Research on the effect of organic fertilizer type and bioproduct on the growth, development, and yield of broccoli at gia lam, ha noi

VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE

FACULTY OF AGRONOMY

----------

UNDERGRADUATE THESIS
TITLE:
RESEARCH ON THE EFFECT OF ORGANIC
FERTILIZER TYPE AND BIOPRODUCT ON THE
GROWTH, DEVELOPMENT, AND YIELD OF
BROCCOLI AT GIA LAM, HA NOI

STUDENT NAME

: NGUYEN HOANG ANH

STUDENT CODE

: 621674

CLASS

: K62KHCTT

SUPERVISOR

: Dr. THIEU THI PHONG THU

DEPARTMENT

: CULTIVATION SCIENCE

HA NOI - 2022


DECLARATION
I declare that "Research on the effect of organic fertilizer type and
bioproduct on the growth, development, and yield of broccoli at Gia Lam, Ha
Noi" is my own work. All results and data in this thesis are absolutely honest
and have not been submitted before to any institution for assessment purposes.
All sources used in this paper were cited in references.
Hanoi, March 10, 2022
Student

Nguyen Hoang Anh

i


ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
To complete this thesis, I am deeply indebted to people who have been
providing me with precious support and advice.
Firstly, I would like to send my gratitude to my supervisor, Dr. Thieu Thi
Phong Thu, Department of Cultivation Science, Faculty of Agronomy, Vietnam
National University of Agriculture, for their enthusiastic support, helpful advice,
and considerable encouragement in the completion of my thesis.
I would also like to express sincere thanks to the lecturers from the Faculty
of Agronomy in general and lecturers in the Department of Cultivation Science
in particular, who taught and created the best conditions for students during the
learning process and research.

Last but not least, I want to express my sincere thanks to my family and
friends who have always been by my side, given me support and strength to
complete this graduation thesis.
Hanoi, March 10, 2022
Student

Nguyen Hoang Anh

ii


CONTENTS
Declaration ........................................................................................................... i
Acknowledgements ............................................................................................. ii
Contents.............................................................................................................. iii
List of tables ....................................................................................................... vi
List of figures ................................................................................................... viii
List of acronyms ................................................................................................. ix
Abstract ............................................................................................................... x
Part I: INTRODUCTION ................................................................................. 1
1.1. Introduction ............................................................................................... 1
1.2. Research objective and Requirements ....................................................... 4
1.2.1. Research objective ..................................................................................... 4
1.2.2. Requirements ............................................................................................. 4
Part II: LITERATURE REVIEW ................................................................... 5
2.1. Origin and distribution of broccoli............................................................. 5
2.1.1. Origin ........................................................................................................ 5
2.1.2. Distribution................................................................................................ 6
2.1.3. Characteristic of broccoli........................................................................... 7
2.1.4. Nutrition composition of broccoli ............................................................. 8

2.1.5. Ecological conditions of broccoli ............................................................. 9
2.1.6. Fertilizer requirements of broccoli .......................................................... 10
2.1.7. Preventing pests and diseases on broccoli ............................................... 11
2.1.8. Harvest broccoli ...................................................................................... 12
2.2. The status of production and consumption of vegetable in the world
and Vietnam ............................................................................................. 13
2.2.1. The status of production and consumption of vegetable in the world ...... 13
2.2.2. The status of production and consumption of vegetable in Vietnam ....... 17

iii


2.3. Current status of organic fertilizer use in Vietnam .................................. 18
2.3.1. Organic fertilizer type.............................................................................. 21
2.3.2. The dosage and method of Application ................................................... 23
2.3.3. Area and plants using organic fertilizers in cultivation ............................ 25
2.4. The researches of organic fertilizer on crops ........................................... 28
Part III: MATERIALS AND METHODS..................................................... 31
3.1. An object of study and Materials ............................................................. 31
3.2. Time and Location ................................................................................... 33
3.3. Research Content ..................................................................................... 33
3.4. Research Methods .................................................................................... 33
3.4.1. Experimental design ................................................................................ 33
3.4.2. Technical Process .................................................................................... 35
3.4.3. Experiment parameter ............................................................................. 37
3.5. Data analysis ............................................................................................ 39
Part IV: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ....................................................... 40
4.1. Effect of organic fertilizers and bioproduct on the growth time of
broccoli .................................................................................................... 40
4.2. Effects of type organic fertilizers and bioproduct on growth

indicator of broccoli ................................................................................. 42
4.2.1. Effects of type organic fertilizers and bioproduct on the height of
broccoli .................................................................................................... 42
4.2.2. Effects of type organic fertilizers and bioproduct on the number of
leaves of broccoli ..................................................................................... 46
4.2.3. Effects of organic fertilizers and bioproduct on leaf length, leaf
width, and stem diameter of broccoli ....................................................... 49
4.3. Effects of organic fertilizers and bioproduct on Physiological
indicator of broccoli ................................................................................. 52
4.3.1. Effects of organic fertilizers and bioproduct on SPAD ........................... 52

iv


4.3.2. Effects of organic fertilizers and bioproduct on LAI ............................... 54
4.4. Effects of organic fertilizers and bioproduct on productivity
indicator of broccoli ................................................................................. 57
4.4.1. Interaction effects of organic fertilizers and bioproduct on flower
weight ...................................................................................................... 57
4.4.2. Separate effects of organic fertilizers and bioproduct on broccoli
plant flower weight .................................................................................. 58
4.4.3. Interaction effects of organic fertilizers and bioproduct on actual
yield ......................................................................................................... 59
4.4.4. Separate effects of organic fertilizers and bioproduct on broccoli
plant actual yield ...................................................................................... 60
4.5. Effect of organic fertilizers and biological products on the
harmfulness of diamondback moth .......................................................... 61
PART V: CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ........................ 63
5.1. Conclusion ............................................................................................... 63
5.2. Recommendations.................................................................................... 63

REFERENCE .................................................................................................. 64
APPENDIX ...................................................................................................... 69

v


LIST OF TABLES
Table 1.1. Nutrition composition in 100g of broccoli ......................................... 9
Table 2.1. Acreage, productivity, and yield of vegetables in the world in
the period 1980-2012 ....................................................................... 14
Table 2.2. Acreage, productivity, and yield of vegetables of the continents ..... 15
Table 2.3. Acreage, productivity, and yield of vegetables in Vietnam in
the period 1980-2012 ....................................................................... 17
Table 4.1. Effect of organic fertilizers and bioproduct on the growth time
of broccoli ........................................................................................ 40
Table 4.2. Interaction effects of type organic fertilizers and bioproduct on
the height of broccoli ....................................................................... 43
Table 4.3. Separate effects of organic fertilizers and bioproduct on
broccoli plant height ........................................................................ 45
Table 4.4. Interaction effects of type organic fertilizers and bioproduct on
the number of leaves of broccoli ...................................................... 46
Table 4.5. Separate effects of organic fertilizers and bioproduct on
broccoli plant number of leaves ....................................................... 48
Table 4.6. Interaction effects of organic fertilizers and bioproduct on leaf
length, leaf width, and stem diameter of broccoli ............................ 50
Table 4.7. Separate effects of organic fertilizers and bioproduct on
broccoli plant stem diameter ............................................................ 51
Table 4.8. Interaction effects of organic fertilizers and bioproduct on
SPAD ............................................................................................... 52
Table 4.9. Separate effects of organic fertilizers and bioproduct on

broccoli plant SPAD ........................................................................ 53
Table 4.10. Interaction effects of organic fertilizers and bioproduct on LAI ..... 54

vi


Table 4.11. Separate effects of organic fertilizers and bioproduct on
broccoli plant LAI ......................................................................... 56
Table 4.12. Interaction effects of organic fertilizers and bioproduct on
flower weight................................................................................. 57
Table 4.13. Separate effects of organic fertilizers and bioproduct on
broccoli plant flower weight .......................................................... 58
Table 4.14. Interaction effects of organic fertilizers and bioproduct
on actual yield ............................................................................... 59
Table 4.15. Separate effects of organic fertilizers and bioproduct on
broccoli plant actual yield ............................................................. 60
Table 4.16. Effect of organic fertilizers and biological products on the
harmfulness of diamondback moth ................................................ 62

vii


LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 3.1. Organic fertilizers used in the experiment ..................................... 31
Figure 3.2. Bioproduct used in the experiment ................................................ 32
Figure 3.3. Young broccoli .............................................................................. 33
Figure 3.4. The experiment was carried out at the Faculty of Agronomy ........ 34
Figure 3.5. Some pictures of worms eating leaves in the experiment
carried out at the Faculty of Agronomy ......................................... 36
Figure 3.6. Some pictures of harvested in the experiment carried out at

the Faculty of Agronomy............................................................... 37

viii


LIST OF ACRONYMS
EM:

Effective Microorganisms

FAO:

Food and Agriculture Organization

LAI:

Leaf Area Index

SPAD:

Chlorophyll Content Index

USDA:

United States Department of Agriculture

ix


ABSTRACT

1. Theme name
"Research on the effect of organic fertilizer type and bioproduct on the
growth, development, and yield of broccoli at Gia Lam, Ha Noi‖
2. Research objective
Determine suitable organic fertilizer type and bioproduct for the growth,
development, and yield of broccoli.
3. Research Methods
- The two-factor experiment was arranged according to The randomized
complete block design (RCBD) with three replications.
-Factor 1: Organic fertilizer
D1: Cow dung
D2: Worm manure
D3: Chicken manure
-Factor 2: Bioproduct
B0: Do not use preparations
B1: Emuniv preparations
B2: Emic preparations
-The area of the experimental plot is 5m2.
4. Conclusion
- The best growing plant height was obtained with the formula D3B0. The
maximum number of leaves per tree was the formula D2B0. The maximum leaf
length and width belonging to the formula D3B1. The largest body diameter in
formula D3B1.
- The highest chlorophyll SPAD index was obtained in the formula D2B0.
The largest LAI leaf area index in two measurements was the formula D3B2 and
D1B1.

x

- The experiment showed that the combination of different organic
fertilizers and biological products had different effects on the yield components.
The highest average flower weight and maximum net yield were both. in the
formula D3B2. The formula D3B2 showed superiority in yield and yield.
- The growth time of broccoli, the number of days to flowering the formula
D3B1 gave the earliest flowering.The number of days to the first harvest the
fertilizer formula D1B1, D3B0, and D3B1 for the first harvest when the plants
started to flower earliest. Growth time treatment D2B0 gives the longest growth
time. Harvesting time D2B0 and D2B2 for the longest harvesting time.

xi


PART I: INTRODUCTION
1.1. INTRODUCTION
Broccoli (Brassica oleracea L. var. Italica) variety Italica, the form of
cabbage, of the mustard family (Brassicaceae), grown for its edible flower buds
and stalk. High in dietary fiber and a number of vitamins and antioxidants,
minerals, including potassium, folic acid, and vitamins A, C, and K, broccoli is a
nutritious vegetable and can be eaten fresh or cooked. The nutritional
composition of broccoli is 90% water, 7% carbohydrates, 3% protein, and
almost no fat. Fresh broccoli should be dark green in color, with firm stalks and
compact bud clusters. Broccoli is a fast-growing annual plant that grows 60–90
cm (24–35 inches) tall. Upright and branching with leathery leaves, broccoli
bears dense green clusters of flower buds at the ends of the central axis and the
branches. If left unharvested, those buds bear yellow flowers with four petals
and produce silique fruits (a dry capsule). Broccoli thrives in moderate to cool
climates and is propagated by seeds, either sown directly in the field or in plant
beds to produce transplants. The heads, or florets, reach harvest in 60 to 150
days, depending upon the variety and the weather. In addition, with hot and

humid tropical conditions like ours, broccoli also need to provide an amount of
organic fertilizer to contribute to the development and improvement of crop
yields, and at the same time improve the efficiency of land use (Dao Nguyen,
2015).
According to the survey data of the Department of Crop Production (2010),
62.5% of farmers used inorganic fertilizers combined with organic fertilizers,
and 37.5% used only inorganic fertilizers. The amount of inorganic fertilizer
used is often higher than recommended. As of December 2017, the number of
registered industrially produced organic fertilizer products is 713 products,
accounting for 5% of the total number of registered fertilizer products, the

1


remaining 93.7% are inorganic fertilizers (13,423 products) and 1.3% biological
fertilizers (182 products). Currently, the country has 26 million hectares of
cultivated land, the total amount of fertilizer used is from 10 to 11 million
tons/year. According to calculations by the authorities, the efficiency of using
nitrogen fertilizer when applying to the soil is only 30-45%; phosphate fertilizer
40-45%; potassium 40-50% depending on the soil, cultivar, season, method of
fertilization, type of fertilizer. From this fact, the authorities estimate that the use
of fertilizers is wasting 30,000 billion VND/year (Ngoc Quynh, 2017).Currently,
our country's agriculture is entering a high level of intensive farming, so the use
of more and more chemical fertilizers and pesticides is for the purpose of
maximizing crop productivity. With the above cultivation, the soil has become
increasingly degraded, the nutrition is imbalanced, the ecological system
imbalance in the soil is lost, the microorganisms in the soil are destroyed, and
the residue of toxic substances in the soil is increasing. The more the disease
source accumulates in the soil, the more it leads to the emergence of some
unpredictable pests. More worryingly, a large amount of fertilizer that is not

absorbed by plants will negatively affect the agricultural ecosystem, pollute
water and soil, and may cause genetic mutations in some crops. Meanwhile, the
use of chemical fertilizers, especially for a long period of time, negatively
affects the quality of agricultural products, pollutes the environment, causes the
soil to become degraded, degrades, and alum, the role of soil microorganisms
decreased. Thereby changing the biochemical processes taking place in the soil
and the factors mentioned above are the agents that degrade the natural
vegetation in the soil. Therefore, the use of biological products, organic
fertilizers in cultivation aims to ensure biosecurity, food safety, and the
environment, while ensuring productivity and quality, towards clean and
sustainable agriculture is the inevitable direction (Cuc Bao Ve Thuc Vat, 2014).

2


Organic fertilizer not only enriches the soil and is good for crops but also
creates safe agricultural products, quality. In the areas where organic fertilizers
are used, plants grow and develop well, the soil is porous, environmental
pollution is reduced, product quality is improved. The impact of organic
fertilizers on plants is relatively slow, but in return, the quality of agricultural
products is always guaranteed and safe. Organic fertilizers both provide multi-,
medium- and micro-nutrients for plants and provide the soil with a large
amount of humus to maintain the activity of organisms and microorganisms.
The nutrients in organic fertilizer are converted from easily decomposed
components in organic materials such as fiber, starch, protein, amino acids.
Therefore, organic fertilizers easily affect the growth and development of
plants, create high-quality agricultural products, and at the same time,
contribute to the improvement of soil vegetation (Minh Hue,2020).For EM
bioproduct is an abbreviation for Effective Microorganisms, which means the
population of beneficial microorganisms. EM preparations contain about 80

species of anaerobic and aerobic microorganisms, which are screened from
more than 2000 species commonly used in the food industry and fermentation
technology. The microorganisms present in the preparation are bacteria
photosynthesis, nitrogen-fixing bacteria, lactic acid, yeasts, actinomycetes,
yeasts. These microorganisms will have a mutually supportive relationship.
EM preparations can be used in the treatment of stench and waste. On the other
hand, EM preparations can also be applied in cultivation and animal
husbandry. , help increase vitality, stimulate the growth of plants and animals;
improve the soil environment, limit bacteria as well as disease-causing pests.
Stemming from the above problems, I conducted research on the topic:
"Research on the effect of organic fertilizer type and bioproduct on the
growth, development, and yield of broccoli at Gia Lam, Ha Noi”

3


1.2. RESEARCH OBJECTIVE AND REQUIREMENTS
1.2.1. Research objective
Determine suitable organic fertilizer type and bioproduct for the growth,
development, and yield of broccoli.
1.2.2. Requirements
Evaluation of the effect of organic fertilizer type on the growth,
development, and yield of broccoli.
Evaluation of the effect of bioproduct on the growth, development, and
yield of broccoli.

4


PART II: LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1. ORIGIN AND DISTRIBUTION OF BROCCOLI
2.1.1. Origin
Broccoli, botanically known as Brassica oleracea, is native to the
Mediterranean. It was engineered from a cabbage relative by the Etruscans—an
ancient Italian civilization who lived in what is now Tuscany—who were
considered to be horticultural geniuses. Its English name, broccoli, is derived
from the Italian word broccoli, which means "the flowering crest of a cabbage,"
and the Latin brachium meaning arm, branch, or shoot. Broccoli has been
considered a very valuable food by the Italians since the Roman Empire, but
when first introduced in England in the mid-18th century, broccoli was referred
to as "Italian asparagus." There are records of Thomas Jefferson, who was an
avid gardener, experimenting with broccoli seeds brought over from Italy in the
late 1700s, but although commercial cultivation of broccoli dates back to the
1500s, it did not become a popular foodstuff in the United States until Southern
Italian immigrants brought it over in the early 1920s (Resilienz, 2022). D'Arrigo
immigrant brothers Stephen and Andrew first grew broccoli in a field in
California (USA). In 1926, the first broccoli train in American history from
California arrived at the Boston station - opening the commercialization of
broccoli. Since then Broccoli was widely distributed and became popular
throughout the United States. Due to the many ways it can be cooked, as well as
all of the health benefits, broccoli has tripled in consumption over the past 30
years. Broccoli is rich in calcium and has antioxidant properties which help
prevent some forms of cancer (Peggy Trowbridge Filippone, 2021).
In 1992, the professor's research lab announced the discovery of a cancerpreventing active ingredient found most in broccoli, called sulforaphane.
Sulforaphane (SFN) has the ability to activate the detoxification system to

5


eliminate carcinogens in the body, strengthen the protective barrier of cells. The

research team's publication was published on the front page of the New York
Times and was voted by Popular Mechanism ,up to now, there have been more
than 1,400 articles on sulforaphane published in the US National Library of
Medicine (Pubmed, 2011).
2.1.2. Distribution
In light of the threat of worldwide food insecurity, vegetable production is
projected to grow even higher to cope with the growing demand for these
commodities and their accompanying health benefits. The great demand can be
explained by the growing global population and changing dietary habits towards
increased vegetable consumption. Annual production could increase or decrease,
as climatic conditions appear to be a major threat to broccoli production
worldwide.
China accounts for more than half of the world's broccoli production, and
this has fueled billions of dollars in trade for the Asian powerhouse. Over the
past five years, China's broccoli production has steadily increased, with growth
during this time estimated at around 20%, giving an annual output of almost ten
million tons at last measured.
In India, India trails China by a considerable distance. India's product
comes from the 6, 7 million hectares of farmland that the country has dedicated
to cauliflower production. China and India account for more than 75% of the
world's total broccoli production. These countries have the highest population in
the world and the need for food production is a very important one as the per
capita consumption of fruits and vegetables is also very high and needs to be
met on a regular basis.
The major broccoli growing countries in Europe are Poland, Italy, France,
and Spain. The continent can produce a large number of these vegetable
products, most of which are grown on small plots of land. In North America, the

6

United States and Mexico lead the way, with annual broccoli production
producing more than 288,750 tons and 481,073 tons, respectively. This is quite
surprising as Canada is considered one of the top-consuming countries for
vegetable products. Other countries that produce broccoli are Egypt, Pakistan,
Turkey, and Algeria. In each of these countries, the annual production exceeds
100 thousand tons and this demonstrates how important the production of these
foods is to the economies of the countries.
Countries like Australia, Jordan, Ecuador, Greece, and Guatemala can only
produce between 60-80 thousand tons of broccoli on an annual basis. This range
is considered very low globally and may not represent the full potential that
these countries have in regard to the production of foods. However, things are to
be expected will constantly change for the better. As advances in agricultural
production continue to advance, early broccoli production tends to increase even
in countries where the cultivation of these vegetables is not mainstream (History
hub, 2022).
In Vietnam, broccoli is grown all year round in areas with cool climates
such as Da Lat - Lam Dong, Moc Chau - Son La, Sapa - Lao Cai. Broccoli is a
winter vegetable crop, grown in Hanoi, Hai Phong, Bac Ninh, and Hung Yen.
The cultivation area of broccoli is small. It is a favorite vegetable of city people,
mainly used for processing and making daily green vegetables. Broccoli has a
higher economic value than other cruciferous vegetables as well as high
nutritional value (Le Ben, 2018).
2.1.3. Characteristic of broccoli
Broccoli roots are fibrous roots, branched, but capable of very strong
growth. When the leaves grow on the top, the root system continues to go deep
into the ground, other roots that eat horizontally begin to grow stronger, the
taproot is shallow. When the plant is in the growth-development stage, the root
system is 30 cm deep and about 40 cm wide, drought- tolerant, poorly

7


waterlogged. Broccoli has a developed leaf set, has a broad stem and leaf
blade, and has a protective wax layer. guard, lobed leaves and high leaf area
index. Body 50-70 cm tall. Flowers are gathered in clusters, the flowers bloom
first on the main stem, flowers bloom from the bottom up in the morning about
8-10 hours, pollinated by insects. The most suitable temperature for pollination
is 12-22 0C, at temperatures below 10 0C, pollen penetration is inhibited.
Flowers are usually pollinated by insects. Fruit: The fruit is a pod with two
seed compartments located along the groove of the bag belonging to the variety
that has a different number of seeds in each fruit, after 3-4 weeks of flowering,
the fruit reaches the largest size and into the ripening stage. Seeds: Usually
egg-shaped, about 1-2 mm in diameter, brown, or slightly grayish-brown or
reddish-brown, weighing 1000 seeds about 3g (Phong Kinh te thanh pho Đa
Lat,2020).
2.1.4. Nutrition composition of broccoli
Broccoli is a rich source of vitamin C and vitamin K. It also contains
considerable amounts of vitamins B1, B3, B5, B6, and E. Folate, chromium,
magnesium, phosphorus, zinc, calcium, iron, selenium, proteins, and omega-3
fatty acids are also found in broccoli. Broccoli also contains numerous
phytochemicals, such as polyphenols, namely kaempferol, quercetin glucosides,
isorhamnetin, glucosinolates, and their derivatives. These are responsible for
their antioxidant and anticancer properties and other health benefits. Broccoli
became one of the favorite foods due to its high nutrient and fiber content.
Numerous epidemiological studies have confirmed the dietary and therapeutic
benefits of broccoli, such as immunity modulation, detoxification, eye health,
bone health, and antimicrobial and antioxidant properties (Pham Thi Phuong
Nhien ,2021).

8


Table 1.1. Nutrition composition in 100g of broccoli
Ingredient
Calo (kcal)

Amount

Unit

34 K.cal

Ingredient
Protein

Amount

Unit

2.82 g

Vitamin A

31 μg

47 mg

Vitamin K

101.6 μg

Kali

316 mg

Vitamin E

0.78 mg

Iron

0.73 mg

Vitamin C

89.2 mg

Cacbonhydrat

6.64 g

Vitamin B6

0.175 mg

Lipid

0.37 g

Calcium

Phosphorus

66 mg

Folate (B9)

63 μg

Fibrous matter

2.6 g

Niacin (B3)

0.639 mg

Food sugar

1.7 g

Riboflavin (B2)

0.117 mg

0.41 mg

Thiamine (B1)

0.071 mg

Zinc
Magnesium
Water

21 mg
89.30 g

Lutein zeaxanthin
Pantothenic accid (B5)

361-1121 μg
0.573 mg
(Source: USDA,2021)

2.1.5. Ecological conditions of broccoli
Light: During the period when the seedlings prefer strong light when the
leaves are fully developed, the light demand decreases.When flowering, light is
required for high yield. Broccoli is a plant that loves long daylight. Under shortday conditions, the plant lengthens its growth period. At the seedling stage, the
plant requires strong light, when forming flowers, it is very necessary to have
soft or weak light.
Temperature: Broccoli likes a cool climate, less cold tolerance than
cabbage. The suitable temperature for plant growth is from 15-18oC. High
temperature (above 25°C) or lower (10°C) plant growth slow, small leaves,
small flowers, and fast aging. Under these unfavorable conditions, in order to
produce off-season broccoli products, it is necessary to use hot or cold-tolerant

9

varieties or create suitable environmental conditions for the growth and
development of the plant.
Water: Broccoli is also a moisture-loving plant, requiring a lot of water
during leaf growth and flower formation. Lack of water, poor leaf growth, slow
flower sprout differentiation, small flowers thus reduce yield and quality. With
too much soil and air humidity, broccoli is susceptible to pests and diseases. The
suitable moisture for broccoli to grow is from 75-85% of the field's moistureholding capacity.
Soil and nutrients: A plant that is not picky about soil, can be grown on
many different types of soil. The most suitable are light, loamy soil, pH = 6.
Broccoli is a moisture-loving plant, but if the soil and air humidity are too high
(over 90%), the plant is susceptible to disease, and the commercial value is poor.
The most suitable soil moisture is 60 - 80%. The amount of fertilizer is usually
higher than that of the plants of the same family. More than 70% of nutrients are
concentrated in the flowering period, so top dressing is very effective. Broccoli
needs to ensure the amount of fertilizer so that the plant has a lush state, resistant
to pests and diseases, and gives a high yield. Organic fertilizers are very good
for plant growth. Broccoli contains a lot of Vitamin A, Vitamin C, Vitamin K,
Fiber. It also contains many nutrients with anti-cancer, antioxidant properties
(Giao trinh cay rau chuyen khoa, 2016).
2.1.6. Fertilizer requirements of broccoli
Average amount of fertilizer for 1 hectare/crop: Crop manure: 30 tons,
microorganic fertilizer 1 ton, lime powder 8 quintals, pure inorganic fertilizer:
140 kg N, 85 kg P 2O5, 180 kg K2O. Also can use more nutrient absorbers,
fertilizers, substances to increase resistance for plants, stimulate plants to absorb
a variety of nutrients at the same time, improve the vitality of plants, stimulate
the need for fertilizers that plants need, and prevent the weakening of plants
(Trung Tam Khuyen Nong Lam Dong,2022).

10

2.1.7. Preventing pests and diseases on broccoli
* Pests :
1. Diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella): A dangerous pest, they arise
and cause continuous damage all year round.
Morphological characteristics: Adults are small butterflies, body length 812mm, forewings light gray, with many small spots of white and black
alternating, upper margin white and with 3 dark brown wavy lines, outside have
long hairs. Eggs are very small, yellow, oval, attached to the underside of leaves.
Young caterpillars: pale yellow-green, slender body, with many short black
hairs, scattered with small black spots. Pupae: Sparse white cocoons, slender
pupa, green to yellow, brown when about to hatch.
Symptoms: The young caterpillars eat the entire leaf cuticle, causing the
leaves to have holes in them. Severe damage will reduce the yield and quality of
vegetables.
2. Black cutworm (Agrotis ipsilon)
Morphological characteristics: Adults are butterflies, the body has many
gray hairs, the eggs are pale at first, then turn black to brown. The young
caterpillars are black-brown, the pupae are brown. Gray caterpillars arise in cold
weather conditions, with high humidity, and mainly cause damage when the
plants are young.
Symptoms: Newly hatched caterpillars gnaw the cuticles of leaves, older
caterpillars live in the ground, crawling up at night to bite off the stump. The
caterpillars pupate in the soil.
* Illnesses:
1. Blackleg (Phoma ligam)
Symptoms: Initially, sunken rotten cracks appear on the base of the stem
and later may appear on the leaves, having a light brown round spot. Diseased
plants are usually smaller in size.

11


2. Black rot (Xanthomonas campestris)
Symptoms: The disease affects both seedlings and mature trees. The leaves
of infected seedlings turn yellow and fall off before the tree is large. On larger
plants, yellow, V-shaped lesions appear on the leaf margins with the tip pointing
inward. These lesions spread gradually into the middle of the leaves. Infected
areas turn brown, plant tissues die. The veins in the infected areas turn black
visible when cutting the leaves.
3. Downy mildew (Peronospora parasitica)
Symptoms: The disease causes damage from the time the plants are young
in the nursery until the plants are grown. Small yellow or brown spots appear on
the cotyledons and true leaves of seedlings. On large trees, the disease is round
or irregularly shaped yellow-brown spots, on which there is a layer of mold like
fine green-black hairs. The disease on the underside of the leaves is covered
with a spongy white layer like dew. After a while, the wound dries up and
becomes brown or black. The lesions spread together in large burnt patches on
the leaves, the leaves turn yellow and fall.
4. Damping Off (Rhizoctonia solani)
Symptoms: The lesions are deeply indented on the part of the body
touching the ground and have a slightly dark color. Diseased plants grow poorly,
small corns, severe cases may wilt and die.
5. Club root (Plasmodiophora brassicae. W)
Symptoms: The disease affects the root system of the plant (main root and
lateral roots). The root part is deformed and swollen, having different sizes
depending on the period and degree of infection (Nguyen Ha,2019).
2.1.8. Harvest broccoli
After planting from 75 to 85 days, broccoli will be harvested. In the
process of planting and caring, if the weather is cold, the harvest time can be

prolonged; On the contrary, if it is less cold, should be harvested a few days

12


early, when the flowers are still bright green and dark. Broccoli is a fastgrowing annual plant that grows as much as 60-90 cm in height. Upright and
branching with leathery leaves, broccoli bears dense green clusters of flower
buds at the ends of the central axis and branches. If left unharvested, those
buds bear yellow flowers with four petals and produce siliqua fruits (a dry
capsular fruit). Broccoli thrives in moderate to cool climates and is
propagated by seeds. The heads, or florets, reach harvest in 2 -5 months,
depending upon the variety and the weather.
Like the artichoke, broccoli is essentially a large edible flower. The stalks
and flower florets are eaten both raw and cooked and have a flavor reminiscent
of cabbage, though broccoli is also related to kale, cauliflower, and Brussels
sprouts. As far as other cruciferous vegetables are concerned, broccoli is a bit
divisive, that means people either love it or avoid it for its unique taste.
However, due to the many ways it can be cooked, as well as all of the health
benefits, broccoli has tripled in consumption over the past three decades. Garden
fresh young broccoli is the best in taste (Melissa Petruzzello,2013).
2.2. THE STATUS OF PRODUCTION AND CONSUMPTION OF
VEGETABLE IN THE WORLD AND VIETNAM
2.2.1. The status of production and consumption of vegetable in the world
Green vegetables are an essential food of human life, providing the
majority of minerals and vitamins, contributing to nutritional balance in daily
meals. Vegetables are crops with high economic value and are exported by
many countries around the world. Currently, many countries in the world grow
vegetables with a large area, in developed countries the ratio of vegetables/food
crops is 2/1, while in developing countries this ratio is 1/2.

13