Những cuộc cải cách trong lịch sử Việt Nam

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#$%&%'(%&)*+,-+
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/Q*K42LF-/%D%R%(*B0D
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SK7"8-39! '
:,O4;'*%&T'H1&T'D
9<UA"C8*<V'9'
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/&*?_7D\S8'!3
OH;`0$?=1*8;=(A8A2*ZZD*U!
'D8C<;"1('D1\
1aAFA*1a=AD*U
Y# A')8\ !"! ;O!
`L)Ab#`SZ#A'8/]17"1(3
88!388!%O4NG"
87#
c# A')\#$%&'(';b6A!A5A
`@;9%A.-/Ab#`SZ*8/]1>%1
8^d8!38H'9>;`0$?=1*
Y
c
'7K(^"H2!HD&4&'
8;`0$?=1!'%D#

e# A5 )#)$%&'(*A5`"$?K
7%/<L!88D!3'F!8;`0
$?=1'%(:)fg*hfg7(3*+,
"-!)$%&'(.
i# ( //0""12"3,;=(6:A&
K>%184888;!!=(A8
A2#=(6:A&>%18^8;
=(A8A2*'773Q/&!=(A8A27&/
"C8;"F*H%C
8;`0$?=1!8/J!'8;*0F
K-48327D#
j'"D&!3H&/Q!74273,%&!38
!&!388!/5/8/&/Q*&(:(
%@-)!!,!3(:;3K
@3D&#
 
!"
# #$%&'%(&)*&+&&,-&&'.&+&(
=D:4&3 1!'*
c
e
1&M;83D#AG+&4Bk*4ENAGjJ 9
A&:0&2$138<`8(2PD6l
CFD/8,;<#AFD/'4&<
14&N%l3D1a#ZX3DVT13
'7"d(#"48%7-G3
1&)48#S71&)1*8(:<7
"88'
S8-#77 */8,!
#S8K-'7"1Q#E2/'

)&<3a87/7"3
4*"8G48!;#S7G7*N1
3l42/3D/'4&'K 8#`
1*8OQ/(:)87L
.%Q#678;EN`D'hgm*8;=?A8
A.+&4Bkn*8;`0$?=?)&4Bkn+&4Bk*
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 C/D!!:48! 'G'D
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288-3#
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<;Q/13*0FK,1&8<M4&z9>*
8/:1(+'4;'H*DD&8
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$8('1l'F7+
*7 ! 1&'8(3/548l
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8<M4&z9>*8/:1(+'4;'H
#
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8'*(3_! l'84R,O
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;8DM 21%D#6,?
'<FV,'M&88'
#
6%T*L132>
L8%7H3!3:#S&)D/;
'D%7&:%D';/'4&/5PT- (J
)FPT#'&)D/*@7(3'D&48*
:&<</7H\(&)*C|=DK

//(!D3#'8'D&2***}&
<<//'L132*O@%D'L
132:Ka*!5!d;,(#6F);
<<|=DK'7!2V 4.#3F/%8*%8!-
''%O7*%OD2*%%&2I*%/Q%
142711%%&22*32<%/8
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A'5((4x7*83D/5PT<BGDC
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07l`87*l!_!a97%R 0D;)
|=D!<*%&|=DQ*1;A$)#
Ghgi*4-L13*,9<1 )
''Q/* ;*@ROEN>/ "8!3
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H3'FPT,D*4T/JL/<8;13 ;_
/5*9<1 L13<)G5&8
9>#
S8;EN`D'>NF,*F,
D-13 ;*2!474GL*
4&!9>(8lD&/+'15L13
2/5%T9<&+"*9<1 L13 ;*
)Q/*)*84R/D!& ;L13/'
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!2V 4.*)F>%L13/5%T%7H
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%7H3;L1326F#j'778JL *
;))T%7"!<<*7<) 4I

O'29<1 !%'!*)Q/* ;'
~!G-Q/Ghgi#AG<17,1!'8
;EN`D'2*L!8NN*NF,*
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k/8G+1&"4;'''N
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D*'D;#
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!88'#6<1K%O4?
8'"&).D!!-5#
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8;=(A8A2#u48T<Z2&8*
H%8!3L!%81D#k/8GJ(;
8l4T/J"D&*1&4d;%81L
F48&)<9<-*%81/+'%
K'D*3!3%Q/91! DL42.
!!Q1,7-Q/13D*7 *Q/-

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L;=(A8A2>D'-)L)G
(9)*G5&/5#Z%81O*Hs*
8*%'- BD'!13 Q/;5#6<1
2(&;&<;/'4&Q/135F*
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!Q1*7,78L;=(A8A2>N]1
'8/'4&7'9>6D'*&<;
(-98Q/#
A&&L8L;=(A8A2%,
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F=(A8A28L!%81D/V-/
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1;=(A8A27,1l2>7'T48D1%d'
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D4;'*L'7>-42/J*
(L9*(0Q/;*.9>*
34&2/7-/J0!7%/8,#6<1
K<)42,&'88"8
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l8/:+;*9/8G1(+7
/J034&2/F&*8
81G>Q-#
SK=(A8A28;ZZDKQ/;1&
!'8L*%81?!)D#%81
DF!ZZD1'!,%81>L
 -/+'!@;*D&-H1&4d'%81F
47#ZDK>/81-L!%&T%T'
)EN`D'!=(A8A2#`1"8+&4Bkk;
"1(bPS<*bS<A###l1&
4;'';9>*'7<M<!<
M/1<T5#`'N15%'F&
+7"87 *"C1.
%19>*%H#
AG"Q(*1l1&)'/+>
1&2;88*"8(>%&
 !'',"%/8/NT*QNF5*
'N%1F&'*/!!QJN!''
N7#"'48*%"8/%&Q
&*,424RF1;'<N
1*98-N*J(,"8D
28(#
AG!(:88'*X4*9>
1+<,/8,39"C8

!"8'"F+13*:+.:*
BD' #382*78JL &
/8,;* 1,;<*.%Q8
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;EN`D'*8;=(A8A2#%(D7K7
8%%DHV7J(*NTD'73
D&'*%/8/ !47448>M
%D#H%78;`0$?=1#S731(<<
8`0$?=1%D'"1(<7''
N%1F#AD'*ND7!Q11(L\)3A+
!5CD*42@'&F);<
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842/V-/!FDN%1F\S8`0$?=1'
*14&9> O<*'7€D3•*€D2• 
O#€D3•*ƒD2•42,#S83*  

8&%*?0)*4&9>7+#6<1
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N%1F#S8!7*8'J7&%K
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8+N2<4.#S8< 78'
O&<<*@ !'5€ !'@<•###
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7!8H/5%T#A7D*S8>H/83
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;<<*,-@<*T%T-<;<L'
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9<-*!8;$AD+"!'
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O!8 %'<#AF88T;
("L8*C8;2, &-*
"<1&283D42,,!K42, 
2')#A3D$A'&/7% *42@
&/J "8;!!%1a…Q.!'+
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! ;$A427,'8-*HV8
;242%D8;`0$?=1/+'K42
, -?1;2#
A"!EN`D'*`0$?=1*=(A8A2*$A

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O!/7/5/8/'B!/ !'
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4;'+O!34&!9>L135''%
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;`0$?=142,!,DQ#`0$?=1F
'8(@G<<!8;2M&%D#
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1-@;<<! !''&-
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N1'8;OEN!'&4Bnk\
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'88<.+4&&/&2#
A+YYH8);<Z*
>:(8.<Z!3*8eeYy=(=-(2
`'&*C+'3D=(#A8F!A8A.veYyeccw*
A8A2veceeeYw*+-42/J!/8
,D(8_! #efg* =(A8A2(24&G
";3D,D*7"34,9<1 
*'K:"4748!7159>
!'4;'F)A+#
=(A8A2Q1''D1H/
"474*2>&8(8_! L*
4&*8'J!>-32#6<1-9r
8(%,'778&8
/8,;!31!7//+!'2/7<
DQ/ ''#
S8;$AK)';"
8'8'D*9>!')&4Bknnn/
/'4&)'G!N&D59O42
<&F);<<#$7'1-34&2
Y
YY
/%)*:9%/8'D(O*9>.
*)'D*<M9>1T#P81(/'4&4>

 /8,9>*!348%5%)!F4I7
A3!PTA31(39O#
u4>D'<<!VQ1Q.8L13)8
(*0FK8%D<9<-k(vmyiw*<Avmyhw*
/'4&-Q/ >D';$A:
1(+.,'84R 4;'+O
(3_! ;F)9>#!$AK&
8;(8_! \4&*L*< *!78'#
S8;!$A>-2!- ;
;<<#
!Q1*/5/8/,8O&427
/5/8/NT8s%%D!!Q1&)&
8(/9r9d/5/8/,&! ;
;<<#
#c# *.145&)*%CLI.NO%(7G#
=>:4&38!JL
')/8,5-/!9&FD#u %D;
8842,/;Q!@;"F8#
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F4/'4&*r'&5Q/13*13l
'1!*F;!F#u /8,;)/'
4&/J3!'2!7#`'H'F4D*8
8K'F:+'H'.::+!
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8*C7*"%3+8-(7- 1
42K'12!71&#

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'<\
P(Q&\O/N2!V#u
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EN>C+'8(J'4I-Q/
<#
R;%CS%=F-!83+'3=(
4=(='6&2(!*, 24L!=?S2ˆ]*0
7CF8Q/3D=?*C4B1(/8,6D
VFTu /.;=?S2ˆ] C+!7
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:''3*4d'd'A+S*8O;!'
/J!J!=?S(`'!0'O*!S(`'
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A8'3#3_R5!" 13
5!#EA+S(2!M@R.*(2!'
1A+A;6‰'8*!("8l42/J

'A+A;6!%&#S)F=?*!B
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&Q/*8O4&o9>'A+A;6
42,&l/8,*3DVF#
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