Luận văn hoàn thiện bộ máy quản lý bảo hộ và thực thi quyền sở hữu công nghiệp ở việt nam hiện nay

BO GIAO DUC VA DAO TAO
TRUONG DAI HOC KINH TE QUOC DAN

NGUYEN THANH DIEU

HO AN THIEN BO MAY QUAN LY BAO HO
VA THUC THI QUYEN sd HUU CONG
NGHIEP
O VIET
NAM HIEN
NAY
•
•
•

LU AN VAN THAC SY KINH TE

HA NOI - 2002


BO GIAO DUC VA BAO TAO
TRUdNG BAI HOC KINH TE QUOC DAN

NGUYfcN THANH DIEU
| TftUONG £)HKTC"!

1TT.THONG T!M THU' ViFNj

HOAN THIEN BO MAY QUAN LY BAO HO

VA THUC THI QUYEN Sd HUU CONG
NGHIEP d VIET NAM HIEN NAY

LUAN VAN THAC SY KINH TE

Chuyen nganh: Kinh te Lao dong
Ma so: 5.02.07
Nguoi hudng dan khoa hoc: TS. Pham Quy Tho
Th.S. Nguyen Nam Phuong
TH s:€ 0 8

HA NOI - 2002


L&I CAM M

Toi xin bay to long cam On sau sSc tori Tien sy Pham Quy Tho, Thac sy

Nguyen Nam Phudng, nhirng ngtrdi da het long giup do, hirdng d&n qua trinh
hoc tap, nghien ciru de toi co the hoan thanh ban luan van nay.

Toi xin chan thanh cam on cac giao sir, cac thay giao, co giao Khoa Kinh
te To chirc Lao dong, Khoa Sau Dai hoc Tnrdng Dai hoc Kinh te Quoc dan da
hirdng dan giup do, tao dieu kien cho toi hoan thanh chtrong trinh khoa hoc,

hoan thanh luan van tot nghiep.

Toi xin chan thanh cam On cac Ban chirc nang, cac dong nghiep trong

Cong ty Sd hiru Tri tue giup do, dong vien, tao dieu kien cho toi trong suol qua

trinh hoc tap va cong tac.


MUC LUC
Trang
Mb dau
1
Chuang I: Co so ly luan ve bo may quan ly bao ho va thuc thi quyen
4
so hull cong nghiep trong nen kinh te thi trubng 0 Viet Nam
1.1. Quan ly va to chiic bo may quan ly
4

1.2. Khai niem, noi dung ve quyen SHCN va bao ho quyen SHCN

]8

1.3 Hoan thien bo may quan ly bao ho va thuc thi quyen SHCN - mot tat
yeu khach quan trong nen kinh te thi trudng
1.4 Kinh nghiem ve bo may quan ly bao ho quyen SHCN d mot so nude va
bai hoc kinh nghiem doi vdi Viet Nam
Chwong II: Phan tich thuc trang bo may quan ly bao ho va thuc thi
quyen SHCN 0 Viet Nam hien nay
2.1 Nhung dac diem co ban co anh hudng den bo may quan ly bao ho va
thuc thi quyen SHCN d Viet Nam
2.2 Phan tich thuc trang bo may quan ly bao ho quyen SHCN d Viet Nam
hien nay
2.3 Phan tich thuc trang he thong cac co quan thuc thi quyen SHCN d Viet
Nam hien nay

2.4 Phan tich vai tro cua dich vu tu van SHCN trong cong tac bao ho quyen
SHCN
Chuong III: Nhung quan diem va giai phap hoan thien bo may quan
ly bao ho va thuc thi quyen SHCN 0 Viet Nam hien nay
3.1 Nhung quan diem hoan thien bo may quan ly bao ho va thuc thi quyen
SHCN d Viet Nam
3.2 Hoan thien bo may quan ly bao ho quyen SHCN d Cue SHCN
3.3 Phan cong chtrc nang, nhiem vu cho he thong cac co quan thuc thi
quyen SHCN
3.4 Hoan thien dich vu tu van SHCN trong bao ho va thuc thi quyen SHCN
3.5 Tang cudng cong tac boi dudng, dao tao doi ngu can bo quan ly bao ho
va thuc thi quyen SHCN
3.6 Hien dai hoa co sd vat chat, trang thiet bi cua bo may quan ly bao ho
va thuc thi quyen SHCN
3.7. Kien nghi xay dung Bo luat Sd huu Tri tue va thanh lap Tong Cue Sd
huu Tri tue
Ket luan
Danh inuc tai lieu tham khao

23

27
33

33
40

56
72

76

76

85
92
96
100
102

104
107


NHUNG TC VIET TAT TRONG LUAN VAN
BMQL

Bo may quan ly

DTQL

Doi tuong quan ly

SHCN

Sd huu cong nghiep

GPHI

Giai phap huu fch

KDCN

Kieu dang cong nghiep

NHHH

Nhan hieu hang hoa

CSKT

Canh sat kinh te

QLTT

Quan ly thi trudng

Bo KH, CN & MT
TRIPS

Bo Khoa hoc Cong nghe va Moi trudng
Hiep dinh ve khia canh lien quan den thuong mai cua quyen

sd huu tri tue
WTO

To chUc Thuong mai the gidi

WIPO

To chuc Sd huu Tri tue the gidi

EPO

Co quan Sang che Chau au

EU

Lien minh chau au

JPO

Co quan Sd huu cong nghiep Nhat Ban

UNDP

Chuong trinh phat trien cua Lien hiep quoc

ASEAN

Hiep hoi cac quoc gia dong nam a

INTA

Hiep hoi Nhan hieu hang hoa quoc te

ECTA

Hiep hoi Nhan hieu hang hoa Cong dong chau au

FICPI

Lien doan Luat su sd huu tri tue the gidi

APAA

Hiep hoi dai dien SHCN chau a

PCT

Hiep udc hop tac sang che

USD

Do la My


Md DAU
I. SUCAN THIET CUA DE TAI

Trong thdi dai ngay nay, sd huu tri tue noi chung va sd hiru cong nghiep
(SHCN) noi rieng dang duoc the gidi coi trong. Viec bao ho quyen SHCN da trd

thanh mot hoat dong co tam quan trong trong bo'i canh hoa nhap long rai ve kinh
te, thirong mai, khoa hoc cong nghe ciia cac quoc gia trong the gidi dang chuyen

dan sang nen kinh te tri thtrc.
O Viet Nam, trong Iinh vtrc SHCN, ke tit nam 1989 den nay hoat dong bao ho
va thtrc thi quyen SHCN da cd nhtrng bitdc phat trien dang ke nham bao ho quyen

SHCN cho cac to chtrc, ca nhan trong nude cung nhtr ngoai nude dang cd hoat dong

san xuat kinh doanh tai Viet Nam. Tuy nhien, bo may bao ho va dac biet la thtrc thi
quyen SHCN cd hieu qua chua cao.

Viec dang ky bao ho quyen SHCN ngay cang tang. So luong cac to chtrc, ca

nhan Viet Nam dang ky quyen SHCN xap xi bang sd luong cua cac to chtrc, ca
nhan nude ngoai. Ciing vdi viec xac lap co sd phap ly va hoan thien bo may de thuc

hien viec bao ho va thuc thi quyen SHCN, cac nha dau nr trong va ngoai nude cung

an tam hon trong viec san xuat, kinh doanh d Viet Nam chong lai viec canh tranh
khong lanh manh, san xuat va buon ban hang gia, bao ve quyen loi chfnh dang ciia
ngudi san xuat va tieu dung. Tuy nhien, hieu qua cua viec bao ho quyen SHCN cho

cac doi tuong da duoc Nha nude Viet Nam cong nhan con rat thap. Nhieu trudng

hop vi pham nhung Nha nude khong giai quye't dirt diem de tinh trang vi pham luat

keo dai. Ngudi chii sd hiru doi tuong SHCN bi thiet hai do phia vi pham gay ra.
Nguyen nhan ciia tinh trang tren day la do cac yeu to tac dong sau:
- Bo may thtrc thi phap luat ciia Nha nude ta con cong kenh, kern hieu qua.
Dac biet la str pho'i hop khong dong bo gitra cac co quan nhtr toa an, cong an kinh
te, quan ly thi tnrdng... theo quy dinh cua phap luat.

- Chua lam tot cong tac thong tin tuyen truyen thong qua hoat dong ciia cac

quyen SHCN cua minh va cd bien phap thtrc thi cd hieu qua.
1

Trong thcri diem hien nay, Viet Nam dang dam phan gia nhap to chiic Thuong
mai The gidi (WTO). Mot trong nhung dieu kien de dtrpc ket nap vao WTO la phai
co mot chuong trinh cu the de dupe cac nude thanh vien WTO chap nhan trong mot

thdi han phii hop (thdi gian chuyen tiep) hoan tat viec xay dung mot khung phap ly

va bo may bao ho, thuc thi quyen SHCN dap ling cac yeu cau toi thieu quy dinh
trong hiep dinh ve khia canh lien quan den thuong mai cua quyen sd huu tri tue-

TRIPs (Treaty Respect of Intellectual Property). Mat khac, Viet Nam da ky ket
hiep dinh ve SHCN vdi Lien bang Thuy sy va Hiep dinh Thuong mai vdi Hop

chung quo'c Hoa Ky, trong do hai ben cam ket cac tieu chuan toi thieu v£ bao ho
quyen SHCN cho cong dan cua nhau tuong tu nhu tieu chuan cua hiep dinh TRIPs.

Hien nay, toan Dang, toan dan ta dang ra siic thuc hien dudng loi dai hoi IX
cua Dang ve cong nghiep hoa, hien dai hoa dat nude, xay dung nude ta co ban trd
thanh mot nude cong nghiep vao nam 2020. Dang va Nha nude ta chu truong “lung

birdc phat trien kinh te tri thu,C[3Q]. Vi vay, cang can thiet “thuc hien tot chi'nh

sach bao ho SHCN”, trong diSu kien tren viec nghien ciiu de tai “Hoan thien bo
may quan ly bao ho va thuc thi quyen SHCN d Viet Nam hien nay’[30] se gop

phan lam phong phu ve mat ly luan va thuc tidn bao ho quyen SHCN d Viet Nam.

II. MUC DICH NGHIEN CUU:

Luan van nay he thong hoa mot so van de ve ly luan to chu’c bo may noi
chung. Xac lap nhung luan cii khoa hoc cho viec xay dung he thong bo may quan

ly bao ho va thuc thi quyen SHCN trong didu kien nen kinh te thi trudng d Viet
Nam, tren co sd do kien nghi mot sd phuong hudng, giai phap gop phan tirng budc
cung cd va hoan thien bo may quan ly tren linh vuc nay.

III. DOI TUONG VA PHAM VI NGHIEN CUU:
Vdi muc dich tren, luan van tap trung lam ro thuc trang ve bo may quan ly bao

ho va thuc thi quyen SHCN nay trong thdi gian qua, ttr do lam co sd de xay dung

mot mo hinh thich hop vdi nen kinh te thi trudng theo dinh hudng Xa hoi Chu
nghTa d Viet Nam.

2


IV. PHUONG PHAP NGHIEN CUU:
Luan van van dung tong hop cac phuong phap nghien cuu: Phu'Ong phap tiep

can he thong, phan tich thong ke, tong hop phan tich, van dung cac ly luan co ban

cua khoa hoc quan ly kinh te, dudng loi chmh sach cua Dang va Nha nudc hien
hanh.

V. NHUNG DONG GOP MOI CUA LUAN VAN:
Trong khuon kho doi tuong va pham vi nghien cuu nhu da trinh bay o tren,
trong mot chung muc nhat dinh, luan van he thong hoa va hoan thien them mot so

van de ve ly luan lien quan den quan ly, bo may quan ly. Tuy dieu kien va kha

nang nghien cUu con han che, song luan van da phan tich danh gia ve thuc trang bo
may quan ly bao ho va thuc thi quyen SHCN o Viet Nam trong thdi gian qua de
lam co s0 cho viec de ra mot so phuong hudng, giai phap nham hoan thien bo may

quan ly tren linh vuc nay co hieu qua hon, phu hop vdi dieu kien nen kinh te hang
hoa nhieu thanh phan o Viet Nam va the gidi.
VI. KET CAU CUA LUAN VAN:
Ngoai phan m0 dau, ket luan, danh muc tai lieu tham khao, luan van gom 3
chuong.

Chuong 1: Co so ly luan ve bo may quan ly bao ho va thuc thi quyen SHCN
trong nbn kinh te thi trudng o Viet Nam.
Chuong 2: Phan tich thuc trang bo may quan ly bao ho va thuc thi quyen

SHCN o Viet Nam hien nay.
Chuong 3: Nhung quan diem va giai phap hoan thien bo may quan ly bao ho
va thuc thi quyen SHCN o Viet Nam hien nay.

3


Chuong I
CO Sd LY LUAN VE BO MAY QUAN LY BAO HO VA THUC THI

QUYEN SHCN TRONG NEN KINH TE THI TRUONG 6 VIET NAM
1.1. QUAN LY VA TO CHUC BO MAY QUAN LY
1.1.1 KHAI NIEM VA CAC CHUG NANG QUAN LY

1.1.1.1. Khai niem quan ly:

Quan ly dupe hieu theo hai goc do: Mot la goc do tong hop mang tfnh chinh

tri, xa hoi; hai la goc do mang tfnh hanh dong thiet thuc. Ca hai goc do nay deu co
co so khoa hoc va thuc te. [17]

Quan ly theo goc do chinh tri, xa hoi la su ket hop giua tri thuc va lao dong.
[16] Lich sir xa hoi loai ngudi tir thdi mong muoi den thdi dai van minh hien dai

ngay nay cho ta thay ro trong su phat trien do co ba yeu to' dupe noi len rd net la tri
thuc, lao dong va quan ly. Trong ba yeu to nay, quan ly la sir ket hop giua tri thuc

va lao dong. Neu ket hop tot thi xa hoi se phat trien tot dep, neu sir ket hop khdng
tot thi su phat trien se cham lai hoac roi ren. Su ket hop do dupe bieu hien trudc het
d co che quan ly, d che do, chinh sach, bien phap quan ly va d nhieu khia canh tarn
ly xa hoi. Nhung tiru chung lai, ngudi quan ly phai biet tac dong bang each nao do

de ngudi bi quan ly ludn ho hdi, phan khdi dem het nang lire va tri tue cua minh de
sang tao ra lpi ich cho minh, cho Nha nude va cho xa hoi.

Theo goc do hanh dong, thi quan ly la dieu khien. Theo khai niem nay quan ly

co ba loai hinh. Cac loai hinh nay deu co xuat phat diem giong nhau la do con ngudi
dieu khien nhirng khac nhau ve doi tupng.

- Loai hinh thtr nhat la viec con ngudi dieu khien cac vat hiru sinh khdng phai
con ngudi de bat chung phai thuc hien theo y chi cua ngudi dieu khien. Loai hinh
nay dupe goi la quan ly trong sinh hoc, thien nhien, mdi trudng...

- Loai hinh thd hai la viec con ngudi dieu khien vat vo tri, vo giac de bat chung

phat trien va thuc hien theo y chi cua ngudi dieu khien. Loai hinh nay dupe goi la quan
ly ky thuat. Vi du viec dieu khien may tinh, van hanh cac loai may moc thiet bi...
4


- Loai hinh thu ba la viec con ngudi dieu khien con ngudi (quan ly Nha nudc,

Dang, doan the, to chuc chinh tri, kinh te, van hoa...), do la quan ly xa hoi. Quan ly
xa hoi duoc Cac Mac coi la chuc nang dac biet duqc sinh ra th tinh chat xa hoi.
Th nhung van de tren, ta co the hieu: Quan ly la su tac dong, chi huy, dieu
khien cua chu the quan ly len doi tuong va khach the quan ly nham dat duoc

muc tieu dat ra trong dieu kien bien dong cua moi trudng. [24]
Vdi dinh nghia nay, quan ly phai bao gom cac yeu to sau:

- Phai co mot chu the quan ly la tac nhan tao ra cac tac dong va mot do'i tuong
bi quan ly tiep nhan cac tac dong cua chu the quan ly tao ra. Tac dong co the chi la
mot lan ma cung co the la lien tuc nhieu lan.

- Phai co muc tieu va mot quy dao dat ra cho ca doi tuong va chu the. Muc
tieu nay la can cu de chu the tao ra cac tac dong.

- Chu the phai thuc hanh viec tac dong len doi tuong quan ly va khach the
quan ly co the la con ngudi hoac gidi vo tri vo giac (may moc, thiet bi, dat dai,

thong tin, ham mo...) hoac gidi sinh vat (vat nuoi, cay trong...)

1.1.1.2. Chuc nang quan ly via phan loai cac chuc nang quan ly.

Khai niem “chUc nang quan ly” gan lien vdi su xuat hien va tien bo cua phan
cong - hop tac lao dong trong mot qua trinh san xuat cua mot tap the ngudi lao

dong. Trong nen san xuat thu cong ca the, mot ngudi tho khi hoan thanh mot san

pham, phai thuc hien ca mot chudi nhung hanh dong lien tiep rat khac nhau theo
mot quy trinh cong nghe th nguyen lieu den thanh pham. Den nen san xuat cong

nghiep, do ap dung nhung tien bo khoa hoc ky thuat, su phan cong lao dong didn ra
theo loi chia qua trinh san xuat thanh nhieu cong doan, mdi cong doan co nhiem vu
thuc hien mot dang hoat dong san xuat nhat dinh, duoc chuyen mon hoa. Pho'i hop

va lien ket ca chudi day chuyen san xuat do lai thanh mot quy trinh cong nghe lien

tuc ngudi ta se hoan thanh duoc san pham vdi mot nang suat va chat luong cao hon.
Tu do ma xuat hien nhieu nhiem vu, chUc nang rat khac nhau trong mot day

chuyen san xuat ra san pham. Th chuc nang san xuat do cua khach the quan ly lam

5


xuat hien mot each khach quan dang hoat dong quan ly chuyen biet nhat dinh
tuong trng cua chu the quan ly - goi la cac chu’c nang quan ly.
Muc dich cua quan ly duqc thuc hien nhd vao cac qua trinh quan ly. Noi dung

cua quan ly vdi tinh each la mot qua trinh, duoc the hien qua cac chu’c nang quan ly.
Nhung chu’c nang nay la nhung hinh thuc hoat dong nhd do chu the quan ly tac dong

den doi tuong quan ly va khach the quan ly. Khong co chu’c nang quan ly thi khong

the hinh dung duoc qua trinh quan ly va noi dung cua qua trinh ay trong mot he thong

nhat dinh. Viec phan tich qua trinh quan ly, xet ve mat chu’c nang quan ly la co so de
xac dinh khoi luong cong viec theo tung chu’c nang, xac dinh so lupng can bo de thuc

hien cac chu’c nang ay va cuoi cung de hinh thanh co cau to chu’c bo may quan ly.

Chu’c nang quan ly la mot dang hoat dong quan ly thong qua do chu the quan
ly tac dong vao khach the quan ly nham thuc hien mot muc lieu nhat dinh.

Chu’c nang quan ly la mot loai tac dong cua chu the quan ly hudng vao khach
the quan ly nhSm thuc hien mot muc tieu nhat dinh.

To hop tat ca cac chu’c nang quan ly tao nen noi dung cua qua trinh quan ly, la

co sd de phan cong lao dong quan ly giua nhung ngudi can bo quan ly va la nen
tang de hinh thanh va hoan thien bo may quan ly.
Phan loai churc nang quan ly la lien ket cac doi tuong vdi nhau thanh mot he

thong tron ven, dong thdi phan chia chung thanh nhung phan he tren nhung dau

hieu chung, theo mot nguyen tac nhat quan. O nude ta, trong qua trinh quan ly,
ngudi ta str dung cac mot sd chu’c nang quan ly co ban sau:

- Ke hoach hoa
- To chtrc
- Chi dao (bao gom ca dieu chinh, phoi hop).
- Kiem tra, danh gia (bao gom ca thanh tra, kiem ke).

Tat ca cac chu’c nang quan ly tren tac dong qua lai vdi nhau va quy dinh ISn

nhau. Str phan loai mot each khoa hoc cac chu’c nang quan ly cho phep thuc hien

duoc d pham vi rong, su phan cong lao dong mot each hop ly dtra vao viec chia nho
qua trinh quan ly thanh nhung hanh dong, thao tac quan ly. Str phan loai nhu vay
con giup cho viec tieu chuan hoa va thong nhat hoa cac qua trinh quan ly, tao dieu
6


kien ap dung nhung kinh nghiem tien tien trong lao dong quan ly, tao dieu kien de

dua cac phuong tien ky thuat hien dai vao thuc tidn quan ly.
1.1.2. BO MAY QUAN LY (BMQL)

Bo may quan ly la tong hop cac bp phan (don vi, ca nhan) khac nhau co moi
quan he va quan he phu thuoc lSn nhau, dupe chuyen mon hoa va co nhung trach

nhiem quyen han nhat dinh dupe bo tri theo nhung cap, nhung khau khac nhau,

nhSm dam bao thuc hien cac chile nang quan ly va phuc vu muc dfch chung cua he

thong.
BMQL la hinh thilc phan cong nhiem vu trong linh vuc quan ly, cd tac dong

true tiep den qua trinh hoat dong cua he thong. BMQL, mot mat phan anh co cau

trach nhiem cua mdi bo phan, mdi ngudi trong he thong quan ly; mat khac nd tac
dong tich cue tro lai den viec phat trien cua toan he thong quan ly.
He thong bi quan ly la doi tupng ma su tac dong cua BMQL hudng vao nhSm

muc dfch tang them cho nd nhung hinh thilc cu the, chi dao hoat dong cua nd de
dat dupe ket qua dinh trudc. Giua he thong quan ly va he thong bi quan ly cd mdi

quan he qua lai rat chat che. Khdng chi he thong quan ly tac dong den he thong bi
quan ly ma ngupc lai he thong bi quan ly cung cd anh hudng tac dong tro lai den
tfnh chat noi dung, hinh thilc to chile, phuong tac dong cua he thong quan ly.

To chuc BMQL la qua trinh xac dinh cac chile nang, cac bo phan tao thanh

mot BMQL nhSm thuc hien cac chile nang quan ly.
1.1.2.1. Yeu cau doi voi to chile BMQL

Viec xay dung va hoan thien bo may quan ly phai dam bao dupe cac yeu cau sau:

- Tfnh toi uu: Giua cac khau, cac cap quan ly trong he thong (khau quan ly

phan anh each phan chia chile nang quan ly theo chieu ngang; cap quan ly the hien
su phan chia chuc nang quan ly theo chieu doc) ddu thiet lap nhung mdi lien he hop

ly vdi sd lupng cap quan ly ft nhat. Chfnh vi vay, bo may quan ly mang tfnh nang
dong cao, luon di sat va phuc vu muc dfch de ra cua he thong.

7


- Tinh linh hoat: Bo may quan ly duoc xay dung phai co kha nang phan ung
linh hoat vdi bat ky tinh huong nao xay ra trong qua trinh thuc hien nhiem vu, bao

dam sao cho thdi gian til luc ra quyet dinh den luc thuc hien quyet dinh la ngSn nhat.

- Tinh chinh xac: Tinh chinh xac khong chi trong truyen dat thong tin ma chu
yeu trong thuc thi nhiem vu. Bo may phai dam bao tinh chinh xac cua cac thong tin

dupe truyPn di trong cac kenh cua toan he thong nhd do ma duy tri su phoi hop cac
hoat dong cua moi bp phan. Bat ky tinh huong nao xay ra thong tin cung phai dam

bao thong suot, chinh xac, kip thbi.
- Tinh hieu qua cua bp may quan ly: Dieu nay co nghia la: chi phi quan ly it

nhung phai mang lai hieu qua cao nhat. Tieu chuan de xem xet la moi tuong quan
giua chi phi bo ra va ket qua thu lai.

- Tinh bi mat: Doi hoi giir gin dupe noi dung hoat dong ciia mdi phan he va

cua ca he thong, chong su rd ri thong tin hoac phai thudng xuyen theo doi giam sat

nhau trong qua trinh hoat dong.
1.1.2.2. Nhung nhan to anh huong den bp may quan ly

Khi hoan thien bo may quan ly, chSng nhung phai xuat phat tit cac yeu cau da
noi d tren ma diPu quan trong va kho khan nhat la phai quan triet nhung yeu cau do
vao dieu kien, hoan canh, tinh huong cu the nhat dinh. Noi mot each khac la can

tinh den nhung nhan to anh hudng true tiep hoac gian tiep den bo may quan ly. Cd
the quy thanh hai loai nhom nhan to anh hudng den bo may quan ly nhu sau:

* Nhom cac nhan to thuoc doi tupng quan ly:
- Tinh trang va trinh dp phat trien cua doi tupng quan ly
- Tinh chat va dac diem ciia muc tieu ciia he thong (dem lai lpi ich cho ai, gay

kho khan, trd ngai cho ai...)

Nhung nhan to tren dPu anh hudng den noi dung ciia nhung chile nang quan ly
va thong qua do anh hudng true tiep den bp may quan ly
* Nhom nhung nhan to thuoc linh vuc quan ly

- Mire dp chuyen mon hoa va tap trung hoa cac hoat dong quan ly

8


- Trinh do co gidi hoa va tu dong hoa cac hoat dong quan ly, trinh do kien
there tay nghe cua can bo quan ly, hieu suat lao dong va uy tin cua ho...

- Quan he phu thuoc giua so lupng ngudi bi quan ly va kha nang kiem tra cua

ngudi lanh dao doi vdi nhung hoat dong cua cap dudi
- Chinh sach str dung doi ngu can bo trong he thong

- Quan he lqi ich ton tai giua cac ca nhan trong he thong
1.1.2.3 Cac nguyen tac to chu’c bo may quan ly
De dat duoc yeu cau tren, khi xay dung co ca'u bo may quan ly phai tuan theo
cac nguyen tac sau:
* Nguyen tac to chuc bo may quan ly gan vdi phuong hudng, muc dich cua he

thong:
Phuong hudng va muc dich cua mot he thong se chi phoi co cau cua he thong.
Neu mot he thong ma muc tieu, phuong hudng cua nd cd quy mo co ldn (co khu

vuc, ca nude...) thi bo may cua nd cung phai cd quy mo tuong ung, con neu quy mo
co vira va nhd thi co cau cua he thong cung chi nen cd quy mo vira phai va con

ngudi tham gia he thong cung d muc tuong ling. Mot he thong cd muc dich hoat

dong van hoa thi rd rang bo may quan ly cua nd phai cd nhung dac thu khac mot he
thong cd muc dich hoat dong kinh doanh.
* Nguyen tac chuyen mon hoa va can doi:

Nguyen tac nay doi hoi bo may quan ly phai dupe phan cong, phan nhiem cac
phan he trong he thong theo cac nhom chuyen nganh, vdi nhung ngudi dupe dao
luyen tuong ung va cd du quyen han. De thuc hien dupe nguyen tac nay can phai

thuc hien cac yeu cau cu the sau:

- Phai cong bo rd rang nhiem vu, muc tieu cua ca he thong de moi thanh vien
cua he thong nam va hieu phan viec cua minh trong guong may chung cua he thong.

- Co cau to chtrc bo may dupe phan phoi dua theo nhiem vu dupe giao chd

khong phai theo pham vi cong viec. Co cau to chu’c phai dua tren viec phan cong
nhiem vu ro rang, giua nhiem vu, trach nhiem, quyen han; lpi ich phai can xiing va

9


cu the. Tren co sd do de phan biet rd ai, bo phan nao lam tot; ai, bo phan nao lam

chtra tot thi he thong mdi ton tai va phat trien tot.
* Nguyen tdc linh hoat va thfch nghi vdi moi trirdng:

Nguyen tac nay doi hoi viec hinh thanh bo may phai dam bao cho moi phan

he mot mute do tu do sang tao tuong xdng de cac cap quan ly thap hon phat trien
dupe tai nang chuan bi cho viec thay the vi tri cua cac can bp quan ly cap tren khi

can thiet. Noi mot each khac la: cac cap trong bp may phai dupe cho phep that bai

o mot mile dp nao do.
* Nguyen tac hieu lire va hieu qua
Nguyen tac nay doi hoi co cau to chuc quan ly phai thu dupe ket qua hoat
dong cao nhat so vdi chi phi ma he thong da bo ra, dong thdi bao dam hieu luc hoat

dong cua cac phan he va tac dong dieu khien cua ngudi lanh dao.
De dam bao nguyen tac nay can tuan thu cac yeu cau sau:

- Co cau to chuc quan ly phai la co cau hop ly nhat, bao dam chi phi cho cac

hoat dong la nhd nhat ma ket qua chung thu dupe cua he thong la ldn nhat trong
kha nang cd the (tdc la dam bao dupe tmh hieu qua cua he thong).
- Co cau to chtrc quan ly phai tao dupe moi trudng van hoa xung quanh nhiem
vu cua cac phan he, lam cho mdi phan he hieu rd vi tri, gia tri cua cac hoat dong

ma minh tham du la nham tao loi the, tao thuan loi cho cac phan he cd lien quan
true tiep vdi minh. Can bp quan ly cap phan he phai cd luong tam, trach nhiem,

phai cd y thde hop tac, lam tot nhiem vu cua minh, tranh gay kho khan va trd ngai

cho cac phan he khac va cho ca he thong; td do hinh thanh cac hanh vi xu str hop
ly, tfch cue giua cac phan he trong he thong.

- Co cau to chdc phai dam bao cho can bp quan ly cac phan he cd quy mo hop
ly, tuong dng vdi kha nang kiem soat, diPu hanh cua ho. Neu trinh do cua mot can
bp quan ly chi cd the dieu hanh 10 ngudi ma cap tren lai giao cho ho phai quan ly

100 ngudi la dieu bat cap.
Trong thuc te rat kho cd the xay dung dupe mot bp may quan ly dat dupe tat
ca cac yeu cau tren va thoa man moi nguyen tac da neu ra. Tuy nhien, nhung yeu

10


cau va nguyen tac do vin la can thiet vi no la kim chi nam cho viec xay dung va
hoan thien bo may quan ly.

1.1.2.4 Cac kieu co cau to chuc bo may quan ly
De xay dung va hoan thien mot he thong to chuc bo may quan ly phu hop vdi

doi tuong quan ly va nhiem vu dupc giao dieu tru’dc tien la phai chon duoc kieu co
cau to chuc bo may quan ly thfch hop. Trong dieu kien thuc tidn quan ly da xuat

hien nhieu co cau to chuc quan ly khac nhau. Mdi kieu co cau to chuc quan ly co
nhung uu, nhuoc diem khac nhau va duoc ap dung thfch hop trong nhung dieu kien
cu the nhat dinh. Co cac kieu co cau to chUc quan ly sau:

* Kieu ca cau to chuc theo true tuyen [24]
Day la co cau to chu’c don gian nhat trong do co mot cap tren va mot so cap
dudi. Toan bo cac van de quan ly duoc giai quyet theo mot kenh lien he dudng thing

So do so 1: Co cau to chuc bo may quan ly theo truc tuyen

chu’c nang quan ly, hoan toan chiu trach nhiem ve he thong do minh phu trach. Cac
moi lien he giua cac thanh vien trong to chu’c duoc thuc hien theo dudng thing,

ngudi thha hanh menh lenh chi nhan menh lenh qua mot ngudi phu trach va chi thi

hanh menh lenh cua ngudi phu trach do ma thoi. Co cau nay tao dieu kien thuan loi

11


cho viec thuc hien che do thu trudng, ngudi lanh dao phai chiu hoan toan trach
nhiem ve ket qua cong viec cua ngudi dudi quyen.

Kho khan cua co cau nay la doi hoi ngudi lanh dao phai co kien thuc toan
dien, tong hop; han che viec su dung cac chuyen gia co trinh do cao ve tung mat
quan ly. Khi phoi hop cong viec giua cac ca nhan ngang quyen thuoc cac tuyen
khac nhau thi phai bao cao, thinh thi cap tren. Cac thong tin phai di dudng vong
theo kenh lien he da duoc quy dinh. Kieu co cau nay chi ap dung cho cac don vi co

quy mo nho, viec quan ly khong qua phuc tap.

* Kieu cff cau to chuc quan ly theo chuc nang [24]
So do so 2: Co cau to chuc bo may quan ly theo chu’c nang

NGlTdl LANH DAO

1r

5T

NGUOl LD CHU’C NANG A

NGUOl LD CHU’C NANG B

1
DOI TUONG QUAN LY 1

1r
NGUOl LD CHU’C NANG C

r
DOI TUONG QUAN LY 2

DOI TUONG QUAN LY 3

Theo kieu co cau to chuc quan ly nay thi nhiem vu quan ly duoc phan chia

cho cac don vi rieng biet theo cac chu’c nang quan ly va hinh thanh nen nhung
ngudi lanh dao duoc chuyen mon hoa chi dam nhan thuc hien mot chu’c nang nhat

dinh. Moi lien he giua cac nhan vien trong to chu’c rat phuc tap va phai chiu su lanh
dao cua nhieu thu trudng.

Hu diem cua co cau nay la thu hut duoc cac chuyen gia vao cong tac lanh dao,

giai quyet cac van de chuyen mon mot cach thanh thao hon, dong thdi giam bdt
ganh nang quan ly cho ngudi lanh dao.

12

Nhuoc diem cua kieu co cau nay la ngudi lanh dao to chu’c kho phoi hup cac
hoat dong cua ngudi lanh dao chuc nang. Do'i tuong quan ly phai chiu su lanh dao

cua nhieu thu trudng khac nhau, do do kieu co cau nay lam yeu che do thu trudng.
* Kieu ca cau to chftc quan ly truc tuyen - chuc nang [24]

So do so 3: Co cau to chu’c bo may quan ly theo truc tuyen - chu’c nang

Kieu co cau nay la su ket hop ca hai co cau quan ly theo truc tuyen va co cau

quan ly theo chuc nang. Theo co cau nay, ngudi lanh dao to chu’c duoc su giup suc
cua cac lanh dao chu’c nang de chuan bi ra quyet dinh, hudng dan va kiem tra viec
thuc hien quyet dinh. Ngudi lanh dao to chu’c van chiu trach nhiem ve moi mat

cong tac va toan quyen quyet dinh trong pham vi to chu’c cua minh. Moi lien he
13


gitia cap dudi va ngudi lanh dao chi la mot dudng thing duy nhat, con nhung bo
phan chiic nang chi lam nhiem vu chuan bi nhung ldi chi din, nhung ldi khuyen va

kiem tra su hoat dong cua cac can bo true tuyen.
U'u diem cua kieu co cau nay la da lpi dung dupe uu diem cua ca hai kieu co cau
true tuyen va chuc nang. Tuy nhien, no co nhupc diem la ngudi lanh dao to chuc phai
giai quyet thu'dng xuyen mdi quan he giua bp phan true tuyen vdi bp phan chuc nang.

* Kieu co cau to chuc quart ly theo true tuyen tham mitu
So do sd 4: Co cau to chuc bo may quan ly theo true tuyen - tham mtru

Thuc chat cua kieu co cau to chtrc nay la kieu co cau to chuc theo true tuyen

mo rong. Dac diem co ban cua kieu co cau nay la vin duy tri lanh dao theo true

tuyen. Ngudi lanh dao ra menh lenh va chiu hoan toan trach nhiem doi vdi ngudi
thira hanh true tiep cua minh. Khi gap van de phiic tap ngudi lanh dao can phai

14


tham khao y kien cua cac chuyen gia, cho nen can co nhung bo phan chuc nang

rieng de thuc hien vai tro tham muu.
U'u diem cua kieu co cau nay la ngudi lanh dao lpi dung dupe tai nang chuyen

mon cua mot so chuyen gia, co the tiep can thudng xuyen vdi ho, khong can hinh
thanh mot co cau to chuc phuc tap vdi cac bp mon thuc hien cac chuc nang quan ly.

Nhupc diem cua nd la khong thich hop vdi cac don vi, cac to chu’c ma khoi
lupng cong tac quan ly ldn, doi hoi su phan cong ty my va chuyen mon hoa cao

trong lao dong quan ly. Nd doi hoi ngudi lanh dao phai tim kiem dupe cac loai

chuyen gia sao cho dong bo de dua ra cac quyet dinh hop ly.
* Ca cau to chile chinh thitc va khdng chinh thuc [24]

Co cau to chu’c chinh there: Co cau nay gSn lien vdi vai tro nhiem vu trong mot
he thong dupe to chu’c mot each chinh thuc.

Co cau khong chinh there la toan bo nhung cuoc tiep xue, khai thac ca nhan,

cac nhom nSm ngoai pham vi co cau chinh thuc cua he thong. Co cau khong chinh

there cd vai tro to ldn trong thuc tiPn quan ly. Nd khong dinh hinh, hay thay doi va
luon ton tai song song vdi co cau chinh there. Nd tac dong nhat dinh va doi khi rat

dang ke den hoat dong cua he thong. Su ton tai cua co cau to chu’c khdng chinh

thuc la mot tat yeu khach quan, bdi vi:
- Ca nhan nhung ngudi lanh dao cd nhieu moi quan he khac nhau. Ho khong
chi la nhung ngudi thuc hien nghiem tuc, mln can cac nghTa vu cua minh do quy

che cua he thong, do chu’c danh tieu chuan cong chu’c quy dinh ma ho con cd

nhung nhu cau tuy khong lien quan den cong viec nhung lai cd lien quan anh
hudng den thai do doi vdi ban than ho ter phia nhung ngudi lanh dao cao hon, cua
dong cap va cap dudi. Do do, ho phai cd nhung tiep xue, trao doi de tao ra nhung

moi quan he ve mat ca nhan giu’a ho va nhung ngudi khac.

- Viec thuc hien cong viec neii chi theo cac thu tuc, cac quy dinh chinh thuc se

gap khong ft kho khan. Bdi vi, co cau to chu’c chinh thuc khong phai luc nao cung
15


co the cho biet nhung thong tin can thiet trong cac thu tuc da quy dinh. Trong
nhung trudng hop nhu vay, can co str hd trp cua cac cuoc tiep xuc ca nhan, lam

quen vdi cac can bo lanh dao va ca nhan cua he thong to chu’c khac. Thong qua do,
co cau khdng chinh thiic se bo sung cho co cau chinh thuc, gop phan lam cu the

hoa them nhung menh lenh con qua chung chung.
Co cau khong chinh thuc la mot trong nhung yeu to doi hoi ngudi lanh dao he
thong phai co mot nghe thuat dac biet. Ngudi lanh dao can nghien ciru thudng

xuyen co cau khong chinh thuc, thuc day su phat trien cua nhung xu hudng hd tro

de dat dupe muc dich cua to chu’c.

Cac kieu co cau to chuc quan ly tren day, mdi kieu deu cd nhung uu nhuoc diem
rieng. Viec lua chon kieu co cau nao phai xuat phat til nhiem vu cua to chu’c, dac

diem doi tuong quan ly cua to chu’c ay sao cho kieu co cau do phu hop phat huy het
nhung uu diem dong thdi han che den muc thap nhat cac khuyet tat von cd cua nd.
1.1.2.5 Cac phuong phap hinh thanh co cau to chu’c quan ly

Qua ly luan va thuc tidn hoan thien co cau to chu’c quan ly, den nay da cd

nhung quan niem hinh thanh co cau to chu’c quan ly nhu sau:
Quan niem thu nhat: Viec hinh thanh co cau to chu’c quan ly bao gid cung bat
dau tir viec xac dinh muc tieu va phuong hudng phat trien. Tren co sd nay tien hanh

tap hop cu the cac yeu to cua co cau to chu’c va xac lap mdi quan he qua lai giua
cac yeu to do. Day la quan niem theo phuong phap didn giai tir tong hop den chi

tiet. Quan niem nay dupe u’ng dung de hoan thien nhung co cau to chirc quan ly

hien dang hoat dong.
Quan niem thir hai: Viec hinh thanh co cau to chu’c quan ly trudc het dupe bat

dau tir viec mo ta chi tiet hoat dong cua cac doi tuong quan ly va xac lap tat ca cac
mdi lien he thong tin roi sau do mdi hinh thanh co cau to chuc quan ly. Quan niem

nay di theo hudng quy nap tir chi tiet den tong hop va dupe ung dung trong trudng
hop hinh thanh co cau to chu’c quan ly mdi.

Quan niem thii ba: Hinh thanh co cau quan ly theo phuong phap hdn hop,
nghia la cd su ket hop mot each hop ly giua quan niem thu: nhat va quan niem thir

hai. Trudc het phai dua ra nhung ket luan cd tfnh nguyen tic nhdm hoan thien hoac

16


hinh thanh ca cau to chtrc quan ly sau do mcfi to chuc cong viec nghien cun chi tiet

cac bo phan cua co cau ay, dong thdi xac lap cac kenh thong tin can thiet. Nhu vay,

toan bo cong viec nghien curu chi tiet la nham lam sang to, cu the hoa nhung ket
luan da dupe khang dinh. Quan niem nay chi dat dupe hieu qua cao khi viec hoan

thien co cau quan ly da co su quan tam thudng xuyen, co su tong ket, danh gia
nghiem tuc cua ngudi lanh dao he thong.

De hinh thanh co cau to chiic quan ly, ngudi ta thudng dua vao hai phuong

phap chu yeu sau:
* Phucfng phap tuong ty:

Day la phuong phap hinh thanh co cau to chiic quan ly mdi dtra vao viec ke

thira nhung kinh nghiem, thanh cong va gat bo nhung yeu to' bat hpp ly cua co cau
to chtrc cd s§n. Nhung co cau to chtrc cd trudc nay cd nhung yeu to' tuong tu vdi co

cau to chuc s&p hinh thanh. De hinh thanh co cau to chtrc quan ly mdi cd the dua

vao mot co cau to ch lie mSu nhung cd tinh den dieu kien cu the cua don vi mdi nhu
so sanh ve nhiem vu, chuc nang, ve doi tupng quan ly, ve dieu kien co sd vat chat...

de xac dinh co cau to chtrc quan ly thich hpp. Co sd phuong phap luan de xac dinh
co cau to chtrc theo phuong phap tuong tu la sir phan loai doi tupng quan ly can cu

vao nhirng tieu there nhat dinh. Chang han: tinh dong nhat ve ket qua cud'i cung cua
hoat dong quan ly; tinh dong nhat v£ cac chtrc nang quan ly dupe thuc hien; tinh
gan nhau ve lanh tho (dieu kien ket cau ha tang gio'ng nhau); dac diem nganh kinh
te - ky thuat v.v... Uu diem cua phuong phap nay la qua trinh hinh thanh co cau

nhanh, chi phi de thiet ke co cau nhd, ke thira cd phan tich nhung kinh nghiem quy
bau cua qua khir. Tuy nhien, su sao chep may moc kinh nghiem thuc te, thieu sir

phan tich nhung dieu kien cu the cua don vi mdi khi xay dung co cau to chifc quan
ly mdi la khuynh hudng can phai ngan ngira. Day la phuong phap da dupe ap dung

pho bien d nhieu noi, nhieu nude.
* Phuong phap phan tich:
Theo phuong phap nay, viec hoan thien co cau to chiic quan ly hien tai dupe

bat dau bang each nghien cuu ky luong co cau to chtrc hien tai, tien hanh danh gia

nhung hoat dong cua nd theo nhung tieu thtrc nhat dinh. Can phan tich cac chuc
17

nang cua tung bo phan, cac quan he phu thuoc cua cac bo phan. Ket qua cua phan
tich la nhung nhan xet danh gia mat hop ly va chua hop ly cua co cau hien hanh.

Tren co so do du thao co cau to chu’c mdi. Sau do la bo sung, thay doi can bo, xay
dung cac dieu le, noi quy, quy che hoat dong cho tung bo phan va cho can bo lanh

dao, cac chuyen vien, cac nhan vien thUa hanh chu chot.

Vu diem cua phuong phap nay la phan tich duoc nhung dieu kien thuc te cua
co cau, danh gia duoc cac mat hop ly va chua hop ly, tu do co hudng de hoan thien

co cau to chUc mdi co hieu qua. Tuy nhien, ap dung phuong phap nay se ton nhieu

thdi gian va chi phi de thiet ke co cau to chu’c mdi.

1.2. KHAI NIEM, NOI DUNG VIE QUYEN Sd HUU CONG NGHIEP VA
A.
BAO HO QUYEN SO HUU CONG NGHIEP.
7

/v

7,

~.

/k

1.2.1. KHAI NIEM VE QUYEN SHCN VA BAO HO QUYEN SHCN:

Thuat ngu “Sd huu cong nghiep” doi khi bi hieu nham la so huu dong san hay

bat dong san duoc su dung trong san xuat cong nghiep nhu nha xudng, may moc,

thiet bi san xuat. SHCN khac vdi so huu tri tue d chd: SHCN la mot loai hinh cua
so huu tri tue, khi chung ta noi den sd huu tri tue co nghia la noi den SHCN va ban
quyen tac gia. SHCN lien quan den nhung thanh qua sang tao cua tri tue con ngudi,

dac biet la sang che, giai phap huu ich va kieu dang cong nghiep. Theo chung toi,

sang che va giai phap huu ich la nhung giai phap cho nhung nhiem vu ky thuat va
kieu dang cong nghiep la nhung sang tao mang tinh tham my nham tao ra hinh

dang ben ngoai cua cac san pham cong nghiep. Ngoai ra SHCN con bao gom cac
doi tuong nhu nhan hieu hang hoa, nhan hieu dich vu, ten thuong mai, bi mat kinh
doanh, chi din dia ly, ten goi xuat xu hang hoa va viec bao ho quyen chong canh

tranh khong lanh manh lien quan tdi SHCN.
Theo dieu 780 Bo luat dan su nam 1995 [20], ‘"Quyen SHCN la quyen sd huu

cua ca nhan, phap nhan doi vdi sang che, giai phap huu l'ch, kieu dang cong nghiep,
nhan hieu hang hoa, quyen sd dung doi vdi ten goi xuat xd hang hoa va quyen sd
huu doi vdi cac doi twpng khac do phap luat quy dinh

18