Volume 13A - Corrosion Fundamentals, Testing, and Protection Part 4 pot

References cited in this section
Atlas of Electrochemical Equilibria in Aqueous Solutions,
Corrosion,
Electrolyte Solutions,
Electrometric pH Determinations,

Electrochim. Acta,
J. Electrochem. Soc.,

J. Electrochem. Soc.,
J. Electrochem. Soc.,

Zashch. Met.,

Corros. Sci.,

Corrosion,


Electrochemical Techniques for
Corrosion Engineers,

Proceedings of the Fourth International Congress on
Metallic Corrosion,
Surf.
Technol.,
Theory of Corrosion and Protection of Metals,

Werkst. Korros.,

Korrosion,
Rev. Pure Appl. Chem.,

Res. Mech.,
Corrosion Engineering,
Chem. Eng.,
Corrosion Data Survey on Tantalum,
Corrosion: Fundamentals, Testing, and Protection , ASM
Handbook
Aqueous Corrosion
Revised by David C. Silverman, Argentum Solutions, Inc.
Oxidizing Power (Electrochemical Potential)
References cited in this section
Theory of Corrosion and Protection of Metals,
Corrosion Engineering,
Anodic Protection: Theory and Practice in the Prevention of
Corrosion,
Corrosion and Corrosion Control,
Uhlig's Corrosion
Handbook,
Corrosion,
Corrosion: Fundamentals, Testing, and Protection , ASM
Handbook
Aqueous Corrosion
Revised by David C. Silverman, Argentum Solutions, Inc.
Temperature and Heat Transfer
r A E R T
ΔT T T
References cited in this section
Theory of Corrosion and Protection of Metals,

Khim. Neft. Mashinostr.,
Proceedings of
Stainless Steels '84,
Mater. Perform.,


Corros. Sci.,
Br. Corros. J.,
Corrosion: Fundamentals, Testing, and Protection , ASM
Handbook
Aqueous Corrosion
Revised by David C. Silverman, Argentum Solutions, Inc.
Velocity and Fluid Movement
r k C C
r k C
C
k
v d ν
k D
a
b c
a b c
a b c
References cited in this section
J. Electrochem. Soc.,

J. Electrochem. Soc.,

Corrosion,

Corrosion Engineering,

Uhlig's Corrosion Handbook,

Corros. Sci.,
Corrosion,

Corrosion,

Proceedings of the Sixth European Congress on Metallic Corrosion,

Corrosion,
Flow-Induced Corrosion: Fundamental Studies
and Industrial Experience,
Treatise on Materials Science and Technology,
Corrosion: Fundamentals, Testing, and Protection , ASM
Handbook
Aqueous Corrosion
Revised by David C. Silverman, Argentum Solutions, Inc.
Component Concentration and Composition
References cited in this section
J. Electrochem. Soc.,
Theory of Corrosion and Protection of Metals,
Corrosion Engineering,

Surf. Technol.,

J. Electrochem. Soc.,
Corrosion in Power Generating Equipment,
Corrosion Chemistry,

Organic Inhibitors of Corrosion of Metals,

Electrochemical Impedance-Analysis and Interpretation,
Corrosion: Fundamentals, Testing, and Protection , ASM
Handbook
Aqueous Corrosion
Revised by David C. Silverman, Argentum Solutions, Inc.
Acknowledgment
Corrosion, Metals Handbook,
Corrosion: Fundamentals, Testing, and Protection , ASM
Handbook
Aqueous Corrosion
Revised by David C. Silverman, Argentum Solutions, Inc.
References
Atlas of Electrochemical Equilibria in Aqueous Solutions,
Corrosion,
Electrolyte Solutions,
Electrometric pH Determinations,

Electrochim. Acta,
J. Electrochem. Soc.,

J. Electrochem. Soc.,
J. Electrochem. Soc.,

Zashch. Met.,

Corros. Sci.,

Corrosion,


Electrochemical Techniques for
Corrosion Engineers,

Proceedings of the Fourth International Congress on
Metallic Corrosion,
Surf.
Technol.,
Theory of Corrosion and Protection of Metals,

Werkst. Korros.,

Korrosion,
Rev. Pure Appl. Chem.,

Res. Mech.,
Corrosion Engineering,
Chem. Eng.,
Corrosion Data Survey on Tantalum,
Anodic Protection: Theory and Practice in the Prevention of
Corrosion,
Corrosion and Corrosion Control,
Uhlig's Corrosion
Handbook,
Corrosion,

Khim. Neft. Mashinostr.,
Proceedings of

Stainless Steels '84,
Mater. Perform.,


Corros. Sci.,
Br. Corros. J.,

Uhlig's Corrosion Handbook,

Corros. Sci.,
Corrosion,

Corrosion,

Proceedings of the Sixth European Congress on Metallic Corrosion,

Corrosion,
Flow-Induced Corrosion: Fundamental Studies
and Industrial Experience,
Treatise on Materials Science and Technology,

Surf. Technol.,

J. Electrochem. Soc.,
Corrosion in Power Generating Equipment,
Corrosion Chemistry,

Organic Inhibitors of Corrosion of Metals,

Electrochemical Impedance-Analysis and Interpretation,

Corrosion: Fundamentals, Testing, and Protection
, ASM Handbook
Atmospheric Corrosion
Introduction
ΔG
Table 1 Position of some metals according to their standard electrode potentials in aqueous solutions at
25 °C (77 °F) in V (versus NHE)(a)
(very high corrosion tendency)
Potassium
Magnesium

Beryllium
Aluminum
Manganese
Zinc
Chromium
Iron
Cadmium
Cobalt
Nickel
Tin
Lead
Copper
Silver
Palladium
Platinum
Gold
(low tendency for corrosion)
Tables of Standard Electrode Potentials,
References cited in this section

Metal/Environment Reactions,

Mater. Perform.,

Mater.
Perform.,
Nature,
Atmospheric Corrosion of Metals,
Atmospheric Corrosion,
Corrosion Basics, An Introduction,
Chem. Technol.,
Corrosion Mechanism in Theory and Practice,
Atmospheric Corrosion,
Atlas of Electrochemical Equilibria in Aqueous Solutions,
Corrosion: Fundamentals, Testing, and Protection
, ASM Handbook
Atmospheric Corrosion
Lucien Veleva, CINVESTAV-IPN, Yucatan, Mexico; Russell D. Kane, InterCorr International, Inc.
Elements of the Process
ne
n
m
n+
m
α γ
e
e
e ↑
Fig. 1 Schematic presentation of corrosion metal cell formed by anodic (A) and cathodic (C) sites. The A
sites (Me

2
) have a more negative potential (E) relative to that of the C sites (Me
1
).
Fig. 2 Schematic presentation of the corrosion galvanic cell created in a zinc-copper alloy in an acid
environment. The cathode is the copper-rich phase and the anode is the zinc-rich phase. The corrosion
attack is selective to the zinc-rich phase.
Fig. 3 Schematic presentation of cross sections of several forms of corrosion attacks. (a) Uniform. (b)
Nonuniform (localized). (c) Selective. (d) Intergranular. C, cathodic areas (Me); A, anodic areas between
the metal grains
Fig. 4 Schematic presentation of corrosion reaction in galvanic coupling of zinc and platinum
Reference cited in this section
Atlas of Electrochemical Equilibria in Aqueous Solutions,
Corrosion: Fundamentals, Testing, and Protection
, ASM Handbook
Atmospheric Corrosion
Lucien Veleva, CINVESTAV-IPN, Yucatan, Mexico; Russell D. Kane, InterCorr International, Inc.
Atmospheric Parameters and Their Influence
• T
T T
•
•
Table 2 Standards for testing and characterizing atmospheric corrosion

ISO 8565
ISO 9223
ISO 9225
ISO 9226
ISO 8407
ISO 11463

ISO 7384
ISO 9227

ASTM G 50
ASTM G 4
ASTM G 1
ASTM G 92
ASTM G 84
ASTM G 91
ASTM G 140
ASTM G 33
ASTM G 107
ASTM G 135
ASTM G 46
ASTM G 101
ASTM G 48
ASTM G 112
ASTM G 66
xxx
ASTM G 38
ASTM G 16
ASTM G 31
ASTM B 117
ASTM G 85
ASTM G 87
ASTM G 60
ASTM G 3
ASTM G 102
ASTM G 100
ASTM G 59

ASTM G 5
ANSI/ASTM G
61
(a)

ASTM G 106
ASTM G 61
ASTM G 96
T ≥
T
T
T
≥
Fig. 5 Variation in temperature (T) and relative humidity (RH) during 1998 in marine-coastal and rural-
urban environments with tropical humid climate (Gulf of Mexico)
Fig. 6 Distribution of the annual time of wetness (%) in different temperature intervals presented in the
rural-urban tropical humid environment of Merida, 30 km (18 miles) from the Gulf of Mexico, in 1998
Fig. 7 Distribution of the annual time of wetness (%) in different temperature intervals presented in the
marine-coastal tropical humid environment of the port of Progreso (Gulf of Mexico) in 1998
T
T
T