các thì trong Tiếng Anh

Môn tiếng Anh
I- kiến thức cơ bản lớp 12
1. Hệ học bắt đầu
Chương trình dành cho những học sinh học tiếng Anh bắt đầu từ lớp 10, 11, và 12 theo bộ
sách giáo khoa "
Tiếng Anh 10, 11, 12
", của Nhà xuất bản Giáo dục.
Về chủ điểm:
− Bản thân
− Sở thích cá nhân
− Đất nước, con người nước Anh
− Việc học tiếng Anh
− Tiểu sử một số danh nhân
− Sức khoẻ
− Môi trường
Về đọc hiểu:
Đọc hiểu nội dung chính các đoạn văn (khoảng 100 – 150 từ) về các chủ điểm đã học.
Về kiến thức ngôn ngữ:
− Động từ (Verbs):
Yêu cầu nắm được dạng và cách dùng của các thời:
Simple present, Present continuous, Present perfect
Simple past, Past continuous
Simple future
Dạng bị động (
Passive Voice)
của động từ với các thời nêu trên.
Dùng dạng
V-ing
của động từ khi đi sau một số động từ như:
hate, like, enjoy, start, begin,
stop, Do you mind ?, I don't mind , be fed up with, be afraid of, be interested in, be bored

with, be fond of,
− Modal verbs: nắm được dạng và cách dùng của các Modal verbs:
can, may, must,
should,
− Danh từ (Nouns)
Danh từ số ít, số nhiều,
Danh từ đếm được và không đếm được,
Nhận biết được một số cách hình thành danh từ bằng cách thêm các hậu tố:
-tion,
-ment, -er,
− Tính từ (Adjectives)
Nhận biết được tính từ, vị trí của tính từ trong câu
So sánh tính từ
− Trạng từ (Adverbs)
Nhận biết được trạng từ, vị trí của trạng từ trong câu
So sánh trạng từ
− Đại từ (Pronouns)
Nắm được dạng và cách dùng của các đại từ
Cách dùng của các đại từ quan hệ (Relative pronouns):
which, who, that,

− Quán từ (Articles)
Nhận biết được dạng các quán từ :
a, an, the
− Giới từ (Prepositions):
Nhận biết được một số giới từ: giới từ chỉ thời gian, chỉ vị trí, phương hướng, mục đích,
Nắm vững các loại câu đơn cơ bản với các dạng tường thuật, phủ định và nghi vấn, đặc
biệt là trật tự từ trong các loại câu.
Nắm vững cách sử dụng các câu phức với các liên từ, đại từ quan hệ (xác định) đã học.
Nắm vững cách sử dụng các câu điều kiện loại I và II.

2. Hệ học nối tiếp
Chương trình dành cho những học sinh đã học tiếng Anh từ lớp 6 đến lớp 12 theo bộ sách
giáo khoa "
English 10, 11, 12
", của Nhà xuất bản Giáo dục.
Về chủ điểm:
− Con người và đất nước Anh, các nước nói tiếng Anh,
− Tiếng Anh và việc học tiếng Anh,
− Cuộc sống của thanh niên nói chung,
− Nghề nghiệp,
− Môi trường sống và việc bảo vệ môi trường,
− Phong tục tập quán,
− Giao thông,
− Y tế và sức khoẻ,
− Một số ngành khoa học.
Về đọc hiểu:
Đọc hiểu nội dung các đoạn văn (khoảng 150 – 200 từ) thuộc các chủ điểm đã học.
Về kiến thức ngôn ngữ:
Nắm được một số kiến thức ngôn ngữ cơ bản như yêu cầu trong chương trình dành cho hệ
học 3 năm nhưng yêu cầu nắm vững và vận dụng cao hơn. Ngoài ra cần chú trọng một số kiến
thức sau:
− Nắm được dạng và cách sử dụng các thời Past perfect, Present perfect continuous,
− Hiểu và sử dụng được dạng V-ing của động từ,
− Động từ nguyên thể có và không có "to",
− Cấu tạo từ: sử dụng được một số thành tố phụ (tiền tố, hậu tố) đã học để tạo từ,
− Nắm vững cách sử dụng các loại câu điều kiện (loại I, II và III)
− Sử dụng được cách nói gián tiếp (Reported speech) trong các loại câu cơ bản.
II- Ôn tập kiến thức ngôn ngữ
1. Tenses
− Present and Past Simple Some common rules

Present Simple Present Progressive Present Perfect Past Simple
Form of verb Base form
I usually take the
bus.
He never eats
snails.
be + ing form
I'm watching TV.
have / has + past
participle
I've finished with
the computer now.
regular:
walked
irregular: left
He left
yesterday.
Spelling rules We normally add -
s
after a verb
We add -
es
after a
sibiliant sound, e.g.
push → pushes.
y
changes to
ies
,
e.g.

hurry →
hurries
We normally leave
out
e
before
–ing
,
e.g.
lose→
losing.
We double some
consonants, e.g.
stop → stopping.
We just add
d
after
e
, e.g.
close
→ closed
.
We double consonants, e.g.
stop
→ stopped.
y
changes to
ie
, e.g.
hurry →

hurried.
Pronunciation
rules
The
-es
and
-ies
ending is
pronounced /
z
/
The
-s
ending is
pronounced / s /
after a voiceless
The
-ed / -d
ending is pronounced /
t /
after a voiceless sound, /
d /
after a voiced sound, and /
id /
after /
t /
or /
d /.
Present Simple Present Progressive Present Perfect Past Simple
sound and / z / after

a voiced sound.
− Present simple vs Present progressive
Present simple Present continuous
− things that are always true
− things that happen all the time, repeatedly,
often, sometimes, nerver, etc
− things that are happening now
− things that are happening around now
Example:
The sun rises in the east.
She often wears red.
I play tennis.
Example:
The sun is not shining today.
She is wearing a blue dress.
I'm playing a lot of tennis these days.
Will or Be going to
Will Be going to
We use
will
to talk generally about future
beliefs, opinions, hopes and predictions.
There is usually time expression. We can
add perhaps, probably, or definitely to show
how certain or uncertain we are about our
predictions.
Example:
Perhaps it will rain tomorrow.
We use
Be going to

to talk about plans and
intentions. The plan can be in the near
future, or more distant.
Example:
I am going to do a lot of work this evening.
I am going to travel abroad next month.
Will
also describes spontaneous decisions
that come into the speaker's head at the
moment of speaking or a promise.
Example:
Is that the phone ringing? I'll answer it.
I will do my best to help you.
We also use
Be going to
for predictions,
especially when there is some evidence in
the present situation.
Example:
Look out! Those books are going to fall!
Will Be going to
− Will vs Be going to
Will
and
Be going to
are both used for predictions.
Example:
I think it is going to rain / will probably rain tomorrow.
However, if there is a strong evidence in the present situation, then
be going to

is usually
used.
Example:
I think it is going to rain this afternoon.
(looking up at black clouds in the sky)
The present Progressive vs. Be going to
The present progressive
and
be going to
are both used for plans and arrangements.
Example:
I am going to have / am having a party on Friday.
However,
be going to
can suggest that the details are not yet finalized – it is just a plan.
Whereas the present continuous can suggest that the arrangement is more certain, with a
time and a place.
Examples:
Linh is going to have her driving lesson soon. (no specific time)
Linh is having her driving lesson this afternoon. (fixed time)
− Past simple or Present perfect
Past simple Present perfect
− completed in the past:
The new bridge opened last week.
− linked to the present:
The new bridge has just opened.
− Present perfect or Present perfect progressive
Present perfect Present perfect progressive
− finished actions:
She has learnt how to cook spaghetti.

I've written to Mike so he knows everything.
− unfinished actions – present:
They have been learning Russian since
October.
The children have been writing letters all day.
− The past perfect
− An action happened before another past action:
Examples:
James apologized for the trouble he had caused.
I didn't travel to the match because I hadn't bought a ticket.
− To say that someone finished one action and then did something else, we use
when
had done
or
after did / had done.
Examples:
When Linda had typed the message, she mailed it to Max.
After Linda typed / had typed the message, she mailed it to Max.
− Sometimes the choice of past simple or past perfect makes a difference to the
meaning.
Examples:
When the boss arrived, the meeting began.
(= The boss arrived and then the meeting
began.)
When the boss arrived, the meeting had begun.
(= The meeting began before the
boss arrived.)
− We can use the past perfect after
before
or

until
Example:
The printer went wrong before it printed / it had printed a single sheet.
2. Comparison
− Comparative
Example:
Mary:
How shall we travel? By car or by train?
Neil:
Let's go by car. It's cheaper.
(Don't go by train. It's more expensive).
Cheaper and more expensive are comparative forms.
After comparatives you can use than
Examples:

It's cheaper to go by car than by train.
Going by train is more expensive than going by car.
− Superlative
Examples:
What is the longest river in the world?
What was the most enjoyable holiday you've ever had?
Remember
Adj / Adv comparative superlative
short words (one syllable) Cheaper / faster (the)cheapest / fastest
longer words (two
syllables or more)
more expensive (the) most expensive
Notes:
− We also use ~er(est) for two-syllable words that end in -y (-y → -ier-est): lucky →
luckier (luckest), early → earlier (earliest), easy → easier (easiest), pretty → prettier (prettiest)

Eg: You're luckier than me.
You are the luckiest man, you can love the most pretty girl in our class.
− We use
more, the most
for adverbs that end in -1y: more slowly (the most slowly),
more seriously (the most, more quietly (the most quietly)),
Example:
Can you walk a bit more slowly?
− We can use
~er or more
with some two-syllable adjectives, especially: quiet, clever,
narrow, shallow, simple
Example:
It's too noisy here. Can we go some where quieter / more quiet?
Irregular comparative forms:
Adj / Adv Comparative Superlative
good / well better (the) best
bad / badly worse (the) worst
far further (or farther) (the) urthest (or
farthest)
− Oldest and eldest
The superlative of old is oldest:
Example:
That church is the oldest building in the town. (not 'the eldest')
* We use eldest (or oldest) when we are talking about people in a family:
Examples:
My eldest son is 10 years old. (or My oldest son.)
Are you the eldest in your family? (or the oldest.)
3. Gerund: Verb + ing
A gerund is a verb that functions as a noun. It can be the subject of a sentence.

Examples:
Smoking is unhealthy.
Eating fast food makes me sick.
− A gerund can also be the object of certain verbs
Example:
He loves eating.
− These verbs that can be followed by a gerund:
admit avoid consider deny enjoy finish
miss practice quit resent suggest understand
There are many common expressions with go + gerund. These expressions usually desribe
activities, such as:
go swimming
go fishing
go camping
go shopping
− As a gerund acts as a noun, it can follow a preposition:
be afraid of, be interested in, be
fond of,
Example:
He is bored with working in a store.
4. Infinitives: to + verb
− Some verbs are followed directly by an infinitive
Example:
He decided to get married.
− Some verbs need an object (noun or pronoun) before the infinitive
Example:
I invited Mary to celebrate with us.
− Some verbs can be followed by either: an infinitive or an object + infinitive
Example:
I went there to buy some food.

− Following is a short list of verbs that can be followed by an infinitive.
agree begin fail plan refuse seem
advise tell order urge encourage warn
ask help expect want need would like
− Form a negative infinitive by placing
not
before the infinitive
Example:
She told me not to go to class.
− Certain nouns and adjectives can be followed by an infinitive
Examples:
I have the right to eat anything I like.
It's a high price to pay.
It's great to see you.
I was wrong to leave.
− We often use the following structure to make general observations:
Examples:
It's convenient to eat fast food.
It's difficult to live in a big city.
− Use the following structures to give a reason:
Example:
I am too young to drive.
It's + adjective + infinitive
too + adjective / adverb + infinitive
adjective / adverb + enough + infinitive
Example:
He isn't old enough to join the army.
Used to + infinitive
Forms
Usage

− To describe a habitual action in the past which is no longer true.
Examples:
I used to collect stamps.
She used to wake up very late in the mornings.
− To describe a situation happening and finishing in the past.
Examples:
I used to be a teacher but now I'm a social worker.
Linh used to have a beard but he has shaved it off.
* Note:
used to
vs
be used to:
− Be used to
is used when you have done something so many times that it no longer seems
surprising or difficult.
Example:
I am not used to getting up early.
−
To
in
used to
is part of the infinitive, whereas,
to
in
be used to
is a preposition and is
followed by a gerund (V-ing)
.
5. Conditional sentences
Conditional sentences - Type I

If - clause Main clause Use
If + present tense (simple
or continuous)
− Future tense − Real situations in the present
or future.
Examples:
If the bus doesn't come soon, I'll be late for school.
If he gets the job, he will move to a big city.
If + present perfect
simple (if the action has
− can / may /
might / must /
− Real or probable situations
in the present or future
Affirmative Negative Interrogative Passive
They used to
write letters by
hand.
They did not use to
write letters by hand.
Did they use to write
letters by hand?
Letters used to be
written by hand.
already finished) should + infinitive

Example:
If you have finished your homework, you may go out with your friends.
If + Present simple − Present simple − General truths (if = when,
whenever)

Example:
If you mix blue and yellow, you get green.
If + Present simple − Imperative − Instruction or commands
Example:
If you miss the train, take the bus.
Note:
−
If
-clauses either precede or follow the main clauses. If they precede the main clauses,
we separate them with a comma.
Examples:
If you eat a lot of sweets, you'll gain weight.
You'll gain weight if you eat a lot of sweets.
− If there is only a slight possibility of something happening, we can use
should.
Example:
If you should ever go to Colombia, visit the Museum of Gold in Botoga.
In this case
If
can be omitted;
should
comes before the subject (inversion).
Example:
Should you ever go to Colombia, visit the Museum of Gold in Botoga.
Conditional sentences – Type II
If - clause Main clause Use
If + past tense would
could + present infinitive
might
Unreal situations in the present or

future.
Example:
If I won a lot of money, I would spend most of it traveling round the world.
Example:
If he were still living with his parents, he would be able to
save more money.
- Unreal or imaginary
situations in the
present
Example:
If I won a lot of money, I would spend most of it traveling round
the world
.
- Events that are
unlikely to happen in
the future
Example:
If I were you, I wouldn't argue with my employer.
- To give an advice
Note:
− We use
were
instead of
was
in type 2 conditional sentences in formal English.
Example:

If he were not so lazy, he would be more successful.
−
If

can be omitted when it is followed by
were; was
comes before the subject (inversion).
Example:

Were she taller, she could become a model.
Conditional sentences – Type III
If - clause Main clause Use
If + past perfect would
could + perfect infinitive
might
Unreal situations in the past
Example:
If you had told me about the problem, I would have helped you.
Example:
If he had known your phone address, he would have
sent you a postcard.
For actions that did not
happened
Example:
If he had been more careful, he would have passed the
exam.
To express criticism or regret
Note:
if
can sometimes be omitted; had come before the subject (inversion).
Example:

Had you arrived earlier, you wouldn't have missed the train.
6. Relative clauses

Example:
The man who lives in Warsaw, Poland is my elder brother.
The man who lives in Warsaw, Poland ('who lives in Warsaw, Poland' tells us which man)
Uses
Uses Examples
1. We use
who
(or
that
) in a − The man who (that) lives in Warsaw, Poland is my elder
Uses Examples
relative clause when we are
talking about people (not things).
We use who instead of he / she /
they:
brother.
− We know a lot of people who live in New York.
− An architect is someone who designs buildings.
− What is the name of the woman who lent you the
money?
2. We use which (or that) when
we are talking about things
Example:

Where is the butter? - It was in the fridge.
→ Where is the butter that was in the fridge?
I don't like stories. The stories have unhappy endings.
→I don't like stories that (which) have unhappy endings.
3. We use
whose

in relative
clauses instead of his / her / their
I saw a girl - [her] car had broken down
→ I saw a girl whose car had broken down.
Notes:
We use
whose
mostly for people:
Examples:

What's the name of the man whose car you bought?
(You bought his car.)
A few days ago I met someone whose brother I went to school with.
(I went to school with his / her brother.)
*
Compare who and whose
:
− I met a man who knows you. (He knows you.)
− I met a man whose sister knows you. (His sister knows you.)
Remember:
There are two types of relative clause :
Type 1 Type 2
Eg: The man who lives next door is an
engineer.
Barbara works for a company that
makes washing machines.
In these examples, the relative clauses
tell you which person or thing (or
what kind of person or thing) the
Eg: My brother Jim, who lives in London, is a

doctor.
We stayed at the Rose Garden Hotel, which
serves Chinese food.
In these examples, the relative clauses do not tell
you which person or thing the speaker means.
We already know which thing or person is meant:
Type 1 Type 2
speaker means:
'The man who lives next door' tells us
which man.
'A company that makes washing
machines' tells us what kind of
company.
We do not use commas (,) with these
clauses:
Eg: We know a lot of people who live
in Leeds. (what kind of people)
'My brother Jim', and 'the Rose Garden Hotel'.
The relative clauses in these sentences give us
extra information about the person or thing.
We use commas (,) in these clauses:
* My brother Jim, who lives in London, is a
doctor. (extra information about Jim)
We stayed at the Rose Garden Hotel, which
serves Chinese food. (extra information about the
Rose Garden Hotel)

Notes:
In both types of relative clause we use
who

for people and
which
for things. But:
* Type 1
We can use
that
:
Example:
Do you know anyone who / that speaks English and Russian?
We can leave out
that / who / which
when it is the object :
Examples:

We stayed at the hotel (that / which) Ann recommended.
This morning I met somebody (that / who) I hadn't seen for ages.
* Type 2
We cannot use
that:
Example:

John, who speaks English and Chinese, works as a tourist guide.
We cannot leave out
who
or
which:
Example:

We stayed at the Grand Hotel, which Ann recommended to us