Giáo trình luật dân sự Việt Nam - Tập 1 - Đinh Văn Thanh

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<b>S TRUONG DAI HOC LUAT HA NO!</b>

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<b>GIAO TRINH</b>

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196-2020/CXBIPH/32-02/CAND

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<b>TRUtXNG DAI HQC LUAT HA NQI</b>

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PGS.TS. DINH VAN THANHTS. NGUYEN MINH TUAN

PGS.TS. VU THI HONG YEN :TS. PHAM CONG LACh<b><small>• •</small></b>

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L0I

<b>6ithieu</b>

<i>Bp luat dan sic nam 2015 ducrc Quoc hoi nucrc Cong hod xahoi chu nghia Viet Nam Khoa XIII, Id hop thu 10 thong quangay 24/11/2015, cd hieu lire tir ngdy 01/01/2017. Day la bp</i>

<i>Viec chinh li giao trinh luat dan sir Viet Nam can cu vaochuorng trinh, muc tieu ddo tao cua Trudmg Dqi hoc Luat HaNpi vd dupre xdy dung phu hop vdri chuorng trinh khung do Bpgiao due vd ddo tqo quy dinh. Giao trinh luat dan su duqrc</i>

<i>bien soan thanh hai tap de thuan tien cho viec hoc tap vdnghien cuu.</i>

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<i>Mac dit tap the tdc gid da het sue cd gang nhung giao trinhcung khd trdnh khdi nhung khieni khuyet, rat mong cac doc gidgdp y de giao trinh luat dan su Viet Nam cua Truong Dai hocLuat Ha Npi ngdy cang hodn thien.</i>

<i>Xin tran trong gioi thieu ciing ban doc.</i>

TRUING DAI HQC LUAT HA NQI

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CHLTONG I

<b>KHAINIEM VE LUAT DAN SU’ VIET NAM</b>

A. Ddl TU’Q’NG VA PHUONG PHAP Dl£U CHlNH

muc tieu do, dong luc chinh cua su phat trien la vi con nguoi,do con nguoi, dat con nguoi vao vi tri trung tarn, giai phong suesan xuat, khoi day moi tiem nang cua moi ca nhan, moi tap thelao dong va cua ca cong dong dan toe; dong vien va tao moidieu kien cho moi nguoi Viet Nam phat huy y chi tu luc, tucubng, can kiem xay dung To quoc, ra sue lam giau cho minh vacho dat nuoc. Trong do, moi nguoi duoc tu do kinh doanh theophap luat, duoc bao ho quySn so huu va thu nhap hop phap.

He thong phap luat cua Nha nuoc Cpng hoa xa hoi chunghia Viet Nam bao gom nhieu nganh luat, dieu chinh cac quanhe xa hpi da dang, phuc tap. Trong do, mSi nganh luat di6uchinh nhung nhom quan he xa hpi nh4t dinh. Nhung nhom quan

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he xa hoi do mot nganh luat di6u chinh dupe goi la ddi tuong

cac quan he xa hoi can dieu chinh bang phap luat.

I. DOI TU0NG DIEU CHiNH CUA LUAT DAN SI/

dieu chinh den cac quan he thuoc linh vuc luat tu va tro thanhluat chung dieu chinh cac quan he tai san. Trong truong hprpluat rieng khong quy dinh true tiep de dieu chinh cac quan hexa hoi trong linh vuc do thi cac quy dinh cua BLDS nam 2015

se dieu chinh. Tuy nhien, cac quy djnh cua luat rieng khongdupe trai voi nhung nguyen tac co ban dupe quy dinh tai Dieu 3BLDS nam 2015. Truong hop luat khac co lien quan khong quy

dinh hoac co quy dinh nhung vi pham nguyen tac tren thi quydinh cua BLDS nam 2015 dupe ap dung.

Quan he tai san la quan he giua nguoi voi nguoi thong qua

mot tai san. Quan he tai san bao gid cung gan voi mpt tai sannhdt dinh dupe thd hien duoi dang nay hay dang khac.

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Tai san (dirge khai quat chung a Dieu 105 BLDS nam 2015)bao gom: vat, ti£n, gi£y to co gia va quyen tai san. Quan he taisan tai san khong chi bo hep a nhirng vat vo tri ma con ham

quyen yeu cau cua mot hay nhieu chu the va nghia vu tuomgung voi cac quyen yeu cau do cua mot hay nhieu chu the khactrong quan he nghia vu cung dirge coi la quan he tai san. Quanhe tai san rat da dang va phuc tap boi cac yeu to cau thanh nencac quan he do bao gom: chu the tham gia, khach the dirge tacdong va noi dung cua cac quan he do. Quan he tai san la doitirgng dieu chinh cua luat dan str co nhirng dac diem sau:

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cu the deu dat ra nhung muc dich va vai dgng ca nhat dinh. Bai

vay, quan he tai san ma cac chu the tham gia mang y chi cua cacchu the va phai phu hap vai y chi cua Nha nude thong qua cacquy pham phap luat dan su. Nha nude dung cac quy pham phapluat dan su tac dong len cac quan he kinh te, hudng cho cac quanhe nay phat sinh, thay doi theo y chi cua Nha nude. Vi vay, su tacdong cua Nha nude thong qua cac quy pham phap luat dan su c6y nghia quan trong trong viec dinh hudng cho cac quan he tai sanphat trien. Neu su dinh hudng phu hop vai nhung quy luat khachquan cua su phat trien thi se thuc day quan he san xuat va luclugng san xuat phat trien va ngugc lai se kim ham su phat triencua luc lugng san xuat.

C6 the noi rang quan he tai san la bieu hien y chi cua chuthe, cua nha nude ve quan he san xuat trong mot giai doan lichsu nhat dinh. Trong giai doan hien nay, khi chung ta dang xaydung va hinh thanh nen kinh te nhieu thanh phan vai nhieu hinhthuc sa him va hinh thuc kinh doanh thi viec xac dinh cac quanhe tai san phu hop vai trinh do phat trien cua luc lugng san xuatla dinh hudng co y nghia dac biet quan trgng, cd tac dung thucday manh me nen san xuat xa hoi.

<i>Thir hai,</i> quan he tai san do luat dan su dieu chinh mang tinh

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nen san xuat nay. No tao dong luc cho moi ca nhan va to chuc,khoi day moi tiem nang cua ho, phat huy y chi tu luc, tu cuong

ra sue lam giau cho minh va cho dat nuoc. Nhung nen kinh tehang hoa theo cor che thi truong cung co nhung mat trai cua no(canh tranh khong lanh manh, phan hoa giau ngheo...). Cho

nen, khuyen khich tinh nang dong, sang tao di doi voi thiet laptrat tu ki cuong trong hoat dong kinh te, bao dam cho moi donvi kinh te, khong phan biet quan he so him deu hoat dong theoco che tu chu kinh doanh, hop tac va canh tranh voi nhau, binhdang truoc phap luat. Boi vay, can phai co hanh lang phap li

vua mem deo, linh hoat, vua chat che moi cd the dap ung dupecac yeu cau tren. Hon nua chung ta dang trong qua trinh hoinhap quoc te tren nhieu linh vuc, do vay phap luat noi chung vaphap luat dan su noi rieng con phai tuong thich vod phap luat

<i>Thu ba, quan</i> he tai san do luat dan su didu chinh mang tinhchat den bu tuong duong. Sp den bu tuong duong trong trao ddi

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la bieu hien cua quan he hang hoa va tien te, la dac trung cuaquan he dan su theo nghTa rong. Nhung khong phai tat ca sirdich chuyen tai san, dich vu deu co su den bu tuong duong nhu:cho, tang, thua kS, su dung cac tac pham van hoc nghe thuat...Nhung cac quan he nay khong phai la quan he co ban va khong

pho bien trong trao doi; no khong chi don thuan la quan hephap luat ma con bi chi phoi boi nhieu quan he xa hoi khac

(truyen thong, phong tuc...).

Cung voi quan he tai san, luat dan su con dieu chinh cac quanhe nhan than (Dieu 1 BLDS nam 2015). Quan he nhan than laquan he giua nguoi voi nguoi ve mot gia tri nhan than cua ca

Cac quyen nhan than duoc nhieu nganh luat dieu chinh.

Luat hanh chinh quy dinh ve trinh tu, thu tuc de xac dinh cacquyen nhan than nhu: phong cac danh hieu cao quy cua Nhanude; tang thuong cac loai huan, huy chuong; cong nhan cacchuc danh... Luat hinh su bao ve cac gia tri nhan than bang eachquy dinh nhung hanh vi nao khi xam pham den nhung gia trinhan than nao duoc coi la toi pham (nhu cac t$i: vu khong, lamnhuc nguoi khac, lam hang gia...). > • '.

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Luat dan su dieu chinh cac quan he nhan than bang eachquy dinh nhung gia tri nhan than nao dirge coi la quyen nhanthan, trinh tu thirc hien, gioi han cua cac quy£n nhan than do,<sub>x *</sub>dong thcri quy dinh cac bien phap thuc hien, bao ve cac quyennhan than (DiSu 11 - Dieu 14 BLDS nam 2015).

Cac quan he nhan than xuat phat tir quyen nhan than do luatdan su dieu chinh co the chia lam hai nh6m can cur vao khoan 1Dieu 17 BLDS nam 2015:

- Quan he nhan than gan voi tai san;

- Quan he nhan than khong gan voi tai san.

Nhung quan he nhan than do luat dan su dieu chinh conhung dac diem sau:

- Quyen nhan than khong xac dinh dugc bang tien - gia trinhan than va tien te khong phai la nhung dai lugng tuong

duong va khong the trao doi ngang gia. Cac quyen nhan thankhong gan voi tai san nhu danh du, nhan pham, uy tin cua canhan, danh du, uy tin cua to chuc; quyen doi voi ho, ten; thaydoi hg ten; quyen xac dinh dan toe, thay doi dan toe; quyendoi voi hinh anh; voi bi mat doi tu; quyen ket hon, li hon...(tu Dieu 26 den Dieu 39 BLDS nam 2015). Mgt so quySn

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nhan than moi dugc ghi nhan va bao ho trong BLDS nam2015 nhu: quyen ve doi song rieng tu, bi mat ca nhan, bi matgia dinh; chuyen doi gioi tinh; quydn nhan than trong quan hehon nhan va gia dinh...

Luat dan sg ghi nhan nhung gia tri nhan than dirge coi laquydn nhan than va quy dinh cac bien phap bao ve cac gia trinhan than do. Moi chu the co nhirng gia tri nhan than khacnhan nhirng dirge bao ve nhu nhan khi cac gia tri do bi xampham. Khi quyen nhan than bi xam pham thi chu the coquyen tu minh cai chinh, yeu cau nguoi co hanh vi xampham hoac yeu cau cor quan nha nuoc co tham quydn buocnguoi vi pham cham dut hanh vi vi pham: xin 16i, cai chinhcong khai; tu minh cai chinh tren cac phuomg tien thong tindai chung; yeu cau nguoi vi pham hoac yeu cau toa an buocnguoi vi pham phai boi thuong mot khoan tien de bu d&p

nhung ton that ve tinh than.

Cac quan he nhan than gan voi tai san la nhung gia trinhan than khi dugc xac lap lam phat sinh cac quyen tai san.Quyen nhan than la tien de lam phat sinh cac quyen tai san khico nhung sir kien phap li nhat dinh nhu tac gia cac tac phim

van hgc, nghe thuat, khoa hgc ki thuat; quyen tac gia cac sangche, giai phap him ich, kieu dang cong nghiep... dugc huongtien nhuan but, thu lao, dugc huong tien thu lao do ap dungcac ddi tuang so huu cong nghiep neu tren. Quyen cua canhan ddi voi hinh anh la quyen nhan than nhung khi hinh anhdo dugc nguoi khac su dung vi muc dich thuong mai thi

<i>nguai co </i>hinh anh se dugc tra thu lao. Do la su ki$n lam phatsinh quyen nhan than gan voi tai san.

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II. PHUONG PHAP DIEU CHiNH CUA LUAT DAN SU

Phuong phap dieu chinh cua luat dan su la nhung each thuc,bien phap ma Nha nuoc tac dong len cac quan he tai san, cacquan he nhan than lam cho cac quan he nay phat sinh, thay doi,cham dut theo y chi cua Nha nuoc phu hop voi ba loi ich (Nhanuoc, xa hoi va ca nhan).

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duong. Su binh dang va dpc lap dupe the hien ngay ca trongtrubng hop cac chu the co cac m6i quan he khac ma hg khongbinh dang (trong quan he hanh chinh, lao dpng...) va chinh subinh dang, doc lap cua cac chu the moi tao dugc ti6n d6 cho su

tu dinh doat sau nay. Neu vg chong tang cho nhau tai san trongthoi ki hon nhan ma nguon goc tai san tang cho co dugc tu taisan chung thi quan he tang cho do chu yeu mang mau s&c tinhcam, chu khong lam dich chuyen quyen so huu sang cho nguoidugc tang cho vi khi xac lap quan he tang cho nay khong c6 sudoc lap ve tai san giua vg va chong.

- Phap luat dan su ghi nhan quyen tu dinh doat cua cac chuthe trong viec tham gia cac quan he tai san. Khi tham gia vaocac quan he tai san, moi chu the deu dat ra nhung muc dich voi

nhung dong co nhat dinh. Boi vay, viec lua chon mot quan hecu the do cac chu the tu quyet dinh, can cu vao kha nang, dieukien, muc dich ma ho tham gia vao cac quan he do. Khi thamgia vao cac quan he cu the, cac chu the tuy y theo y chi cuaminh lua chon doi tac se tham gia, noi dung quan he ma hptham gia, each thuc, bien phap thuc hien cac quyen va nghia vu.Trong nhieu trubng hop, cac chu the co the tu dat ra cac bienphap bao dam, hinh thuc va pham vi trach nhiem, each thuc apdung trach nhiem khi ben nay hay ben kia khong thuc hien haythuc hien khong dung thoa thuan.

Tuy nhien, viec tu dinh doat cua cac chu the khi tham giavao cac quan he khong dong nghia voi tu do, tuy tien trong viectao lap, thay ddi, cham dut cac quan he do. Dac diem chung cacquan he tai san va quan he nhan than la da dang, phuc tap. Boivay, cac quy pham phap luat khong the du lieu het dugc cac

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quan he dang ton tai va phat trien. Cho nen, phap luat dua ra

nhung gioi han, vach ra nhung hanh lang an toan, can thiet,trong do cac chu the co quyen tu do hanh dong. Gioi han dodugc xac dinh boi cac nguyen tac dirge quy dinh trong BLDSva the hien ro net nhat a Dieu 3 BLDS nam 2015: “Viec xac

<i>lap, thirc hien quyen, nghia vu dan su khong duac xam phamden lai ich cua Nhd nude, lai ich cong cong, quyen, lai ich happhap cua ngudi, khac”. Khi vi pham nguyen tac nay, lam thiet</i>

hai den quyen va Igi ich hgp phap cua chu the khac se bi coi lavi pham phap luat dan den hau qua phap li, phai boi thuongthiet hai. Cam k6t, thoa thuan la tu nguyen nhirng sau khi da tu

nguyen cam ket, thoa thuan, cac chu the buoc phai tham gia vaoquan he dan su do. Mat khac, trong mot s6 trudmg hop, nhambao ve quyen Igi cua mot so chu the nhat dinh, phap luat da hanche quyen tu dinh doat do (nhu quy dinh ve dieu kien chuyenquyen su dung dat, ve nguoi dugc huong di san khong phuthuoc noi dung cua di chuc...).

- Xuat phat tu su binh dang giua cac chu the, quyen tu dinhdoat cua ho khi tham gia cac quan he dan su, cho nen dac trung

cua phuong phap giai quyet cac tranh chap dan su la hoa giai.Day la nguyen tac dugc quy dinh tai Dieu 7 BLDS nam 2015 -Nguyen tac hoa giai. Viec thuc hien hay tu choi mot quyen taisan cua cac chu the thuoc pham vi tu dinh doat cua ho (tuynhien, chi trong truong hgp quyen cua hg khong dong thoi langhia vu ma phap luat quy dinh). Cho nen, viec giai quyet cactranh chap dan su do cac ben tyr thoa thuan. Neu khong the thoathuan hoac hoa giai dugc, toa an chi giai quyet trong pham viyeu cau cua nguyen don.

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- Cac quan he ma luat dan su dieu chinh chu yeu la cac quanhe tai san mang tinh chat hang hoa va tien te, viec vi phamnghia vu cua mot ben trong quan he do din den thiet hai ve tai

san doi vai ben kia. Bai vay, trach nhiem dan su truac tien latrach nhiem tai san. Trach nhiem cua ben vi pham doi vai benbi vi pham va hau qua cua viec ap dung trach nhiem la phuchoi tinh trang tai san cua ben bi thiet hai. Trong quan he dan

su, cac chu the co quyen tu dinh doat. Cho nen, ho co the quydinh trach nhiem va phuang thuc ap dung trach nhiem cunghau qua cua no (nhung thoa thuan nay phai phu hop vai phapluat). Bai vay, trach nhiem dan su khong chi do phap luat quydinh ma con do cac ben thoa thuan ve dieu kien phat sinh vahau qua cua no.

HI. DINH NGHIA LUAT DAN SU, PHAN BIET LUATDAN sir vdi cAc ng

A

nh luat kh

Ac

<i>Luat dan sic Id mot nganh luat trong he thongphap luat Viet</i>

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vao doi tugng dieu chinh, phuong phap dieu chinh va nhungdac didm cua no.

- Chung ta de dang phan biet luat dan su vdi luat hanhchinh. Luat hanh chinh dieu chinh cac quan he xa hoi trong linhv\rc didu hanh va quan li nha nude. Cac chu the tham gia khongbinh ding ve dia vi phap li va khong thd thoa thuan trong viecxac lap, thay ddi, chim dirt quan he hanh chinh ma duoc xaclap dua tren cac quy dinh cua phap luat.

- Luat hinh su co nhiem vu bao ve cac quan he xa hoi bang

each quy dinh nhung hanh vi nao bi coi la hanh vi nguy hiemcho xa hoi dong thoi quy dinh hinh phat tuong ung vdi muc donguy hiem cua hanh vi do. Mac du viec ap dung cac bien phapcuong chd do luat hinh su quy dinh la su cuong chd cua Nhanude nhung nhung bien phap nay trudc tien la trach nhiem cuaca nhan voi xa h$i, vdi Nha nude noi chung. Chuc nang chuydu cua hinh phat la trung phat va giao due; con trong dan su,

trach nhiem tai san trudc tien la trach nhiem cua chu the nay ddivdi chu the khac va muc dich chu ydu cua nd la phuc hoi tinhtrang tai san cua ben bi thiet hai.

- Luat dan su duoc coi la luat chung trong linh vuc luat tu,bao gom cac quy dinh lien quan den quyen loi cua chu the va venguyen tac cd the thay ddi bang su thoa thuan cua cac ben. Do

su phat trien cua xa hoi cung nhu khoa hoc phap li, tren co socua luat dan su da phat trien them nhung linh vuc phap luatkhac (nhu luat thuong mai...). Trong cac giao luu dan su, conhung quan he dugc coi la quan he thuong mai. Day la nhungquan he dac thd duoc dieu chinh boi luat thuong mai. Khi didu

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chinh cac quan he thuong mai, neu khong co quy pham phap

BLDS nam 2015 de dieu chinh cac quan he do.

- Luat hon nhan va gia dinh duoc tach ra tu luat dan su dedieu chinh cac quan he nhan than va tai san giua vo - chong vacac thanh vien trong gia dinh, trong do quan he nhan than giua

- Luat to tung dan su duoc coi la luat hinh thuc cua luat dansu va luat hon nhan va gia dinh, luat kinh te, luat lao dong; quydinh trinh tu, thu tuc giai quyet cac tranh chap dan su, hon nhanva gia dinh, kinh te, lao dong. Luat to tung dan su dieu chinhcac quan he giua cac chu the tham gia to tung.

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, IV. HE THONG PHAP LUAT DAN SV, KHOA HOCLU AT DAN SV, GlAO TRINH LUAT DAN SV

<b>1. He thong phap luat dan sir</b>

He thong phap luat dan sir la he thong cac quy pham dan sudieu chinh cac quan he tai san va cac quan he nhan than. Cacquy pham phap luat nay hop thanh nhung nhom quy pham dieu

Can cu vao each sap xep truyen thong va dugc the hientrong BLDS, khoa hgc luat dan su phan chia luat dan su thanhhai phan Ion - Phan chung va Phan rieng..

Phan chung: Bao gom nhung quy pham chung, xuyen suottoan bo he thong phap luat dan su, quy djnh nhung nguyen tac,

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<i>+ Che dinh quyen scr hicu va quyen khac doi v&i tai san: Day</i>

la che dinh trung tarn, quan trpng nhat khong chi rieng cho luatdan sir ma cho ca he thong phap luat noi chung. Trong do, quydinh cac hinh thuc so huu; doi tuong cua quyen so huu, quyenkhac doi voi tai san; cac can cu phat sinh, thay doi, cham dut

- Hop dong dan su thong dung (mua ban, thue tai san...);

- Che dinh thuc hien cong viec khong co uy quyen;

- Che dinh duoc led ve tai san khong co can cu hop phap;- Che dinh trach nhiem dan su do gay thiet hai (quy dinhcan cu phat sinh trach nhiem do gay thiet hai va mot so truonghop rieng biet cua trach nhiem do gay thiet hai).

<i>+ Che dinh thim ke: Quy </i>dinh ve trinh tu dich chuyen di sancua ngucd chet cho nhung nguoi con song, viec dich chuySn disan theo di chuc hoac theo quy dinh cua phap luat.

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<b>2. Khoa hoc luat dan sir va giao trinh luat dan su</b>

Tuong ung vai moi nganh luat co mon khoa hoc phap li venganh luat do, vai nganh luat dan su co khoa hoc luat dan su.Vai tu each la mot mon hoc, mot phan nganh khoa hoc phap li,khoa hoc luat dan su la he thdng nhung khai niem, nhung quandiem, pham tru... ve nhung van de rat khac nhau cua luat dansu. No bao gom viec xac dinh luat dan su nhu la mot nganh luat

bien phap khac phuc nhung Id hong do...

Khoa hoc luat dan su xay dung tren co so luat thuc dinhnhung khong dong nghia vai luat thuc dinh. •

Vai tu each la mot mon hoc trong cac truong chuyen nganhluat, luat dan su co vai tro, vi tri nhu nhimg mon hoc khac, dola mon chuyen nganh nghien cuu luat dan su nhu la mon hoc

dugc xay dung tren he thong li luan truyen thong va hien dai vatren ca sa luat thuc dinh. Chuang trinh mon hoc dugc ket cautheo noi dung sau:

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viec ap dung luat dan sir; nghien cuu quan he phap luat dan sirnhir la mot loai quan he xa hoi dac biet dugc cac quy pham

phap luat dieu chinh; cac thanh to cau thanh cua quan he phapluat dan su: chu the, khach the va npi dung; nhung yeu to riengbiet va cac can cu lam phat sinh cac quan he phap luat dan sir;thoi han, then hieu...<b><small>• X • 4</small></b>

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bSng cac quy dinh cua phap luat. Ngay 10/10/1945, khong lau

sau ngay nuoc Viet Nam dan chu cong hoa ra doi, Chu tich HoChi Minh da ki Sic lenh so 90/SL cho phep tarn su dung mot soluat le hien hanh o Bac - Trung - Nam cho den khi ban hanh

nhirng bo luat duy nhat cho toan quoc neu “nhung luat le ay

<i>khong trai vai nguyen tac doc lap cua nuac Viet Nam va chinhthe dan chu cong hod”. Voi tinh than do, BLDS Nam Ki gian</i>

y6u nam 1883, Bo dan luat Bac Ki nam 1931 va Bo dan luatTrung Ki nam 1936 (Hoang Viet Trung Ki Ho luat) duoc tieptuc thi hanh. Nhu vay, tai ba mien B&c - Trung - Nam ton tai ba

bo dan luat. Tiep do, trong dieu kien chien tranh khde liet cuacuoc khang chien chong Phap, de dieu hanh cong viec cua Nhanude va dieu chinh cac giao luu dan su trong dieu kien, hoancanh moi, Chu tich Ho Chi Minh da ki nhieu sac lenh, trong doSac lenh so 97/SL ngay 22/5/1950 “Sua doi mot so quy le vache dinh trong dan luat” co y nghia dac biet trong su phat triencua luat dan su. Sac lenh nay mot mat khong huy bo nhung quydinh cua cac bo dan luat cu, mat khac no bo sung, thay doi lamcho cac bo luat cua “de qu6c phong kien” co noi dung moi, dem

den nhung bien doi thuc su trong each thuc sinh hoat va tutuong cua nhan dan Viet Nam, dat co so, nhung nguyen tac coban cho su hinh thanh va phat trien cua luat dan su - phap luatdan su cua mot Nha nude doc lap, co chu quyen. Nhung nguyentac nay that su dan chu, tien bo, mang tinh nhan dan sau sic vacho den nay van con giu nguyen y nghia chu dao cho su hinhthanh va van dung cac quy dinh phap luat dan su moi. Do la cac

<i>nguyen tac “Nhung quyen dan su deu duac luat bao ve khinguai ta hanh xu no dung vai quyen lai cua nhan dan” (DiSu1); “Nguai ta chi dupe huang dung va su dung cac vat thuoc </i>

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<i>quyen sa hint cua minh mpt each hap phap va khong gay thipthai den quyen lai cua nhan dan” (Dieu 12); “Nguai dan ba cd</i>

Tu dau nhung nam 80, Nha nuoc da ban hanh nhieu vanban phap luat de dieu chinh cac quan he dan su. Dac trung cua

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Trong giai doan nay, cac van ban phap luat dirge ban hanhduoi dang nghi dinh cua Chinh phu, quyet dinh cua Thu tuongChinh phu ve kinh te, khong co van ban duoi luat mang tinhdan su. Nhieu Imh vuc dan su khong dugc dieu chinh true tiep

De khac phuc cac khiem khuyet, nhung 16 hong trong doisong xa hoi khong dugc dieu chinh b&ng cac van ban phap luatdu duoi dang nghi dinh, Toa an nhan dan toi cao da ban hanhcac thong tu, chi thi. Ngoai ra, hang nam Toa an nhan dan toicao tong ket kinh nghiem xet xu, huong dan toa an nhan dancac cap giai quyet cac tranh chap dan su. Nhung thong tu, chithi, nghi quyet cua Toa an nhan dan toi cao co gia tri nhu phapluat doi voi toa an cap duoi. Trong nhieu truong hgp, Toa annhan dan toi cao da giai thich nhung nghi dinh qua rong lambien dang va khong loai tru nhung truong hgp trai ca cac quydinh cua phap luat.

Nhung xet lai nhung van de neu tren duoi goc do lich su,dieu kien va hoan canh cua dat nuoc trong giai doan do, chung

ta co the thay rang kho co the co lua chon nao khac. Dat nuocdang co chien tranh, muc tieu cua chung ta la hoan thanh cuockhang chien chong My cuu nuoc, tap trung mgi nguon luc, suenguoi, sue cua de hoan thanh nhiem vu Ion lao cua each mang,cho nen cac quan he dan sg mang tinh hanh chinh hoa va dugcgiai quyet mgt each nhanh chong.

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Tu giua nhung nam 80, khi dat nude budc vao thoi ki doimod, phat trien nen kinh te hang hoa nhieu thanh phan co suquan 11 cua Nha nude theo dinh hudng xa hoi chu nghia, bao vecac quyen, lod Ich hop phap cua ca nhan, Nha nude da ban hanhnhieu van ban phap luat nham the che hoa cac chu truong,dudng loi cua Dang ve doi moi kinh te - xa hoi. Nhin chung,cac van ban nay da gop phan phat huy tiem nang cua cac thanhphan kinh te, phat trien nen kinh te hang hoa nhi£u thanh phan;

budc dau the hien duoc nhung nguyen tac co ban cua phap luatdan su la tu nguyen, binh dang, hop tac, tuong tro giup do lan

nhau phu hop vdi thong le quoc te trong giao luu dan su.

Cac van ban ban hanh trong giai doan nay cd hieu luc tuong

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nghTa vu cua cac to chuc trong nude duoc giao dat, cho thueddt; Phap lenh ve quyen va nghTa vu cua to chuc, ca nhan nuocngoai thue dat tai Viet Nam; Phap lenh bao ho quyen tac gia(1994). De huong dan cac luat, phap lenh, Chinh phu da banhanh nhieu nghi dinh, ngoai ra cac co quan ngang bo ban hanhthong tu huong dan nghi dinh...

Trong thue te, con nhieu van de ve dan su chua duoc phapluat dieu chinh nhu: cac quan he ve so huu tai san, nghTa vu dansu; cac loai hop dong dan su thong dung; van de boi thuongthiet hai; ve thue hien cong viec khong co uy quyen; duoc loive tai san khong c6 can cu phap luat; cac quan he dan su c6yeu to nuoc ngoai... Mat khac, do su chuyen doi cua nen kinhte, co ch€ quan li kinh te, nhieu quy dinh trong cac van ban

BLDS duoc ban hanh nam 1995 va co hieu luc tu ngay01/7/1996 danh dau buoc quan trong trong qua trinh lapphap cua Nha nude ta. Bo luat co tarn quan trpng “sau Hienphap” dieu chinh cac quan he xa hpi da dang, phuc tap, lamnen tang va dinh huong cho viec phat trien cac quan he dansu, kinh te, hon nhan gia dinh, lao dong. BLDS duoc ban

hanh co quy mo Ion nhat trong cac bp luat tu truoc den naynhung vi pham vi dieu chinh cua

B

q luat qua rpng Ion, cho

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nen can phai co rat nhieu cac van ban dual luat huong danthuc hien va phai thanh lap nhieu co quan chuc nang de thuchien cac quy dinh cua BLDS.

Qua 10 nam thi hanh, BLDS da phat huy vai tro to Ion trongviec tao lap hanh lang phap li dieu chinh c&c quan he dan su,gop phan thuc day phat trien kinh te, xa hoi, bao ve quyen, laiich hop phap cua ca nhan, to chuc, loi ich Nha nuoc va lai ichcong cpng. Tuy nhien, BLDS cung da boc

1q

nhung han che,bat cap nhu: BLDS la luat chung trong he thdng phap luat dieuchinh cac quan he xa hoi giua cac chu the co dia vi phap li binhdang theo nguyen tac tu thoa thuan va tu chiu trach nhiemnhung thuc tien xay dung va ap dung phap luat cua nuoc ta chothay nhieu van ban phap luat deu khoanh vung ap dung cua cac

van ban do nen hieu luc ap dung cua BLDS da bi han che ratnhieu; mot so quy dinh trong BLDS khong con phu hap voithuc te, co nhung quy dinh khong ro rang hoac khong day du,quy dinh qua chung; trong BLDS con co nhung quy dinh mangtinh hanh chinh... Ngoai ra, nhieu luat moi duoc ban hanh conhung noi dung lien quan den BLDS nhung trong BLDS chuaduoc dieu chinh hoac chua bo sung sua doi cho phu hap danden su mau thuan, bat cap trong he thong phap luat. Trong dieukien hoi nhap kinh te quoc te, BLDS con co nhung quy dinhchua tuong thich voi cac dieu uoc quoc te va thong le quoc te.

De khac phuc tinh trang tren, thang 6/2005, Quoc hpi khoaXI ki hop thu 7 da thong qua BLDS sua doi - BLDS nam 2005,co hieu luc tu ngay 01/01/2006.

Thuc hien the chd hoa Cuomg linh xay d\mg dat nuoc thoi

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ki qua do len chu nghTa xa hoi (bo sung, phat trien nam 2011),Chien luge phat trien kinh te - xa hoi giai doan 2011 — 2020 vayeu cau ve bao ve quyen con nguoi, quyen cong dan, hoan thienthe chd kinh t6 thi truong dinh huong xa hoi chu nghia, hoi

nhap quoc te da dupe ghi nhan trong Hien phap nam 2013, ngay24/11/2015, tai ki hop thu 10 Quoc hoi khoa 13 da thong quaBLDS nam 2015 (Luat s6 91/2015/QH13). BLDS nam 2015

cung da duoc Chu tich nuoc cong bo theo Lenh so CTN ngay 08/12/2015. BLDS nam 2015 co hieu luc thi hanh ketu ngay 01/01/2017 va thay the BLDS nam 2005. BLDS nam

* - •trien cua phap luat dan su o nuoc ta.

nguO

n c

Oaluat

dan

sit

I. KHAl NIEM VA PHAN LOAI NGUON CUA LUATd

A

n SU

<b>1. Khai niem nguon cua luat dan su*</b>

Nguon cua phap luat da duoc nghien cuu trong li luanchung ve nha nuoc va phap luat. Ve mat xa hoi hoc, nguon cuaphap luat la y chi cua giai cap thong tri dua len thanh luat manpi dung duoc xac dinh boi cac dieu kien chinh tri, kinh tS tont^i trong xa hpi can thiet phai di6u chinh bang phap luat. Phapluat la y chi cua giai cap thdng tri dua thanh luat, the hien quandiem giai cap ve hinh mau xa hoi, trong do cac quan he xa hoi

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nao duoc dieu chinh bang phap luat va voi phuong thuc nao la

<i>phap. Boi vay, “Nha. nude ta phdi cd dii quyen luc va du khdnang dinh ra luat phap va to chicc, quan li moi mat ddi songbangphap luqt”^</i>

Nguon cua luat dan su hieu theo nghia hep la nhung vanban phap luat (hinh thuc cua phap luat) do co quan nha nuoc co

tham quyen ban hanh nham dieu chinh cac quan he tai san vacac quan he nhan than. Mot van ban duoc coi la nguon cua luatdan su phai dap ung nhung yeu cau sau day:

- Van ban do co quan nha nuoc co tham quyen ban hanh;- Chua dung cac quy pham phap luat dan su;

- Phai ban hanh theo trinh tu, thu tuc do luat dinh.<b><small>ã F ã ô ã</small></b>

<small>(1 ).Xcm: Van ki?n Dai hpi Dang thdi ki ddi mai, Nxb. Chinh trj quoc gia, Ha</small>

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<b>2. Phan loai nguon cua luat dan sir</b>

Theo nguyen tic chung, cac quy pham phap luat sirco hieu luc bit buoc thi hanh. Nhung can cur vao c^avan ban, co quan ban hanh va hieu luc phap luat c^a v^n j^n,ngudn cua luat dan su co the duqc chia thanh cac lo^j sau:

- Hien phap;-BLDS;

- Cac luat, bo luat lien quan;- Cac van ban dudi luat.- An le.

Doi vdi luat dan su, Hien phap la ngudn dac biet quan

trong, mac du Hien phap chi quy dinh nhung van de chung nhatcua luat dan su. Hien phap nam 1992 quy dinh nhung nguyentac co ban cua che do xa hoi Viet Nam d giai doan dau thdi ki

qua do tien len chu nghia xa hoi voi nen kinh te thi trudng cd sudieu tiet cua Nha nude theo dinh hudng xa hoi chu nghia.Trong Hien phap nam 2013, Chuang II va Chuong III cd nhung

quy dinh lien quan nhieu nhat den luat dan su:

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Chuang II - QuySn con ngudi, quyen va nghia vu co bancua cong dan: Ngoai nhung quyen ve chinli tri - xa hoi, Hienphap con xac nhan nhung quyen dan su ca ban cua cong dan,do la quyen tu do kinh doanh; quyen sa huu nhung thu nhaphop phap, cua cai de danh, nha a; quyen thua ke, quyen binhdang ve nang luc phap luat cua ca nhan; cac quyen nhan than vaquyen tai san khac...

Chuong III - Kinh te, xa hoi, van hoa, giao due, khoa hpccong nghe va moi truemg

Dieu 51 quy dinh: “7. Nen kinh<i> te Viet Nam la nen kinh tethi truong dinh huongxa hoi chu nghia voi nhieu hinh thuc so</i>

BLDS la nguon chu yeu, true tiep va quan trong nhat cualuat dan su. BLDS nam 2015 gom 6 phan, 27 chuong va 689dieu vai nhieu ch6 dinh mai, tien bo, the hien mot each day du

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nhat vdi tinh chat la luat chung va dinh hudng cho viec xaydung cac van ban phap luat dieu chinh cac quan he dan su dacthu, xu Illi bat cap cua luat hien hanh, giai quyet dugc nhungvudng mac trong thuc tien cuoc song.

Day la bp luat Ion nhat cua Nha nude ta ve moi phuongdien: pham vi dieu chinh, thoi gian chuan bi thong qua, soluomg dieu luat... BLDS da the che hoa Cuomg linh chien lugephat triSn kinh te xa hoi, cac nghi quyet cua Dang va cu the hoaHien phap nam 2013 nhSm bao ve quySn Igi cua giai cap congnhan, nhan dan lao dong va cua ca dan toe, gop phan giai phongsue san xuat, khuyen khich moi thanh phan kinh te, moi tanglop dan cu song va lam viec theo phap luat, vi su nghiep phattrien dat nude, vi muc tieu dan giau nude manh, xa hoi cong

bang, van minh; xay dung cac chuan muc phap If cho cac tochuc, ca nhan khi tham gia vao cac quan he dan su nham tangcudng quan li xa hoi bang phap luat theo dinh hudng xa hoi chunghTa, the hien truyen thong doan ket, tuong than tuong ai cuadan toe ta. BLDS gop phan han che tranh chap tieu cue trong

cac quan he dan su, bao dam dan chu, cong bang, on dinh, doanket trong noi bo nhan dan, mSi ngudi vi cong dong va congddng vi moi ngudi. Dong thoi, viec ban hanh BLDS la thuc

hien mot budc quan trong phap dien hoa phap luat dan su, khacphuc tinh trang tan man, khong d£y du cua phap luat trong linhvuc dan su, nham phat huy vai tro tac dung cua phap luat dansu trong viec day manh cac quan he dan su, hon nhan va giadinh, kinh doanh, thuong mai, lao dong, tao co sd thuan Igi chovi?c ap dung thi hanh phap luat. BLDS cung la su ke thua, phattrien cua phap luat dan su cua ong cha ta va nhung tinh hoa cua

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phap luat dan su tren the gioi van dung vao dieu kien cu the cuachung ta hien nay.

Npi dung chu yeu cua BLDS nam 2015:

<i>Phan thic nhat: Nhung quy dinh chung.</i>

Phan nay dugc ket cau boi 10 chuoug voi 157 dieu. Noi

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quyen khac doi vai tai san; dac biet Chuang XIV vai tieu de“Quyen khac doi vai tai san” quy dinh ve quyen doi vai bat

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Nghia vu dan s\r la loai quan he dan sir mang tinh chat

vu dan sir rat da dang, phuc tap, cho nen cac quy dinh trongphan nay cua BLDS chu yeu la nhung quy dinh khung co tinhchat dinh tinh ma khong thien ve dinh hrgng. Bai vay, cac

+ Nguai nao huong Igi ma khong co can cu thi phai hoantra lai;

cong; gop phan dap ung cac nhu cau vat chat, tinh than cuanhan dan; day manh giao luu dan su trong nuac cung nhu vaingoai nuac dong thai giai phong moi luc lugng san xuat nhimthuc day phat trien kinh te xa hoi a nuac ta.

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Phan nay gom 4 chuang, 53 dieu (tu Dieu 609 den Dieu662) quy dinh viec dich chuyen di san cua nguai chet chonhung nguai con song; ve nguai de lai di san, nguai huang disan; nhung nguyen tac cua viec dich chuyen di san va cac trinh

yeu to nude ngoai.

Phan nay gom 3 chuang, 24 dieu (tu Dieu 663 den Dieu687) quy dinh ve tham quyen va phap luat dugc ap dung khigiai quyet cac tranh chap dan su (hieu theo nghia rong) co yeuto nude ngoai.

Khi BLDS dugc ban hanh vai tu each la ngu6n chu yduquan trgng thi cac dao luat khac co gia tri nliu la ngudn bd trg.

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