TỔNG QUAN VỀ CHƯOCIRC;NG TRÌNH GIAACUTE;O DỤC PHỔ THOCIRC;NG MOCIRC;N VẬT LIACUTE;

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TONG QUAN VE CHlTONG TRINH GIAO DUG PHO THONG MON VAT LI

<i>PGS.TSNguyin Vdn Khdnh* </i>

<b>TOM TAT </b>

<i>Bdi viit ndy lam ro mot so diem ea bdn nhdt eua Chuong trinh mon Vgt li duge ban hdnh kem theo Thong tus6 32/20IS/TT-BGDDT ngdy 26 thdng 12 ndm 2018 cua Bg trucmg Bg Gido due vd Bdo tgo vi quan diim xdy dung, muc tieu, yeu cau cdn dgt, ngi dung gido due, phuong phdp gido due, phuang phdp ddnh gid vd nhimg dong gdp cita mon Vgt li trong viee giup hgc sinh hinh thdnh vd phdt triin phdm ehdt ehii yeu, nang lire chung ciing nhu nang luc dgc thii. Chi tiit han eo trong sdch "Huang ddn dgy hpe mon Vat li theo Chuang trinh gido due pho thong mai"'. </i>

<i><b>Tu khoa: Chuong trinh giao due phd thong, vat li, pham chat, nang Iuc cot ISi </b></i>

<b>Mot so diem mcri ca ban trong quan diem xay dumg </b>

Chiing ta dIu bilt rSng, cae chuong trinh mdn hgc dugc xay dung theo m6 hinh npi dung thi nang vl truyin thu kiln thiic. Theo mo hinh nay, kiln thiic vira la "chat lieu", tuc la "dau vao" vira la "kit qua", tiic la "dSu ra" ciia qua trinh giao due. Vi vay, hpe sinh dugc yeu clu hpc va ghi nhd rSt nhilu nhung nhSn thiic va dac biet la "hanh" duge kien thiic, kl nang da hgc thi rat han che.

Chuang trinh mon Vat li 2018 dugc xay dung theo md hinh phat triln nang lire.

<i>Nang lire dugc hilu theo nghia la ''thuge tinh cd nhdn dugc hinh thdnh, phdt triin nha to ehdt sdn cd vd qud trinh hpc tap, ren luyen, cho phep con ngudi huy dpng tdng hgp cdc Jain thuc. kdndng vd ede thupc tinh cd nhdn khac nhu himg thu, niim tin, y chi,... thuc hien thdnh cdng mot logi hogt dgng nhdt dinh, dgt kit qud mong mudn trong nk kiincuthi"^. </i>

Theo dinh nghia nang lire nay, kien thire, kT nang va cac thupc tinh ca nhan khac nhu hiing thii, nilm tin, y chi,... la nguyen lieu diu vao dl giiip ngudi hgc hinh thanh, phat triln nang luc ciia minh. Han nira, cae nguyen

<i>lieu dm vao nay phai dugc kit hgp mgt cdeh khoa hpe thi mdi tao dilu kien eho ngudi hgc </i>

hmh thanh, phat triln dugc nang lire, tue la biln dilu dugc hpc thanh cai cua ban than minh. Day nhli nhet kiln thuc thi chua chic

^ hpc sinh nhan thirc dugc va dae biet la thi hien dugc dilu da hgc, ndi gi den hinh thanh, phat triln dugc nang luc!

<small>' Hudng dSn dsy hpe m6n Vat li Iheo Chuang trtoh giao dye ph6 thong m<M, NXB D^ hgc Su phgm, Ha NgUOI9, </small>

<i><small>trucmg Bg Giao difc vh Dao t?o, trang 37. </small></i>

<i>? diiu </i>

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Chinh vi thi, muc dich giao due trong Chuong trinh mon Vat li 2018 khong pha'

<i>chi di truyin thu kien thuc ma nhim giup hpc sinh hoan dianh cac cong viec, budc 6au </i>

giai quyet dugc cac vin de phii hgp trong hpc tap va ddi sing nhd v|n dyng hieu qua va sang tao nhimg kiln thiic, kT nang da hgc. Tire la thong qua nhimg kiln thiic, kT nang co ban, thilt thuc, hien dai va cac phuong phap tich cue hda hoat dpng cua ngudi hgc de giiip hpc sinh hinh thanh va phat trien nhung pham chat va nang lire ma nha trudng va xa hpi ky vgng; kit hgp phat triln cac nang lire chung (tu chii va tu hpc; giao tilp va hop tac, giai quylt vin dl va sang tao) vdi phat trien cac nang Iuc dae thii; kit hgp phat triln

<i>nang luc vdi phat triln pham chk. Quan dilm nay dugc thi hien nhat quan d ngi dung </i>

giao due, phuang phap giao due va danh gia ket qua giao due.

Khac vdi mon Vat li hien hanh quy djnh chi tilt npi dung day hgc va thdi Iugng cho timg bai hpc cu thi nen kho phii hgp cho cac dii tupng hgc sinh va dieu ki6n day hgc cu thi, trong Chuong trmh mon Vat li 2018, nSi dung dugc xae dinh thdng qua cae yeu cau cSn dat va chia thanh cac chu de, ehi quy dinh thdi lugng den tung chii de. Noi each

<i>khae, eae kien thiic, kT nang dugc chpn theo liiu lugng va mice dp dap ung duge viee </i>

hinh thanh nang lire eho hge sinh. Ket qua dau ra dugc the hien thdng qua eae "yeu eau can dat". Tren co sd bam sat muc tieu va dap irng yeu cau can dat, giao vien co the lira chgn, sir dung mgt hay ket hgp nhieu sach giao khoa, nhieu nguon tu lieu khae nhau de day hpc. Khi day hgc, giao vien eIn van dung linh hoat cac phuang phap, kT thuat, hinh thiic td chirc day hgc nhSm phat huy tinh tich cue, ehii dgng, sang tao va vin hilu bilt, kinh nghiem sdng eiia hpc sinh trong hge tap; tranh ap dat mot chieu, ghi nhd may moc; van dung, khai thac Igi thi eua cong nghe thong tin - truyin thong va eac thilt bi thi nghiem, thuc hanh trong to chiic boat dpng hpc cho hge sinh.

<i>Muc tiiu ciia chuong trinh mon Vat li2018 </i>

Chuong trinh mdn Vat li 2018 xac dinh muc tieu la gop phin phat triln phim chit ehu ylu va nang lue ehung, dong thdi tap trung phat trien nang luc vat li cua ngudi hpc, eu the la:

- Gdp phin ciing vdi cac mon hgc va boat dgng giao due khac, giiip hpe sinh hinh thanh va phat triln cac phim chat va nang lire chung dugc quy dinh trong Chuong trinh tdng the.

<i>-- Giiip hpc sinh dat dugc nang lire vat Ii, vdi cac bieu hien sau: </i>

+ Cd duge hgc vin phi thdng elt loi ve mo hinh he vat Ii, nang Iugng va s6ne lire va trudng.

+ Van dung duge mot so kT nang tien trinh khoa hpc dl kham pha, giai quylt va dl dudi goe dp vat li.

+ Van dyng dugc mgt s6 kiln tiiirc, kT nang trong thuc tiln, ling xu vdi thien nhie phil hgp vdi yeu eau phat triln bin vimg xa hgi va bao ve mdi trudng.

+ Nhan bilt dugc nang l\rc, sd trudng ciia ban than, dinh hudng dugc nghi nghie va cd k l hoach hgc tip, ren luyen dap ung yeu clu cua dinh hudng nghe nghiep.

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<i>Nhu vay, trong Chuang trinh mon Vat Ii 2018, hi thdng kiin that khong phdi Id </i>

<i><b>miic tiiu hudng din ma la phuang tiin de dat dugc miic tieu phdt triin phdm ehdt vd </b></i>

<i>nang luc, trong do true tiep la nang luc vat Iị Dilu nay cung co nghTa la muc dich cua </i>

dgiy hpe vat li khong phai la trang bi that nhieu kien thirc, giai that nhilu bai tap kho ma la n h ^ thiic duge ban chit hien tugng vat Ii, ap dung dugc cac kiln thiic, kT nang da hgc. Noi each khae, Chucmg trinh mdn Vat li 2018 khong chi quan tam din cac chit lieu (kiln

<i>thiic, kT nang, thai dọ..) ma quan trpng han la su kit hgp chiing the nao dl eo thi hinh </i>

thanh va phat triln duge nang lye eua ngudi hgc. Khi ngudi hge dat dugc nang Iuc ciing

<i>la dat duac kiln thue, kT nang mpt each tdi uu nhit. </i>

c l n de y rang, d chuong trinh mon Vat li hien hanh, du co chii y din giao due pham chat, kT nang, nhung van thien ve trang bj kiln thiie, ehua xae dinh ro cac nang luc

<i>chung va cac nang lire dac thii ciia mon hpc, ciing nhu chua de xuat duqc phuong thiic </i>

kha Ihi nham phat triln eho ngudi hpc cac nang lire naỵ

Trong eae chuong trinh giao dye phd thong trudc day, giira mue tieu va ngi dung day hpe thieu sy chi phdi, rang bugc chat che lan nhaụ Chuang trinh m6n Vat li 2018 dugc thilt ke theo so do ngugc (back mapping), tire la bat dlu tu muc tieu de xac dinh eae yeu eau can d^t ve pham chat va nang luc (ket qua dau ra). Sau đ, tir ket qua dau ra nay ma lira chgn, de xuat cae ndi dung day hge va eac phucmg phap, hinh thiie day hgẹ

<i><b>Yen cau c&n dat viphdm ckdt va ndng Iuc </b></i>

Yeu cau cln dat chinh la sir cu the hoa mue tieu giao due eiia mon hgc ve phat trien phim chit va phat triln nang lire eho ngudi hpc. Chuong trinh mon V|t Ii 2018 xac dinh yeu clu cln dat dua vao mue tieu ciia Chuang trinh tong the va myc tieu Chuong trinh mon Vat Ii, chuin dIu ra cua Chuang trinh mon Vat Ii d mgt s6 nude phat trien va mgt so t l chiic qu6c tl dong thdi cd k l thira nhimg uu dilm trong quy djnh ve ehuan kien thiic, kT nang cua chuong trinh hien hanh.

Chucmg trinh ting thi da xac dinh la eae mdn hpc va hoat dpng giao dye phai giiip hpc sinh hmh thanh, phat triln cac phim chat chii ylu (yeu nudc, nhan ai, cham chi, tmng thue, trdch nhiem) va eac nang lue chung (tu chii va tu hpe, giao tilp va hgp tac, giai quylt vin dl va sang tgo), đng thdi gdp phin phat triln cac nang luc dac thiị

Tir cac bilu hien cu thi ciia 5 pham chit chil ylu va 3 nang luc chung nay d moi d p hpe, Chuang trinh mdn Vat li lira chgn mot so bilu hien cu thi phu hgp vdi dac trung va uu the eua minh dl xae dinh cae yeu clu cln dat v l pham chat va nang Iuc ma mon Vat li thuc hien.

Mat khac, cae yeu elu can dat cdn duge xay dung dua tren dinh huong ve vai trd, muc tieu ciia ITnh vuc giao due khoa hgc tu nhien va cua mon Vat Ii da dugc neu trong Chucmg trinh tdng thệ

<i><small>^ Chuong ffinh I6ng M ban hanh k^m theo Thong tu s6 32Q018-TT-BGĐT ngay 26 thang 12 n5m 2018 cua Bg </small></i>

<small>truong B$ Olio due va Dao tgo, trang 19-21 </small>

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<i>Dong gdp ciia mdn Vgt li trong viic bdi du&ngphSm chdt vdphdt tiin ndng Iuc chung ciia hpc sinh </i>

Mdn Vat li eo vai tro gop phan hmh thanh, phat triln cac phim chit chu ylu cho hpc sinh thdng qua viee tim hieu thi gidi tu nhien. Tu viec thirc hi^n eac nhiem vu thuc hanh, tim hilu khoa hgc, lam viec nhom,... mon Vat li tao cho hpc sinh ca hgi kham pha ban than va the gidi xung quanh, biet ddng cam, se chia vdi ngudi khac, co ea tinh va ddi sdng tam hdn phong phu, co quan niem song va ling xu nhan van; bli dudng cho hgc sinh tinh yeu doi vdi que hucmg, dit nudc, con ngudi; y thiic ve cdi ngudn va ban sic ciia dan toe, gop phin gitf gin, phat trien cac gja tri van hoa Viet Nam; gitip hge sinh thay ro vai tro va tae dung eiia mon hgc doi vdi ddi song eon ngudi, cd thoi quen va nhu cau tim hilu, nh|n thiic thi gidi tu nhien, c6 tinh than tilp thu tmh hoa van hoa ciia nhan loai, co kha nang hpi nhap quoc te, eo y thiic va tae phong ciia mot cdng dan toan cau.

Mon Vat li gdp phin die Iuc vao vi8c hinh thanh va phat trien the gidi quan khoa hge eho hpc sinh, tao co hpi dl hpc smh cam nhan dugc ve dep ciia thien nhien qua he

<i>thong cac quy lu§t v^t li, dong thdi giao dye hgc sinh trach nhiem cdng dan trong viec </i>

ton trgng cae quy luSt ciia thien nhien, biet tran trgng, gift gin, bao ve va ling xii vdi thien nhien phu hgp vdi yeu eau phat trien ben viing.

Trong hoat dpng thuc hanh, thi nghiem, tim hilu khoa hgc, ciing vdi ea hpi tilp thu kien thiic, ren luyen kT nang, hgc sinh ciing dugc ren luyen va phat triln nhieu diic tinh nhu can thEin, eham ehi, trung thue, trach nhiem...

Mdn V§t Ii gdp phin hinh thanh va phat triln cac nang luc chung da duge neu trong Chuang trinh tong thi. Nhimg nang luc chung nay dugc hinh thanh va phat triln

<i>khdng ehi thong qua npi dung dgy hgc ma edn thong qua phucmg phap va hinh thiic td chiic hogt dgng hpc vdi viec ehii trpng phat huy tinh tieh cue, chii ddng, sang tao cua </i>

ngudi hpc trong hogt dgng nhan thiic, tim hilu khoa hpc, van dung kiln thiic, kT nang da hpe.

c l n dac biet luu y ring, mdn Vat Ii giup hoc sinh hinh thanh, phat triln phim chit va nang lire ehung khdng chi thong qua ngi dung khoa hge ma dong vai tro cue ki quan

<i>trpng la each thirc id chirc hogt dgng hgc ciia hgc sinh. </i>

<i>Ddng gdp ciia mon Vad ligiup hpc sinh hinh thdnh, phdt triin nang luc vgt li </i>

Cung nhu cac nang luc dac thii d cac ITnh vue khac cua khoa hpc tu nhien, nSng lire vit li cd ba thanh phin sau day:

<i>Nhgn thuc vgt li: hpc sinh ed dugc hgc vin phi thong c6t loi vl: mo hinh he vat </i>

li-nang Iugng va song; iuc va trudng; nhan biet duge mot s6 nganh, nghi lien quan din vat ii.

<i>Tim hiiu the gidi tu nhien dudi goc dp vgt li: hpc sinh van dung dugc mgt s6 r </i>

nang tiln trinh khoa hge de kham pha, giai quyet van dl dudi gdc dp vat li.

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<i>Van dung kien thuc, kinang da hpc: hpe sinh van dung duge mgt s i kiln thiic, kT </i>

nang trong thuc tiln, iing xu vdi thien nhien phu hgp vdi yeu clu phat triln bin vung xa hgi va bao ve moi trudng; ddng thdi nhan bilt duge nang Iuc, sd tnrdng ciia ban than, dinh hudng dugc ngbl nghiep v^ cd ke hoach hgc tap, ren luyen dap img yeu clu eiia dinh hudng nghe nghiep.

Noi dung giao diJic

Trong Chuang trinh giao due phi thdng, giao due vat Ii eo nhiem vu giiip hpc sinh dat dugc hpc van vat li pho thong, bIng qua trinh day hpe co myc dieh, eo kl hoach, eo he thong, dugc chgn lgc. Tuy nhien, nhd trudng khong thi dap ting tit ca mgi nhu elu cua ca nhan ngudi hpc, ciia gia dinh va xS hpi, nha trudng chi co thi cung elp cho ngudi hgc nhung tri thiic phd thdng nln tang. D6i vdi mdi con ngudi, nen tang hgc vin phi thong CO dugc khong ehi la ket qua cua giao due nha trudng ma con la kit qua cita giao due ngoM nha trudng, do khong phai chi la tdng sd nhftng kiln thiic, kT nang ma la he thing cac phim chat, nang lire cln thilt.

Ngi dung hgc tap cdt l5i ciia mdn Vat Ii dugc lya chgn tren nhiing nguyen tae va ti8u ehuin sau ddy:

Mue tieu cua mon Vat Ii da dugc cu the hoa thanh yeu cau can dat (chu y hai yeu to quan trgng la kT nang tiln trinh vd ket qud ddu ra v l nang lire ngudi hpc).

Xac dinh cac ndi dung toi thieu bat bude va dudng phat trien ciia eac mach va cac

<i>chii dl ngi dung then chdt sao cho tao dugc co hpi dk hinh thanh, phat triln cac pham </i>

chdt, nang luc can dgt. Ngi dung day hge Id he thong nhftng tri thiic khoa hpc vgt Ii cot I5i dl giiip hpc sinh co thi tilp tuc dugc qua trinh giao due va phat triln nhan each.

Tren ca sd hgc vdn da dat dugc d giai doan giao due co ban, npi dung dugc xac dinh thong qua cae yeu eau can dgt va chia thanh cae chu de.

<i>Thdi lugng dugc quy dinh dl tao dilu kien eho nha trudng cd thi cu thi hoa thong </i>

qua kl hoach giao due nha trudng de phii hgp vdi dieu kien thue tiln.

Tham khao Chuang trinh mon Vdt li eiia cac nudc tien tiln, dii chieu vdi yeu clu ciia mgt so chucmg trinh ddnh gid qu6c t l nhu PISA, PASEC, ...

Tang cudng tinh ling dung ciia ngi dung giao due vgt li trong nhd tnrdng. Dieu nay

<i>CO nghTa la dam bao mot each hdi hoa va thich hgp giua npi dung giao due vat ii mang tinh hdn lam vdi ngi dung gido due vat li gdn vdi doi sdng thuc te cua hpc sinh va gan </i>

vdi xu hudng phdt triln hien dgi ciia kinh tl, khoa hpc va ddi sing xa hpi, gin bo mat thilt vdi viee gop phin giiip hoe sinh hinh thanh, ren luyen vd Iam ehu cac "kT nang sing".

Npi dung day hpc di tir true quan din trim tugng, tir don gian din phire tgp, tii he duge xem nhu mgt hat din nhilu hat Coi trgng each tilp cdn dua tren v6n kinh nghiem va sir trai nghiem ciia hpe sinh.

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Clu true ngi dung day hgc co tinh he thing, chinh thi thing nhit tu tiiu hgc den hit trung hgc phi thong, va c6 tinh den y6u clu dinh hudng nghi nghiep.

M6i don vi kiln thiic, kTnang ca bdn dugc lua ehon tren co sd ed tinh din: + vi8c dap img muc tieu dgy hge mon Vat li d trudng pho thong (eo vai tro nhu the nao dii vdi viec phdt triln phdm chdt, nang lire ngudi hge);

+ vi tri nhu the nao trong nhftng kien thiic, ki nang co ban cila khoa hge vat li ciia nhan logi;

+ vai tro trong mli quan he vdi eae mon hpc khae; + vai tro trong viec dinh hudng nganh nghi eho hpe sinh.

<i>Phdn npi dung va yeu elu cln dgt a timg ldp gom nhirng npi dung dgy hgc tong </i>

quat vd nhftng yeu clu cln dat la mue tieu cdn hudng den eua npi dung day hgc. Cac yeu clu cln dat dugc thi hien bIng mot so dgng tir bilu dgt yeu cau vl nang luc (lam dugc, thue hanh, vgn dung dugc) nhu: xac dinh duge, thue hien dugc, so sdnh dugc, dinh nghia dugc, ... Con cac npi dung dgy hgc dugc the hien bang danh tu ehi nhirng npi dung khai qudt can day.

Mgt so yen edu can dat trong Chuang trinh mon Vat Ii bao ham ggi y each thue hi?n de dat dugc yen cau can dat do. Vi du, vdi yeu edu cdn dat "Tu hinh anh hoac vi du thuc tien, djnh nghTa dugc dp dieh chuyen", giao vien c6 the thue hien boat dgng day hpc bdng each sii dung hinh anh hoac hudng dan hge sinh phan tich vi du v l ngudi di tren con dudng thuc t l de hinh thanh nen khdi niem dp dich chuyin. Mgt so yeu clu cln dat bao ham hai miic do. Vi dy vdi yeu eau can dat "Thuc hien thi n ^ i e m (hoac dvra tren sd lieu cho trudc), ve dugc do thi do dich chuyin - thdi gian trong chuyin dgng thing", giao vien d ede trudng khdng dii thiet bi day hgc co thi hudng ddn hgc sinh dua tren s6 lieu cho trudc de ve dugc do thi do dich chuyin - thdi gian trong chuyin dpng thing; d cdc trudng dii dieu kien thi thuc hien ddy dii yeu clu eIn dgt do.

Trong chuang trinh mon Vdt Ii 2018, he thing kiln thirc, kT nang dugc chgn dl giiip hge smh eo hgc vdn pho thong cot loi; lam chit lieu dl hinh thanh, phat triln nang Iuc vat li; ddp ling cac yeu clu eIn dgt vl pham chat va nang luc theo myc tieu chuang trinh.

Phan b l cdc mach ngi dung ve kiln thiic, kT nang d cdc ldp cd mpt s6 dilm khde biet so vdi chuang trinh hien hanh.

<i><b>L^ 10^: </b></i>

<i>+ Thue hien viec day hgc tich hgp, cac ngi dung dugc sip xip thanh cdc chii dl d' </i>

dam bdo tinh trgn ven ciia cac doi tugng can tim hilu. Vi du, phdn dgng hpc m6 ta c' dgc tinh ciia chuyin ddng; giai thich chuyen dgng vdi viee md ta lue va tae dung cua In

<small>" Ngi dung d?y hgc lop 10 mon V?l !i hien hanh. Chuong I. Dgng hgc chSt difim; Chuang II: D$ng lye hpc chit d = Chuang III: CSn bang va chuyfin dong ciia vat ran; Chirong IV: Cac dinh lu$t bao toan; Chuong V: Chat khi' Chu'™' VI: Ca so cua nhi?t dgng l\ic hgc; Chuang VII; Chat ran va chit long, Sy chuySn thS. ' ™8 </small>

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lam bien ddi chuyen dgng nhu thS ndo duge trinh bay d phdn dgng lue hgc. Chu dl chuyin dgng trdn dugc thilt ke vdi muc tieu van dyng bin chu dl da hgc trudc do, eho nen khdng tach ra va dat d hai phdn khde nhau nhu chucmg trinh hien hdnh, md dugc trinh bay trgn ven trong mgt chii d8 nham dam bao tinh logic, trgn ven, tgo dilu kien dl hpe sinh duge vdn dung cac chii dl da hge de nghien ciiu mgt chii dl mdi.

+ Cac dinh ludt bao toan thanh dugc tich hgp vdo cac phin tuong ling nhdm gidm tinh han Idm, tao dilu kien cho hpe sinh dugc hpc tap, trai nghiem, van dung va co thi tilp thu mpt each tot nhat ede dinh ludt quan trgng ndy.

+ Cac npi dung ve chat khi, co sd cua nhiet dpng luc hgc, ehdt ran vd chit long, su chuyen the da dugc edu tnic lai va chuyen sang ldp 12. Muc dich la de dam bdo tmh lien tuc cua mach npi dung d Idp 10 va de co thi day theo each tilp can mo hinh, mo hinh hoa. Hem nfta, mgt sd n6i dung dinh tinh ve ehdt khi, chdt ran vd chat long, sy chuyen the da dugc dl cdp d giai dogn gido due co ban.

+ Ba chuyen dl duge tiiilt k l nhdm din nhiing muc tieu cy thi khac nhau. Chuyen dl thii nhat "vat li trong mpt sd ngdnh nghe" nham giiip hpc sinh tim hi8u va hinh dung duge su umg dung rgng Idn eiia vgt li d eae nganh ngbl trong thuc tien. Chuyen de eung giiip khoi ggi ham thich vat li, gdp phan giiip hpe sinh dinh hudng dugc nganh nghe. Chuyen dl thii hai "Trai Ddt va bdu trdi" tilp ndi, nang cao hon cdc kiln thiic, kT nang ve Trai Ddt va bau trdi d cap trung hpc co sd, dong thdi coi nhu la vi du thye tiln ve Iuc hudng tdm vd ehuyin dpng trdn. Chuyen dl thii ba "Vat Ii vdi giao due v6 bao ve mdi trudng" de cap din mgt trong nhimg van de thdi su cua thuc tien: su tan pha moi trudng dang anh hudng nghiem trgng den su phdt triln ben vimg ciia timg quoe gia, dgc biet la d nudc ta.

<i>Ldp 11^: </i>

<i>+ Cung nhu d ldp 10, cae ngi dung dugc tich hgp thdnh cac chu dl de ddm bao tinh </i>

h-gn ven eua cac dii tugng cln tim hilu. Cdc chii dl duge sip xep tgo thanh hai mgch ngi dung theo edu tnle: ddu tien, md ta biic tranh todn canh v l doi tugng, sau do den gidi thieh vd cung elp co sd vgt li sau ban ve doi tugng, cuoi cung la de cap den mpt so ling dung cua dii tugng trong khoa hge hoac thuc tiln. Theo tinh thin nay, chuyen de "Truyin thdng tin bdng sdng vo tuyIn" d l cap din mgt s6 ling dung ve song trong khoa hpc hoac thuc tiln; chuyen dl ndy duge thuc hien sau khi da c6 biic tranh toan canh ve song qua chu dl "Sdng" vd eo eo sd vgt li sdu hon ve song qua ehu de "Dao dgng". Cung theo mach clu tnic nhu vgy, chuyen dl "Md ddu vl di?n tii hgc" la kit thiic ciia chuoi mo ta, giai thich ve dien.

+ Khong bao gdm ede ngi dung ve: Tii trudng; Cam ung dien tu; Khiic xa anh sang; Cac dung cy quang. Mgt so trong nhung ngi dung ndy da dugc diuc hien tron ven d cap trung hgc co sd, mgt so dugc de cap d Idp 12.

<small>' Nai dung day hgc ldp 11 m6n V^l li h i ^ hanh: Chuong I. Dign tich Di^n truang; Chuong D- Dong di?n f=^ong Chuang m . Dong di?n trong cac m6i buimg; Chuong IV: Tir tnrdng; Chuong V' Cam ung di^n lir; Chuong VI Khue xa Snh sang; Chuang VII: Mai Cac dung cy quang </small>

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^o'-+ Ba chuyen dicung dugc thilt kl nhim din nhiJng myc tieu cu thi khac Chuyen dl "Tnrdng hdp dan" giup hgc sinh van dyng dugc kiln thirc, kT nang da bilt ve

<i>nhau-ehuyin dgng va nang Iugng, dae biet la nhau-ehuyin ddng tron dIu, d§^ nhan thirc, tim hilu ve </i>

chuyin dpng dudi tac dung ciia mot logi trudng xuyen tam la trudng hdp din cua Trai Ddt. Ngi dung eua chuyen dl la nhimg kien thiic, ki nang cdt loi, can ban vl mo td mpt trudng vat li ma ngudi hgc cln co de Iam ca sd eho viec hgc tap vd nghien ciru trudng dien, trudng tir d cac phdn sau. Mat khde, chuyen d l nay gdp phdn 1dm sang to mpt so quy lugt trong chuyen dl "Trai Ddt vd bdu trdi" da d l cap d ldp 10. Chuyen dl "Truyin thdng tin bdng song vo tuyIn" de cap din mdt sd ling dung quan trgng eiia sdng trong thuc tien. Chuyen de "Md dau vl dien tir hpe" de cap den mpt so ling dyng eiia vat li d mgt ITnh vye Ii thii trong thuc tiln.

<i>L^12^: </i>

<i>+ Tudn theo quan diem "ede chu de dugc thiet ke, sap xep tir true quan den trmi </i>

tugng, tu don gian din phiie tap, tir he dugc xem nhu mpt hgt den nhilu hat; budc ddu tiep can vdi mpt so npi dung hien dai mang tinh thiet thuc, cot loi", cae chu de d ldp 12 bat dau tiep can vdi tinh chat vi mo cua cae doi tupng vdt H. Ngoai viec dl cap din mot

<i>s6 hien tugng va tinh chdt thdng dyng ve nhiet va ehdt khi, cdc chu dh "Vgt li nhiet" va </i>

"Khi Ii tudng" eon giup hge sinh tiep can vdi phuang phap mo hmh trong nghien eihi khoa hge thdng qua mpt mo hinh don gian vl dii tugng vat !i: mo hinh dpng hpc chit khi. Can nhd rang phuong phdp md hmh la mgt trong nhung phuong phap duge su dung rgng rai trong nghien ciiu khoa hgc ndi chung vd nghien ciiu vat Ii ndi rieng. Do khudn khd miic do phd thdng, Chuong trinh mon Vat Ii ehi dl cgp dupc mdt md hinh dan gian nhdt, trong sd nhilu md hinh dong vai tro quan trgng ciia vat Ii. Cac chil d l "Trudng tii", "Vgt Ii hat nhdn va phong xg" tilp tuc tilp can sau ban vl tinh chdt vi mo eiia cac doi nrgng vat li. Kit thiie Chuang trinh mdn Vat li, hpc sinh dugc tilp can vdi mpt sd ndi dung hien dai mang tinh thilt thuc, cot loi; do la mot si net vl vdt Ii Iugng tii, mot trong sd nhftng mui nhpn cua vat Ii hien dai. Cac npi dung nay cung md ra cho hge sinh mgt thi gidi sinh dgng va hdp dan v l cac dii tugng cua mon hoc, kich thich himg thii khoa hgc d nhung the he tre.

+ Khdng bao gom eac npi dung ve dao ddng ca va song co vi da hpc d Idn 11 + Cung nhu d ldp 10 vd ldp 11, ba chuyen d l d day nham Iam sdu sdc hon mot sd kiln thiic, kT nang va ling dung ciia vat If trong thue tiln. Chuyen dl "Dong die ehilu" trinh bay mot s i ling dung di?n va tir trong thuc tiln. Chuyen dl "Mgt s' ' dyng vat li trong chan doan y hpc" trinh bay m6t sd ung dung cua vdt Ii gop phi^ ^-vao viec chdn doan y hgc bdng ede phuang tien hien dai. Chuyen dl "Vdt li luono h"» ^* cgp den mgt so net ve vdt li lugng tii, nganh khoa hpe mang din nhilu ling du phdn lam thay dii thi gidi con ngudi.

<small>* Ngi dung day hge lop 12 mon Vat li hi#c hanh Chuong I' Dao dgng co. Song co. Chuong II- Dong dien Chuong IC: Dao dOng dien tir Song dian tir; Chuang IV: Song anh sang. Lugmg tu anh sang; Chuane V- Ph^^^ '^'''^"> </small>

<small>nhan - ^ " ^ " i g h a t </small>

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Day hpc tich cue

<i>Hinh thiie dgy hgc chu yeu trong mdn Vdt li la t l chiic cac hogt dpng hpc a Idp hgc </i>

hoac d phong thuc hanh; ding thdi co thi t l ehiic eho hgc sinh boat dgng trai nghiem d ngodi ldp hpc nhu tgi thyc dia, trong cae nha may, cdc ca sd sdn xudt kinh doanh, cac lang nghi.

Cdn to chiic cho hpe sinh dugc ty hpc, hpc theo nhdm, tucmg tdc tich cue thdng qua qua trinh phdt hien, de xuat y tudng, giai quylt van dl dudi goc do vat Ii bdng each: dua ra phdn doan va xay dung gid thuyet; lap k l hogch thuc hien; tim kilm thong tin qua tai lieu in va tdi li6u da phuong tien; thu thdp, luu trft du lieu td cac thi nghiem trong phong thuc hdnh hoge quan sat d thien nhien; phdn tich, xir Ii, danh gia ede dft lieu dua tren cae tham si thing ke dan gian; so sanh ket qua vdi gid thuyet, gidi thich, nit ra dugc kit ludn; viit, trinh bay bao eao va thao lugn; van dyng kien thuc, kT nang vat li dl mo hinh hoa cac he vat li dan gidn; phdn tich, giai thich cac vin de thue tiln; de xudt vd thuc hien m6t s6 giai phap budc dIu dl bao dam an todn trong lao dgng san xudt.

Tuy theo muc tieu, tinh ehdt eua boat dpng, hpc sinh dugc to chiic lam viec dpc lap, 1dm viec theo nhdm hoac lam viec chung cd ldp nhung phai bdo dam moi hgc sinh dugc tgo dilu kien dl ty mmh thue hien nhiem vu hgc tgp vd trai nghiem thyc t l

Pham chat va nang Iuc ehi cd the phdt trien va the hien ra d boat dgng. Vi the, neu

<i>day hpe md khong to ehue dugc hogt dpng hoc de hge sinh tu chilm linh kien thire, ren </i>

luyen ki nang thi kien thire, kT nang cua bai hgc cung khong the bien thanh tri thiic cua hge sinh; dae biet Id cung khdng the gop phdn hinh thanh phat trien pham chdt chii yeu va nang Iuc chung ciia ngudi hgc.

Ciing mgt kiln thire khoa hgc cdt loi nhung viee t l ehiie dgy hpc khac nhau se gop phdn phdt trien pham chdt va nang luc mot cdch khac nhau. Co the hinh dung dieu do qua vi du vl dgy hgc gia t i c rai tu do nhu trinh bay sau ddy.

+ NIU dgy hgc bdng thuylt trinh thi hgc sinh ed thi ehi nhd dugc dinh nghTa va gia tri cua no (chdng han la 9,8 m/s^).

+ T I chiic dl hpc sinh do dugc gia tie roi tu do bdng dung cy thuc hanh thi hpc suih dugc tu chilm ITnh nen nhdn thirc kiln thiic sdu sdc hon; ding thdi, co the giiip hgc sinh hinh thanh phat triln dugc phdm ehdt ehung (nhu trung thuc).

+ NIU mudn gop phan vdo viec phdt triln nang lue giao tiep va hgp tac thi phai to

<i>chiic dk hpc sinh do theo nhdm, vi chi qua boat ddng nhdm thi hpc sinh mdi hinh thanh, </i>

phdt triln dugc nang Iuc giao tilp va hgp tac.

+ Cd thi gop phin giiip hpc sinh phat triln nang luc giai quylt vdn dl, sang tao qua

<i>viec t l ehiie hoat dpng do g vdi miic dg hudng ddn ddy dil hay de hgc sinh tu thuc hien </i>

mpt phan hoac tdt ca cae budc do.

Nhu vdy, khi thilt k l mdi bdi hpc, giao vien phdi can cii vdo ySu ciu cdn dat va dilu ki?n thuc t l , tim ra dugc bilu hien ciia phdm chdt, ndng lire md bai hge dd can gdp

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<i>phan phat triln, t l chiic cho duac hogt dpng hoc cua hgc sinh, sao eho qua boat dgng ndy </i>

ma gop phin vao viec phat trien bieu hien da chgn. Danh gia ket qua giao due

Thay vi ehii trgng danh gid kiln thire nhu hiSn hdnh, d Chuang trinh m6n Vat li 2018, can cur ddnh gia la cac yeu edu cin dat v l phdm chit va nang Iuc dugc quy dinh trong Chuang trmh ting thi vd Chuong trinh mon Vdt li. Trong danh gid nang iyc hpe

<i>smh, ddnh gid qud trinh dgc biel quan trpng. Mgt ki thi, du ed dugc t l chirc khoa hgc </i>

din thi ndo di nfta thi cung khong thi qua kit qud do ma ddnh gid duge diy dii pham

<i>chit va nang luc hge sinh. Noi each khac, neu khong thuc hi^n ddnh gid qud trinh mot cdch khoa hge thi ciing khong the giiip ngudi hgc hmh thdnh, phdt triln pham chat va nang luc mgt each tii uu dugc. Vi the; dii tugng danh gia la sdn phdm vd qud trinh hgc </i>

tap, ren luyen ciia hpc sinh.

D I dat duge myc tieu phdt triln phim chdt va nang Iuc hpc sinh, edn thuc hien vi?e ddnh gid mgt cdeh khoa hpc qua timg hoat dpng dgy hpc. Co the thdy rd dilu do qua vi dy v l bai day hgc "D6 dich chuyen va quang dudng" (du kien khodng mgt tiet) nhu sau day.

(T: trdi nghiem; P: phan tich, rut ra kit ludn ve kiln thiic, kT nang, pham chdt, nang Iuc; C: eung co; V: van dung)

G6p phin hinh thSnh,

phat triln PC,NL

- Noi dung hgc sinh thao luan.

- Ket qua xac dinh khoang cdch va d6 dich chuyen.

<i>- N6i dung hoc sinh </i>

thdo luan.

Ggi y t l chfrc hogt dong

<i>Ho?t dQng 1 (T): Nhdn biet vh qudng dirirag va d6 </i>

djch chuyin

Yeu ciu mgt hoc sinh dit mOt ban khac (da dugc che mit) di theo mgt dirong vong. Trong khi do, cac hoc smh khde xac dmh d6 dai quSng dirdng hai ban da di va khoang cdch tir vi tri xuat phat dSn vi iri kit thiic. Hoat a6ng 2 (P): Phan biet quang dufmg vd do dich chuygn

Huong din hpc sinh thao lutln d6 rutra + khi met vdt di chuyin, khoang each cua vat theo mot hudng cy the 1^ do dich chuyen ciia vat'

<i>dut^c-+ d6 dich chuySn la mot dai lucmg vector, qali„„ i^f^. </i>

<i>\k m6t dai lirgng v6 huong; ° + mot dai lu(mg vo huong chl c6 do Im, miji dai luo„e </i>

vector c6 ca dp Idn va hudng. • ^ Hogt dOng 3 (C, V): Xac dinh a§ didrdiii^;|;;^~~~— - Hgc sinh thuc hdnh sii dung ban dl co ti le xich it'

<i>khoangcdch vd do dich chuyin trong tru^e hon i, ^ </i>

d6ng giiia cdc cap dilm tren ban dl.

<b>~~~——-—J </b>

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