ôn thi lý thuyết dịch

Cấu trúc đề thi:
Task 1: Multiple choice
Task 2: True/ False
Task 3: Gap filling
Task 4: Translation methods
Nội dung ôn:
Định nghĩa độc giả văn bản dịch
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Đặc trưng của độc giả

1, Definition: a group that readers that the text is aimed at
2, Features: level of education, class, age, gender
3, Types: expert (chuyên gia)
Educated layman ( có kiến thức)
The uninformed (ko có kiến thức)
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Translation methods
Nhớ chính xác 8 phương pháp trang 21
1, word for word translation
Source language word order is preserved
Words are translated singly by their most common meanings, out of context
And non- grammatical
2. Literal translation
Source language grammatical structures are converted to their nearest equivalent in
the TL
But words are still translated sighly, out of context
3, Faithful translation
Words are translated in context
Uncompromising to the target language

Transfer cultural words
Does not naturalize
4, Semantic translation (phổ biến nhất) trọng tâm
Naturalize to achieve aesthetic effect
Great focus on aesthetic features of the source text (at expense of meaning if
necessary)
Close rendering of metaphors, collocations, technical terms, colloquialisims…
Used for
Text that have high status (religious texts, legal texts, politician’s speeches)


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Expressive texts (literature)
5, Communicative translation
Freer than semantic translation
Give priority to the effectiveness of the message to be communicated
Focus on read ability and naturalness (the content and language are readily)
Used for: informative texts (tập hợp thong tin)
6, Idiomatic translation
Reproduce the message of the original
Prefer colloquialisms and idioms which do not exist in the original
Out come: lively, natural translation
7, Free translation
Reproduce the matter without the manner, the content without the form of the original
Paraphrase much longer than the original
8, Adaption (phỏng dịch)
The freest form of translation
Preserve the theme, plots, characters only
The SL culture is converted to the TL culture

A kind of rewriting in translation
Used for: plays, poems, songs, advertising
Translation procedures

Memorize names of all procedures
Outstanding
1, Transference
A SL word is directly taken into SL text with no translation
Used for: proper names, proper nouns, new technical terms that do not have equivalents
in the TL
2, Naturalization
A transferred word is adapted to the TL
(pronunciation and morphology)
3, Through translation
Literal translation of a word/ expression into the TL
Used for: already recognized terms (names of organization, collocations)
4, Shift or transposition
Involve a change in the grammar (part of speech) from SL to TL
5, Modulation


A variation in the message when it is translated into a TL due to a change in the point of
view
6, Cultural equivalent
A SL cultural word is translated by a TL cultural word considered equivalent to it
7, Functional equivalent
The use of a culture-free word in a translation for a cultural word in the ST.
8, Descriptive equivalent
The meaning of the original word is explained in several words.
9, Couplets

Combination of two translation procedures for dealing with a single problem
Common for cultural word: transference may be combined with a functional or cultural
equivalent
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Translation equivalence
Nature
Definition
Koller’s theory
1, Nature of equivalence
Equivalence is the central issue in translation
There are different viewpoints and different perspective
2, Definition
The relationship between a ST and a TT that allows the TT to be considered as the
translation of the ST
Not the relationship between two languages
3, Koller’s theory (5 loại)
a, Denotative equivalence
The SL and TL words refer to the same thing in the real word. This is the referential
identity between SL and TL units
This is equivalence of the extra linguistic content of a text, or “content invariance”
b, Connotative equivalence
The SL and TL words should produce the same communicative values in the mind of
native speakers of the two languages
The equivalence is transmitted by means of word choices with respect to level of
style, social and geographical dimensions…
c, Text normative equivalence
The SL and TL words use the same or similar text types in their respective languages
d, Pragmatic equivalence
The SL to TL words have the same effect on the reader

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Mainly ain…
e, Formal equivalence
Rhyme, verse form, word play, metaphor
Particularly used in translation of poems, songs
Translation revision

What to assess? Criteria
Accuracy, naturalness, clarity, consistency
How to assess? (7 methods) bỏ
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Interpreting process
Có 2 loại: dịch đồng thời (simultaneous)
Dịch đuổi (consecutive)
Listening and comprehension: ideas, not words
Analyzing: speech type
+ Note taking: main ideas, links, not individual words
Memorizing: visualization, tagging ideas, mind-mapping
_ Reconstitution and interpretation
Asking for clarification
Public speaking (eye contact)
Efficient delivery: speed, emphasis
Professional issues
Common code of ethics for both translators and interpreters

Ensure competence: only accept work which is within his/her competence
Ensure accuracy: translate accurately and completely all that is said or written (no
additions, no omissions, no change) ko thêm, ko bớt, ko thay đổi
Ensure impartiality (công bằng) maintain professional detachment
Ensure confidentiality: must not disclose information
VD: semantic translation is used for informative