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<span class="text_page_counter">Trang 1</span><div class="page_container" data-page="1">
Course Book
</div><span class="text_page_counter">Trang 2</span><div class="page_container" data-page="2">qua ngày 28 tháng 10 năm 2016 và được Hiệu trưởng Trường Đại học Luật Hà Nội
Legal Translation and Interpreting Practice Course 1 was finalized by the Board of Approval of Hanoi Law University (under Decision No. 3154/QD-DHLHN dated October 18, 2016 of the Rector of Hanoi Law University) on October 28, 2016 and was allowed to publish by the Rector of Hanoi Law University under Decision
No. 1190/QD-DHLHN dated March 10, 2018.
Book code: TPG/K - 21 - 18
247-2021/CXBIPH/01-20/TP
</div><span class="text_page_counter">Trang 3</span><div class="page_container" data-page="3">NHAC THANH HUONG, L.L.B, M.A
Dr. PHAN THI LAN HUONG
NHAC THANH HUONG, L.L.B, M.A <sup>Unit 2: Sources of Law</sup>
LA NGUYEN BINH MINH, L.L.B, M.A
NHAC THANH HUONG, L.L.B, M.A <sup>Unit 3: Constitutional Law</sup>
LA NGUYEN BINH MINH, L.L.B, M.A
NHAC THANH HUONG, L.L.B, M.A <sup>Unit 4: Criminal Law</sup>
NHAC THANH HUONG, L.L.B, M.A Unit 5: Company Law
DAO THI TAM, L.L.B, M.A
NHAC THANH HUONG, L.L.B, M.A <sup>Unit 6: Contract Law</sup>
NGUYEN THI HUONG LAN, L.L.B, M.A Unit 7: Contract Law (Cont.)
The Manuscript is edited by Assoc. Prof., Dr. Nguyen Thi Anh Van, from Hanoi
Law University (According to the Manuscript Editing Contract No. 758/HD-NXBTP dated August 10, 2020)
</div><span class="text_page_counter">Trang 5</span><div class="page_container" data-page="5">This legal Translation and Interpreting Practice I course book is compiled for third-year Legal English students at Hanoi Law University. The material aims to get students majoring in legal English familiar to knowledge and skills necessary for translating and interpreting work. The material contains 7 units, focusing on various legal issues, ranging from the comparisons between Common law and Civil law
traditions; and sources of law, to different areas of law, namely constitutional law,
criminal law, company law, and contract law. Each unit consists of two major parts:
(1) Translation; and (2) Interpreting.
Translating requires the accuracy in the use of word choices, grammar and standard form of texts. The translation part, therefore, is divided into two sub-sections, namely English - Vietnamese Translation, Vietnamese - English Translation, covering from typical grammar point notes to designed exercises for students to practice two-way translation and expressions. In terms of types of tasks, the compilers of this part
owe great thanks to the Course Book Interpreting and Translation by Dang Xuan Thu
& Bui Tien Bao (1999), Hanoi: Education Publisher and Advanced Translation by Nguyen Thanh Van (2016), ULIS.
Interpreting, on the one hand, does not require as high accuracy as translating. On the other hand, it does require the skills of listening, note-taking, memorizing as
well as quick response to speech. The design and the types of tasks in the Intepreting
part are adapted from the Course Book Consecutive Interpreting by Nguyen Ngoc Ninh, ULIS, which provides learners with the knowledge of intergrated interpreting sub-skills theory, then practice activities with speech on specific fields of law delivered by the
teacher for students to drill in interpreting skills.
</div><span class="text_page_counter">Trang 6</span><div class="page_container" data-page="6">core material, which should advisably be updated by the trainers on a regular basis. Students are also expected to spend more time working individually or in teams before and after class to further develop translating and interpreting skills. Some sections, facts and figures are subject to changes and updates without prior notice.
Comments and criticism from the readers and colleagues about the inevitable shortcomings are welcome and appreciated so as to make this material really meet
students’ need.
Hanoi, May 2021 CO-AUTHORS
</div><span class="text_page_counter">Trang 7</span><div class="page_container" data-page="7">In this unit, students will be able to acquire: Knowledge:
- Vocabulary: terms related to common law and civil law traditions - Grammar: Use of relative pronouns
- Legal background: Differences between common law and civil law traditions
- Translation: Suitable translation using Relative pronouns in the target language - Interpreting: Overview of Interpreting skill
GRAMMAR NOTES: RELATIVE PRONOUNS
In English, relative pronouns are often used to form a complex sentence, joining
the sentences that have the same subjects, objects or possessives. In translation, it is
very useful to use relative pronouns to refer to nouns previously mentioned, whether they are people, things, animals, places, times, reasons, or ideas... Relative pronouns can be used to join two sentences. For example,
e Acts or statutes that are enacted by the legislature are dominant sources of law in civil law systems.
Forming relative clauses used relative pronouns
Person Thing Place Time | Reason
- Relative pronouns are used to define or identify the noun that precedes them
e There are certain features of all civil codes, which bind them together and set
them apart from those who practice under different systems.
- Non-defining relative clauses are used to give extra information about the person or thing. It is separated off by a comma.
Consider the following examples. Pay greater attention to the relative pronouns in bold. e In a civil law system, the main principles and rules are contained in codes and
statutes, which are applied by the courts.
e The common law system is based in large part on statutes, which the judges are supposed to apply and interpret in much the same way as the judges in a civil law system.
e The Prime Minister, who was elected in 2007, has been in power for three years.
Rewrite the following sentences, using relative clauses.
1. Public law is concerned with the regulations. These regulations govern processes
in local and national government.
2. Criminal law deals with certain forms of conduct. The state reserves punishment for these forms of conducts.
3. Substantive law is contrasted with procedural law. Procedural law defines the procedure. A law is to be enforced by this procedure.
</div><span class="text_page_counter">Trang 9</span><div class="page_container" data-page="9">4. In a common law system, the decisions of courts are regarded as precedents. The lower courts will follow these precedents.
SECTION 1. ENGLISH - VIETNAMESE TRANSLATION
Task 1. Based on the given context, find the Vietnamese equivalents for the words/phrases in bold. Pay attention to the relative pronouns.
English Vietnamese
1 | Civil law has its origin in Roman law, as codified in the Corpus Juris Civilis of Justinian.
2 | The main feature of civil law is that it is contained 1n civil codes, which are described as a "systematic, authoritative, and guiding statute of broad coverage, breathing the spirit of reform and marking a new start in the legal life of an entire nation".
3 | Most civil codes were adopted in the
nineteenth and twentieth centuries.
4 | Civil law, which is largely classified and
structured, contains a great number of
general rules and principles.
</div><span class="text_page_counter">Trang 10</span><div class="page_container" data-page="10">5 | In the civil law system, the court’s main tasks are to apply and interpret statutory provisions which are stipulated in a code, or a statute and related to the facts of the case brought into the court.
6 | The code regulates all cases that could occur in practice.
7 | When certain cases are not regulated by the
code, the courts should apply some of the
general principles to fill the gaps.
8 | There are certain features of all civil codes,
which set them apart from those in
different systems.
Task 2. Read the following translations and choose the most suitable Vietnamese equivalent for the parts in bold.
A. The most obvious distinction between civil law and common law systems is that a civil law system (1) is a codified system, whereas a common law system is based mainly on (2) case law, (3) not created by means of legislation.
B. khơng được tạo ra từ phương tiện pháp luật
pháp luật
B. The principle is that (1) earlier judicial decisions, usually of the higher courts, made in a similar case, (2) should be followed in the subsequent cases. In other words, precedents should be respected.
pháp phải được tơn trọng
C. The common law system is based in large part on (1) statutes, which the judges (2) are supposed to apply and interpret in much the same way as the judges in a civil law one.
Task 3. Revise the following translations if necessary. Pay greater attention to the relative pronouns.
In civil law systems, the main principles and rules are contained in codes and statutes, which are applied by the courts. Hence, codes and statutes prevail, while
case law constitutes only a secondary source of law. In contrast, in the common law systems, the law has been dominantly created by judicial decisions.
và luật, và được toà an thi hành. Do do, các bộ luật và luật có vai trị chủ đạo,
các quyết định của toà an.
The civil law system is based on the theory of separation of powers, in which the role of legislators is to legislate, while the courts should apply the law. On the other hand, in the common law system, the courts are given the main task in creating the law.
các nhà làm luật là làm luật trong khi tòa an chỉ nên thực thi pháp luật. Mat
an duoc giao cho nhiém vu sang tao ra pháp luật.
The civil law family is based on codes which
concepts and rules, starting with general
contain logically connected
principles and moving on to specific rules. A civil lawyer usually starts from a legal norm which is contained in a legislation, and by means of deduction makes conclusions regarding the actual
Dong ho Civil law dựa trên các bộ luật, chứa đựng những khái niệm va quy phạm có quan hệ với nhau một cách
Luật su trong dong ho Civil law sẽ di từ
việc cụ thể.
</div><span class="text_page_counter">Trang 13</span><div class="page_container" data-page="13">On the contrary, a lawyer in common | Ngược lại, một luật su trong dong ho law family starts with an actual case and | Common law sé đi tu một vu việc cu
legal issues that have been dealt with by | ương tu mà toa an đã xét xử, từ đó
from which the binding legal rule 1s | thich hợp sé được đưa ra theo phương determined by means of induction. phap quy nap.
Task 4. Translate the following sentences into Vietnamese.
1. While the courts in the civil law system have their main task of deciding particular cases by applying and interpreting legal norms, in the common law system the courts are supposed not only to solve disputes between particular parties but also
to provide guidance as to how similar disputes should be settled in the future.
2. However, in practice, in civil law systems, the courts have the task to interpret the law as provided for in a statute, without being bound by the interpretation of the same statute given by a higher court; this means that in civil law systems, the courts
do not only create but also apply and interpret the law.
</div><span class="text_page_counter">Trang 14</span><div class="page_container" data-page="14">3. However, in practice, in civil law systems, even though the case law has formally no binding force, it is generally recognized that courts should take into account prior decisions, especially when the settled case law shows that a line of cases has developed.
SECTION 2. VIETNAMESE - ENGLISH TRANSLATION
Task 1. Find the English equivalents for the Vietnamese terms below.
Bộ máy nha nước
Cơ quan hành chính địa phương
Các cơ quan hành chính nhà nước
Tòa án quân sự
Task 2. Find the most suitable English expression for the Vietnamese parts in bold.
hội hiện đại.
The improvement of Vietnamese law and regulations can be seen today through (1) ¬——.. eee eee eee ees ; revising statutory provisions in order to meet the needs of a modern society.
The Vietnam Communist Party, (Ì)... -...- maintains close
ties with the People, serves the People, is under the supervision of the People and
The National Assembly is (1) ... and (2) ... --.---. of the
Socialist Republic of Vietnam.
luật, chỉ đạo thực hiện và xây dựng (2) các chính sách tại địa phương.
The executive branch promulgates subordinated legislation to clarifies statutory provisows. (1) ...-- to administer the law, to direct the implementation and
the development Of (2) ... --
-..-Task 3. Identify error(s) and give correction in each translation below.
Enacting (1) new laws to create the necessary legal framework for Vietnam to
</div><span class="text_page_counter">Trang 16</span><div class="page_container" data-page="16">accede to (2) international treaties is necessary for the country’s (3) developing economically and (4) international integration.
Statutory provisions are made to promote (1) a market economy according to social oriented, (2) to establish clearly (3) a comprehensive, consistent and
transparent hierarchy of the legal system.
luật và (3) có ý thức tơn trọng pháp luật.
(1) Reforms related to law implementation and law enforcement mechanisms (2) encourage state officials, functionaries and employees to be aware of the supremacy of the law and (3) develop a sense of respect for the law.
(1) Criminal procedural laws assure fair trials, as well as assure that all individuals
and organizations in society (2) can access the judiciary, legal services and legal aid.
Task 4. Translate the following sentences into English, using relative pronouns
</div><span class="text_page_counter">Trang 17</span><div class="page_container" data-page="17">4. Toa án nhân dân là co quan xét xử của nước Cộng hòa xã hội chủ nghĩa Việt Nam,
LESSON 1. INTRODUCTION TO INTERPRETING A. NOTES TO STUDENTS
(James Nolan (2005). Interpretation Techniques and Exercises. Linguistic Services, Houston, Texas, USA.)
What is Interpretation?
Mahmoodzadeh (1992) gives a more detailed interpretation: Interpreting consists of
</div><span class="text_page_counter">Trang 19</span><div class="page_container" data-page="19">presenting in the target language, the exact meaning of what is uttered in the source language either simultaneously or consecutively, preserving the tone of the speakers. Then, the task of interpreting is rendering information and ideas from one language into another language by means of speaking.
How Does Interpretation Differ from Translation?
A translator studies written material in one language (the “source language”) and reproduces it in written form in another language (the “target language”). An interpreter listens to a spoken message in the source language and renders it orally, consecutively or simultaneously, in the target language. Both the translator and the interpreter must have a thorough mastery of target language, as well as a very good passive understanding of the source language or languages with which they work.
In practice, the translator is usually held to a higher standard of accuracy and
completeness (including the ability to reproduce the style of the original), while
the interpreter is expected to convey the essence of the message immediately. with a
satisfactory paraphrase or a rough equivalent in order not to keep the audience waiting.
What is the Difference Between Consecutive Interpretation and Simultaneous Interpretation?
(1) Consecutive interpreting - A mode in which the interpreters begin their interpretation of a complete message after the speaker has stopped producing the source utterance. Consecutive interpreting requires a good short - term memory (STM). Even some interpreters take notes but many simply rely on their memory, especially for the short utterances.
(2) Simultaneous interpreting - A mode in which interpreter renders their interpretation while still receiving the source utterance.
This mode involves two people speaking at the same time. The interpreters do not wait until a complete idea has been expressed before interpreting it, but continue to interpret, lagging one thought behind the speaker and finish a few seconds after the speaker.
</div><span class="text_page_counter">Trang 20</span><div class="page_container" data-page="20">B. PRACTICE
COMMON LAW AND CIVIL LAW TRADITIONS
1. Organize students into three groups A, B, and C of 9 or 10 students. Group A and B are asked to leave the room.
2. Teacher reads or plays an audio about Common law and Civil law traditions. Students in group C listen without taking notes.
3. Explain that each student in group C has to remember and repeat in the same language to one student in group B. Each student in group B listens, remembers without taking notes and retells in the same language to one student in group A. 4. Teacher calls some students in group A to retell what they have been told.
During the exercise students from group C take notes about missing parts, extra or
distorted information, etc.
5. Teacher reads or plays the audio again to the whole class, and then points out
the missing, distorted, or added information.
Basing on the information in Activity J, an interview about the Common law and Civil law is organized under the following criteria.
Common law Civil law
Importance of case law Importance of enacted law
1. Nominate a student to be an interviewer(s) and the other to be an interviewee(s) The interview will be about Common law and Civil law systems
2. Decide what language each role will speak
3. Nominate an interpreter for the interview
4. Conduct the interview, try to make it as natural and real life as possible
Follow-up: Discuss interpreting challenges.
</div><span class="text_page_counter">Trang 21</span><div class="page_container" data-page="21">In this unit, students will be able to acquire: Knowledge:
- Vocabulary: terms related to sources of law in Common law and Civil law traditions - Grammar: Collocations (related to sources of law)
- Legal background: Differences between the sources of law in Common law and
Civil law traditions Skills:
- Translation: Suitable expressions in the target language using collocations - Interpreting: Listening and Understanding in Consecutive Interpreting
GRAMMAR NOTES: COLLOCATIONS
Collocations are words that form natural partnerships in English. For example, we say
“Merry Christmas” But “Happy New Year!”
Why can’t we say “Merry New Year’? It’s because a native English speaker wouldn’t expect these words to go together. They do not form a good collocation. Legal English is full of collocations. They might be:
Verb +noun Adjective + noun
Do you accept liability? She made a fatal error. Noun +verb Adverb + adjective
The gap has widened between them. This is a highly contentious dispute Verb + adverb
Could we please discuss this rationally?
</div><span class="text_page_counter">Trang 22</span><div class="page_container" data-page="22">Legal English translation requires the accuracy of the target language as the incorrect use of a word may contort the meaning of the whole text. Thus, it is very important start to notice accurate collocations and memorise them. The key to learning accurate legal English is to have a good familiarity with collocations. Some nouns form good collocations with more than one verb.
SECTION 1. ENGLISH - VIETNAMESE TRANSLATION
This section deals with the sources of law in countries following Common law and
Civil law traditions. Look at collocations below and explain the meaning in Vietnamese.
Those collocations are often used when discussing the sources of law.
Verb Noun Meaning
</div><span class="text_page_counter">Trang 23</span><div class="page_container" data-page="23">A. The main sources of American law are the constitution and statutes passed by the Congress, as supplemented by administrative regulations.
B. The United States follows the Common law tradition, which focuses on resolving the disputes at hand rather than creating legal principles.
C. In general, no government can promulgate enough law to cover every situation.
Therefore, other administrative authorities shall issue subordinated legislation containing legal principles and norms helps fill in the gaps.
D. Where no statute or constitutional provision controls, both federal and state courts often look to the case law - a collection of judicial decisions, customs, and general principles that began centuries ago in England and continues to develop today.
E. Primary responsibility for making law belongs to the legislature; judges, therefore, are expected to interpret and apply the law, or utmost filling in gaps when constitutions or statutes are ambiguous or silent.
pháp hay luật quy định không rõ ràng hoặc không quy định.
F. A court decision will only bind a lower court if the court rendering the decision is higher in the same jurisdiction.
ràng buộc doi với một tòa an cap dưới.
case law continues to hold an |giữ vai tro quan trong trong các tranh
Where a higher and a lower court are in the same jurisdiction, the latter must respect the former’s decision when hearing a case having similar facts.
trong cùng một khu vực pháp lí như toa
trong vụ an tuong tự.
Decisions of a state supreme court will be binding in that state, so long as the
state court's decisions do not conflict
with constitutional or federal statutory
Task 3. Translate the following sentences into Vietnamese, paying greater attention
1. One predominant source of the English law is the primary legislation, known as Acts of Parliament or statutes.
2. The legal system in many countries, including the UK, the USA, Canada, Australia, Hong Kong, is based on Common law. Therefore, even though legislation
may override the judicial decisions, the legislation itself is subject to the courts’
3. The principle of binding precedent means that the decision of a higher court is
</div><span class="text_page_counter">Trang 27</span><div class="page_container" data-page="27">binding on a lower court, that is, the decision must be followed and in the course of a trial, the judge must refer to existing precedent.
4. Judges in a higher court also consider the decisions of a lower court, although they are not bound to follow them.
5. The doctrine of judicial precedent is applied when the later case’s facts are of
sufficient similarity with the previous one.
6. The highest court of a jurisdiction, (for example, the U.S. Supreme Court for the
United States or a state supreme court within its own state) can overrule a
precedent even where the facts of the later case are identical or substantially similar to the earlier case.
7. However, such direct over-ruling is not common. What is more likely is that the
high court, by distinguishing later cases over time, will move away from an earlier precedent which has become undesirable. But for the most part, the long - standing
precedents of the high courts remain.
</div><span class="text_page_counter">Trang 28</span><div class="page_container" data-page="28">SECTION 2. VIETNAMESE - ENGLISH TRANSLATION
Task 1. Find the English equivalents for the Vietnamese terms below.
Thông tư liên tịch
Phong tục tập quản
Sources of law are defined as all legal bases Used by (])...--....----.:- sevice for developing, promulgating, interpreting a law as well as for applying in (2)
¬ ees easuecuectecseceneses tee een eae eee eee eees in practice.
! Nguyễn Thị Hồi, “Về khái niệm nguồn của pháp luật”, Tap chí Luật học, số 2/2008, tr. 29.
</div><span class="text_page_counter">Trang 29</span><div class="page_container" data-page="29">Party’s policies; economic policies ANA (1) ...--..---:©-22z222sz5szz v2xc2cvztscsssrssssrs are fundamental elements (2) ...----:---z-©2s2 testes siete s>x xe:
ban hành văn bản quy phạm pháp luật năm 2015.
(Ï)...-2522222222221222112222EEEEEEErEssrren However, the Vietnamese legal system also has features of Civil law tradition. The predominant sources of Vietnamese law are written laws, which consist of different types of legislation (2)
¬— ... as providedfor by the Law on Legislation of 2015.
The legislation include the Constitution, Codes, Laws and Resolutions of the National Assembly; Ordinances and Resolutions Of (Ï) ...--....---; Joint Resolutions between (2) ... ... -.- ---«- ; Orders and Decisions of the
State President; or Decrees of the Government; Decisions of the Prime Minister; or
E. Ngoài các văn ban quy phạm pháp luật trên, thơng tư của Chánh án Tịa án nhân
Bộ trưởng, (1) Thủ trưởng cơ quan ngang bộ: thông tư liên tịch giữa Chánh án
liên tịch giữa Bộ trưởng, Thủ trưởng cơ quan ngang bộ với Chánh án Tịa án nhân
In addition to the above legislation, Circulars of Chief Justice of the People’s Supreme Court; Circulars of the Chief Procurator of the Supreme People’s Procuracy,; Circulars of Ministers, (l)..., Joint Circulars between Chief Justice of the People’s Supreme Court and the Chief Procurator of the Supreme People’s Procuracy; Joint Circulars between Ministers, Heads of ministerial agencies; and Chief Justice of the People’s Supreme Court, the Chief Procurator of the Supreme People’s Procuracy; (2) ... are also important sources of Vietnamese law.
Task 3. Translate the following sentences into English. Pay attention to words/phrases in bold.
bên khơng có thỏa thuận, pháp luật khơng có quy định và khơng có tập quan được áp
LESSON 2. LISTENING AND UNDERSTANDING A. NOTES TO STUDENTS
The LISTENING EFFORT (listening to and analyzing the source speech)
The PRODUCTION EFFORT
(producing notes, not a target-language version of the speech)
</div><span class="text_page_counter">Trang 33</span><div class="page_container" data-page="33">I = Interpreting
L = Listening and analyzing the source language speech
M = short-term memory required between the time information is heard & the time it is written down in notes N = note-taking
1 = Interpreting
Rem = retrieving messages from their short-term memory and reconstructing the speech Read = reading the note
P = producing the Target-language speech
Gile Model for Consecutive Interpreting shows the importance of listening and
understanding the source language speech. An interpreter, at least, is good at listening to understand the main ideas of the source language speech and give
accurate reformulation in the target language.
B. PRACTICE
Listen to the following speech on the topic of “Sources of American law” and do as instruction below.
1. Two students (A and B) are asked to get out of the room.
2. Other students in the class listen to the following speech on the topic of “Sources of American law”, try to get the main ideas from the speech without taking notes of the speech.
3. One student in the class gets out and tells A what main ideas sh/he understands from the speech in English while another student tells B what sh/he understands from the speech.
</div><span class="text_page_counter">Trang 34</span><div class="page_container" data-page="34">4. A and B take turns to retell what they are told in English. Their performance should be recorded.
5. Compare A and B’s versions with the original version.
HOMEWORK: Students transcribe the speech and translate it into Vietnamese.
</div><span class="text_page_counter">Trang 35</span><div class="page_container" data-page="35">In this unit, students will be able to acquire:
- Vocabulary: terms related to the constitutional law in terms of human rights
and elections
- Grammar: Preposition at law (about human rights and citizen’s fundamental rights)
and use of Norminal clauses
- Legal background: definitions of human rights; human rights in the constitution of
some Asean countries
- Translation: Suitable expressions in the target language using nominal clauses - Interpreting: Memorizing in Interpreting
GRAMMAR NOTES: NOMINAL CLAUSES
A nominal clause is a dependent clause that functions as a noun. A nominal clause is often part of an independent clause, where it can be a subject, an object, or a complement.
Why he committed that offence is still mysterious to the investigators. (Nominal clause functions as subject of the sentence)
</div><span class="text_page_counter">Trang 36</span><div class="page_container" data-page="36">He was convicted life imprisonment and held in the prison which is located in Orange County (Nominal clause functions as compliment).
Parliament is the supreme law-making body. This means that it has complete sovereignty to make or unmake any law that it wishes to (Nominal clause functions as object).
There are three kinds of nominal clauses:
1. That-clauses are made from statements and are introduced by the subordinator “that ”.
It is necessary that all citizens comply with the new regulations.
2. If/whether-clauses are formed from yes/no questions and are introduced by the
subordinator “whether/if”.
3. Question-clauses, which begin with a question words, such as who, what, where, when or how, also are known as “wh-clauses”.
SECTION 1. ENGLISH - VIETNAMESE TRANSLATION
A. The first constitution of the Philippines was (1) introduced in 1897 - the period when majority of countries in Southeast Asia in particular and in the large Asia in general were (2) under the rule of feudalism. This reflects a positive impact of the legal culture of Spain and America on the Philippine constitutional history.
e Identify the subject of the predicate “were under the rule of feudalism”. e What does the word “This” refer to?
</div><span class="text_page_counter">Trang 37</span><div class="page_container" data-page="37">e Read the following translated sentence and choose the most suitable Vietnamese
equivalent for the words/phrases in bold.
quoc gia nay.
C. ra đời C. dưới luật lệ của
B. The 1897 Constitution (1) recognized certain rights such as: freedom of religion, freedom of association, right to education, freedom of press, right to have a nationality, right to property, etc. That was the 1935 Constitution in which the term “Bill of Rights” was officially recognized. This (2) strongly affirms rights of citizens to have their inherent human dignity protected by the constitutional commitment from the State.
e Identify the subject of the reduced clause “protected by the constitutional commitment from the State”.
e What does the word “This” refer to?
e Read the following translated sentence and choose the most suitable Vietnamese equivalent for the words/phrases in bold.
giá von có của con người thơng qua những cam kêt mang tính hiên định ma nha nước phải tôn trong.
1. A. công nhận 2. A. xác định mạnh mẽ
C. The Constitution of Singapore derives from the philosophy of natural law
considering Constitution as the social contract through which the people (1) grant
powers for the state. The fundamental rights stated in the Constitution are not “the gift” from the State but the (2) inherent rights of the people.
e Identify the subject of the reduced clause “considering Constitution as the social contract through which the people grant powers for the state”.
e Read the following translated sentence and choose the most suitable Vietnamese
equivalent for the words/phrases in bold.
dan, mà là (2)... của nhân dân.
Task 2. Revise the Vietnamese translations of the following sentences to make
1. Like constitutions of other countries in the region such as Indonesia, Malaysia and Philippines, the Constitution of Singapore regards the state as people
born and founded by the members of society to serve themselves.
</div><span class="text_page_counter">Trang 39</span><div class="page_container" data-page="39">phục vu.
2. In Vietnam, Western Constitutionalism appeared in the early twentieth century through social movements and political orientation, for example the movement of spreading “Tan Thu” from the late nineteenth century to the early twentieth century.
3. These international instruments play the role of foundations based on which Vietnam has comprehensively approached political, civil, economic, social and cultural rights in an increasingly harmonious relation among them while not neglecting any right.
Task 3. Translate the following sentences into Vietnamese. Pay greater attention
1. Human rights are a universal value that mankind has gained by undergoing a long-term and difficult struggle to build up and to be generally accepted.
2. It is true that an early draft of the Constitution vested in the Congress the power “to make war’, and this language was changed during the editing process to the power “to declare war”.
</div><span class="text_page_counter">Trang 40</span><div class="page_container" data-page="40">3. Whether the reserved emergency presidential authority to “repel sudden attacks” should be (1) limited to actual attacks on United States territory or (2) “functionally” extended to other situations where a clear danger to our national security has developed so unexpectedly is heatedly debated.
5. States that ratify human rights treaties commit themselves to respecting those rights and ensuring that their domestic law is compatible with international treaties.
6. That Vietnam joined the Convention on civil rights, politics, and Convention on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights in 1982 affected the process of institutionalization of the contents of this Convention into the 1992 Constitution.
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