Báo cáo "Thời đại hoàng kim của thương nhân Ryukyu thế kỷ XV – XVII. " doc

THdl Dm HOr^NG
KIM CUR THUONG
NHAN
RVUKVU
THCKV XV-XVII
Ths. Nguyen Van Hoan & Le Van Dung
Dai hgc Kinh te - Bai hoc Da Ndng
khoa hpc ky thuat chau Au nhu sir dung
la
ban, cac ban dd dja ly, tien bd
ciia
nganh
ddng tau da gdp phan thuc day manh me
qua
trinb vuan ra ben ngodi luc dia gid
ciia
nguoi
chau Au. Nhiing cudc phdt kicn dia ly da
dan
din
sy chuyen bien sau sdc trong ddi song
cbinh tri vd kinh tc
the
gidi. Con khat vang
la dac trung
ciia
nhirng ngudi tham gia cac
doan thuyen tbam
hiem
mao hiem d the
k\

XV XVI. la tien dc dac
biel
quan trpng
cho
nhiing phdt kien dia ly. Trudc
hci
hp di kiem
vang, va bang ngay irong cudn nhat ky cua
minh Christopher Columbus (Cristobal
Coldn,
1451-1506), thuyen trudng thanh
Genoa
(Italia),
lam
\icc
cho vua Tay Ban
Nba, da cdu thugng de ban cbo minh
nhung
manh dat cd \ang. Ong \icl: "Vdng
Id
vgt
quy nhdt Iren
d&i.
thdm chi nd ed the gin
cac
linh hdn len thien
ddng"^'^
Nhiing ngudi
Tay
Ban Nba d

thi
ky XVI da danh diu
Iren
ban
dd Clia minh manh dat Bac My can cdi. noi
hg khdng tim thay vang va bac. Ngudi
Bd
Dao Nba da tim thay vdng tren bd bien chau
Phi,
d An Do, d khip Vien Ddng (trong
do
cd Nhat Ban); vang la mdt tir miu nhiem
da
xua ngudi Tay Ban Nha vugt Dai Ta)
Duong. Vdng la thit ngu&i da trdng ddi
hd\
1.
Mot thdi dai ciia kham pha, chinh
phuc
\i\
hiii
thuong quoc te
Cdc cudc thap ty chinh la co hpi de tao
lap ra nbung kho bdu quan trpng, dac
biet
Id
kho bau
truyen
thuyet
ciia

cac chirc sac ddng
Den.
Nhirng boat ddng budn ban, ngan hang
va tai chinh nd rd d cdc cdng hda Italia vao
thi
ky XIII va XIV. rdi d Ha Lan vd Anb.
Vdi \'icc phat minh ra may in, nhirng budc
tien
ciia
nganh luyen kim, viec sir dung than
trang (nang lugng thdc nudc), diing cdc xe
chd trong cac bam md, sy phat minh rd ret
ve san xuat kim loai vd sgi det da in dau len
nira thir bai cua the ky XV; Dd ciing la luc
bat dau che tao vd sir dung nhiing khau phao
va nhung
thii
sung dau tien; sy cdi tien trong
viec ddng cdc thuyen budm
Idn (caravelle)
va ve ky thuat hang hai cbo phep md ra cdc
dudng hang hdi mdi. Tien vdn, bang bda ddi
dao bom, tau be vd vu khi: dd la cdc phuang
tien de phdt trien thuang mai, khdm pba va
cbinh phuc'"
TbI ky XV
XVI
la thdi dai hang bai
eye thjnh vdi nhiing con tau ddng ldm cho
phep vugt dai duomg sdng to gid ca de di

cbinh phyc vd budn ban vdi the gidi ben
ngoai chau Au. Tren ca sd nhiing tien bd cua
*''
Michel
Beaud.'
Lich sir chu nghTa tu bdn tir 1500
din 2000 (Histoire du capitalisme de 1500 a 2000),
Nxb.
Thi
giai, Ha Noi, 2002, tr. 42.
(2)
Michel
Beaud
sdd, tr. 44.
^k(ii itiU kiumg kim
eua
43
tru&c
tien khi vira
m&i
ddt chdn len mdt bin
b& m&i
duge
tim^^\
Nam 1519, Fernando Cortes da dd bd
len bd bien Mexico vd bit diu cbl ngy
nin
van minh Aztec gidu cd trong viing cao
nguyen thudc mien trung Mexico. Cortes
tbii

nhan rang:
'•''Chung
tdi.
ngu&i
Tdy Ban Nha,
dau benh tim md vdng
Id
thude ehira duy
nhdC^^^
Cudi the ky
XV
sy khuech truomg
ciia
phuang Tay trong ITnh vyc thuang mai hang
hai qudc te trd nen manh me horn bao gid het
vi muc dicb cao nhdt
la
tdi da bda Igi nhudn
trong budi binh minh tich Iiiy nguyen thiiy
cua chil nghia tu ban.
'"'Nhitng
dng vua them
khdt vinh quang vd eua cdi, nhirng nhd nude
ddu tranh gidnh uu the, nhirng thuang nhdn
vd chil ngdn hdng duge khuyen khich ldm
gidu them: do
Id
nhirng sire mgnh se thiie
ddy viec budn bdn, nhUng cudc ehinh phuc
vd chien tranh, se bien su

cu&p
bdc thdnh he
thdng, se td chirc viec budn bdn nd le, se
giam giu
nhirng
ke du
thii
du thue de huge hg
phdi lao
dgng"^^^
Nam 1487, Bartbelemy
7 f
Diaz bi bao thdi that xa xudng phia nam vd
di vdng quanh miii Hdo Vgng. Nam 1492,
Christopher Columbus khdm phd ra chau
My. Ndm 1497, ndi gdt Diaz, thuyen trudng
ngudi Bo Ddo Nha Vasco de Gama hudmg
vl phia bic, dpc theo duyen hdi phia Ddng
chau Phi vd
din
mdt viing cd nhiing ldi budn
Arap bilt vugt An Do Duong sang An Do,
^^^
F.Ia.Polianski: Lich su kinh ti cdc nuac - Thai ky tu
bdn chu nghia, Nxb. Khoa hpc xa hoi, Ha Noi,
1978,
t.2,
tr. 458 - 459.
*^^
Michel

Beaud
sdd, tr. 43.
(')Nt.
lan dau tien tim ra con dudng hang hai tir
chau Au vdng qua miii Hdo Vpng (Cape
Hopy) d chau Pbi, vugt An Dp Duong de
den thanh phd cdng thuomg mai Calicut sam
udt d Tay Nam An Dp vao nam 1498. Sy
kien nay dugc coi la diem mdc dac biet quan
trpng, md dudng cho qua trinh xam nhap cua
ngudi Au vdo mang ludi budn ban truyen
thdng
ciia
cdc nudc chau A. Tai dd. mdt
nban td eye ky quan trpng kich thich nhirng
kham phd mao hiem
ciia
phirong Tay
ircn
nhiing con dudng van dam tren bien chinh la
sy gidu cd
ciia
huomg lieu, gia vi phuomg
Ddng nhumg thir mang lai gid trj hang hda
Idn. Mdt tryc thuang mai dudng bien chau
A
-C
f f
Au - An Dp dugc khai thdng va ket ndi.
Huomg lifu dugc cdc doan thuyen budn chd

tdi tap ve thu dd Lisbon
ciia
Bd Dao Nha va
gid trj thuomg pham tang len gap rudi khi
chd den thdnh phd Venice (Italia). Nhu mdt
he qua tat yeu, Lisbon trd thanb diem trung
chuyen budn bdn giiia Bd Dao Nha va the
gidi Dia Trung Hdi. Theo Michel Beaud, mdt
cudc sdn dudi
eiia
cdi vd citng rdng lan
budn bdn vd
cu&p
bdc
m& rd I
Nam 1510, ngudi Bd Ddo Nba chiem
ddng
cii
diem Goa tren dat An Dp va bien nd
trd thdnh thudc dia dau tien
ciia
hp d chau A.
Trong nhiing ndm tiep theo, ngudi Bo Dao
Nba chinh phuc vuomg qudc Malacca tren
bdn ddo Malay, ddng thdi day manh anh
budng vd sy
bifn
dien qua nhiing hanh ddng
xam lugc cdc viing khde nhu Ceylon, Java,
Sumatra Day cd the coi la nhiing budc dao

dau cua thyc dan chau Au trong qud trinh
xam
luge
chau A, trong dd khdng the
phii
(6)
Nt.
44
NGHIEN CLfU CHAU AU EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW
N°l 1 (134).2011
nhan vai trd "tich
eye"
ciia
cae dpi thuyen
budn bode cdc bam dpi cd cdc dodn truyen bd
Thien Chua gido trong cdng cudc phdt kien
dja ly cudi
till
ky XV dau the ky XVI. Ddi
vdi Bd Dao Nba, bp da ndi dai dugc bdnh
lang budn ban
ciia
minh tir Lisbon den An
Dp (Goa,
1510),
sang bdn ddo Malay
(Malacca,
1511),
ndi lien vdi Trung Hoa
(Macao, 1557), rdi

den
cac dao Nbat Bdn
(Hirado, Dcshima tir sau ndm
1543).
Chi mdt nam sau khi cir diem d Goa
dugc xdc lap, nam
1511
Bd Ddo Nha da cd
the loai bd vai trd
ciia
thuong nhan Arap d
Malacca rdi nhanh chdng gidnh dugc the ddc
quyen trong viec trao ddi huong lifu tai khu
vyc bien Ddng. Nhumg
cii
lieu ljch sir cho
thay, vao nam 1517, thuyen budn Bd Ddo
Nba da den Trung Qudc. Mac
dii
khdng
dugc trieu dinh nha Minh (1368-1644) cbo
tbiet lap quan hf ngoai thuang nhung cudi
ciing, sau sy nd
lyc
ben bi, ngudi Bd ciing da
dat dugc co sd d Macao. Nam
1522,
bam dpi
Tay Ban Nba dudi sy cbi buy
ciia

Ferdinand
Magellan da hodn thdnh chuyen di vdng
quanh the gidi vd thdng qua dd da chiing
minh dugc rang Trdi Ddt
ciia
chiing ta cd
dang hinh cdu. Nam 1564, Tay Ban Nha
ciing chiem dugc Philippines va hai nudc da
diing nhimg dia bdn nay de thdm nhap thi
trudng Ddng Bic
A'^\
R.H.P.Mason &
J.G.Caiger viet:
'''Tie
the ky XV, nhUng
ngu&i
mien cue Tdy (Tdy Ban Nha, Bd Ddo Nha)
ciia
chdu Au da di qua nhirng vimg biin tir
tru&c ehua cd ai thdm dd de den nhitng luc
dia
lg vl ly do budn bdn vd xdm chiem
thuoc
dia
vd
v&i
y do ehdy bdng truyen dgo
Thien
Chua''^^\
Sau sy xuat hifn

ciia
Bd Ddo Nha. Tay
Ban Nha, cdc cudng qudc chdu Au khde
nhir:
Ha Lan, Anh, Phdp cung lan lugt tim den
phuong Ddng.
2.
Ryukyu trong thoi dai hoang kim
hai
thu'OTig
quoc te the ky XV - XVII
Trong cdc cudn sach giao khoa lich
sir
the
gidi
ciia
phuong Tay. vdi quan diem la\
chau Au Idm trung tdm, dai da sd y kien cho
rang chau Au da mang tien bd va
van
minh
"khai sdng" the gidi phuong Ddng dang
chim trong bdng tdi
ciia
sy ngu ddt, lac hau.
Tuy nhien, khi xem xet lich sir vdi con mat
da dien, nhieu chieu
\'a
tu duy bien chimg,
ngudi ta lai nhan thay mdt

biic
tranh muon
mdu vd hodnh trdng ve sy phdt trien cua
phuang Ddng chau A.
Y)6
Id trudc khi ngirdi
chau Au den, d chau A da cd sy giao luu
budn ban giiia cdc vuomg qudc trong cac khu
vyc.
Mdt trong nhirng trung tam thuong mai
llie bay gid cbinh la Vuomg qudc Ryukyu
(Luu Cau) ma ngay nay dugc biel den la linh
Okinawa tuoi dep
ciia
Nhat Ban, xir sd
ciia
hoa anh dao
(Sakura),
Thin dao
(Shinloism)
vd tinh thin vd
sT
dao
(Bushido).
Tinh Okinawa Id mdt quin ddo nim d
eye
nam cua ddo Kyushu mdt trong bon
ddo ldm cua Nhat Ban. Tdng dien tich
Okinawa la
1.202km^,

gdm 5 nhdm dao
chinh: Okinawa, Miyako, Yaeyama, Daito va
^^'
Nguyen
Van
Kim: Nhdt Bdn vai chdu A Nhirng
moi lien he lich sir vd chuyen bien kinh te xa hoi,
Nxb.
DHQGHN,
2003,
tr.
113.
(8)
R.H.P.Mason & J.G.Caiger: Lich su Nhdt Ban
(A
History of
Japan),
Nxb. Lao dong, Ha Noi,
2003,
tr.
192.
'^fiM.
ttxii
iLodng.
kun.
eua
45
Sekaku. Cdc ddo trdi dai 400km theo hudmg
bic nam vd
1.000km

theo hudng ddng tdy.
Khi hau d Okinawa thudc khi hau can
nhift
ddi,
cd nhieu ddo san hd vay bgc tao thdnh
mdt viing bien xinh dep. Hifn nay Okinawa
^ f
cd
VI
tri chien luge eye ky quan trpng trong
vdnh dai kinh te Chau A - Thdi Binh Duomg.
Tir day ed the di xudng phia Nam rat de
ddng. Theo cdc nha nghien
ciiu,
the ky
XXI
f 7
la the ky eua bien va dai duomg, Okinawa lai
ed thdi co va van hdi mdi de phdt trien. Thdi
ed, Okinawa cd ten la Ryukyu. Cdc phdt
hifn
khdo ed bpc cbo rang tir thdi cd dai cho den
f
\
tan the ky X, sy hifn
difn
cua mdt nen
kinh
te ndng nghifp trdng trpt the hien khd md
nhat d Ryukyu. Nhung tir cudi the ky

Xlll,
nhilu quy tdc
{Aji)
da tao lap dugc nhieu
lanh dia, trang vien
(Shoen)
nhd
Id
co sd thu
hiit
mdi quan hf thuomg mai vdi viing bien
phia Ddng Tnmg Hoa.
Din
giiia
thi
ky XIV, d Ryukyu hinh
f * '
thanh 3 vuomg qudc ldm cdt
cii
gdm: Bac Son
(Hokuzan),
Trung Son
(Chuzan)
vd Nam
Son
(Nanzan).
Cdc vuomg qudc nay
diu chii
truomg phdt triln quan hf thuang mai.
Nam

1372,
Ryukyu trd thanh
xii
chu
hiu thin thudc vd thudng xuyen cong nap
vuomg
trilu
phong kiln Trung Qudc
liic
dd
Id
nhd Minh (1368-1644). Mdi quan hf thuomg
mai vdi luc dia khdng
Id
ndy dugc thilt lap.
Ngay sau dd, Ryukyu da cir nhiing chiec
iliuyin
mdnh chd qud edng nap hodng dk
Trung Hoa eua qudc vuomg Ryukyu tdi Phiic
Chau (Fwchou) - Trung Qudc. Ciir nhu vay
hing nam, nhiing chile thuyen dd lai chd to
sdng, lua, gom su tinh xdo, cay thudc ciing
nhilu san phim khde tir Trung Hoa vl
Ryukyu. Ryukyu cdn md rdng quan hf
thuang mai bdng
each
bdn lai nhumg hang
hda Trung Hoa cho cac vimg xung quanh.
Ryukyu trd thdnh vuomg qudc ddc lap vdo
diu

thi
ky XV va trd nen phdn thjnh nhd
giao thuomg vdi cdc nudc
Idng
gieng nhu
Nhat Bdn, Trung Qudc vd cdc qudc gia Ddng
Nam A. Nam 1429, bing tdi ndng td chirc va
siic
manh quan sy, vua
ciia
Vuomg qudc
Chuzan Sho
Hashi
(1422-1439) thilt
lap
vuomg trilu thdng nbat todn quan ddo
Ryukyu vd liy lau ddi Sburi d Naha
lam
kinh
dd cua nhd nudc mdi. Do dat dupe sy thdng
nhit vl chinh tri, cd ndng lyc qudn Iy toan bd
cu dan tren quin ddo, de xdc lap mdi bang
f f
\
giao qudc te, trieu dinh Ryukyu da sdm cung
cd moi quan bf than thudc vdi Trung Qudc
vd Nhdt Bdn. Nhd vdo sy bao trg
ciia
trieu
dinh Bic Kinh, lgi dung

chii
truomg
ciia
Trung Qudc theo dudi cbinh sdch ddng cira
dit nudc, ddng thdi thiy rd khd nang Nbat
Bdn chua the tham nhdp vao thi trudng Ddng
Nam A, ehinh quyin thdnh Sburi da phdt huy
thi
manh eua vi tri cau ndi giiia bai khu vyc
Ddng Bic A vdi Ddng Nam A de tbiet lap vd
diy manh quan hf ngoai
thuomg^^^
Trong
nhimg
thi
ky
XV-XVI,
Ryukyu trd thanh
cudng qudc thuang mai d chau A.
Theo Minh sir
(Minshi)
bd sir ldn nbat
ciia
nhd Minh ghi chep, Vuomg qudc Ryukyu
ludn ddn dau cdc vuomg qudc d chau A trong
vifc giri cde thuyen cdng nap vd thdng
thuomg tdi Trung Qudc. Ryukyu da giri tdng
cdng la 171 thuyen, trong khi dd Annam cd
89 chile, Java 37 chiec, Trieu Tien 30
chile vd Nhat Bdn

19
chilc^'°^
'•^^
Nguyin
Van
Kim,
sdd,
tr.
12.
^'"^
Fusaki Maehira:
The Golden Age
of
the Ryukyu
Traders,
Pacific Friend A Window on Japan, April
2000,
Vol.
27,
No.
12,
p.
28-32.
46
NGHIEN
COU
CHAU AU EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW
N°l 1 (134);2011
Bdng 1: So
lu^ng

su
do^n
thuong mai Ryukyu den Dong Nam A
(II)
Diem den
Siam
Malacca
Pattani
Java
Palembang
Sumatra
Sunda
Annam
Thdi gian
1425
1570
1463
1511
1490 1543
1430
1442
1428 1440
1463
1468
1523-
1518
1509
NSm
c6 quan he
146 ndm

49
54
13
13
6
6
1
So luong
thuyen
59
20
11
6
4
3
2
1
Bdng 2: Tong so hien vat cac su doan Ryukyu bieu chinh quyen Dong Nam A
(12)
Nu-6c,
Khu vuc
Siam
Malacca
Patani
Java
Palembang
Sumatra
Sunda
Annam
To

lua
(sue)
698
180
0
107
55
75
0
100
Gom
su*
(T6ng
so
san
phim
63.340
19.000
0
10.000
0
7.260
0
0
Vu
Kiem,
dao
120
40
0

45
6
15
0
10
khf
Ao
gi^p
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
I
^0
gidp
v^
120
miii
ten
Lu-u
huynh
(can)
63.5000
0
0
0
0

0
0
10.000
va
2.000
Can
sat
So-n
(So
san
pham
0
0
0
0
800
0
0
4
Quat
(chiec)
780
210
0
100
10
60
0
0
s6

chuyen
di
30
10
8
6
8
3
2
1
sa
ngu-6'i
tham
gia
3.549
553
209
379
130
<"^
Nguyen Van
Kim,
sdd,
tr.
106.
^'^^
Nguyen Van
Kim,
sdd, tr. 79.
^kM itqi

keanq,
klnt
eua
47
Ben canh quan he ehinh tri va thuang
mai vdi Trung Hoa, Ryukyu edn thudng
xuyen ed sy gdp mat cua cde thuomg nhan
Nhat Bdn, Trilu Tien vd Ddng
Nari
A.
Nhilu thuyin budn ldm eua thuomg nhan
Ryukyu da
din
Phiic Chau, Chuang Chau
(Trung Qudc), Han Thanh,
Phii
Son (Pusan)
eiia
Trilu Tien, Ayutthaya (Siam), Van Ddn
(Dai Vift) Theo khdo
ciiu eiia
A.Kobata
vd M.Matsuda trong tdc pham Ryukyuan
Ralations with Korea and South Sea
Countries, hai nam 1480-1481 cd 6 chuyin
thuyen cua Siam dugc cu den Ryukyu vd 22
f ^ \ f
chuyen thuyen shissho (thuyen dugc cap
/ f
giay phep eua Ryukyu) den Siam (1509-

f
1570).
Ryukyu eiing da ddn nhdn 2 chuyen
thuyen tir Palembang vdo ndm 1431; 5
chuyin tir Malacca (1469-1481). Ve phan
minh, Ryukyu ciing da cir 53 chuyen thuyen
din
Siam (1425-1570); 6 chuyen thuyen den
Java (1430-1442); 8 chuyen thuyen den
Palembang (1428-1440);
11
chuyin thuyin
din
Malacca (1463-1511); 3 chuyen thuyen
din
Sumatra
(1463,
1467 vd 1468); 1 chuyin
\
f f
y
thuyen den An Nam
(1509);
2 chuyen thuyen
din
Sunda Karapa
(1513,
1518);
8 chuyin
den Patani

(1515-1543)^'^^
Thuyin budn
Ryukyu thudmg dem den cdc nudc Ddng
Nam cac loai hang nhu: luu huynh, gom
sii,
lua, satin, tien ddng, sit, thudc chiia bfnh
cua Trung
Qudc;
kiem, thuang, do gidp,
tranh tudng, quat, dd son mdi va ddng, vdng
eua Nhat Bdn. Hdng bda bg mua mang ve
Ryukyu la eac san pham gia vi, huomg lifu
eiia xii
sd nhift ddi nhu hat tieu, ddu
Id
hdi,
san hd, thuy ngan, thudc nhudm, ngd voi,
dau cp, dau dira, bdng, da trdn, da cd sau, gd
dinh huomg, nhac cu vd nhieu san pham
thii
f f
cdng khde cua Nam A vd Ddng Nam A
Sau dd hp lai mang cdc sdn phdm ndy tdi bdn
cho ngudi Nhat tai cdc cdng Bonotsu (Nam
Kagoshima), Hakata (thudc Fukuoka),
Myogo (thude Kobe) va Sakai (Nam Osaka).
Vdo
thi
ky XV
XVI,

Sakai khdng cbi
Id
trung tdm chinh tri, quan sy cua cdc daimyo,
md cdn
Id
noi lam an budn ban eua cdc thg
thu cdng vd thuomg nhan. Thanh phd Sakai
dugc coi
Id
thdnh phd ty tri dien hinh nhdt,
7 f
ed binh thiic td chiic gidng nhu cdc thdnh
phd cdng hod d chau Au vao thdi trung dai.
Nd khdng chiu sy
If
thudc vao mdt lanh chiia
f \
phong kien nao, ddng thdi nd cd mdt hdi
% f
ddng qudn ly thdnh phd rieng, mdt quan dpi
rieng, mdt toa dn rieng Vdi td chiic nhu
f
the,
Sakai thyc sy la mdt nudc cdng hod ty
tri^''',
Thanh phd cang thi Sakai nhd be dugc
coi la
''Venice
cua Nhdt Bdn" vd
Id

diem
hudng tdi
ciia
nhieu doan thuang thuyin
^'^^
A.Kobata va M.Matsuda: Ryukyuan Relations with
Korea and South Sea Countries, Kawakita Printing
Co.,
Ltd., Kyoto, Japan, 1969, p. 53 - 185.
^'''^
Nguyin Gia Phu, Nguyin Van Anh: Dgi cuang
lich sir the giai trung dgi, Nxb.
Giio
due,
Ha Noi,
1997,
t.2,
tr. 168.
48
NGHIEN
cau
CHAU AU EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW
N°l 1 (134).2011
qudc tl. Tren nhilu phuang difn, Sakai cd
dang ve eua mgt thanh thi Tay Au trung dai
vdi mdt ehinh quyin rieng dai difn cbo gidi
thj dan, cd quan dpi rieng vd dugc bdo vf bdi
hf thdng hdo,
luy
chic

cbin^'^^
Nam trong hf tbong thuomg mai ndi A
va A Au sdi ddng dpc theo con dudng to
lua, gdm sir tren biln nhu vay, kinh dd Naha
ciia
Vuomg qudc Ryukyu trd nen thinh
f
vugng trong vai trd la mgt thuang cdng qudc
te.
Lieh dgi bdo dn
(Rekidai
hoan hodc Li-tai
pao-an),
bd sir lifu quy do cdc sir gia Nho
f
gido Clia Vuomg qudc Ryukyu bien soan
trong cdc the ky
XVII-XIX,
viet ve lich sir
443 nam ngoai giao cua Ryukyu tir ndm
1425
den khi chinh quyen Tokugawa sup dd
vdo ndm
1867,
ghi nhan vdo thdi diem dd,
>
f
cdc thuyen budn Ryukyu rat hay lui tdi budn
bdn vd tim kiem hang hda, lgi nhudn d
Ayutthaya (Siam). Theo Rekidai hoan, ndm

1925
Id ndm md ddu quan hf Ryukyu - Sian.
Vd Rekidai hoan thdng ke cd tdi 58 chiec
thuyen budn da ehinh thiic tdi Siam. Nam
f r
1463,
qudc vuomg Ryukyu da giri bieu lua,
to tdm, vii khi nhu dao, kiem va cdc sdn vat
Trung Hoa kem theo
Id
thu tay giri den
Suntal Mansur Shah, qudc vuomg
ciia
Malacca de xin lap quan hf bang giao vd cho
phep thuang nhdn Ryukyu ra vdo budn bdn
vd lap thuang diem d day. Ngoai ra, thuyen
budn Ryukyu cdn lui tdi nhieu thuang cang
khde
nhu Van Ddn (Dai Vift). Nhu vay co
thi
thiy ring, trong nhirng
thi
ky XV-XVII.
f
ngudi Ryukyu da cd nhiing tien bd vugt bac
trong quan hf thuang mai qudc te, trong do
cd nhilu mdt vugt qua cd ngudi chau Au.
Tuy khdng the san xudt ra nhieu mat
hang trao ddi cd gid trj qudc te, nhung do co
sy lya chgn hdng hda ky luong tir cdc thj

trudng ldm, ddng tin cay nhu Trung Quoc,
Trieu Tien va Nbat Ban, nen cdc san pham
hdng hda cua thuang nban Ryukyu dem den
Ddng Nam A ludn bdn dugc gid cao va
dugc
nhieu nudc ua chupng. Nhirng ngudn Igi ldn
tbu dugc trong quan hf ngoai thuomg da tac
ddng manh me den sy phdt trien
ciia
ddi
sdng kinh te trong nudc. Giir vj tri tmng tam
cua Vuomg qudc, khu vyc thdnh thi Sburi
Naha ludn ndo nhiet vdi nhiing bdng bda xa
xi dugc dem ve tir viing An Dp bode thj
trudmg Ddng Nam A, hang dugc chuyen
Naha rdi tir dd lai dugc chd di cdc cang
ciia
Trung Quoc, Trilu Tien vd Nbat Ban.
Chuzan khdng cd dugc sy gidu cd
ciia
Genoa, ve dep eua Venice hay quyen lyc ciia
Lisbon, nhung
miic
do phdt triln kinh te
eung ed
thi
dat nhu cdc thanh thi
dd^'^^
f f
3.

Su ket thuc vai tro hai thuong quoc
te cua Ryukyu
^'^^
Nguyin
van
Kim,
sdd, tr. 357.
Q^lidi
itai fmdtLg kliti
eua
49
Tuy nhien sy thinh vugng
ciia
Ryukyu
trong quan hf thuang mai vdi khu vyc Ddng
Nam A rit ngin ngui. Nam
1511,
ham dpi
Bd Dao Nha da ddnh chilm Vuomg qudc
Malacca, cho xay dyng nhieu phdo ddi vd
can
cii
quan sy. Dd la ly do cit nghia tai sao
thuomg nhan Ryukyu dimg lien lac thdng
thuomg vdi vuomg qudc nay. Vd khi ngudi
chdu Au hung bdng tien ve chau A trong
ddng ve cua ten an cudp hung bao vd trieu
dinh pbong kien nha Minh thay ddi cbinh
sdch ddi ngoai, thyc hifn
lenh

cam bdi (hai-
chin),
ddng cira vdi ben ngodi thi van mfnh
ciia cdc thuang nhdn Ryukyu da di den bdi
cham
diit.
Hp khdng cdn giur dugc vi tri
hodng kim timg cd trong lich sir thuomg mai
ndi rieng vd lich sir hang bdi qudc te ndi
chung niia.
Theo ddng thdi gian, ndm
1609,
daimyo
.
Shimazu ciia
han Satsuma (nay thudc Nam
I tinh Kagoshima) huy ddng lyc lugng quan sy
: ddng ddo 3.000 quan vdi hom 1.000 chien
thuyin, tir Nhdt Bdn vugt bien tien ra chinh
f f
phyc Ryukyu. Cudc khdng chien chdng xam
lugc cua Ryukyu that bai. Qudc vuomg Sho
Nei (cim quyin 1589-1620) va quan lai
hoang trilu bi giam
giii
d Kagoshima. Mua
thu nam
1611,
vua Sho Nei cimg cdc quan lai
trilu dinh dugc trd vl Ryukyu, nhung khung

cdnh dit nudc vd ddi sdng ehinh tri da ed
nhilu thay ddi. Tir day, nhin ehung boat
ddng cua
Ryukyy diu
ddt dudi sy qudn cbe
ciia lanh
chiia Shimazu. Ryukyu khdng the
khdi pbuc lai
nin
ddc lap thyc sy cua minh
dugc
nira^'^^
Vuomg qudc van tiep tuc tdn
tai,
nhung tat cd ngudi dan tren quan dao deu
bj cim sir dyng
vii
khi. Dd la ly do dan den
sy ra ddi
ciia
mdn vo Khdng
thii
dao
(Karatedo)
d Ryukyu. Mdn vd Karatedo ndi
tiing cd Ijch sir binb thanb va phat trien ban
400 nam da lan truyen khap the gidi vdi sd
mdn sinh bom 30 trieu ngudi. Nam 1879,
dudi thdi tri
ciia

hodng de Minh Tri
(1868-
1912),
Ryukyu chinh tbiic sdp nhap vao lanh
thd Nbat Bdn khi che do phan chia quan
huyen keo ddi sang tan day va dugc ddi ten
thdnh tinh Okinawa, tdn tai cho den ngay
nay. Qudc vuomg Ryukyu Id Sho Tai
ciia
ddng hg vua Sho cai tri Ryukyu tir the
k>
XV. dugc dem ve Tokyo va dugc nudi
dudng tai trieu dinh Nbat Bdn. Cbinh quyen
^ f f
Minh Tn da thdng bdo cho the gidi biet
quyen sd biiu cua Nhdt Bdn ddi vdi quan ddo
Okinawa, khi cur mdt dao quan sang cbinh
phat Dai Loan vao nam
1874
de trd
thii
cho
nhiimg thuyen ddnh cd cua ngu dan Okinawa
bi thd dan Dai Loan tan cdng.
(17)
Nguyin
van
Kim,
sdd,
tr.

187.