!"#$%
&'!"(
)*+
&,-.
&-+!"/0
"(
!1%)/
&&2!34/0
4"(
!1%0
)/
56
-789:;
5/0
)<
5&=>?"/0
@
ABC
6(
4DE"/0
)<%FGH"/0
@ I!"JG!K%/"/0
!L!
M:.
8NOPOQ@R
!>(
4@R
!>(
4S'!34"/0
TFM:.
8NQU@!*%/4UVW)"JGXG/"#Y
ABC
ZC@[T\"/0
!L!]"K^*FU%)*+@^F@
Z%4@[T\"/0
!L!]"K^*FU%)*+_`
Z8?"/0
"/4a@!/JG4b!L!["c!L!<>
ZOTa!4U@"/4a@!/JG4b!L!<>"c!L![
Z'/de/)/Y!%4@[M!L![Q%@[M!L!<>Q
Z'/de/DE"/0
)<Y!%4@[MT\!L!'/de/!L!<>!1%
GH"/0
@\/Q%@[MT\!L!'/de/!![!1%GH
"/0
@\/Q
Z7:fY
( ) ( )
2 2
/ / / /Zn Zn Cu Cu
+ +
− +
!"#"$%
2
2Cu e Cu
+
+ →
2
2Zn e Zn
+
− →
Z7:fg/h.
&'$%()
!"&'#")
2
2Cu e Cu
+
− →
2
2Zn e Zn
+
+ →
ABC
ABC
Z/0
!L!"YT\>(
40
H>_/>T@i/d\!34"/0
TF>\4U0
DJ>R
4)<! !)%!j^*FU%!j!K>(
4)*"/0
!L!
[GF34
:/[kY
6(
44%"Hl4U@[G[#!SGm%4"HM_(!K@^F
@\4%QU0DJ>n4"H!j^*FU%)*+[GF34
GoG
&p
Y
&%4ld\@[G[#!SGTm%4Sq4d\
2
2Cu e Cu
+
+ ƒ
( )
2 3 3 2
, :Pt Fe Fe Fe e Fe
+ + + +
+ ƒ
ABC
ABC
Z/0
!L!D(
/YT\>(
40
H>_/>T@i/r!34"/0
TF>\4U0DJ
>R
4)<! !)%^*FU%/JG)*+"/0
!L!"H4V/
:2[kY6(
44%"Hl4U@[G[#!SGm%4"Hs!K
@^F@\4%4U@>(/4UV%^/4tU0DJ>R
4!K! !)*
+^*FU%Y
2
2 2
2
2 2
2
1
2 2
2
1
2
2
Cu e Cu
O H e H O
Cu O H Cu H O
+
+
+ +
+
+ +
+ + +
ƒ
ƒ
ƒ
ABC
ReaOx ne b d+ ƒ
)*
+
,-&-$$./01'2-
34)*
+
,$5&6
Re
Re
Re
Re
Re
1
1
1
Ox
d
d
d
e d
d
dm
v
a dt
dm
v
b dt
dm
v
n dt
= −
=
= −
78$*,"&09"
$*":
+
$;4<"=
+
$*
+
78$*,"&0%($=&*
$*":
+
$;4<"=
+
$*
+
78$*&6-&-$$.$
%(*
+
9
&7
uC
&7
uC
>?$)
.
.
Re
Re
1
1
.
e Ox
Ox
e
e
e
e Ox Ox
Ox
d
d
dm
v
n dt
q m F
dq dm F
dm F
dq
i
dt dt
dm i
F
v
n dt F nF
i
v
nF
=
=
=
= =
= =
=
i
v
nF
=
@"&A"
B
C,
)"#
+
$:
+
D*
+
3EA"
B
F)GHCIJJ&"4
Reb d aOx ne→ +
K)&6L"
-
)&6-&-$
)"M$NDD$*"N$;$8$
3EA"
B
8?"/0
/!\Te4E4'!"(
)*+"/0
@ !\Te
ReaOx ne b d+ ƒ
OP"#
+
$:
+
D*
+
$.:
+
&'$."#
+
$:
+
D*
+
%('"#
+
$:
+
D
*
+
9
Re Re
( )
Ox d Ox d
i i i nF v v= + = −
Q80$$0$9#4R$P
ReOx d
v v=
0i =
0
ReOx d
i i i= =
0
i
T\><
4"(
[?4U%@"v/
&7
uC
5wC,-.
Z/0
!L!"YT\>(
40
H>_/>T@i/d\!34"/0
TF>\4U0
DJ>R
4)<! !)%!j^*FU%!j!K>(
4)*"/0
!L!
[GF34
6(
44%"Hl4U@[G[#!SGm%4"HM_(!K@^F
@\4%QU0DJ>n4"H!j^*FU%)*+[GF34
GoG
&p
Y
2
2Cu e Cu
+
+ ƒ
S$0$9#4R
TBGU
J
3$)
2 2
2 2
2
2
0 2
/ /
0 2
/ /
2
/
2
/
ln
0, 295ln
: 2
: 2
cb
Cu Cu Cu Cu
cb
Cu Cu Cu Cu
cb
Cu Cu
cb
Cu Cu
RT
Cu
nF
Cu
Cu Cu e
Cu e Cu
ϕ ϕ
ϕ ϕ
ϕ ϕ
ϕ ϕ
+ +
+ +
+
+
+
+
+
+
= +
= +
> → +
< + →
)"n4>x4"/y4cD0@\/Y
8?@^/K%r8?%@[
8?_`8?!%4@[
V%9/$89''$8#4R
6W&',s_z/yGT\
ϕ
cb
ϕ
η
cb
η ϕ ϕ
= −
0 : ( )
0 : ( )
cb
cb
anod oxihoa
catod khu
η ϕ ϕ
η ϕ ϕ
= − >
= − <
8?%@[
8?!%4@[
5wC,-.
KT
η
P{,Y
,|,
cG! !/%/"@i_ !^*FU%%/JGS@de/4'!"xd}
!GF~!344ESL_ !D/y4dJ4c"/y!L!S@de/"/y!+!
!<D•"~T\>^G34/y[?"/yXG%"/y!L!s<FU%XG
4c"KT\[@/yG+_Gc!4 d\XG 4c"K"W!I/T\
XG 4c_Gc!4
5wC,-.
PU
η
P{,Y
,€CM,Q
!)*+"/y!L!"JGD%@H>>x4%Fd\/!GF~K%K%
I!4G•4lF!K4~^*FU%4Ue!%FS%G/%/"@i"/yK%
! !GF~ K% K% I! \F _( )k 4Gx! d\@ "/y 4c
"/y!L!S@*]U34" _~"c"xI!!1%4@\
DxXG 4UE"/yK%
| //y>,€C+de/"/JG_/yY4'!"x!1%! !
/%/"@i4G•4lFK%I!T\‚34s!Kd%/4U?XGFc4"#
"cd%/4U?XGFc4"#!1%)*+"/yK%
5wC,-.
CP
η
P{,Y
5,ƒ„C
G 4c<FU%[@! !!*4U]T/0XG%"cSL4i@>•>d\) 4
4U/~4/4~4U@XG 4UE"/y)<
-L 4i@ >•> 4/ 4~s SL Sq) ^c) ! ! 4/ 4~s SL ) 4 4U/~ DJ
>n4s…"JG "?/ ‚/ R TWs [@ "K <F U% ! ! XG% 4a
!GF~)%
5wC,-.
E
η
P{,Y
†,/h€C
cG )* + "/y K% i !c 4'! "x !1% 4@\ Dx )* +
"/y!L!4ESL!GF~[#!"/y4cS@de/"/y4c!<D•
!1%"/y!L!I/T\,€/h‡6sd\\F%F
!?I/T\,ƒ„:‡/hˆ
-L !GF~ "v/ "/y 42! /‰% ! ! 4/~G )< "/y K% TG( _Š>
4a@SLD/c"v/!3G4Ul!d\D*!34!1%!l-LD/c"v/
\F!\S<GSq!D%@/0G4E!\"?/‚/RTWTe
D3F/0Gd\4'!"x!1%/%"@i"/yK%!\‚D3F/0Gs
$%T\S‹4i@U%,/h€C
5wC,-.
E PU KT CP
η η η η η
= + + +
,uC/hPŒ)
/Y>}4"x[?"/y•Cd\gT\! !•S'
,9Ž:Œ:‡P/h/hs{
g;6•/hsŒ•88A/hPƒs…
‘’C“OPY
.lnA B i
η
= +
5wC,-.
†6
-789:;
.
/0
)<T\XG 4UE4L!/0
! !)*+@^F@ _`4a@
eW!Ti/de/e4L[/”D/c/0
4"(
I!D•R
TW"/0
U@XG 4UE"/0
)<sTWaTa!4U@V4b%@[D•
TWaTa!4U@<
4b!%4@[
#TG<
4“%U%[%F
PW!34"W!E4\e!%4@[@R
!]%@[4•T0
de/"/0
TW[–"~"/0
)<
. . .i S t M
m
nF
=
.
#TG<
4“%U%[%F
PW!34"W!E4\e!%4@[@R
!]%@[4•T0
de/"/0
TW[–"~"/0
)<
. . .i S t M
m
nF
=
")&6X$6P$'
Y) &6#$(X$Z"&[
)"M$NDZEA"
B
[
V)4<"\$Z"
B
[
$)$]#Z,[
),$5&6$.-&-$
†6
-789:;
.
&
&
"W!%^/4@ D•
&
-
†
"~4R"(
[—"/0
/0
!L!T\4s
[G[#!"/0
TFH>
&
s-
†
&
s
p
/JG_/0
4/0G!G˜™&š›
œ
|s)™œs)
&
™)
&
™%4>
!!R
)a[@^!K4~4L!/0
! !)*+"/0
!L!S%GY
2
2 2
2 2
2 8 4
0
/
0
/
0
/
0,00
1, 23
2,08
H H
O H O
S O SO
V
V
V
ϕ
ϕ
ϕ
+
− −
=
=
=
2
2 2
2 2
2 8 4
/
/
/
H H
O H O
S O SO
+
− −
†6
-789:;
.
&
^9$8$$_`
B
11
B
1
2
0,62
0,05
m
m
V
V
η
η
=
= −
Oa*
+
9*
+
#$$_b
"
=
+
$$**
+
4P*
+
#c
†6
-789:;
.
&
T)
( )
( )
2 2
2 2
4 2 8
1
2 2
2
2 2
H O O e H a
SO S O e b
+
− −
→ + +
→ +
@P*
+
$8*
+
d$V
B
1
U
Be3
V1
f
Be
%9*V1
f
Be
%4;9C
g3hC
*
+
9$$_i=
+
$&*&')
2 2 1
0
. /
1, 23 0, 62 1,85
m a O H O m
V
ϕ ϕ η
= + = + =
j$h`
k
$"
*
+
9$$_i=
+
$&*$&'
( )
2
2 2H e H a
+
+ → +
2
2
0
.
/
min . .
0 0, 05 0,05
1,85 ( 0, 05) 1,90
m c m
H H
m a m c
V
U V
ϕ ϕ η
ϕ ϕ
+
= + = − = −
= − = − − =
†6
-789:;
.
&
cG_(!KXG 4cs)*+^*FU%]s&5:?!KXG 4cs)*
+^*FU%]sš:/ 4U#sš:!?I/T\"/y4c)<1F!1%e!G
4c"•T\>4v434RTW4U@XG 4UE"/0
)<
~/*>XG 4cs4 !"(
T05FcG4'Y
Z|/>T@i/T\>"/0
!L!
Z)!1%[G[#!"/0
)<MXG 4c>(/4UV_/J>!%@4U@
>(/4UV%^/4Q
Z/0
4"(
!1%>(/4UV)*+M/0
4"(
4RXG 4c4RQ
†6
-789:;
=6ž:Œg:
|6P{
Z=>?T\/0
4W>\_/>T@i/D#D/c4\! !W)!34@
I!DJd‰/0
4"(
@^F4sSGmGUs!%!D@%4Q[e/
4 ![k!1%/JG4 !<>(/4UV
Z|/D#R>?s_/>T@i/D#i/s! !42!34!1%KD#D/c"v/
0! !/ 4U#dJS`[ks!(0
d\4˜>>Ÿ_(!?‰%
Z|/>T@i/!K4~D#i/[@R>?K%I!KT\SLR>?[@
_/>T@i/4 ![kde/K%!344a@!!c4G•4lF)*+
K%I!
•Te! !_/>T@i/D#i/[@R>?"/yK%
†6
-789:;
=6ž|6P{
!)*+R>?"/0
@ YU@>(/4UVe!s_/>T@i/
D#@^FK%4a@!!c)*+"/yK%s$%T\Y
|/>T@i/VaTa!4U@M)*+%@[Q
!!34@^F@ <
aTa!4UU@M)*+!%4@[Q
I/6T\_/>T@i/s6
p
T\/@_/>T@i/4+*+%@[
^*FU%T\Y
U@_/"Ks)*+!%4@[^*FU%!K4cT\Y
ZU@>(/4UV%!/[s_@!K@^F?%4%
ZU@>(/4UV%!/[!K@^F?%4%
ZU@>(/4UV4UG42@n!_/J>
n
M M ne
+
→ +
2
2 2H e H
+
+ →
2 2
1
2 2
2
O e H H O
+
+ + →
2 2
1
2 2
2
O H O e OH
−
+ + →
†6
-789:;
=6ž|6P{
:2[kY“aD#R>?4U@>(/4UV4UG42@R
!D% 4i@
F[U@@^F4Sq4MQsS%G"K!GF~4\@^F4Sq4MQ
2
2 2
2
2 2
2
1
2 2
2
1
2
2
Fe Fe e
O e H O OH
Fe O H O Fe OH
+
−
+ −
→ +
+ + →
+ + → +
d
d$
d$.:
+
†6
-789:;
=6ž|6P{
2 2 2 3
3 2 3 2
1
2 ( ) 2 ( )
2
2 ( ) 3
Fe OH O H O Fe OH
Fe OH Fe O H O
+ + →
→ +
V3
G 4UE4U0^*FU%T\[@_/4U@e!!K@^F@\4%sDJ>R
4
Sq43))k@^F@\4%4i@U%>(
4!R
)a[@^
&
o
&
!KY
2 2
2
0
/
0
/
0, 4
0, 44
O H O
Fe Fe
V
V
ϕ
ϕ
+
=
= −
G 4UE?%4%“a
4a@!!c)/"/yK%
†6
-789:;