Tiểu luận ngôn ngữ và văn hóa

HUE UNIVERSITY
INFORMATICS AND OPEN INSTITUTE
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ASSIGNMENT ON
LANGUAGE AND CULTURE
TOPIC:
CULTURAL DIFFERENCES IN
TEACHING AND LEARNING STYLES

Student: Lưu Tuấn Anh
Class: Nghệ An 6

Nghệ An, tháng 8 năm 2023

Differences between Speech and Writing
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Introduction:
Communication is a fundamental aspect of human interaction, and it can take
various forms. Two primary modes of communication are speech and writing.
While both serve as vehicles for expressing thoughts and conveying information,
they differ significantly in terms of form, context, register, accessibility, and more.
This essay aims to explore these differences, shedding light on the unique
attributes of speech and writing and the implications they hold for effective
communication.
Content:
1. Differences in Form:
Speech and writing are distinct in terms of their form and structure, which
contribute to how meaning is conveyed. These differences play a fundamental role

in shaping the way information is presented and interpreted. In spoken language,
the form is characterized by its immediacy and spontaneity. Conversations unfold
in real-time, allowing speakers to adapt their expressions on the fly. This dynamic
nature of speech is evident in the use of intonation, rhythm, and even pauses, all of
which enrich the communication process with emotional nuances and contextual
cues.
On the other hand, the form of written language is meticulously planned and
edited. Writers have the opportunity to carefully select words, structure sentences,
and refine their content before it reaches the reader. This deliberate process enables
writers to communicate complex ideas with clarity and precision. Punctuation,
grammar, and syntax take on heightened significance in writing, acting as the
scaffolding that guides the reader through the intended meaning.
Moreover, the form of writing also allows for the creation of more intricate
sentence structures and a greater focus on details. The permanence of the written
word allows readers to revisit the content, offering them the luxury to pause,
reflect, and fully comprehend the message at their own pace. This stands in
contrast to speech, where the momentary nature of utterances demands swift
interpretation and immediate response.
In essence, the divergent forms of speech and writing create a fascinating
interplay between the ephemerality of spoken words and the enduring presence of
written texts. These differences in form give rise to unique strengths and

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considerations in both modes of communication, ultimately influencing how
individuals choose to express themselves and engage with others.
The exploration of these differences goes beyond mere linguistic analysis; it
delves into the intricate ways in which humans adapt their communication patterns
to suit various contexts and objectives. Understanding these form-related

distinctions is pivotal in grasping the full spectrum of human expression, shedding
light on the complexity and richness of language as a whole..
1.1 Characteristics of Speech:
Speech is characterized by its spontaneous and immediate nature. When
individuals engage in spoken communication, they do so on the spot, without the
luxury of time to plan or revise. This often results in the use of fillers, repetitions,
and hesitations as individuals search for words. Moreover, the rhythm, pacing, and
intonation in speech play a crucial role in conveying meaning and emotion. For
instance, a simple sentence can change its meaning entirely depending on the
emphasis placed on different words.
1.2 Characteristics of Writing:
In contrast, writing is marked by its planned and edited nature. Writers have
the luxury of time to carefully construct their sentences, select appropriate
vocabulary, and edit their work for clarity and coherence. Punctuation, grammar,
and structure are essential components of conveying meaning in writing. Each
word is a brushstroke on the canvas of communication, contributing to the creation
of a vivid and lasting image in the reader's mind.
The act of writing is not merely a mechanical task but a craft that demands
attention to detail. Writers engage in a thoughtful process of choosing the right
words and arranging them in a logical sequence. This process extends beyond
individual sentences, encompassing the overarching structure of the piece.
Paragraphs are organized to guide the reader through the narrative or argument,
ensuring a smooth and logical flow of ideas.
Written texts undergo a process of revision and refinement before they are
presented to an audience. This meticulous process allows writers to convey
complex ideas with precision. The art of rewriting involves critically evaluating the
content's coherence, eliminating redundancies, and sharpening the focus. As
writers revise, they refine not only the words but also the impact of their message.
Furthermore, the permanence of written language underscores the need for
accuracy. Unlike speech, where verbal expressions can fade from memory, written

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words are etched onto the page or screen, ready to be revisited and analyzed.
Therefore, writers take on the responsibility of crafting their messages in a way
that resonates accurately with their intended audience over time.
In essence, the characteristics of writing transform it into a deliberate act of
creation. Each sentence represents a strategic choice, and each revision refines the
expression. This deliberate and reflective process allows writers to harness the
power of language, transcending the constraints of time and distance. Ultimately,
the written word becomes a testament to the author's craftsmanship, encapsulating
ideas and emotions in a lasting form.
2. Differences in Context:
The context in which speech and writing occur significantly influences their
characteristics. Context shapes not only the content of communication but also the
delivery, style, and expectations associated with each mode.
2.1 Interactive Nature of Speech:
Speech thrives in interactive environments, where real-time communication
unfolds between speakers and listeners. This immediacy allows for spontaneous
exchanges and dynamic adjustments based on feedback. In face-to-face
conversations, individuals rely on a rich tapestry of nonverbal cues—facial
expressions, gestures, and posture—to supplement their words. These cues are a
cornerstone of interpersonal understanding, conveying nuances that might remain
hidden in written communication.
Furthermore, the interactive nature of speech fosters engagement and active
participation. The give-and-take of conversation encourages questions,
clarifications, and interruptions, shaping the discourse as it progresses. This
fluidity allows speakers to gauge their audience's reactions and adapt their delivery
accordingly, ensuring effective communication even in the absence of prepared
scripts.

2.2 Static Nature of Writing:
In contrast, writing is characterized by its static nature—a quality that lends
itself to more contemplative and solitary forms of expression. Writers craft their
words with the understanding that they will be received by readers at a separate
time and place. This lack of immediacy necessitates clarity and precision in
conveying ideas, as writers cannot rely on instant feedback for clarification.
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Without the benefit of nonverbal cues, writers must rely solely on the written
word to convey tone, intent, and emotion. This challenge underscores the
importance of careful word choice and the arrangement of sentences, as writers
must anticipate potential interpretations by readers. Moreover, the static nature of
writing allows for revision, enabling authors to refine their thoughts before
presenting them to an audience. This process enables writers to articulate complex
ideas more comprehensively than the often spontaneous nature of speech would
allow.
In essence, the contextual differences between speech and writing result in
diverse communication experiences. While speech excels in fostering real-time
interaction and adaptation, writing's static nature encourages careful consideration
and the development of more intricate discourse. Both contexts offer unique
advantages, catering to different communication needs and preferences.
3. Differences in Register and Formality:
Speech and writing also exhibit variations in terms of the language used and
the degree of formality. The choice of register and level of formality is influenced
by the context and the relationship between the participants.
3.1 Informal Language in Speech:
Speech often embraces a more informal register. Casual conversations among
friends, family members, or colleagues tend to include colloquialisms,
contractions, and even slang. These linguistic features contribute to a sense of

camaraderie and familiarity, reflecting the shared experiences and social bonds
among participants. Moreover, conversational fillers like "um" and "uh" provide
time for speakers to gather their thoughts in the unscripted realm of speech.
The informal nature of speech also extends to the pace of conversation.
Participants in spoken communication may engage in overlapping speech, quick
turn-taking, and even interruptions. These behaviors emphasize the interactive and
collaborative nature of conversational exchanges, allowing for the negotiation of
meaning on the spot.
3.2 Formal Language in Writing:
In contrast, writing leans towards a more formal language register.
Documents such as academic papers, business reports, and official
correspondences demand a degree of decorum and precision. Writers carefully
select words, opting for formal vocabulary and avoiding colloquial expressions.
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The intent is to maintain a tone of authority and professionalism, fostering clear
and unambiguous communication.
The formal nature of written language extends to sentence structure and
grammar. Writers are expected to adhere to conventional rules of punctuation and
syntax, contributing to the overall coherence and readability of the text. This
attention to detail underscores the writer's commitment to conveying information
accurately and persuasively.
In essence, the differences in register and formality between speech and
writing accommodate the diverse range of communication contexts. While
informal language in speech nurtures interpersonal connections and spontaneity,
the formality of writing ensures clarity, authority, and meticulousness in conveying
complex ideas..
4. Differences in Accessibility and Permanence:
The accessibility and permanence of speech and writing play a role in their

effectiveness and utility.
4.1 Accessibility of Speech:
Speech is accessible in real-time and does not require external tools for
comprehension. Listeners can engage with spoken communication without the
need for special equipment or literacy skills. However, the ephemerality of speech
can also pose challenges as it relies heavily on memory retention. Once spoken,
words are fleeting, making it crucial for effective listening skills.
4.2 Permanence of Writing:
Written texts offer a level of permanence and can be revisited and referenced
over time. They serve as a reliable source of information and a means of preserving
knowledge. This permanence not only contributes to the cumulative nature of
human understanding but also provides a tangible link between the past and the
present.
Throughout history, the written word has played a pivotal role in shaping
education, culture, and civilization itself. Ancient scrolls, manuscripts, and codices
have carried the wisdom and insights of past generations to contemporary times.
Written communication has been instrumental in the transmission of religious
texts, philosophical treatises, scientific discoveries, and artistic creations.
In academic contexts, the permanence of writing allows scholars to engage in
a sustained dialogue across generations. References to works from centuries ago
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can be easily integrated into contemporary research, enriching discussions with
historical perspectives. Moreover, the permanence of written records lends itself to
citation and attribution, fostering a culture of intellectual integrity and
acknowledging the contributions of those who came before.
The legal realm also benefits from the permanence of written communication.
Legal documents, contracts, and statutes are meticulously drafted to ensure
precision and clarity. The permanence of written records provides a solid

foundation for resolving disputes, establishing rights, and upholding
accountability.
In essence, the permanence of writing fosters continuity and connection. It
transcends the boundaries of time, granting us access to the collective wisdom and
creativity of humanity. This enduring quality of written communication
underscores its significance in documenting human achievements, facilitating
learning, and preserving the essence of cultures through the ages..
Conclusion:
In conclusion, the differences between speech and writing are multi-faceted
and contribute to the richness of human communication. While speech excels in
real-time interactions and immediacy, writing offers permanence and precision.
Both modes have their strengths and limitations, and understanding these
differences is crucial for effective communication in various contexts. Whether
engaging in casual conversations, delivering formal presentations, or conveying
complex ideas in written form, recognizing the unique attributes of speech and
writing enhances our ability to connect, inform, and express ourselves.
References:
Hayakawa, S. I., & Hayakawa, A. R. (1990). Language in Thought and
Action. Harvest Books.
Chomsky, N. (2006). Language and Mind. Cambridge University Press.
Cameron, D. (1995). Verbal Hygiene. Routledge.
Goshgarian, G. (2014). Exploring Language. Routledge.
Johns, A. M. (1997). Speaking and Writing: Strategies of Entering Discourse
Communities. Prentice Hall.
Johnstone, B. (2008). Discourse Analysis. Wiley-Blackwell.
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Bauer, L., & Trudgill, P. (Eds.). (1998). Language Myths. Penguin.

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