales. Disinfection
JOSEPH A. SALVATO, JR.—Troy, New York. Environmental Health

JAMES SANDERSON—U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Fluidized Bed Combustion
JOHN R. SCHURING, JR.—New Jersey Institute of Technology. Groundwater Resources
JOHN H. SEINFELD—California Institute of Technology. Aerosols
FRANCES PAULA SOLOMON—King County Department of Natural Resources. Limnology
GARY J. STENSLAND—Illinois Department of Natural Resources. Acid Rain
WERNER STUMM—Swiss Federal Institute of Technology. Water Chemistry. Water: Properties, Structure and
Occurrence in Nature
W. MICHAEL SUTTON—New York City Department of Environmental Protection. Nitrogen Oxides Reduction
MARK A. TOMPECK—Hatch Mott MacDonald. Recycling Waste Materials. Water Treatment
TAO WANG—Yale University. Industrial Ecology


IAN WEBBER—Advisor to Government of Indonesia. PCBs and Associated Aromatics
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GEORGE M. WILKENING—Bell Laboratories. Non-ionizing Radiations
CHARLES E. WILSON—New Jersey Institute of Technology. Noise
DONALD G. WRIGHT—Environmental Protection Agency. Stack Sampling
VICTOR J. YANNACONE, JR.—Patchogue, New York. Legal Aspects of the Environment
R. G. ZACHARIADIS—University of Texas at Arlington. Water and Waste Management Systems in Space
EDWARD N. ZIEGLER—Polytechnic University. Coal Gasification Processes. Fossil Fuel Cleaning Processes.
Mobile Source Pollution. Nitrogen Oxides Reduction. Planning for New Processes: Environmental Aspects.
Vapor and Gaseous Pollutant Fundamentals. Appendix
LIST OF DECEASED AUTHORS


JOHN D. CONSTANCE—Indoor Air Pollution. Prevention of Toxic Chemical Release
R. BUCKMINSTER FULLER—The Terrestrial System
PHILIP H. JONES —Water Treatment
HANS A. PANOFSKY—Air Pollution Meteorology
WERNER STUMM—Water Chemistry. Water: Properties, Structures and Occurrence in Nature

GEORGE M. WILKENING—Non-Ionizing Radiations




xxiv LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS
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