Thúc đẩy xuất khẩu hàng dệt may việt nam sang thị trường hoa kỳ sau khi gia nhập wto

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TRUONG DAI HOC KINH TE QUOC DAN
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Vu Quang Huy

THUG BAY XUAT KHAU HANG DET MAY VIET NAM
SANG THI TRVdNG HOA KY SAU KHI GIA NHAP WTO

Chuyen nganh: Kinh te doi ngoai

DAJ HOC KTQD

LU AN VAN TH few.
THONbHN THU VIEN

NGLTCJI HlfCJNG dAn KHOA HOC : GS.TS. DO DtfC BINH

Ha Ndi, Nam 2007
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MUC LUC

PHAN MO DAU........................................................................................................ 1
CHUONG 1: MOT SO LY LU AN VE XUAT KHAU HANG DET MAY........ 6
1.1 Cac hinh thuc, nhan to anh hudng va nhung bien phap chu yeu thuc day xuat

khau.................................................................................................................................. 6
1.1.1 Khai niem va cac hinh tlurc xuat khau........................................................... 6
1.1.2 Cac nhan td anh hudng den xuat khau........................................................ 11

1.1.3 Cac chinh sach va bien phap thuc day xuat khau.......................................19

1.2 Dac diem thi trudng hang det may va vai trd cua xuat khau hang det may doi
vdi cac nude dang phat trien....................................................................................... 24
1.2.1 Dac diem thi trubng det may......................................................................... 24
1.2.2 Vai trd cua xuat khau hang det may............................................................ 25

1.2.3 Tac dong cua viec xoa bo han ngach nhap khau det may doi vdi cac nude

dang phat trien xuat khau hang det may................................................................ 26

1.3 Kinh nghiem thuc day xuat khau det may cua mot so quoc gia sau khi xoa bo
han ngach...................................................................................................................... 27

1.3.1 Kinh nghiem thuc day xuat khau det may sau khi hoi nhap WTO......... 28

1.3.2 Bai hoc rut ra doi vdi xuat khau det may Viet Nam................................. 33

CHUONG 2: THLfC
XUAT KHAU HANG DET

• TRANG
•
• MAY VIET
• NAM

SANG THI TRUONG HOA KY.......................................................................... 35
2.1 Thi trudng det may Hoa Ky va Chinh sach nhap khau hang det may........... 35
2.1.1 Khai quat ve thi trudng det may Hoa Ky................................................... 35
2.1.2 Phap luat Hoa Ky trong moi lien he vdi BTA va hoi nhap WTO cua Viet

Nam ............................................................................................................................ 41
2.1.3 Chinh sach nhap khau hang det may cua Chinh phu Hoa Ky.................. 45
2.2 Thuc trang xuat khau hang det may Viet Nam vao thi trudng Hoa Ky........ 51
2.2.1 Thuc trang xuat khau det may vao Hoa Ky trudc khi Viet Nam gia nhap

WTO...........................................................................................................................51


2.2.2 Thuc trang xuat khau detmay sangHoaKy tu khi Viet Nam chinh thuc

hoi nhap WTO...........................................................................................................66
2.3 Ching sach thhcdauxuat khaudetmaycha Viet Nana trudcchna kht hhinghp

WhO.............................................................................................................................. 74
2.3.1 Nhung bien phCp Viet Nnm da thcc hien de thcc dUy uuut hhUu hang det

may............................................................................................................................74

2.3.2 DCnh giC tCc dong can cCc bien phCp thCc dUy uuUt hhUu det mny Viet
Nnm da thcc hien..................................................................................................... 78

2.3.3 ho che giCm aCt det mny tuang cnm het sang phuong Viet Nnm - Oan Ky

83

CHUONG 3: GIAI PHAP NHAM THUC HAY XUAT KHAU HANG DET
MAY SANG THI TRUONG HOA KY SAU KHI VIET NAM GIA NHAP

WhO................................................................................................................ 87

3.1 Qunn diem, muc tieu phCt tuien nganh det mny Viet Nnm...........................877

3.1.1 Qunn diem phCt tuien nganh det mny.................................................. 87
3.1.2 Chien luoc uuut hhUu hang det mny Viet Nnm den nam 2020 .............. 91

3.1.3 Muc tieu phCt tuien hgahh det mny 2010 - 2020................................... 91
3.2 Nhung bien phCp thCc dUy uuut hhUu hang det mny can Viet Nnm snng Oan

Ky snu hhi nin nhap WhO.............................................................................. 92
3.2.1 Nhom giai phCp ve co cht, chmh sCch can Nha nucc........................... 92
3.2.2 Nhom giai phCp doi vci dannh nghiep uuut hhUu det mny vaa thi tuudng

Oan Ky..................................................................................................... 98
3.2.3 Nhung thny doi tuucc mat phu hop vci co cht giCm sCt det mny can Oan

Ky........................................................................................................... 104

3.3 Dieu hien dam baa thcchien....................................................................106
3.3.1 Ve phi'n nha nude..............................................................................106

3.3.2 Ve phin Oiep hoi va daygh nghiep uuUt hhUu det may....................... 108

KEh LUAN.................................................................................................... 109


DANH MUC CAC CHU’ VIET TAT

AD

Anti-dumping Duty

Thue chong pha gia

ATC

Agreement on Textiles and

Hiep dinh ve hang Det va May

Clothing
BTA

Bilateral Trade Agreement

Hiep dinh thuong mai song
phuong

CAT

Category

c/o

Certificate of Origin

Giay chung nhan xuat su

CITA

Committee for the Implementation

Uy ban phu trach thuc hien Hiep

of Textile Agreement

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E/C

Export of Certificate

dinh det may
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Giay chung nhan xuat khau

E/L

Export Licience

Giay phep xuat khau

GATT

General Agreement of Trade and

Hiep dinh chung ve Thue quan

Tariffs

va Thuong mai

Generalized System of Preference

He thong uu dai thue quan pho

GSP

cap
HS

Harmonized System

He thong hai hoa ve ma va mieu
ta hang hoa

MFA

Multi Fiber Agreement

Hiep dinh da sod

MFN

Most Favoured Nation

Che do, quy che toi hue quoc

MFT

Most Favoured Treatment

Doi xu toi hue quoc

NT

National Treatment

Dai ngo, doi xu quoc gia

PNTR

Permanent Normal Trade

Quy che Quan he Thuong mai

Relations

Binh thuong Vinh vien

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Tieu chuan ve trach nhiem xa

SA 8000

Social Accountability

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WTO

World Trade Organization

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To chuc Thuong mai the gidi


DANH MUC CAC BANG

Bang 2.1: Kim ngach xuat khau det may cua Viet Nam sang Hoa Ky giai doan 1994

- 2001 ................................................................................................................................. 52

Bang 2.2: Ty trong xuat khau hang det may sang thi truong Hoa Ky trong tong gia
tri kim ngach xuat khau det may Viet Nam:................................................................. 55

Bang 2.3: Co cau xuat khau hang det may Viet Nam sang Hoa Ky.......................... 56
Bang 2.4: Co cau mat hang det may xuat khau Viet Nam sang thi truong Hoa Ky
nam 1999........................................................................................................................... 57

Bang 2.5: Kim ngach xuat khau hang det may Viet Nam sang thi truong Hoa Ky

giai doan 2001 - 2006...................................................................................................... 59
Bang 2.6: Tinh hinh xuat khau det may sang My tinh den 14/11/2003 .................... 61
Bang 2.7: Kim ngach xuat khau hang det may sang Hoa Ky..................................... 70
6 thang dau nam 2007...................................................................................................... 70

Bang 2.8: So sanh so luong xuat khau cac Cat 38/339, 341/641, 638/639, 647/64872

Bang 2.9: Tinh hinh thuc hien co che chinh sach hd tro trong.................................. 79
chien luge phat trien nganh may theo quyet dinh 55/2001/QD-TTg....................... 79


TRUONG DAI HOC KINH TE QUOC DAN
* * *

Vu Quang Huy

THUC DAY XUAT KHAU HANG DET MAY VIET NAM

SANG THI TRUING HOA KY SAU KHI GIA NHAP WTO

Chuyen nganh: Kinh te doi ngoai

TOM TAT LU AN VAN THAC S!

Ha Noi, Nam 2007


CHUONG 1: MOT
• SO LY LUAN
• VE XUAT KHAU HANG DET
• MAY
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1.1 Cac hinh thuc, nhan to anh hudng va nhung bien phap chu yeu thuc

day xuat khau
1.1.1 Khai niem va cac hinh thuc xuat khau

Xuat va nhap khau hang hoa va dich vu la su trao doi hang hoa va dich
vu giua cac quoc gia, thong qua mua ban, lay tien te lam moi gidi, tuan theo
nguyen tac trao doi ngang gia nham dua lai lqi ich cho cac ben.

Xuat khau xuat khau hang hoa dich vu noi chung va hang det may noi

rieng co nhieu hinh thuc nhu: Xuat khau true tiep, giao dich qua trung gian,
buon ban doi luu; giao dich tai hoi trq trien lam, gia cong; tai xuat khau...
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Moi hinh thuc xuat khau deu co nhung uu - nhupc diem nhat dinh, vi vay
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moi quoc gia, doanh nghiep can xac dinh rd va lua chon hinh thuc xuat khau

phu hop vdi dieu kien, lqi the cua minh trong moi giai doan, thdi ky.
1.1.2 Cac nhan to anh huong den xuat khau

Xuat khau hang hoa noi chung va hang det may noi rieng chiu sir tac
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dong cua rat nhieu nhan to, cd the chia lam cac nhan to ben trong va ben

ngoai.
Cac nhan to ben trong bao gom: Che do chinh sach va luat phap, dieu

kien tu nhien, van hoa xa hoi, khoa hoc cong nghe, chinh tri, canh tranh va
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quan he kinh te giua cac quoc gia...
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Ngay nay, trong xu hudng toan cau hoa, xuat khau hang det may con
chiu su tac dong cua cac hiep dinh nhu: Hiep dinh det may; Hiep dinh chong
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ban pha gia va Qui dinh cua WTO ve trq cap... day duqc coi nhu nhung yeu
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to ben ngoai.

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1.1.3 Cac chinh sach va bien phap thuc day xuat khau

Cac quoc gia co the thuc day xuat khau thong qua qua cac bien phap

khuyen khich san xuat hang xuat khau bang each xay dung nen kinh te theo

mo hinh cong nghiep hoa hudng ve xuat khau, khuyen khich ung dung khoa
hoc va cong nghe vao san xuat xuat khau... Ngoai ra, Chinh phu co the thuc

hien cac bien phap khuyen khich ve tai chinh de thuc day xuat khau nhu trq
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cap xuat khau, tin dung xuat khau, chinh sach ty gia hoi doai thuc day xuat
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khau, cac chinh sach ve thue quan va quan cao xuat khau...

1.2 Dae diem thi truong hang det may va Vai tro ciia xuat khau hang det

may doi vol cac nude dang phat trien
1.2.1 Dac diem thi truong det may

Cong nghiep det may lien quan chat che tdi str phat trien cua cac nganh

cong nghiep khac, ngoai nhung dac diem chung nhu nhung hang hoa thong
thudng, thi truong hang det may edn co nhung dac diem rieng nhu: san pham

phong phu, da dang phu thuoc vao thi hieu van hoa, phong tuc tap quan, ton
giao, dia ly, khi hau, gidi tinh, tudi tac, thu nhap ngudi tieu dung... ngoai ra,

nd mang tinh thdi trang cao nen phai thudng xuyen thay doi mau ma, kieu
dang, mau sac, chat lieu...

1.2.2 Vai tro cua xuat khau hang det may
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Det may thudng duuc gan vdi giai doan phat trien ban dau cua nen kinh
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te va dong vai tro chu dao trong qua trinh cong nghiep hoa hien dai hoa. Xuat

khau hang det may la nganh khong doi hoi von ldn va cong nghe cao nhung
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ty le lai cao, cd kha nang tao nhieu viec lam cho ngudi lao dong, tang nguon
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thu ngoai te de tich luy, phat trien cac nganh cong nghiep khac, gop phan
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chuyen dich co cau kinh te tu nong nghiep sang cong nghiep...

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1.2.3 Tac dong cua viec xoa bo han ngach nhap khau det may doi

voi cac nuhc dang ptat trien xuat ktau tang det may
Viec xoa bo su phan biet doi xu qua che do han ngach xuat nhap khau

va xoa bo quyen ap dat han ngach cua cac nuoc phat trien da tac dong rat lon
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den cac quoc gia dang phat trien xuat khau det may.

Tac dong tich cuc phai ke den la giup cac nuoc dang phat trien mb rong

thi trubng sang cac nuoc phat trien. Ngoai ra, no lam tang nhu cau nhap khau

hang det may b cac nuoc nhap khau noi rieng va tang cau tieu dung hang det
may tren toan the giOi.

Ben canh nhung tac dong tich cuc, nhung tac dong tieu cuc doi vOi cac

nuOc dang phat trien la: kich thich su phat trien mat trai cua canh tranh, phan
bo cat giam han ngach khong deu, tinh trang that nghiep b cac nuoc phat trien

se gay suc ep len nguoi lao dong b cac nuoc dang phat trien...
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1.3 Kint ngtiem thuc day xuat ktau det may cua mat so quoc gia sau kti

xha bn tan ngcct va bai toc rut ra doi vhi det may Viet Nam
Det may Viet Nam da buoc sang buoc ngoat lich su duqc xoa bO han

ngach va co quyen binh dang nhu nhung thanh vien WTO khac, tuy nhien det
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may Viet Nam cung phai doi mat voi nhung tac dong tieu cuc tat yeu tu viec
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xoa bO han ngach. Kinh nghiem tu chinh nhung doi thu canh tranh khong lo
nhu Trung Quoc, An Do, Banglades sau khi WTO db bO he thong quota det

may nam 2005 de lai cho det may Viet Nam nhung bai hoc trong viec phat
trien va thuc day xuat khau det may.

KET LUAN CHVONG 1
Chucmg 1 di sau vao phan tich va lam ro nhung van de ly luan va thuc
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tien ve xuat khau hang hoa va dich vu nbi chung va hang det may noi rieng.

Viec tham khao kinh nghiem thuc tien b mot so quoc gia sau khi xoa bO han
ngach da mang lai cho det may Viet Nam nhung bai hoc quy gia.


CHtfONG 2: THUC TRANG XUAT KHAU HANG DET MAY
•

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VIET NAM SANG THI TRU’O’NG HOA KY
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2.1 Thi trudng det may Hoa Ky va nhung chinh sach thinong mai doi vdi

hang det may cua Viet Nam
2.1.1 Khai quat ve thi trudng det may Hoa Ky
Cung vdi thi trudng khoi EU va Nhat Ban, Hoa Ky la mot trong ba thi

trudng tieu thu hang det may ldn nhat the gidi. Thi trudng Hoa Ky hoi tu kha
day du nhung tieu chuan hap dan doi vdi thi trudng det may nhu: dan so
dong, thu nhap quoc dan cao, xu hudng thdi trang phat trien manh, ti le dan so
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song d thanh thi cao... Su da dang ve sac toc, ton giao da tao nen moi trudng
van hoa va phong tuc tap quan cua Hoa Ky rat phong phu, thi hieu, nhu cau

hang hoa da dang tuy theo thu nhap va co cau cua cu dan d tung dia
phuong... nhung yeu to nay hinh thanh nen nhieu xu hudng tieu dung khac

nhau va phan hoa nhu cau thanh nhung phan doan thi trudng dac trung.
Hoa Ky la nha nhap khau va thi trudng tieu thu hang det may ldn nhat

the gidi ca ve mat gia tri hang hoa va so luong, vdi tong kim ngach nhap khau

udc tinh trong giai doan 2002 - 2005 khoang 70 ty USD / nam. Tuy nhien,

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day la thi trudng co tinh canh tranh rat quyet liet bdi co che tu do canh tranh,
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hang det may duoc nhap khau tu khoang 170 quoc gia tren the gidi.
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Hoa Ky la mot trong nhung quoc gia co he thong phap luat va tu phap

phat trien, tinh vi va phuc tap nhat the gidi ma he qua cua no la hau nhu
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khong the lam an lau dai vdi cac doi tac Hoa Ky ma khong biet duoc nhung

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van de hay “rui ro” phap ly lien quan, nhat la khi tinh den thong le su dung
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tda an de giai quyet bat ky van de bat dong nao ma cac ben khong tu giai
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quyet duoc vdi nhau.


Phap luat thuong mai Hoa Ky phu hop voi cac quy dinh hien hanh cua

WTO, pham vi dieu chinh ve noi dung cua phap luat Hoa Ky rong hon rat
nhieu so voi cac quy dinh cua GATT / WTO voi cac quy dinh ro rang, cu the

ve MNS va GSP; Luat chong ban pha gia; Phap luat ve tro cap va thue doi
khang; Cac bien phap to ve chong lai thiet hai to viec tang nhap khau; Cac

dieu khoan 301 va moi lien he cua no voi GATT/WTO...
Cho toi truoc 1/1/2005 Hoa Ky co toi 46 Hiep dinh khac nhau ve hang

det may theo ATC dieu tiet nhap khau thong qua viec troc tiep khong che

luong hang det va may mac ma cac doi tac thuong mai cua Hoa Ky co the
xuat vao thi truong nay hang nam. Sau thoi diem 1/1/2005, chi con la cac dieu

khoan lien quan toi hang det may trong cac FTA song phuong va khu voc,
hay mot so “sang kien thuong mai” ma Hoa Ky ky voi cac doi tac. Cac thoa
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thuan va hiep dinh nay cho phep hang det va may mac cua cac nuoc khac tiep

can thi truong Hoa Ky voi nhung uu dai neu thoa man cac dieu kien nhat

dinh. Chinh sach nhap khau hang det may Hoa Ky quy dinh ro trong cac
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chinh sach Thue quan, quy dinh ve quota va visa, c/o, cac tieu chuan ve

Trach nhiem xa hoi...
2.2 Thuc trang xuat khau hang det may Viet Nam vao thi truong Hoa Ky
Hang det may Viet Nam xuat khau sang thi truong Hoa Ky co the hien

qua hai giai doan la truoc va sau khi Viet Nam gia nhap WTO
2.2.1 Thuc trang xunt khau det: may vao Hoa Ky truoc khi Viet
Nam gia nhap WTO

Sau khi Hoa Ky quyet dinh huy bo cam van voi Viet Nam (3/2/1994),

mac du hang det may Viet Nam chua duoc hudng MFN va GSP nhung voi
nhung uu the ve gia re, chat luong duoc danh gia la kha cao, thoi gian giao

hang tot... hang det may Viet Nam da tung buoc tham nhap thi truong Hoa
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Ky. Tuy con rat nhieu trd ngai tren con duong tham nhap vao thi truong Hoa


Ky nhung kim ngach xuat khau hang det may cua Viet Nam vao Hoa Ky da
lien tuc tang trudng voi toc do kha cao. Mac du anh hudng cua cuoc khung

hoang tai chinh tien te nam 1997, nhieu thi trudng nhap khau hang det may

han ngach cung nhu phi han ngach cua Viet Nam bi giam sut, thi trudng Hoa
Ky xem ra van la thi trudng kha on dinh tuy toc do tang trudng cung co giam
sut hon so voi nhung nam truoc.
Trong giai doan nay, kho khan lon nhat cho cac san pham det may Viet

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Nam khi xuat sang thi trudng Hoa Ky la chiu lai suat qua cao do Viet Nam

chua dupc hudng MFN. Muc thue suat qua cao nay chinh la rao can truc tiep
ngan khong cho hang det may Viet Nam tham nhap vao thi trudng Hoa Ky,

do vay, Viet Nam moi chi xuat sang Hoa Ky mot so mat hang chinh co muc
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chenh lech ve thue suat khong lon lam (co the canh tranh dupc).
Cuoi nam 2001, BTA dupc ky ket, ngay lap tuc xuat hien hien tupng

“bung phat” xuat khau hang hoa Viet Nam sang thi trudng Hoa Ky do Hoa
Ky trao MFN va NTR cho Viet Nam, qua do giam dang ke muc thue suat
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trung binh ma Hoa Ky ap dung doi voi hang hoa nhap khau tu Viet Nam. Tuy
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nhien, su tang trudng xuat khau nay da cham dut vao nam 2003 voi viec thuc

hien Hiep dinh Det may Viet Nam - Hoa Ky cung gioi han cua Hiep dinh nay
doi voi su tang trudng xuat khau hang det may.
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Nhung nam sau do, xuat khau det may Viet Nam gap khong it kho khan

do viec cat giam han ngach nhap khau tu phia Hoa Ky trong khi cac doi thu
khac dupc xoa bo han ngach theo ATC. Tuy nhien, sau nhung kho khan trong

viec dieu hanh xuat khau va phan bo han ngach trong thdi gian dau, su ho trp
tich cuc cua cac co quan quan ly trong viec dieu hanh co che han ngach dupc

minh bach, co che phan bo han ngach ro rang da tao dieu kien cho cac doanh
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nghiep dupc thuan lpi hoan thanh tot ke hoach xuat khau trong nhung nam

cuoi cua BTA.


2.2.2 Thu*c trang xuat khau det m ay sang Hoa Ky tu’ khi Vi et Nvii

chinh Shirc gig nhap WTO
Sau BTA, hang det may Viet Nam xuat khau sang Hoa Ky van phai

chiu han ngach trong khi ATC da huy bo han ngach tu ngay 1-1-2005. Dieu
quan trong nhat la Hoa Ky chua danh cho Viet Nam PNTR, khi do, cac doanh

nghiep Hoa Ky se khong duoc cat giam thue quan va huong cac loi ich ma
Viet Nam danh cho cac thanh vien WTO theo cam ket gia nhap WTO, dieu
nay lam suy giam nghiem trong loi ich va long tin cua cac nha dau tu, nhap

khau hang det may Viet Nam.

Dat duoc PNTR la mot chang duong dai va gian nan tham chi nganh
det may phai hy sinh mot so loi ich, nhung viec thong qua PNTR ngay
20/12/2006 dan den binh thuong hoa hoan toan quan he kinh te thuong mai

hai nuoc, tao niem tin cho doanh nghiep hai nuoc yen tam lam an lau dai.
Thoi diem dau nam 2007, do nhung dien bien cham trong viec thong
qua PNTR va lo ngai Hoa Ky ap dung “Co che giam sat doi voi hang det may

Viet Nam” co the dan den nguy co hang det may xuat khau cua Viet Nam bi

ap thue chong ban pha gia, cac nha nhap khau Hoa Ky da rut hop dong lam

cac doanh nghiep xuat khau det may Viet Nam rat kho khan.

Truoc nhung co so dang tin cay ve kha nang hang det may Viet Nam bi
ap thue chong ban pha gia it xay ra va nhung tin hieu tich cuc boi viec cac co
quan quan ly cua Viet Nam cung cac doanh nghiep det may da chu dong ap
dung cac bien phap va han che duoc tac dong cua co che giam sat cua phia
Hoa Ky... cac khach hang lon tu Hoa Ky, nhung don hang det may cua cac

tap doan nhap khau lon tu Hoa Ky da va dang tro lai dat hang cua Viet Nam.
Ket qua la tong kim .ngach xuat khau hang det may sang Hoa ky trong 6

thang dau nam 2007 tang 20,70% so voi cung ky 2006, thi truong Hoa Ky
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chiem gan 60% kim ngach xuat khau hang det may cua Viet Nam, toc do tang

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truong khoang 34% so voi cung ky. Sau 9 thang dau nam 2007, lan dau tien,
gia tri xuat khau hang det may da vuot dau tho de vuot len vi tri dung dau

trong danh muc cac mat hang xuat khau chu luc cua Viet Nam voi kim ngach
dat tren 5,8 ty USD trong 9 thang qua, tang 31 % so voi cung ky nam ngoai.

2.3 Chinh sach thuc day xuat khau det may cua Vi^^t Nam truoc cam ket

hoi nhap WTO

2.3.1 Nhu-ng bien phap Viet Nam da thuc hien de thuc day xuat

khau hang det may
Voi chuc nang dieu hanh va quan li cua Nha nuoc o tam vi mo, cac co
che chinh sach va cac giai phap cua Chinh phu, cac Bo nganh huu quan dong

vai trd quan trong trong mo cua thi truong, hoan thien moi truong kinh doanh

gop phan ho tro tich cuc va tao ra su tang truong cua nganh det may trong

thoi gian qua. Quyet dinh 55/TTG- CP ngay 23 thang 04 nam 2001 phe duyet
'

r

•>

‘“Chien luoc tang toc phat trien nganh det may ViCt Nam tai 2010” la co so

va dinh huong can ban cho nganh det may Viet Nam tang toc phat trien dong
bo tang nang luc canh tranh va hoi nhap trong tuong lai.

2.3.2 Danh gia tac dong cua cac bien phap thuc day xuat khau det

may Viet Nam da thuc hien
Chinh sach ho tro cua Nha nuoc la nguon luc quan trong thuc day su

phat trien cua nganh det may. Chinh phu va cac dia phuong da ban hanh co

che, chinh sach cho nganh det may trong thoi gian qua da co tac dong tich cuc
toi su phat trien cua nganh trong viec tao moi truong kinh doanh thuan loi,
thao go cac kho khan cua doanh nghiep det may va thu hut von dau tu vao

linh vuc nay. Nhin chung, co che chinh sach quan ly va dieu hanh hoat dong

san xuat kinh doanh cua Chinh phu ngay cang thong thoang hon tung buoc
/

A

phu hop voi thong le quoc te.
Tuy nhien, viec trien khai thuc hien co che chinh sach ho tro trong

chien luoc phat trien nganh det may theo quyet dinh 55/2001/QD-TTg con

viii


nhieu han che, do vay, co che chinh sach, moi trudng kinh doanh cua Viet

Nam noi chung va doi voi nganh det may noi rieng can tiep tuc hoan thien va
trien khai dong bo quyet liet hon nua de cac doanh nghiep co the phat trien va
canh tranh thanh cong.
Hang det may Viet Nam xuat khau sang thi trudng Hoa Ky thudng

duoc tien hanh theo 2 phuong thuc chu yeu la: xuat khau truc tiep va xuat

khau uy thac gia cong. Khi chua duoc hudng uu dai tu Quy che thuong mai

binh thudng cua Hoa Ky, hang det may xuat khau chu yeu thong qua phuong

thuc uy thac gia cong, tuy nhien trong tinh hinh moi can co mot huong di
manh dan hon nua de co the tiep can thi trudng Hoa Ky bang san pham cua
chinh minh, qua do nang cao nang luc kinh doanh, tranh su phu thuoc vao
phia gia cong, phu hop voi nhu cau mua hang theo phuong thuc mua dut ban

doan cua cac cong ty san xuat va cong ty ban le Hoa Ky.
r

r

2.3.3 Co1 che giam sat det may trong cam ket song phuo’ng Viet
Nam - Hoa Ky
Voi viec bai bo han ngach det may vao dau nam 2007, gioi quan sat hy

vong nganh det may Viet Nam se buoc sang mot giai doan moi voi nhieu tiem
nang tang trudng vuot bac. Tuy nhien, de “danh doi” duoc viec Hoa Ky bai

bo han ngach, nganh det may cua Viet Nam cung se phai doi mat voi kho
khan va thach thuc do Viet Nam cam ket xoa bo toan bo cac tro cap bi cam
danh cho nganh det may ke tu thdi diem gia nhap WTO va thoa thuan ve co
che giam sat viec tuan thu cac cam ket ve tro cap cua Viet Nam.
r

a

Day la trudng hop chua tung co tien le doi voi Hoa Ky khi dua vao
trong thoa thuan song phuong quy dinh ve mot co che thuc thi cho phep Hoa
r

r

Ky duoc nhanh chong tai ap dung han ngach doi voi hang det may neu Viet
Nam khong tuan thu nghia vu xoa bo cac tro cap bi WTO cam ngay khi gia

nhap.

ix


KET LUAN CHUONG 2

Chuong 2 di vao nghien cuu, danh gia thi trudng hang det may Hoa Ky
r

■>

va phap luat, chinh sach nhap khau hang det may cua Hoa Ky trong moi lien

he vdi BTA va hoi nhap WTO. Tiep den, la viec danh gia thuc trang xuat
khau hang det may Viet Nam sang thi trudng Hoa Ky ke tu khi Viet Nam r

r

Hoa Ky binh thuong hoa quan he nam 1994 cho den khi ky ket BTA nam

2001; tiep do la giai doan thuc thi BTA 2002 - 2006 va giai doan tu khi Viet

Nam chinh thuc gia nhap WTO ngay 11/1/2207.
Cung vdi viec danh gia thuc trang xuat khau, chuong 2 cung di vao tim

hieu va danh gia tac dong cua cac chinh sach, bien phap Viet Nam da thuc

hien de thuc day xuat khau hang det may Viet Nam sang thi trudng Hoa Ky

va nhung van de dat ra trudc nhung cam ket hoi nhap WTO cua Viet Nam de
tu do di den nhung giai phap thuc day xuat khau det may sang thi trudng Hoa

Ky d chuong 3.


CHUONG 3: GIAI PHAP NHAM THUC DAY XUAT KHAU HANG

DET
• MAY SANG THI• TRUING HOA KY SAU KHI VIET
• NAM GIA
NHAP WTO

3.1 Quan diem, muc tieu phat trien nganh det may Viet Nam
3.1.1 Quan diem phat trien nganh det may

Trong giai doan hien nay, det may Viet Nam van se la mot nganh kinh

te quan trong va can co 1 vi tri xung dang trong chien luoc phat trien nen kinh
te quoc dan, do vay can duoc tiep tuc uu tien phat trien theo hudng day

nhanh, manh cong nghiep hoa, hien dai hoa, ket hop phat trien theo chieu
rong nham dam bao tang trudng nhanh, on dinh, ben vung... tu do dua ra
quan diem ve viec quy hoach, dau tu phat trien, phat trien thuong mai, cac

bien phap dam bao su tang trudng co hieu qua, md rong thi trudng xuat khau,
9

r

tai co cau doanh nghiep, hinh thuc sd huu, phat trien cong nghiep phu tro...

Trong co che thi trudng va dieu kien huu han cac nguon lire, de dam
9

5

bao tang trudng cd hieu qua can tap trung vao viec day manh cac linh vuc,

san pham mui nhon, can uu tien. Viec lira do can can cu vao cac tieu chi,
*

9

a

r

5

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nguon luc va chien luoc phat trien, dong thoi cung sap xep thu tu uu tien cho
moi linh vuc, san pham de tu do thuc hien cac bien phap cu the hoa viec lira

chon do.
3.1.2 Chien luoc xuat khau hang det may Viet Nam den nam 2020
>

\

r

Tap trung nguon luc tir moi thanh phan kinh te trong va ngoai nude cho
dau tu phat trien nganh det may Viet Nam hien dai, nang cao nang lure canh
tranh de day manh xuat khau. Phat trien manh cac san pham thoi trang tai cac

thanh pho, do thi ldn dong thoi voi viec chuyen dich cac co sd san xuat su

dung nhieu lao dong ra cac vung nong thon


U’u tien phat trien cac san pham ho tro, san xuat nguyen phu lieu det
may trong nuoc, day manh cong tac dao tao doi ngu can bo quan li, chuyen

gia thiet ke mau mot va cong nhan lanh nghe dap ung cho nhu cau phat trien

nhanh cua nganh, dong thdi giai quyet tot moi quan he gitra ngudi su dung lao
dong va ngudi lao dong dam bao su phat trien on dinh cua nganh
3.1.3 Muc tieu phat trien nganh det may 2010 - 2020

Muc tieu chung: Phat trien nganh det may tro thanh mot trong nhung
nganh cong nghiep trong diem, mui nhon ve xuat khau; thoa man ngay cang
X

X

cao nhu cau tieu dung trong nude; tao nhieu viec lam cho xa hoi; nang cao
kha nang canh tranh, hoi nhap vung chac kinh te khu vuc va the gidi
Muc tieu cu the:

Giai doan 2006-2010

Toc do tang trudng

Giai doan 2011-2020

Tang trudng san xuat hang nam

15-17%

11-12%

Tang trudng xuat khau hang nam

14-16%

11-12%

3.2 Nhung bien phap nham day manh xuat khau hang det may cua Viet

Nam sang Hoa Ky sau khi gia nhap WTO
Be phat trien manh hon nua nganh det may xuat khau sang thi trudng
X

Hoa Ky trong dieu kien nude ta da la thanh vien WTO, Nha nude, doanh

nghiep xuat khau det may va Hiep hoi Det may Viet Nam can thuc hien tot

cac bien phap sau:
3.2.1 Nhom giai phap ve co’ che, chinh sach cua Nha nuoc

De thuc hien tu do hoa thuong mai trong hoat dong xuat khau hang det
may, he thong phap luat nhu Luat Thuong mai sua doi, Luat canh tranh, Phap
a

r

r

x

9

lenh chong tro cap... co che, chinh sach can phai dupe sua doi, tung buoc
hoan chinh cong khai minh bach cho phu hop voi quy dinh cua WTO va cam

phap ve thi trudng xuat khau, chinh sach ho tro va uu dai doanh nghiep det

xii

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t

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•>

may xuat khau, chinh sach ve cong nghe, chinh sach phat trien nguon nguyen

lieu, chinh sach va giai phap phat trien nguon nhan lire, chinh sach va giai
phap ve huy dong von... Ben canh do, Nha nuoc can co sir chuan bi va ho tro

cho cac doanh nghiep neu xay ra tranh chap thuong mai.

3.2.2 Nhom giai doi vdi doanh nghiep va Hiep hoi Det may

Hiep hoi Det may Viet Nam can to chuc he thong thong tin thi trudng
Hoa Ky nham ho tro cac nd lire marketing lien ket giua cac doanh nghiep xuat
khau; tieu chuan hoa cac chuong trinh ke toan cho cac giao dich thuong mai

va thau phu; to choc cac kenh thong tin ho tro de thuc day cac moi quan he

thau phu va cung cap cac dich vu ho tro khac.
Cac doanh nghiep xuat khau det may can tich cue, chu dong thuc hien

cac giai phap: Xac dinh thi trudng muc tieu, thi trudng ngach phu hop,

chuyen phuong thuc xuat khau uy thac gia cong sang phuong thuc mua dut
ban doan, kinh doanh FOB, nang cao kha nang thiet ke, xay dung xudng san

xuat chuyen mon hoa, thuc hien tin hoc hoa quan ly, tuan thu cac tieu chuan
ve quan ly chat luong va trach nhiem xa hoi, dao tao va sir dung doi ngu

chuyen vien ban hang, lira chon hinh thuc thanh toan phu hop, thue chuyen
gia hoac tu van phap luat...
3.2.3 Nhfrng thay doi trade mat phu hop vol co1 che giam sat det

may cua Hoa Ky
r

\

Trude nguy co cac cuoc dieu tra chong pha gia do Chinh phu Hoa Ky
tir khdi xudng, Bo Cong Thuong can liru y den cac moi quan tarn cua cac nha

nhap khau Hoa Ky ve “Chuong trinh Giam sat nhap khau” cua Hoa Ky va
r

r

\

thirc hien thong qua mot so budc quan trong nhu: Ra tuyen bo cong khai ve

viec thirc hien, manh me va kip thdi cac cam ket cua Viet Nam va Ap dung co
r

\

r

che dieu hanh xuat khau tarn thdi

xiii


3.3 Dieu kien dam bao thuc hien
•

•

•

3.3.1 Ve phia nha nuoc

De co the dam bao thuc hien thanh cong cac bien phap thuc day xuat

khau hang det may Viet Nam sang thi truong Hoa Ky ke tren can co quyet
tarn cao va phoi hop thuc hien dong bo tu phia Chinh phu, cac Bo ban nganh.
De doi pho voi nguy co Hoa Ky kien chong ban pha gia can xac dinh ro
nguyen nhan de chii dong doi pho truoc bang each nhan biet sdm de chu dong

chuan bi theo kien va chuan bi tot de co the khbi kien trong khuon khd WTO
neu thay Hoa Ky co vi pham cac quy dinh cua WTO ve chong ban pha gia
r

trong qua trinh tien hanh vu kien chong ban pha gia.

Viet Nam can chu dong phat trien quan he chinh tri thong qua nhung
r

r

■)

chuyen tham cap nha nuoc cua nguyen thu hai ben, to chuc cac cuoc gap go,
tiep xue, giao luu, tim kiem co hoi mo rong hop tac kinh doanh, tang cubng

hieu biet lan nhau giua doanh nghiep va nhan dan Viet Nam - Hoa Ky.
Mat khac, Chinh phu Viet Nam can kiem tra ngay cac tieu chuan de

duoc cong nhan va duoc doi xu theo tu each nen kinh te thi trudng va chuan
bi truoc ho so theo hudng nay.
9

X

Bo Cong Thuong voi vai tro to chuc quan ly dieu hanh va giam sat cua

minh can phoi hop dong thoi cac bien phap sau:
r

9

9

r

- Dung viec tarn nhap tai xuat, chuyen khau doi voi hang det may, ban
thanh pham det may va nguyen phu lieu det may qua Viet Nam sang Hoa Ky.

9

x

r

cua phia Hoa Ky, dong thoi tang cudng kiem soat viec cap (C/O), day la co sd
de quan ly, giam sat hang det may xuat khau sang Hoa Ky.
- Lap To kiem tra co dong hang det may xuat khau de thuc hien kiem
x

r

tra cac doanh nghiep cd dau hieu gian lan thuong mai, vi pham quy dinh ve

xiv


xuat nhap khau hang det may hoac co dau hieu xuat khau tang dot bien ve so

luong hang xuat hoae gia giam qua thap.

3.3.2 Ve phia Hiep hoi va doanh nghiep xuat khau det may
Hiep hoi Det may Viet Nam can phoi hop chat che vdi co quan Hai

quan de cap nhat so lieu xuat nhap khau, tu do co the canh bao cac doanh
nghiep det may Viet Nam ve tinh hinh lien quan den cac bien phap chong ban

pha gia o Hoa Ky va cac thi trudng xuat khau khac. De chu dong doi pho vdi
co che giam sat va nguy co kien chong ban pha gia, Hiep hoi can phai nhanh

chong thue luat su quoc te, co kha nang tranh cai ve cac van de lien quan den
chong ban pha gia va quy trinh giai quyet tranh chap trong WTO

Doanh nghiep xuat khau det may can hieu biet day du va tuan thu
e
r
nghiem ngat co che giam sat det may cua Hoa Ky, dong thdi nghiem tuc thuc
a

hien co che dieu hanh, giam sat xuat khau det may cua Viet Nam dong thdi
chu dong da dang hoa san pham, da dang hoa thi trudng, phoi hop chat che

giua doanh nghiep vdi Hiep hoi Det may va vdi cac nha nhap khau co quyen

lpi lien quan de tranh thu su ho tro nham giam thieu thiet hai o muc thap nhat.

KET LUAN CHVONG 3
Vdi quan diem, muc tieu, chien luoc phat trien nganh det may, can cu

vao thuc trang xuat khau hang det may Viet Nam sang thi trudng Hoa Ky va
nhung cam ket hoi nhap WTO, chuong 3 tap trung dua ra nhung bien phap
r

'

'

doi vdi co che chinh sach Nha nudc, nhom giai phap doi vdi doanh nghiep
'9

X

xuat khau hang det may va Hiep hoi det may Viet Nam, dong thdi dua ra cac
dieu kien dam bao thuc hien cac bien phap noi tren nham thuc day xuat khau

hang det may cua Viet Nam sang thi trudng Hoa Ky sau khi Viet Nam gia
nhap WTO.

XV


PHAN MO DAU

1. Tinh cap thiet cua de tai
Nganh det may thuong duoc gan voi giai doan phat trien ban dau cua
nen kinh te va dong vai tro chu dao trong qua trinh cong nghiep hoa, hien dai

hoa. Phat trien nganh det may la mot chu truong dung dan va hieu qua cua cac
nuoc dang trong giai doan dau cua qua trinh cong nghiep hoa. Hau het la cac
r

a

9

a

9

r

nen kinh te phat trien nhu Anh, Nhat Ban, cac nuoc NICs deu xuat phat diem

thuc hien cong nghiep hoa voi viec phat trien nganh det may.
r

,

a

Nhan thuc ro van de nay, Dang va Nha nuoc ta da chu truong: “Khuyen

khich phat trien cac nganh cong nghiep... co loi the canh tranh, tao nhieu san
pham xuat khau va thu hut nhieu lao dong... Khuyen khich, tao dieu kien de

cac thanh phan kinh te tham gia phat trien manh cac nganh cong nghiep san
xuat hang tieu dung va hang xuat khau”. Voi chu truong nay, nganh det may
Viet Nam da duoc uu tien dau tu phat trien va da thu duoc nhung thanh qua

dang khich le. Day duoc coi la cau chuyen thanh cong trong qua trinh doi
•

'

Ar

moi, tu do hoa huong toi nen kinh te thi truong va hoi nhap vao nen kinh te

the gioi.

Ben canh viec mo rong thi truong xuat khau sang EU, Nhat Ban va cac
nuoc chau A trong nhung nam 1990, tu thang 12 nam 2001 khi Hiep dinh
Thuong mai Song phuong Viet Nam - Hoa Ky co hieu luc, xuat khau hang

det may sang thi truong Hoa Ky tang dot bien va thuc su tai co cau nganh det
may xuat khau cua Viet Nam, dua det may sang mot giai doan phat trien moi.

Voi viec xoa bo han ngach xuat khau det may doi voi cac quoc gia
thanh vien WTO tu ngay 1 thang 1 nam 2005 da dat ra nhung thach thuc that
r

su doi voi det may Viet Nam.

1


Tuy nhien, ke tu khi chinh thuc gia nhap WTO ngay 11 thang 1 nam
2007, xuat khau hang det may Viet Nam sang thi trudng Hoa Ky co duoc
quyen binh dang nhu da so cac thanh vien WTO khac, cac doi hoi ve ELVIS,
Visa va han ngach duoc xoa bo. Day la co hoi lich sur doi voi xuat khau hang
det may cua Viet Nam noi chung va xuat khau sang Hoa Ky noi rieng, gidi
A

quan sat deu hy vong nganh det may Viet Nam se buoc sang mot giai doan
A

A

moi voi nhieu tiem nang tang trudng vu-pt bac.
r

r

r

Thuc te cho thay, det may khong nhung duy tri vi tri chu chot trong

nhom mat hang xuat khau chu luc cua Viet Nam vdi kirn ngach tang lien tuc
A

A

qua cac nam, va lan dau tien, qua 9 thang nam 2007 det may da dat 5,805 ty

USD, trong khi dau tho moi chi dat 5,781 ty USD, trong do thi trudng Hoa

Ky dong gop 60% tong kim ngach xuat khau det may Viet Nam. Nhu vay, det
may da vupt dau khi tro thanh mat hang xuat khau chu luc so 1 cua Viet Nam,

vi tri dan dau xuat khau cua dau tho trong sudt nhung nam qua da bi thay the

bdi det may.

Tuy nhien, de “danh doi” dupc viec Hoa Ky bai bo han ngach, nganh
r

det may cua Viet Nam cung se phai doi mat vdi khong it kho khan va thach

thuc, ca hien tai va tiem an, ma cac cam ket gia nhap WTO cung nhu quy
r

r

dinh thong qua PNTR mang den do la: Viet Nam cam ket se xoa bo toan bo
r

o

r

cac tro cap bi cam danh cho nganh det may ke tu thdi diem gia nhap WTO va
AZ

Z

A

Z

thoa thuan ve co che giam sat viec tuan thu cac cam ket, ve tro cap cua Viet
Z

9

Nam. Day la co che giam sat dac biet nguy hiem va la trudng hop chua timg
A

Z

cd tien le doi vdi Hoa Ky khi dua vao trong Thoa thuan Song phuong quy
A

Z

dinh ve mot co che thuc thi cho phep Hoa Ky dupc nhanh chong tai ap dung
z

z

han ngach doi vdi hang det may neu Viet Nam khong tuan thu nghTa vu xoa
z

z

bo cac tro cap bi WTO cam ngay khi gia nhap.

2


Xuat phat tu thuc tien cua van de va tinh thdi su cap thiet, tac gia da lua

chon de tai:
“Thuc day xuat khau hang det may Viet Nam sang thi
trudng Hoa Ky sau khi gia nhap WTO”

2. Muc dich nghien cuu cua Luan van
Tim hieu ro thi trudng det may Hoa Ky va nhung chinh sach thuong

,

r

r

r

r

t

mai quoc te cua Hoa Ky va WTO lien quan den xuat khau hang det may Viet

Nam.
r

■>

Phan tich, danh gia thuc trang xuat khau hang det may sang thi trudng

Hoa Ky truoc va sau khi Viet Nam gia nhap WTO, qua do nhan dinh trien
vong va thach thuc doi voi xuat khau det may sang Hoa Ky khi Viet Nam

chinh thuc gia nhap WTO.
r

'

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\

->

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9

Be xuat cac giai phap, kien nghi nham thuc day xuat khau hang det

may Viet Nam sang thi trudng Hoa Ky.
r

3. Doi tuong va pham vi nghien cuu
r

Boi tuong nghien cuu cua luan van la: thi trudng det may Hoa Ky voi

cac chinh sach thuong mai quoc te dieu chinh hang det may noi chung va cho
hang det may Viet Nam noi rieng; hang det may xuat khau cua Viet Nam vao

Hoa Ky.
Pham vi nghien cuu: Hang det may xuat khau cua Viet Nam vao thi

trudng Hoa Ky; cac cam ket, chinh sach thuong mai quoc te cua Hoa Ky va
Viet Nam doi voi hang det may xuat khau vao thi trudng Hoa Ky.
Thdi gian nghien cuu: So luoc tim hieu tu khi Viet Nam - Hoa Ky binh

thudng hoa quan he nam 1994, thdi diem Viet Nam thuc thi BTA 2001 2006 va chinh thuc thuc hien cam ket WTO tu ngay 11/1/2007

3