Tin học đại cương tổng quan






 

 !"#$
 %&'( % )#*+),")- 
.,) +.#..
/0123$(45,6&/
7+
)  7,65
)#289:;<$=(4 !1>
4&
!"#$8
?( %@'00(1265,6&/'=8
 A#B)C)D)E)&&&
%&#'("#$?+.##
F238E; GA
H 8
H 6)#I+1+)00)B7)&&&
H :&
/'E12385#J(;#A

)*++
/ JE+%+K$(:,4,L("9
&
,M-#N.M8NN.
OK" JE=,7,6&
OKP(2,6&

Q+8 F239 FL:



. /01&2*3
RP#2+06( %(8LS96:
!T#A
H  G/,7A96:.D,)U#V)V#U)&&&
H W!T/,7A6XB&
H YZ[A,6J0O#&
H QCZ\]]A,6(2&
H QCZ\[^A,6&
_(') , 6 (>+  L =` : "  _F) ab^Zbc)
ab^dbc)&&&)O.ab^ebc)&&&
4 3$(516
 
f8g#B !J#B !)'Z^#B^)Z)- )\(8g#B&
h689A
Zdi
Z^
jZkZ^
d
ldkZ^
Z
likZ^
^

]e[&id
Z^
j]kZ^

d
lekZ^
Z
l[kZ^
^
likZ^
HZ
ldkZ^
Hd

 
fJ#BF#289F#B(8g#B)#B'P^)Z)&&&)FHZ&m4
n:)4#BoJ#BF( %6o
F
A
o
1
j


HZ
&&&
Z

^
&
Z
&&&
HZ



F

('#B
^
)&&)

)
Z
)- )

'P_^(FHZ&
o
1
'PA
Q
1
j

k1

l
HZ
k1
HZ
l&&&l
Z
k1
Z
l

^
l
Z
1
HZ
l&&&l

1
H

h689A
Z^Z
d
jZkd
d
l^kd
Z
lZkd
^
je
Zdi
b
jZkb
d
ldkb
Z
likb
^
jbi
Z^&ZZ

d
jZkd
Z
l^kd
^
lZkd
HZ
lZkd
Hd

jd&[e
 
fP+D,J#Bd#289#B^Z(8g#B&m4#B
J #B d ( % 0  pq p, 8q)  J  G 4 =  'M) ('MS)
MI)&&&
h689A
Z^Z^^Z
d
jZ^Z^^ZjZkd
e
l^kd
]
lZkd
i
l^kd
d
l^kd
Z
lZkd
^

j]Z



fP+DJ#BJ7,6&L8( %,:P
+D(,6126&
  !"#
f+9+D,J#BZc'Zc#B(8g#B&++Dr
'Z^#B_^(\)#2897c#Ba&&&s(8gP J
Z^&&&Ze&
h689A
 Zdi
Zc
jZdijZkZc
d
ldkZc
Z
likZc
^
jd\Z
bad
Zc
jbadjbkZc
d
lZ^kZc
Z
ldkZc
^
jddZ^
$ %&'()*

p,.(JP( 123&p,.44#BP+D;b&
/(JP( !8tA
 Zup,. jZupjd
Z^
,.jZ^d],.
 Zm.p,. jZmpjd
Z^
upjd
d^
,.jZ^]be[c,.
 Zvp,. jZvpjd
Z^
mpjd
i^
,.jZ^[i[]Zbd],.
+ %&,-&.
 4)_)D)
O*+4l
F w Flw
^ ^ ^
^ Z Z
Z ^ Z
Z Z ^GZ
O*+_H
F w Fxw
^ ^ ^
^ Z Z %
Z
Z ^ Z
Z Z ^

O*+Dk
F w Fkw
^ ^ ^
^ Z ^
Z ^ ^
Z Z Z
O*+M
F w FMw
^ Z ^



Z Z Z
^ ^ 1
(P
Z ^ 1
(P
h689A4d#BP+D
   Z^Z
d
  e
Z^
  
  lZZ^
d
l c
Z^

   HHHHHHHHHHHHHH
   Z^ZZ

d
 ZZ
Z^

 aQ?)yo)Fyo)Qy
O*+aQ?
F w F7!w
^ ^ ^
^ Z ^
Z ^ ^
Z Z Z
O*+yo
F w F89w
^ ^ ^
^ Z Z
Z ^ Z
Z Z Z
O*+Fyo.F#.yo
F w F%89w
^ ^ ^
^ Z Z
Z ^ Z
Z Z ^
O*+Qy
  8^jZ
  8Zj^
h689A
 i7!ej^ZZ
d
7!Z^Z

d
j^^Z
d
jZ
/ 012*
/#B,7m++D&
v#2mj


HZ
&&&
Z

F
&Emj

1

l
HZ
1
HZ
l&&&
Z
1l
^

/mF'( % J

1

HZ
l
HZ
1
Hd
l&&&
d
1l
Z
8 
^
&+9+K
 JF' J

1
Hd
l
HZ
1
Hi
l&&&
i
1l
d
8 
Z
)&&&/+9 ,
( J5^E8 

'( %#B

^
)
Z
&&&
HZ
)
&
&



h689ZA(n#BZZ++D#P+D
Zid
  cd
   :id
   Zd
^zBZi8gP+D
i

d

Z

^
jZZ^Z
d


^


Z

d

i

h689dA(n#BZ[]++D#+9+D
  Z[]Zc
  ;:


  
^

Z

 Z[]
Z^
j
Z

^
ja{
Zc

3 45*6(7!
W(n:=J#BdJ#BZc4#B",.)K(n_,.4'&
hE,rK1*4#B,7Z,.&
/#BZ,.P+D
mj

[

c

e

]

i

d

Z

^
j
[
d
[
l
c
d
c
l
e
d
e
l
]
d

]
l
i
d
i
l
d
d
d
l
Z
d
Z
l


^
d
^

   j
[
d
i
l
c
d
d
l
e

d
Z
l
]
d
]
l
i
d
i
l
d
d
d
l
Z
d
Z

l
^

/mZcjd
]
'( % J
[
d
i
l
c

d
d
l
e
d
Z
l
]
#B8 
i
d
i
l
d
d
d
l
Z
d
Z

l

^
&
hGBpJ#BPLZZZZjZePL+L^^^^j^)G
4#BJ#BZc&
h,
[
d

i
l
c
d
d
l
e
d
Z
l
]

i
d
i
l
d
d
d
l
Z
d
Z

l
^
#BJ#BZcKE&
W(n4#B_J#Bd#J#BZcK'_4](n#4#BJ#B
Zc J&Q %=)((n4#B_J#BZc#J#BdK(n_#BJ#BZc
#] J&

  f.1
 p    f.1 p  
  ^ ^^^^    b Z^^^
  Z ^^^Z    \ Z^^Z
  d ^^Z^    a Z^Z^
  i ^^ZZ    p Z^ZZ
  ] Z^Z^    / ZZ^^
  e ^Z^Z    ? ZZ^Z
  c ^ZZ^    { ZZZ^



  [ ^ZZZ    s ZZZZ
h689A
 Z^ZZ^ZZ
d
jep
 ZdijZ^^Z^^^ZZ
d

8 9:5;.&

hG#B,78LZ,.8g( %4P_^(d
b
HZjdee&
W8g#B,7G)K*+,. A
 d,.'P_^(d
Zc
HZjceeie
 ],.'P_^(d

id
HZj]d\]\c[d\e

W(|G+*+#B0)#B,7'8L( %8g7,.,73
}td4Z},}(4Z}&
h689AG#B,7Z,.
 e  j^^^^^Z^Z
d

 (e jZZZZZ^Z^
d

 4Z jZZZZZ^ZZ
d

h,A
He  jZZZZZ^ZZ
d

hG,73,E6L6(K7S7( %8t(8g8LA
Z8g#BD)^8g#BD&
h689A6Held
 HejZZZZZ^ZZ
d

dj^^^^^^Z^
d

HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
 mjZZZZZZ^Z

d

p6LZ)7m#BD&
mxZjZZZZZZ^^
d

 (6j^^^^^^ZZ
d
ji
h,mjHi&

W8g( %#B$GG#B,.'=)#B$( %8g8 G8=8L
L(4+&m~#B$;+KA+K(PPO+K•{&
h689A
 zB$πji&Z]++D'8gA



πji&Z]kZ^
^
)Oji&Z]{j^
πjiZ&]kZ^
HZ
)OjiZ&]{jHZ
πj^&^iZ]kZ^
d
)Oj^&^iZ]{jd
πj^&iZ]kZ^
Z
)Oj^&iZ]{jZ

&&&
W8g8,LE€O€•Z€O€‚Z^
HZ
,#B++D#8LL^&
h,r'48gπAπj^&iZ]kZ^
Z
)Oj^&iZ]{jZ&
Wƒ)G#B^EOj^{j^&
 J$)J#BFE€O€•Z€O€‚F
HZ
&
/+K"84#B,.(8g+K(PPO4#B,.(8g
+K•{&m~+K84(8g8L&
h689A
H u#B$
p8/8Z,.+K•i,.+K(P
P&m"P#B$ Z&[kZ^
Hib
„Z&[kZ^
ib
&
H u#B$ p8O#8d,.+K•],.+K
(PP&m"P#B$ Z&[kZ^
Hi\

„d&\kZ^
i\
&
; <$*=>?
 <'=&





 >"?@5*%ABC%A-*B
uB126D4+:0L4,6&Q'$L
6("=(4,6&uB126D;4+6A
B(")B6#B0)&

R4126):,(P8>,K+&

$ +*+6#B04_)D) +*+6aQ?)yo)
Fyo)Qy&

/4G5CB(4123&
 9DEF-
p4GP( &p4G( %d=A4G4G
&

p4G8>,G)~G'6 GZ,.'4(Pr1(P&
p4G;oymoam&

/P
y…O…?{hq/{


/P
qQO…?{hq/{

uB126D

CPU







aR…
uB
6

/yQo
yR
…Qq
u
B

p4G
a…FqRqaowzyoav{





p+6)
/
4



mE)
m,


/




oymo.8y,m.,A4Gr'(0& 7oym
;= !1,7),';(L(&7oym !
($J JE(",6|GS(4&
oamo8a.##m.,A4G')(0),#2(n
,6=(4&m0 JE8("+=+oam G$&
7oam#`PLI(&
Wƒ(4GB(4(nG/O…&

p4GP '8 %G(4+GC %(&
/'=4GA
• (<"++,8#)
• (<88#&
• /?)?h?)
• …zp)- 
  97@>-
p+6P+@)( !#289+,123&
 !+6'Z^Z+6G=+6A
H O6#BaH†)^H\
H O62l)H)k)M
H O68,V→)←)↑)↓)f.){8)O…+)O?
H O6CsZHsZd

H &&&
$ F7GF--
mEP1L@(,6 !#289&m
E'd(4AC(;0& !)(4C'de8Ub^4&/(4
(;0'(4+DAid^1d^^)c]^1]b^)Z^d]1[d^)- T.=E&
mE'=A/va)m/va){va)hva)zhva)&&&
@ $ABC"#A2*+
$ H5-&*-
( %(:,ML("&
;48>,'E$K$(:,4L(",
(ƒ&'4(ƒ6J#A
A+|#4#B G$L(P&
A+(J)B "ƒ#289!4G&
A+:,4n:L("(ƒ&
A:r+948&



'( %5")E,rE,
(JLA$7#J(;B&

h689A1D,8$6+j‡jZ&d&i- &j
∏
=Z

p GZAQ+&
A/ jZ) jZ&
A UVJ E$A
AC 7Z(JP&
AQD +&


AFL+&

p8g5#J(;B'6$:8gJ&zJ(;B':
G#A

AI(KM|

AQ+M1L

A6

Au`

Af G8,


h689A6+j‡( %E,8 G8=#J(;B #A





jZ
+jZ
.
Q+
•
jlZ
+j+k

q+
{8&

$ I*)*6G
Q+E+ J(7,&
Q+E;44_$)6:I|+++8974_
$('&Q+E+*+ !8t=C;+,$
( %&m~C04 JE;&W JE$E
+( %8P#>,&
/'= JE8PA8P78P&
8P$_4) Ap#)a##.,&
8P4 JE;>,;G$(') A
/)O#&
Q+E( %+DL+ #A
A#289P+D>,&
A#2894#B_%G,8>,) Ap#)a##.,&
AK•G$7)+*+ !#2891D,8$
 JE48g8JL+) A/)O#&