Handbook Properties and Selection Nonferrous Alloys and Spl Purpose Mtls (1992) WW Part 6 ppt

Liquidus temperature. 943 °C (1730 °F)
Solidus temperature. 854 °C (1570 °F)
Incipient melting temperature. Pb, 315 °C (600
°F)
Coefficient of linear thermal expansion. 18.5
μm/m · K (10.3 μin./in. · °F) at 20 to 204 °C (68 to 400
°F)
Specific heat. 376 J/kg · K (0.09 Btu/lb · °F)
Thermal conductivity. 52 W/m · K (30 Btu/ft · h ·
°F) at 20 °C (68 °F)
Electrical Properties
Electrical conductivity. Volumetric, 11.5% IACS at
20 °C (68 °F)
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic permeability. 1.0
Fabrication Characteristics
Machinability. 80% of C36000 (free-cutting brass)

C94300
70Cu-5Sn-25Pb
Commercial Names
Common name. High-leaded tin bronze, soft bronze, 70-5-
25
Specifications
ASTM. B 584, B 66, B 271, B 505, B 30
SAE. J462 (CA943)
Government. QQ-L-225, Alloy 18; MIL-B-16261, Alloy
V
Other. Ingot code number 322
Chemical Composition
Composition limits. 68.5 to 73.5 Cu, 4.5 to 6.0 Sn, 22.0 to

25.0 Pb, 0.50 Zn max, 0.70 Ni max, 0.15 Fe max, 0.70
Sb max, 0.05 P max, 0.08 S max
Supplementary composition limits. In determining Cu,
minimum may be calculated as Cu + Ni 0.35 Fe max
when used for steel-backed bearings. 1.5 P max for
continuous castings
Applications
Typical uses. Bearings under light loads and high speed,
driving boxes, railroad bearings
Mechanical Properties
Tensile properties. Typical data for sandcast test bars:
tensile strength, 185 MPa (27 ksi); yield strength, 90
MPa (13 ksi) at 0.5% extension under load; elongation,
10% in 50 mm (2 in.); reduction in area, 8%
Compressive properties. Typical compressive strength: 76
MPa (11 ksi) at permanent set of 0.1%; 160 MPa (23
ksi) at permanent set of 10%
Hardness. 48 HB
Elastic modulus. Tension, 72.4 GPa (10.5 × 10
6
psi)
Impact strength. Izod, 7 J (5 ft · lbf)
Mass Characteristics
Density. 9.29 g/cm
3
(0.336 lb/in.
3
) at 20 °C (68 °F)
Patternmaker's shrinkage. 11 mm/m (
1

8
in./ft)
Thermal Properties
Solidus temperature. 900 °C (1650 °F)
Incipient melting temperature. Pb, 315 °C (600 °F)
Specific heat. 376 J/kg · K (0.09 Btu/lb · °F) at 20 °C (68
°F)
Thermal conductivity. 62.7 W/m · K (36.2 Btu/ft · h · °F) at
20 °C (68 °F)
Electrical Properties
Electrical conductivity. Volumetric, 9% IACS at 20 °C (68
°F)
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic permeability. 1.0
Fabrication Characteristics
Machinability. 80% of C36000 (free-cutting brass)

C94500
73Cu-7Sn-20Pb
Commercial Names
Common name. Medium bronze
Specifications
ASTM. Sand castings: B 66; ingot: B 30
Government. QQ-L-225, Alloy 15; MIL-B-16261,
Alloy I
Chemical Composition
Composition limits. 6.0 to 8.0 Sn, 16 to 22 Pb, 1.2
Zn max, 1.0 Ni max, 0.8 Sb max, 0.005 Al max, 0.15 Fe
max, 0.5 P max (1.5 P max for continuous castings),
0.08 S max, 0.005 Si max, bal Cu

Applications
Typical uses. Locomotive wearing parts, high-load
low-speed bearings
Mechanical Properties
Tensile properties. Typical. Tensile strength, 170
MPa (25 ksi); yield strength, 83 MPa (12
ksi);elongation, 12% in 50 mm (2 in.)
Compressive properties. Compressive strength, 250
MPa (36 ksi)
Hardness. 50 HB
Elastic modulus. Tension, 72 GPa (10.5 × 10
6
psi);
shear, 90 GPa (13 × 10
6
psi)
Fatigue strength. Rotating beam, 69 MPa (10 ksi) at
10
8
cycles
Impact strength. Izod, 5.4 J (4.0 ft · lbf)
Mass Characteristics
Density. 9.4 g/cm
3
(0.34 lb/in.
3
) at 20 °C (68 °F)
Volume change on freezing. 1.1%
Thermal Properties
Liquidus temperature. 940 °C (1725 °F)

Solidus temperature. 800 °C (1475 °F)
Incipient melting temperature. 315 °C (600 °F)
Coefficient of linear thermal expansion. 18.5
μm/m · K (10.3 μin./in. · °F) at 20 to 200 °C (68 to 392
°F)
Specific heat. 376 J/kg · K (0.09 Btu/lb · °F) at 20 °C
(68 °F)
Thermal conductivity. 52 W/m · K (30 Btu/ft · h ·
°F) at 20 °C (68 °F)
Electrical Properties
Electrical conductivity. Volumetric, 10% IACS at
20 °C (68 °F)
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic permeability. 1.0
Fabrication Characteristics
Machinability. 80% of C36000 (free-cutting brass)

C95200
88Cu-3Fe-9Al
Commercial Names
Previous trade name. Ampco Al
Common name. Aluminum bronze 9A; 88-3-9
Specifications
ASME. Sand castings: SB148; centrifugal castings:
SB271
ASTM. Sand castings: B 148; centrifugal castings; B
271; continuous castings; B 505; ingot: B 30
SAE. J462
Government. Centrifugal, sand, and continuous
castings; QQ-C-390; sand castings: MIL-C-22229

Other. Ingot code number 415
Chemical Composition
Composition limits. 86 Cu min, 8.5 to 9.5 Al, 2.5 to
4.0 Fe, 1.0 max other (total)
Consequence of exceeding impurity limits.
Possible hot shortness and/or hot cracking,
embrittlement, and reduced soundness of castings
Applications
Typical uses. Acid-resisting pumps, bearings,
bushings, gears, valve seats, guides, plungers, pump
rods, pickling hooks, nonsparking hardware
Precautions in use. Not suitable for use in oxidizing
acids
Mechanical Properties
Tensile properties. Typical data for sand-cast test
bars: tensile strength, 550 MPa (80 ksi); yield strength,
185 MPa (27 ksi); elongation, 35% in 50 mm (2 in.). See
also Fig. 44.

Fig. 44 Typical short-time tensile properties of C95200, as-cast

Hardness. 64 HRB; 125 HB (3000 kg load)
Poisson's ratio. 0.31
Elastic modulus. Tension, 105 GPa (15 × 10
6
psi);
shear, 39 GPa (5.7 × 10
6
psi)
Impact strength. Charpy keyhole, 27 J (20 ft · lbf) at

-18 to 38 °C (0 to 100 °F); Izod, 40 J (30 ft · lbf) at -18
to 38 °C (0 to 100 °F)
Fatigue strength. Rotating beam, 150 MPa (22 ksi)
at 10
8
cycles
Creep-rupture characteristics. Limiting creep
stress for 10
-5
%/h: 145 MPa (21 ksi) at 230 °C (450 °F);
54 MPa (7.9 ksi) at 315 °C (600 °F). See also Fig. 45.

Fig. 45 Typical creep properties of C95200, as-cast
Structure
Microstructure. As cast, the microstructure is
primarily fcc alpha, with precipitates of iron-rich alpha
in the form of rosettes and spheres. Depending on the
cooling rate, small amounts of metastable cph beta or
alpha-gamma eutectoid decomposition products may be
present. Annealing followed by rapid cooling reduces
the amount of residual beta to about 5% of the apparent
volume.
Metallographic etchant. Acid ferric chloride (10%
HCl, 5% FeCl
3
)
Mass Characteristics
Density. 7.64 g/cm
3
(0.276 lb/in.

3
) at 20 °C (68 °F)
Volume change on freezing. Approximately 1.7%
contraction
Patternmaker's shrinkage. 2%
Thermal Properties
Liquidus temperature. 1045 °C (1915 °F)
Solidus temperature. 1040 °C (1905 °F)
Coefficient of linear thermal expansion. 16.2
μm/m · K (9.0 μin./in. · °F) at 20 to 300 °C (68 to 572
°F)
Specific heat. 380 J/kg · K (0.091 Btu/lb · °F) at 20 °C
(68 °F)
Thermal conductivity. 50 W/m · K (29.1 Btu/ft · h ·
°F) at 20 °C (68 °F)
Electrical Properties
Electrical conductivity. Volumetric, 12% IACS at
20 °C (68 °F)
Electrical resistivity. 144 nΩ · m at 20 °C (68 °F)
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic permeability. 1.20 at 16,000 A/m (200
oersteds)
Chemical Properties
General corrosion behavior. C95200 has generally
fair resistance to attack in nonoxidizing mineral acids
such as sulfuric, hydrochloric, and phosphoric, and in
alkalies such as sodium and potassium hydroxide. Cast
components are used successfully in systems for
seawater, brackish water, and potable water. The alloy
resists many organic acids, including acetic and lactic,

plus all esters and ethers. Moist ammonia atmospheres
can cause stress-corrosion cracking.
Fabrication Characteristics
Machinability. 20% of C36000 (free-cutting brass).
Carbide or tool steel cutters may be used. Good surface
finish and precision attainable with all conventional
methods. Typical conditions using tool steel cutters:
roughing speed, 105 m/min (350 ft/min) with a feed of
0.3 mm/rev (0.011 in./rev); finishing speed, 350 m/min
(1150 ft/min) with a feed of 0.15 mm/rev (0.006 in./rev)
Annealing temperature. 650 to 745 °C (1200 to
1375 °F)


C95300
89Cu-1Fe-10A1

Commercial Names

Trade name. Ampco B2

Common names. Aluminum bronze 9B; 89-1-10

Specifications

ASTM. Sand castings: B 148; centrifugal castings: B
271; continuous castings: B 505; ingots: B 30

SAE. J462

Government. Centrifugal and sand castings: QQ-C-390;
precision castings: MIL-C-11866, composition 22

Ingot identification number. 415

Chemical Composition

Composition limits. 86 Cu min, 9.0 to 11.0 Al, 0.8 to 1.5
Fe, 1.0 max other (total)

Consequence of exceeding impurity limits. Possible hot
shortness, loss of casting soundness, embrittlement,
reduced response to heat treatment

Applications

Typical uses. Pickling baskets, nuts, gears, steel mill
slippers, marine equipment, welding jaws, nonsparking
hardware

Precautions in use. Not suitable for exposure to
oxidizing acids. Prolonged heating in the 320 to 565 °C
(610 to 1050 °F) range can result in a loss of ductility
and notch toughness.

Mechanical Properties

Tensile properties. Minimum values. As cast: tensile
strength, 450 MPa (65 ksi); yield strength, 170 MPa (25
ksi); elongation, 20% in 50 mm (2 in.); reduction in

area, 25%. TQ50 temper: tensile strength, 550 MPa (80
ksi); yield strength, 275 MPa (40 ksi); elongation, 12%
in 50 mm (2 in.); reduction in area, 14%

Compressive properties. Compressive ultimate strength:
as-cast, 760 MPa (110 ksi); TQ50 temper, 825 MPa (120
ksi). Elastic limit: as-cast, 125 MPa (18 ksi); TQ50
temper, 205 MPa (30 ksi).

Hardness. As-cast, 67 HRB; TQ50 temper, 81 HRB

Poisson's ratio. 0.314

Elastic modulus. Tension, 110 GPa (16 × 10
6
psi); shear,
42 GPa (6.1 × 10
6
psi)

Impact strength. Cast and annealed: Charpy keyhole, 31
J (23 ft · lbf); Izod, 38 J (28 ft · lbf) at -20 to 100 °C (-5
to 212 °F). TQ50 temper: Charpy keyhole, 37 J (27 ft ·
lbf) at -20 to 100 °C (-5 to 212 °F)

Structure

Crystal structure. Alpha phase, face-centered cubic; beta
phase, close-packed hexagonal

Microstructure. As-cast and properly cooled or annealed,
the structure is approximately 70% alpha and 30%
metastable beta. Quenched and tempered (TQ50
temper), the structure is largely tempered metastable
beta martensite, but also contains both primary alpha
and reprecipitated acicular alpha.

Mass Characteristics

Density. 7.53 g/cm
3
(0.272 lb/in.
3
) at 20 °C (68 °F)

Patternmaker's shrinkage. 1.6%

Thermal Properties

Liquidus temperature. 1045 °C (1915 °F)

Solidus temperature. 1040 °C (1905 °F)

Coefficient of linear thermal expansion. 16.2 μm/m · K
(9.0 μin./in. · °F) at 20 to 300 °C (68 to 572 °F)

Specific heat. 375 J/kg · K (0.09 Btu/lb · °F) at 20 °C (68
°F)

Thermal conductivity. 63 W/m · K (36 Btu/ft · h · °F) at

20 °C (68 °F); temperature coefficient, 0.12 W/m · K per
K at 20 °C (68 °F)

Electrical Properties

Electrical conductivity. Volumetric, 13% IACS at 20 °C
(68 °F)

Electrical resistivity. 133 nΩ · m at 20 °C (68 °F)

Magnetic Properties

Magnetic permeability. 1.07 at field strength of 8 kA/m

Chemical Properties

General corrosion behavior. Corrosion characteristics of
C95300 are slightly inferior to those of C95200,
primarily because C95300 has more and larger beta
areas. Heat treatment enhances corrosion resistance,
particularly in mediums that promote dealloying. The
alloy shows characteristic resistance to nonoxidizing
mineral acids, neutral salt solutions, seawater, brackish
water, and some organic acids.

Fabrication Characteristics

Machinability. 55% of C36000 (fire-cutting brass). Tool
steel or carbide cutters may be used. Good surface and
precision finish may be obtained in the as-cast, cast and

annealed, and TQ50 tempers. Typical conditions using
tool steel cutters: roughing speed, 90 m/min (300 ft/min)
at a feed of 0.2 mm/rev (0.009 in./rev); finishing speed,
290 m/min (950 ft/min) at a feed of 0.1 mm/rev (0.004
in./rev)

Annealing temperature. 595 to 650 °C (1100 to 1200 °F)

C95400
(85Cu-4Fe-11Al) and C95410
Commercial Names
Trade name. Ampco C3
Common names. Aluminum bronze 9C; G5; 85-4-11
Specifications
ASME. Sand castings: SB148
ASTM. Sand castings: B 148; centrifugal castings: B
271; continuous castings: B 505; ingots; B 30
Government. QQ-C-390. Sand castings, MIL-C-
22229 (composition 6); investment castings, MIL-C-
15345 (Alloy 13); centrifugal castings, MIL-C-22087
(composition 8)
Ingot identification number 415
Chemical Composition
Composition limits of C95400. 83 min Cu, 10.0 to
11.5 Al, 3.0 to 5.0 Fe, 0.50 Mn max, 2.5 Ni max (+ Co),
0.5 max other (total)
Composition limits of C95410. 83.0 Cu min, 3.0 to
5.0 Fe, 1.5 to 2.5 Ni (including Co), 10.0 to 11.5 Al,
0.50 Mn max
Cu + sum of named elements. 99.5 min

Consequence of exceeding impurity limits.
Possible hot shortness, reduced casting soundness,
embrittlement and loss of heat treating response
Applications
Typical uses. Pump impellers, bearings, gears, worms,
bushings, valve seats and guides, rolling mill slippers,
slides, nonsparking hardware
Precautions in use. Not suitable for use in oxidizing
acids. Prolonged heating in the 320 to 565 °C (610 to
1050 °F) range can result in loss of ductility and notch
toughness.
Mechanical Properties
Tensile properties. Minimum values. As cast: tensile
strength, 515 MPa (75 ksi); yield strength, 205 MPa (30
ksi); elongation, 12% in 50 mm (2 in.); reduction in
area, 12%. TQ50 temper: tensile strength, 620 MPa (90
ksi); yield strength, 310 MPa (45 ksi); elongation, 6% in
50 mm (2 in.), reduction in area, 6%. See also Fig. 46.

Fig. 46 Typical short-time tensile properties of C95400, as-cast

Compressive properties. Compressive strength,
ultimate: as-cast, 940 MPa (136 ksi); TQ50 temper,
1070 MPa (155 )
Hardness. As-cast, 83 HRB; TQ50 temper; 94 HRB
Poisson's ratio. 0.316
Elastic modulus. Tension, 110 GPa (16 × 10
6
psi);
shear, 41 GPa (6.1 × 10

6
psi)
Impact strength. As-cast: Charpy keyhole, 15 J (11
ft · lbf); Izod, 22 J (16 ft · lbf) at 20 °C (68 °F). TQ50
temper: Charpy keyhole, 9 J (7 ft · lbf); Izod, 15 J (11 ft ·
lbf) at 20 °C (68 °F)
Fatigue strength. Reverse bending, 240 MPa (35 ksi)
at 10
8
cycles (TQ50 temper)
Creep-rupture characteristics. Limiting creep
stress at a strain rate of 10
-5
%/h: 115 MPa (17 ksi) at 230
°C (450 °F); 51 MPa (7.4 ksi) at 315 °C (600 °F); 30
MPa (4.4 ksi) at 370 °C (700 °F); 20 MPa (2.9 ksi) at
425 °C (800 °F). See also Fig. 47.

Fig. 47 Typical creep properties of C95400, as-cast
Structure
Crystal structure. Alpha, face-centered cubic; beta,
close-packed hexagonal
Microstructure. As-cast and annealed material
normally consists of approximately 50% alpha and 50%
metastable beta. Under some conditions, eutectoid
decomposition may produce an alpha-gamma-2 structure
instead of the beta phase. Quenched-and-tempered
structures consist of fine acicular alpha crystals in a
tempered beta matrix.
Mass Characteristics

Density. 7.45 g/cm
3
(0.269 lb/in.
3
) at 20 °C (68 °F)
Patternmaker's shrinkage. 1.6%
Thermal Properties
Liquidus temperature. 1040 °C (1900 °F)
Solidus temperature. 1025 °C (1880 °F)
Coefficient of linear thermal expansion. 16.2
μm/m · K (9.0 μin./in. · °F) at 20 to 300 °C (68 to 572
°F)
Specific heat. 420 J/kg · K (0.10 Btu/lb · °F) at 20 °C
(68 °F)
Thermal conductivity. 59 W/m · K (34 Btu/ft · h ·
°F) at 20 °C (68 °F); temperature coefficient, 0.117 W/m
· K per K at 20 °C (68 °F)
Electrical Properties
Electrical conductivity. Volumetric, 13% IACS at
20 °C (68 °F)
Electrical resistivity. 133 nΩ · m at 20 °C (68 °F)
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic permeability. As-cast, 1.27 at field
strength of 16 kA/m; TQ50 temper, 1.20 at field strength
of 16 kA/m
Chemical Properties
General corrosion behavior. C95400 has fair
resistance to attack by nonoxidizing solutions of mineral
acids such as sulfuric and phosphoric, as well as to
neutral salts such as sodium chloride. The alloy also

resists acetic; lactic, and oxalic acids; organic solvents
such as esters and ethers; and seawater, brackish water,
and potable waters. In some environments, C95400 can
undergo dealloying caused by corrosive attack on the
beta phase. Heat treatment improves resistance to
dealloying. Moist ammonia environments may cause
stress-corrosion cracking under high levels of applied
stress.
Fabrication Characteristics
Machinability. 60% of C36000 (free-cutting brass.)
C95400, in either as-cast or TQ50 temper, is easily
machined by all standard operations using high-strength
tool steel or carbide cutters. Typical conditions using
tool steel cutters: roughening speed, 90 m/min (300
ft/min) at a feed of 0.34 mm/rev (0.011 in./rev);
finishing speed, 290 m/min (950 ft/min) at a feed of 0.1
mm/rev (0.004 in./rev)
Annealing temperature. 620 °C (1150 °F)

C95500
81Cu-4Fe-4Ni-11Al
Commercial Names
Previous trade name. Ampco D4
Common names. Aluminum bronze 9D; 415; 81-4-4-11
Specifications
AMS. 4880
ASTM. Sand castings: B 148; centrifugal castings: B 271;
continuous castings: B 505: ingots: B 30
SAE. J462
Government. QQ-C-390; centrifugal castings, MIL-C-

15345 (Alloy 14); sand castings, MIL-C-22229
(composition 6); investment castings, MIL-C-22087
(composition 8)
Ingot identification number. 415
Chemical Composition
Composition limits. 78 Cu min, 10.0 to 11.5 Al, 3.0 to 5.0
Fe, 3.5 Mn max, 3.0 to 5.5 Ni (+ Co), 0.5 max other
(total)
Consequence of exceeding impurity limits. Possible hot
shortness in welding, embrittlement, increased quench-
cracking susceptibility, possible loss of heat-treating
response. Excessive Si can cause machining difficulties.
Applications
Typical uses. Valve guides and seats in aircraft engines,
corrosion-resistant parts, bushings, gears, worms,
pickling hooks and baskets, agitators
Precautions in use. Not suitable for use in strong oxidizing
acids
Mechanical Properties
Tensile properties. Typical. As-cast: tensile strength, 620
MPa (90 ksi); yield strength, 275 MPa (40 ksi);
elongation, 6% in 50 mm (2 in.); reduction area, 7%.
TQ50 temper: tensile strength, 760 MPa (110 ksi); yield
strength, 415 MPa (60 ksi); elongation, 5% in 50 mm (2
in.); reduction in area, 5%
Compressive properties. As-cast: compressive strength, 895
MPa (130 ksi); compressive yield strength, 825 MPa
(120 ksi) at a permanent set of 10%; elastic limit, 310
MPa (45 ksi). TQ50 temper; compressive strength, 1140
MPa (165 ksi); compressive yield strength, 1030 MPa

(150 ksi) at a permanent set of 10%; elastic limit, 415
Mpa (60 ksi)
Hardness. As-cast, 87 HRB; TQ50 temper, 96 HRB
Poisson's ratio. 0.32
Elastic modulus. Tension: as-cast, 110 GPa (16 × 10
6
psi);
TQ50 temper, 115 GPa (17 × 10
6
psi). Shear as-cast, 42
GPa (6.1 × 10
6
psi); TQ50 temper, 44 GPa (6.4 × 10
6

psi)
Impact strength. Charpy keyhole, 14 J (10 ft · lbf); Izod, 18
J (13 ft · lbf) at 20 °C (68 °F)
Fatigue strength. Rotating beam, as-cast, 215 MPa (31 ksi)
at 10
8
cycles; TQ50 temper, 260 MPa (38 ksi) at 10
8

cycles
Creep-rupture characteristics. Limiting creep stress at a
strain rate of 10
-5
%/h: 72 MPa (10.5 ksi) at 315 °C (600
°F); 38 MPa (5.5 ksi) at 370 °C (700 °F); 17 MPa (2.5

ksi) at 425 °C (800 °F)
Structure
Crystal structure. Alpha, face-centered cubic; beta, close-
packed hexagonal; kappa, ordered face-centered cubic
Microstructure. As-cast or annealed structures consist of
alpha crystals plus kappa precipitates, forming a pearlitic
appearance. Small areas of metastable beta may exist.
Heat-treated structures consist of tempered beta
martensite with very fine reprecipitated alpha needles.
Some undissolved equiaxed alpha crystals may be
evident, depending on the actual composition and
quenching temperature.
Mass Characteristics
Density. 7.53 g/cm
3
(0.272 lb/in.
3
) at 20 °C (68 °F)
Patternmaker's shrinkage. 1.6%
Thermal Properties
Liquidus temperature. 1055 °C (1930 °F)
Solidus temperature. 1040 °C (1900 °F)
Coefficient of linear thermal expansion. 16.2 μm/m · K (9.0
μin./in. · °F) at 20 to 300 °C (68 to 572 °F)
Specific heat. 418 J/kg · K (0.10 Btu/lb · °F) at 20 °C (68
°F)
Thermal conductivity. 42 W/m · K (24 Btu/ft · h · °F) at 20
°C (68 °F)
Electrical Properties
Electrical conductivity. Volumetric, 8.5% IACS at 20 °C

(68 °F)
Electrical resistivity. 203 nΩ · m at 20 °C (68 °F)
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic permeability. As-cast, 1.30 at field strength of 16
kA/m; TQ50 temper, 1.20 at field strength of 16 kA/m
Chemical Properties
General corrosion behavior. Good cavitation resistance in
salt water and fresh tap water. Avoid nitric acid and
strong aeration when using other acids.
Fabrication Characteristics
Machinability. 50% of C36000 (free-cutting brass). Heat
treating reduces machinability in drilling and tapping
operations. Tool steel or carbide cutters may be used.
Typical conditions using tool steel cutters follow.
Roughing speed: as-cast, 76 m/min (250 ft/min) at a feed
of 0.3 mm/rev (0.011 in./rev); TQ50 temper, 90 m/min
(300 ft/min) at a feed of 0.2 mm/rev (0.009 in./rev).
Finishing speed: as-cast and TQ50 temper, 290 m/min
(950 ft/min) at a feed of 0.1 mm/rev (0.004 in./rev)
Annealing temperature. 620 to 705 °C (1150 to 1300 °F)

C95600
91Cu-2Si-7Al
Commercial Names
Common name. Aluminum-silicon bronze
Specifications
ASTM. Ingot: B 30; sand castings; B 148, B 763
Government. QQ-B-675, MIL-V-11 87
Ingot identification number. 415E
Chemical Composition

Composition limits. 88.0 Cu min, 0.25 Ni (including
Co) max, 6.0 to 8.0 Al, 1.8 to 3.3 Si.
Cu + sum of named elements. 99.0% min
Applications
Typical uses. Cable connectors, terminals, valve
stems, marine hardware, gears, worms, pole-line
hardware
Mechanical Properties
Tensile properties. Typical data for as-sand-cast
separately cast test bars (M01 temper): tensile strength,
515 MPa (75 ksi); yield strength, 235 MPa (34 ksi) at
0.5% extension under load; elongation, 18% in 50 mm
(2 in.)
Hardness. Typically, 140 HB (3000 kg)
Elastic modulus. Tension, 105 GPa (15 × 10
6
psi) at
20 °C (68 °F)
Mass Characteristics
Density. 7.69 g/cm
3
(0.278 lb/in.
3
) at 20 °C (68 °F)
Volume change on freezing. Patternmaker's
shrinkage, 16 mm/m (
3
16
in./ft)
Thermal Properties

Liquidus temperature. 1005 °C (1840 °F)
Solidus temperature. 982 °C (1800 °F)
Specific heat. 376 J/kg · K (0.09 Btu/lb · °F) at 20 °C
(68 °F)
Electrical Properties
Electrical conductivity. Volumetric, 8.5% IACS at
20 °C (68 °F)
Fabrication Characteristics
Machinability. M01 temper; 60% at C36000 (free-
machining brass)
Stress-relieving temperature. 260 °C (500 °F)

C95700
75Cu-3Fe-8Al-2Ni-12Mn
Commercial Names
Previous trade name. Superstone 40, Novoston,
Ampcoloy 495
Common name. Manganese-aluminum bronze; 75-3-
8-2-12
Specifications
ASTM. Sand castings: B 148; ingot: B 30
Government. Sand castings: MIL-B-24480
Chemical Composition
Composition limits. 71.0 Cu min, 11.0 to 14.0 Mn,
7.0 to 8.5 Al, 2.0 to 4.0 Fe, 1.5 to 3.0 Ni, 0.10 Si max,
0.03 Pb max, 0.5 max others (total)
Consequence of exceeding impurity limits.
Possible hot shortness and reduced cast strength
Applications
Typical uses. Propellers, impellers, stator clamp

segments, safety tools, welding rods, valves, pump
casings, marine fittings
Precautions in use. Slow cooling or prolonged
heating in the 350 to 565 °C (660 to 1050 °F) range may
cause embrittlement. Not suitable for use in oxidizing
acids
Mechanical Properties
Tensile properties. Typical data for sand-cast test
bars: tensile strength, 620 MPa (90 ksi); yield strength,
275 MPa (40 ksi); elongation, 20% in 50 mm (2 in.);
reduction in area, 24%
Compressive properties. Compressive strength, as-
cast: 1035 MPa (150 ksi) at a permanent set of 0.1%
Hardness. As-cast, or cast and annealed: 85 to 90
HRB
Poisson's ratio. 0.326
Elastic modulus. Tension, 125 GPa (18 × 10
6
psi);
shear, 44 GPa (6.4 × 10
6
psi)
Impact strength. Izod, 27 J (20 ft · lbf) at 20 °C (68
°F)
Fatigue strength. Reverse bending, 231 MPa (33.5
ksi) at 10
8
cycles
Creep-rupture characteristics. Limiting creep
stress for 10

-5
%/h: 66 MPa (9.6 ksi) at 205 °C (400 °F);
31 MPa (4.5 ksi) at 290 °C (550 °F). Rupture stress for
10
5
h life: 470 MPa (68 ksi) at 205 °C (400 °F); 232
MPa (33.6 ksi) at 260 °C (500 °F); 39 MPa (5.7 ksi) at
370 °C (700 °F)
Structure
Microstructure. As-cast and annealed tempers: fcc
alpha crystals with cph beta phase in various amounts,
typically, 25% by volume
Mass Characteristics
Density. 7.53 g/cm
3
(0.272 lb/in.
3
) at 20 °C (68 °F)
Patternmaker's shrinkage. 1.6%
Thermal Properties
Liquidus temperature. 990 °C (1815 °F)
Solidus temperature. 950 °C (1740 °F)
Coefficient of linear thermal expansion. 17.6
μm/m · K (9.8 μin./in. · °F) at 20 to 300 °C (68 to 572
°F)
Specific heat. 400 J/kg · K (0.105 Btu/lb · °F) at 20 °C
(68 °F)
Thermal conductivity. 12.1 W/m · K (7.0 Btu/ft · h ·
°F) at 20 °C (68 °F)
Electrical Properties

Electrical conductivity. Volumetric, 3.1% IACS at
20 °C (68 °F)
Electrical resistivity. 556 nΩ · m at 20 °C (68 °F)
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic permeability. Magnetic condition (as-cast,
slow cooled): 2.2 to 15.0 Demagnetized (annealed, fast
cooled): 1.03
Chemical Properties
General corrosion behavior. Generally comparable
to that of the aluminum bronzes and nickel-aluminum
bronzes. See C95200.
Fabrication Characteristics
Machinability. 50% of C36000 (free-cutting brass).
Tool steel or carbide cutters may be used. Good surface
finishes and tolerance are possible in all conventional
machining operations. Typical conditions using tool
steel cutters: roughing speed, 75 m/min (250 ft/min)
with a feed of 0.3 mm/rev (0.011 in./rev); finishing
speed, 290 m/min (950 ft/min) with a feed of 0.1
mm/rev (0.004 in./rev)
Annealing temperature. 620 °C (1150 °F)

C95700
75Cu-3Fe-8Al-2Ni-12Mn
Commercial Names
Previous trade name. Superstone 40, Novoston,
Ampcoloy 495
Common name. Manganese-aluminum bronze; 75-3-
8-2-12
Specifications

ASTM. Sand castings: B 148; ingot: B 30
Government. Sand castings: MIL-B-24480
Chemical Composition
Composition limits. 71.0 Cu min, 11.0 to 14.0 Mn,
7.0 to 8.5 Al, 2.0 to 4.0 Fe, 1.5 to 3.0 Ni, 0.10 Si max,
0.03 Pb max, 0.5 max others (total)
Consequence of exceeding impurity limits.
Possible hot shortness and reduced cast strength
Applications
Typical uses. Propellers, impellers, stator clamp
segments, safety tools, welding rods, valves, pump
casings, marine fittings
Precautions in use. Slow cooling or prolonged
heating in the 350 to 565 °C (660 to 1050 °F) range may
cause embrittlement. Not suitable for use in oxidizing
acids
Mechanical Properties
Tensile properties. Typical data for sand-cast test
bars: tensile strength, 620 MPa (90 ksi); yield strength,
275 MPa (40 ksi); elongation, 20% in 50 mm (2 in.);
reduction in area, 24%
Compressive properties. Compressive strength, as-
cast: 1035 MPa (150 ksi) at a permanent set of 0.1%
Hardness. As-cast, or cast and annealed: 85 to 90
HRB
Poisson's ratio. 0.326
Elastic modulus. Tension, 125 GPa (18 × 10
6
psi);
shear, 44 GPa (6.4 × 10

6
psi)
Impact strength. Izod, 27 J (20 ft · lbf) at 20 °C (68
°F)
Fatigue strength. Reverse bending, 231 MPa (33.5
ksi) at 10
8
cycles
Creep-rupture characteristics. Limiting creep
stress for 10
-5
%/h: 66 MPa (9.6 ksi) at 205 °C (400 °F);
31 MPa (4.5 ksi) at 290 °C (550 °F). Rupture stress for
10
5
h life: 470 MPa (68 ksi) at 205 °C (400 °F); 232
MPa (33.6 ksi) at 260 °C (500 °F); 39 MPa (5.7 ksi) at
370 °C (700 °F)
Structure
Microstructure. As-cast and annealed tempers: fcc
alpha crystals with cph beta phase in various amounts,
typically, 25% by volume
Mass Characteristics
Density. 7.53 g/cm
3
(0.272 lb/in.
3
) at 20 °C (68 °F)
Patternmaker's shrinkage. 1.6%
Thermal Properties

Liquidus temperature. 990 °C (1815 °F)
Solidus temperature. 950 °C (1740 °F)
Coefficient of linear thermal expansion. 17.6
μm/m · K (9.8 μin./in. · °F) at 20 to 300 °C (68 to 572
°F)
Specific heat. 400 J/kg · K (0.105 Btu/lb · °F) at 20 °C
(68 °F)
Thermal conductivity. 12.1 W/m · K (7.0 Btu/ft · h ·
°F) at 20 °C (68 °F)
Electrical Properties
Electrical conductivity. Volumetric, 3.1% IACS at
20 °C (68 °F)
Electrical resistivity. 556 nΩ · m at 20 °C (68 °F)
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic permeability. Magnetic condition (as-cast,
slow cooled): 2.2 to 15.0 Demagnetized (annealed, fast
cooled): 1.03
Chemical Properties
General corrosion behavior. Generally comparable
to that of the aluminum bronzes and nickel-aluminum
bronzes. See C95200.
Fabrication Characteristics
Machinability. 50% of C36000 (free-cutting brass).
Tool steel or carbide cutters may be used. Good surface
finishes and tolerance are possible in all conventional
machining operations. Typical conditions using tool
steel cutters: roughing speed, 75 m/min (250 ft/min)
with a feed of 0.3 mm/rev (0.011 in./rev); finishing
speed, 290 m/min (950 ft/min) with a feed of 0.1
mm/rev (0.004 in./rev)

Annealing temperature. 620 °C (1150 °F)

C95800
82Cu-4Fe-9Al-4Ni-1Mn
Commercial Names
Common names. Alpha nickel-aluminum bronze;
propeller bronze
Specifications
ASTM. Sand castings: B 148; centrifugal castings: B
271; continuous castings: B 505; ingots, B 30
SAE. J462
Government. Sand and centrifugal castings: QQ-C-
390; MIL-B-24480; centrifugal castings only: MIL-C
15345, Alloy 28
Ingot identification number. 415
Chemical Composition
Composition limits. 79.0 Cu min, 0.03 Pb max, 3.5
to 4.5 Fe, 4.0 to 5.0 Ni (+ Co), 0.8 to 1.5 Mn, 8.5 to 9.5
Al, 0.10 Si max
Consequence of exceeding impurity limits.
Hard spots, embrittlement, possible hot shortness,
possible weld cracking
Applications
Typical uses. Propeller blades and hubs for fresh-and
salt-water service, fittings, gears, worm wheels, valve
guides and seals, structural applications.
Precautions in use. Not suitable for use in oxidizing
acids or strong alkalies
Mechanical Properties
Tensile properties. Typical. Cas and annealed:

tensile strength, 585 MPa (85 ksi); yield strength, 240
MPa (35 ksi); elongations, 15% in 50 mm (2 in.);
reduction in area, 16%
Compressive properties. Compressive strength, cast
and annealed: 240 MPa (35 ksi) at a permanent set of
0.1%; 330 MPa (48 ksi) at a permanent set of 1%; 690
MPa (100 ksi) at a permanent set of 10%
Hardness. Cast and annealed, 84 to 89 HRB
Poisson's ratio. 0.32
Elastic modulus. Tension, 110 GPa (16 × 10
6
psi);
shear, 42 GPa (6.1 × 10
6
psi)
Impact strength. Charpy keyhole, 13 J (10 ft · lbf) at
-23 to 66 °C (-10 to 150 °F); Charpy V-notch, 22 J (16 ft
· lbf) at -23 to 66 °C (-10 to 150 °F)
Fatigue strength. Rotating beam, 230 MPa (33 ksi)
at 10
8
cycles
Structure
Crystal structure. Alpha, face-centered cubic; beta,
close-packed hexagonal; kappa, ordered face-centered
cubic
Microstructure. As-cast or annealed structures are
generally continuous equiaxed alpha crystals with small
areas of metastable beta phase. Kappa phase precipitates
are found in the alpha phase, in grain boundaries, and in

beta areas. Quench-and-temper treatments results in
refinement and redistribution of the kappa phase
throughout a matrix of tempered beta martensite and
alpha-kappa eutectoid decomposition product. Some
undissolved primary alpha crystal may also be present.
Mass Characteristics
Density. 7.64 g/cm
3
(0.276 lb/in.
3
) at 20 °C (68 °F)
Patternmaker's shrinkage. 1.6%
Thermal Properties
Liquidus temperature. 1060 °C (1940 °F)
Solidus temperature. 1045 °C (1910 °F)
Coefficient of linear thermal expansion. 16.2
μm/m · K (9.0 μin./in. · °F) at 20 to 300 °C (68 to 572
°F)
Specific heat. 440 J/kg · K (0.105 Btu/lb · °F) at 20 °C
(68 °F)
Thermal conductivity. 36 W/m · K (21 Btu/ft · h ·
°F) at 20 °C (68 °F)
Electrical Properties
Electrical conductivity. Volumetric, 7.1% IACS at
20 °C (68 °F)
Electrical resistivity. 243 nΩ · m at 20 °C (68 °F)
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic permeability. 1.05 at field strength of 16
kA/m
Chemical Properties

General corrosion behavior. Corrosion properties
of C95800 are similar to those of other nickel-aluminum
bronzes, except that C95800 has better resistance to
cavitation and seawater fouling attack. Resists
dealloying in most mediums
Fabrication Characteristics
Machinability. 50% of C36000 (free-cutting brass).
Excellent surface finish and tolerances possible in all
standard machining operations. Carbide or tool steel
cutters may be used. Typical conditions using tool steel
cutters: roughing speed, 76 m/min (250 ft/min) at a feed
of 0.3 mm/rev (0.011 in./rev); finishing speed, 290
m/min (950 ft/min) at a feed of 0.1 mm/rev (0.004
in./rev)
Annealing temperature. 650 to 705 °C (1200 to
1300 °F)

C96200
90Cu-10Ni
Commercial Names
Common name. 90 Cu-10 Ni
Specifications
ASTM. Centrifugal, B 369; sand, B 369; ingot, B 30
Government. Centrifugal: QQ-C-390; MIL-C-15345,
alloy 25; MIL-C-20159, type II. Sand: QQ-C-390; MIL-
C-20159, type II; MIL-V-18436
SAE. Centrifugal and sand: J461, J462
Chemical Composition
Composition limits. 84.5 to 87.0 Cu, 1.0 to 1.8 Fe, 9
to 11.0 Ni, 0.15 C max, 0.03 Pb max (0.01 Pb max for

welding grades), 1.5 Mn max, 1.0 Nb max, 0.30 Si max
Applications
Typical uses. Component parts of items being used for
seawater corrosion resistance
Mechanical Properties
Tensile properties. Properties for as-sand-cast
separately cast (M01 temper) test bars: Tensile strength,
310 MPa min (45 ksi min); yield strength, 172 MPa min
(25 ksi min); elongation, 20% min in 50 mm (2 in.)
Compressive strength. Typically, 255 MPa (37 ksi)
at 0.1 mm/mm (0.1 in./in.) set
Impact strength. Charpy V-notch, 135 J (100 ft · lbf)
Elastic modulus. Tension, 124 GPa (18 × 10
6
ksi) at
20 °C (68 °F)
Mass Characteristics
Density. 8.94 g/cm
3
(0.323 lb/in.
3
)
Patternmaker's shrinkage. 16 mm/m (
3
16
in./ft)
Thermal Properties
Liquidus temperature. 1150 °C (2100 °F)
Solidus temperature. 1100 °C (2010 °F)
Specific heat. 376 J/kg · K (0.09 Btu/lb · °F) at 20 °C

(68 °F)
Thermal conductivity. 45 W/m · K (26 Btu/ft · h ·
°F) at 20 °C (68 °F)
Electrical Properties
Electrical conductivity. Volumetric, 11% IACS at
20 °C (68 °F)
Fabrication Characteristics
Machinability. M01 temper; 10% of C36000 (free-
cutting brass)
Weldability. Soldering and brazing: excellent. Gas
shielded arc welding: poor. Metal arc welding: good,
using R, Cu, Ni, or E, Cu, Ni filler metal. Oxyacethylene
and carbon arc welding are not recommended.

C96400
70Cu-30Ni
Commercial Names
Previous trade name. 70-30 copper-nickel
Specifications
ASTM. Centrifugal castings: B 369; continuous
castings: B 505; sand castings, ingot, B 30
Government. Centrifugal castings: MIL-C-15345,
(Alloy 24); sand castings: QQ-C-390, MIL-C-20159
(type 1)
Chemical Composition
Composition limits. 65.0 to 69.0 Cu, 28.0 to 32.0 Ni,
0.50 to 1.5 Nb, 0.25 to 1.5 Fe, 1.5 Mn max, 0.50 Si max,
0.15 C max, 0.03 Pb max (0.01 Pb max for welding
applications)
Applications

Typical uses. Centrifugal, continuous, and sand
castings for valves, pump bodies, flanges, and elbows
for applications requiring resistance to seawater
corrosion
Mechanical Properties
Tensile properties. Typical data for sand-cast test
bars: tensile strength, 470 MPa (68 ksi); yield strength,
255 MPa (37 ksi) at 0.5% extension under load;
elongation, 28% in 50 mm (2 in.)
Hardness. Typical, 140 HB using 3000 kg load
Elastic modulus. Tension, 145 GPa (21 × 10
6
psi)
Impact strength. Charpy V-notch, 106 J (78 ft · lbf)
Fatigue strength. Reverse bending, 125 MPa (18 ksi)
at 10
8
cycles
Mass Characteristics
Density. 8.94 g/cm
3
(0.323 lb/in.
3
) at 20 °C (68 °F)
Patternmaker's shrinkage. 19 mm/m (
7
32
in./ft)
Thermal Properties
Liquidus temperature. 1240 °C (2260 °F)

Solidus temperature. 1170 °C (2140 °F)
Coefficient of linear thermal expansion. 16
μm/m · K (9.0 μin./in. · °F) at 20 to 300 °C (68 to 572
°F)
Specific heat. 375 J/kg · K (0.09 Btu/lb · °F) at 20 °C
(68 °F)
Thermal conductivity. 29 W/m · K (17 Btu/ft · h ·
°F) at 20 °C (68 °F)
Electrical Properties
Electrical conductivity. Volumetric, as-cast tempers:
5% IACS at 20 °C (68 °F)
Fabrication Characteristics
Machinability. 20% of C36000 (free-cutting brass)
Weldability. Soldering and brazing: excellent. Gas-
shielded arc and shielded metal-arc welding: good, using
RCuNi or ECuNi filler metal. Oxyfuel gas and carbon
arc welding are not recommended.
C96600
69.5Cu-30Ni-0.5Be
Commercial Names
Previous trade name. Beryllium cupro-nickel alloy
71C; CA966
Common name. Beryllium cupro-nickel
Specifications
Government. Sand castings: MIL-C-81519
Chemical Composition
Composition limits. 0.40 to 0.7 Be, 29.0 to 33.0 Ni,
0.8 to 1.1 Fe, 1.0 Mn max, 0.15 Si max, 0.01 Pb max,
bal Cu
Consequence of exceeding impurity limits. An

excessive amount of Si will increase as-cast hardness
and lower ductility. High Pb will cause hot shortness.
Applications
Typical uses. C96600 is a high-strength version of the
well-known cupro-nickel alloy C96400, possessing
twice the strength. Like C96400, C96600 exhibits
excellent corrosion resistance to seawater. Typical uses
are high-strength constructional parts for marine service;
pressure housings for long, unattended submergence;
pump bodies; valve bodies; seawater line fittings;
marine low-tide hardware; gimbal assemblies; and
release mechanisms.
Precautions in use. See C82500.
Mechanical Properties
Tensile properties. Typical data for separately cast
test bars. TB00 temper: tensile strength, 515 MPa (75
ksi); yield strength, 260 MPa (38 ksi); elongation in 50
mm (2 in.), 12%. TF00 temper: tensile strength, 825
MPa (120 ksi); yield strength, 515 MPa (75 ksi);
elongation, 12%
Hardness. TB00 temper: 74 HRB. TF00 temper: 24
HRC
Poisson's ratio. 0.33
Elastic modulus. Tension, 150 GPa (22 × 10
6
psi);
shear, 57 GPa (8.3 × 10
6
psi)
Mass Characteristics

Density. 8.80 g/cm
3
(0.320 lb/in.
3
) at 20 °C (68 °F)
Patternmaker's shrinkage. 1.8%
Thermal Properties
Liquidus temperature. 1180 °C (2160 °F)
Solidus temperature. 1100 °C (2010 °F)
Coefficient of linear thermal expansion. 16
μm/m · K (9 μin./in. · °F) at 20 to 300 °C (68 to 572 °F)
Specific heat. 377 J/kg · K (0.091 Btu/lb · °F) at 20 °C
(68 °F)
Thermal conductivity. 30 W/m · K (17.3 Btu/ft · h ·
°F) at 20 °C (68 °F)
Electrical Properties
Electrical conductivity. Volumetric, 4.3% IACS at
20 °C (68 °F)
Electrical resistivity. 4 nΩ · m at 20 °C (68 °F)
Chemical Properties
General corrosion behavior. Essentially identical to
that of C96400
Fabrication Characteristics
Machinability. TF00 temper, 40% of C36000 (free-
cutting brass)
Melting temperature. 1100 to 1180 °C (2010 to
2160 °F)
Casting temperature. 1260 to 1370 °C (2300 to
2500 °F)
Solution temperature. 995 °C (1825 °F)

Aging temperature. 510 °C (950 °F). Typical aging
time, 3 h

C97300
56Cu-2Sn-10Pb-20Zn-12Ni
Commercial Names
Previous trade name. 12% nickel silver
Common name. Leaded nickel brass; 56-2-10-20-12
Specifications
ASTM. Centrifugal castings: B 271; sand castings: B
584; ingot: B 30
Chemical Composition
Composition limits. 53.0 to 58.0 Cu, 1.5 to 3.0 Sn,
8.0 to 11.0 Pb, 17.0 to 25.0 Zn, 11.0 to 14.0 Ni, 1.5 Fe
max, 0.50 Mn max, 0.35 Sb max, 0.15 Si max, 0.08 S
max, 0.05 P max, 0.005 Al max
Applications
Typical uses. Investment, centrifugal, permanent
mold, and sand castings for hardware fittings; valves and
valve trim; statuary, and ornamental castings
Mechanical Properties
Tensile properties. Typical data for sand-cast test
bars: tensile strength, 240 MPa (35 ksi); yield strength,
115 MPa (17 ksi) at 0.5% extension under load;
elongation, 20% in 50 mm (2 in.)
Hardness. Typical, 55 HB using 500 kg load
Elastic modulus. Tension, 110 GPa (16 × 10
6
psi)
Mass Characteristics

Density. 8.95 g/cm
3
(0.321 lb/in.
3
) at 20 °C (68 °F)
Patternmaker's shrinkage. 16 mm/m (
3
16
in./ft)
Thermal Properties
Liquidus temperature. 1040 °C (1904 °F)
Solidus temperature. 1010 °C (1850 °F)
Coefficient of linear thermal expansion. 16.2
μm/m · K (9.0 μin./in. · °F) at 20 to 260 °C (68 to 500
°F)
Specific heat. 375 J/kg · K (0.09 Btu/lb · °F) at 20 °C
(68 °F)
Thermal conductivity. 28.5 W/m · K (16.5 Btu/ft · h
· °F) at 20 °C (68 °F)
Electrical Properties
Electrical conductivity. Volumetric, as-cast tempers:
5.7% IACS at 20 °C (68 °F)
Fabrication Characteristics
Machinability. 70% of C36000 (free-cutting brass)
Weldability. Soldering, brazing: excellent. Welding:
not recommended
Stress-relieving temperature. 260 °C (500 °F), 1 h
for each 25 mm (1 in.) of section thickness
Casting temperature. Light castings, 1200 to 1315
°C (2200 to 2400 °F); heavy castings, 1090 to 1200 °C

(2000 to 2200 °F). Melt rapidly at no more than 55 to 85
°C (100 to 150 °F) above maximum casting temperature.

C97600
64Cu-4Sn-4Pb-8Zn-20Ni
Commercial Names
Previous trade name. 20% nickel silver
Common name. Dairy metal, leaded nickel bronze,
64-4-4-8-20
Specifications
ASME. Sand castings: SB584
ASTM. Centrifugal castings: B 271; sand castings: B
584; ingot: B 30
Government. Sand castings: MIL-C-17112
Other. Ingot code number 412
Chemical Composition
Composition limits. 63.0 to 67.0 Cu, 3.5 to 4.5 Sn,
3.0 to 5.0 Pb, 3.0 to 9.0 Zn, 19.0 to 21.5 Ni, 1.5 Fe max,
1.0 Mn max, 0.25 Sb max, 0.15 Si max, 0.08 S max,
0.05 P max, 0.005 Al max
Applications
Typical uses. Centrifugal, investment, and sand
castings for marine castings; sanitary fittings;
ornamental hardware; valves, and pumps
Mechanical Properties
Tensile properties. Typical data for sand-cast test
bars: tensile strength, 310 MPa (45 ksi); yield strength,
165 MPa (24 ksi) at 0.5% extension under load;
elongation, 20% in 50 mm (2 in.)
Compressive properties. Compressive strength, 205

MPa (30 ksi) at a permanent set of 1%; 395 MPa (57
ksi) at a permanent set of 10%
Hardness. Typical, 80 HB using 500 kg load
Elastic modulus. Tension, 130 GPa (19 × 10
6
psi)
Impact strength. Charpy V-notch, 15 J (11 ft · lbf)
Fatigue strength. Reverse bending, 107 MPa (15.5
ksi) at 10
8
cycles
Creep-rupture characteristics. Limiting stress for
creep of 10
-5
%/h: 224 MPa (32.5 ksi) at 230 °C (450 °F);
153 MPa (22.2 ksi) at 290 °C (550 °F)
Mass Characteristics
Density. 8.90 g/cm
3
(0.321 lb/in.
3
) at 20 °C (68 °F)
Patternmaker's shrinkage. 11 mm/m (
1
8
in./ft)
Thermal Properties
Liquidus temperature. 1143 °C (2089 °F)
Solidus temperature. 1108 °C (2027 °F)
Coefficient of linear thermal expansion. 17

μm/m · K (9.3 μin./in. · °F) at 20 to 300 °C (68 to 572
°F)
Specific heat. 375 J/kg · K (0.90 Btu/lb · °F) at 20 °C
(68 °F)
Thermal conductivity. 22 W/m · K (13 Btu/ft · h ·
°F) at 20 °C (68 °F)
Electrical Properties
Electrical conductivity. Volumetric, as-cast tempers:
5% IACS at 20 °C (68 °F)
Fabrication Characteristics
Machinability. 70% of C36000 (free-cutting brass)
Weldability. Soldering, brazing: excellent. Welding:
not recommended
Stress-relieving temperature. 260 °C (500 °F), 1 h
for each 25 mm (1 in.) of section thickness
Casting temperature. Light castings, 1260 to 1430
°C (2300 to 2600 °F); heavy castings, 1230 to 1320 °C
(2250 to 2400 °F). Melt rapidly at no more than 55 to 85
°C (100 to 150 °F)above casting temperature range.

C97800
66.5Cu-5Sn-1.5Pb-2Zn-25Ni
Commercial Names
Previous trade name. 25% nickel silver
Common name. Leaded nickel bronze; 66-5-2-2-25
Specifications
ASTM. Centrifugal castings: B 271; sand castings: B
584; ingot, B 30
Chemical Composition
Composition limits. 64.0 to 67.0 Cu, 4.0 to 5.5 Sn,

1.0 to 2.5 Pb, 1.0 to 4.0 Zn, 24.0 to 27.0 Ni, 1.5 Fe max,
1.0 Mn max, 0.20 Sb max, 0.15 Si max, 0.08 S max,
0.05 P max, 0.005 Al max
Applications
Typical uses. Investment, permanent mold, and sand
castings for ornamental castings; sanitary fittings; valve
bodies; valve seats; and musical instrument components
Mechanical Properties
Tensile properties. Typical data for sand-cast test
bars: tensile strength, 380 MPa (55 ksi); yield strength,
205 MPa (30 ksi) at 0.5% extension under load;
elongation, 15% in 50 mm (2 in.)
Hardness. Typical, 130 HB using 3000 kg load
Elastic modulus. Tension, 130 GPa (19 × 10
6
psi)
Mass Characteristics
Density. 8.86 g/cm
3
(0.320 lb/in.
3
) at 20 °C (68 °F)
Patternmaker's shrinkage. 16 mm/m (
3
16
in./ft)
Thermal Properties
Liquidus temperature. 1180 °C (2156 °F)
Solidus temperature. 1140 °C (2084 °F)
Coefficient of linear thermal expansion. 17.5

μm/m · K (9.7 μin./in. · °F) at 20 to 260 °C (68 to 500
°F)
Specific heat. 375 J/kg · K (0.09 Btu/lb · °F) at 20 °C
(68 °F)
Thermal conductivity. 25.4 W/m · K (14.7 Btu/ft · h
· °F) at 20 °C (68 °F)
Electrical Properties
Electrical conductivity. Volumetric, as-cast tempers:
4.5% IACS at 20 °C (68 °F)
Fabrication Characteristics
Machinability. 60% of C36000 (free-cutting brass)
Weldability. Soldering, brazing: excellent. Welding:
not recommended
Stress-relieving temperature. 260 °C (500 °F)

C99400
90.4Cu-2.2Ni-2.0Fe-1.2Al-1.2Si-3.0Zn
Commercial Names
Common name. Nondezincification alloy, NDZ
Chemical Composition
Composition limits. 0.25 Pb max, 1.0 to 3.5 Ni, 1.0
to 3.0 Fe, 0.50 to 2.0 Al, 0.50 to 2.0 Si, 0.50 to 5.0 Zn,
0.50 Mn max, bal Cu
Applications
Typical uses. Centrifugal, continuous investment, and
sand castings for valve stems; propeller wheels;
electrical parts; gears for mining equipment; outboard
motor parts; marine hardware; and other environmental
uses where resistance to dezincification and
dealuminification is required

Mechanical Properties
Tensile properties. Typical. M01 temper: tensile
strength, 455 MPa (66 ksi); yield strength, 235 MPa (34
ksi) at 0.5% extension under load; elongation, 25% in 50
mm (2 in.). TF00 temper: tensile strength, 545 MPa (79
ksi); yield strength, 370 MPa (54 ksi) at 0.5% extension
under load
Shear strength. M01 temper, 330 MPa (48 ksi)
Hardness. M01 temper, 125 HB; TF00 temper, 170
HB. Determined using 3000 kg load
Elastic modulus. Tension, 133 GPa (19.3 × 10
6
psi)
Mass Characteristics
Density. 8.30 g/cm
3
(0.30 lb/in.
3
) at 20 °C (68 °F)
Patternmaker's shrinkage. 16 mm/m (
3
16
in./ft)
Electrical Properties
Electrical conductivity. Volumetric, TF00 temper:
16% IACS at 20 °C (68 °F)
Fabrication Characteristics
Machinability. 50% of C36000 (free-cutting brass)
Weldability. Shielded metal-arc welding: poor
Solution temperature. 885 °C (1625 °F), 1 h for

each 25 mm (1 in.) of section thickness
Aging temperature. 480 °C (900 °F), 1 h at
temperature
Stress-relieving temperature. 315 °C (600 °F), 1 h
for each 25 mm (1 in.) of section thickness
C99500
Commercial Name
Trade name. NDZ-S
Specifications
ASTM. Sand castings: B 763
Chemical Composition
Composition limits. 0.25 Pb max, 3.5 to 5.5 Ni, 3.0
to 5.0 Fe, 0.50 to 2.0 Al, 0.50 to 2.0 Si, 0.50 Mn max,
0.50 to 2.0 Zn, bal Cu
Applications
Typical uses. Valve stems, marine, and other
environmental uses where resistance to dezincification
and dealuminification is required, propeller wheels,
electrical parts, gears for mining equipment and
outboard marine industry; same as C99400 but used
where higher yield strength is required
Mechanical Properties
Tensile properties. Properties for as-sand-cast
separately cast (M01 temper) test bars: tensile strength,
483 MPa min (70 ksi min); yield strength, 275 MPa min
(40 ksi min); elongation, 12% min in 50 mm (2 in.)
Hardness. Typically, 145 HB (500 Kg); 50 HB (3000
kg)
Proportional limit. Typically, 145 MPa (21 ksi)
Mass Characteristics

Density. 8.3 g/cm
3
(0.30 lb/in.
3
)
Volume change on freezing. Patternmaker's
shrinkage, 16 mm/m (
3
16
in./ft)
Electrical Properties
Electrical conductivity. Volumetric, 13.7% IACS at
20 °C (68 °F)
Fabrication Characteristics
Machinability. M01 temper; 50% of C36000 (free-
cutting brass)
Stress-relieving temperature. 315 °C (600 °F)

C99700
56.5Cu-5Ni-1Al-1.5Pb-12Mn-24Zn
Commercial Names
Common name. White manganese brass
Trade name. White Tombasil
Chemical Composition
Composition limits. 54.0 Cu min, 19.0 to 25.0 Zn,
11.0 to 15.0 Mn, 4.0 to 6.0 Ni, 2.0 Pb max, 1.0 Sn max,
1.0 Fe max, 0.50 to 3.0 Al
Applications
Typical uses. Building hardware (interior and
exterior), architectural and ornamental fittings, marine

hardware, floor drain covers, food handling equipment,
swimming pool hardware, valves
Mechanical Properties
Tensile properties. Typical data for separately cast
test bars. Sand cast: tensile strength, 380 MPa (55 ksi);
yield strength, 170 MPa (25 ksi) at 0.5% extension
under load; elongation, 25% in 50 mm (2 in.). Die cast:
tensile strength, 450 MPa (65 ksi); yield strength, 185
MPa (27 ksi) at 0.5% extension under load; elongation,
15% in 50 mm (2 in.)
Hardness. Sand cast: 110 HB (300 kg load); die cast:
125 HB
Elastic modulus. Tension, 114 GPa (16.5 × 10
6
psi)
Mass Characteristics
Density. 8.19 g/cm
3
(0.296 lb/in.
3
) at 20 °C (68 °F)
Patternmaker's shrinkage. 21 mm/m (0.25 in./ft)
Thermal Properties
Liquidus temperature. 900 °C (1655 °F)
Solidus temperature. 800 °C (1615 °F)
Electrical Properties
Electrical conductivity. Volumetric, 3% IACS at 20
°C (68 °F)
Fabrication Characteristics
Machinability. 80% of C36000 (free-cutting brass)

C99750
Specifications
ASTM. Die castings: B 176
Chemical Composition
Composition limits. 0.25 to 3.0 Al, 55.0 to 61.0 Cu,
0.50 to 2.5 Pb, 17.0 to 23.0 Mn, 5.0 Ni max, 17.0 to 23.0
Zn, 1.0 Fe max, (iron content shall not exceed nickel
content)
Mechanical Properties
Tensile properties. Typical properties for as-sand-
cast separately cast (M01 temper) test bars: tensile
strength, 448 MPa (65 ksi); yield strength, 120 MPa (32
ksi) at 0.2% offset; elongation, 30% in 50 mm (2 in.).
Hardness. Typically, 77 HRB, 110 HB (500 kg)
Compressive strength. Typically, 193 MPa (28 ksi)
at 0.001 mm/mm (0.001 in./in.) set, 262 MPa (38 ksi) at
0.01 mm/mm (0.01 in./in.) set, and 495 MPa (72 ksi) at
0.1 mm/mm (0.1 in./in.) set
Impact strength. Charpy V-notch, 100 J (75 ft · lbf)
Fatigue strength. 128 MPa (18.5 ksi) at 10
8
cycles
Elastic modulus. Tension, 117 GPa (17 × 10
6
psi) at
20 °C (68 °F)
Mass Characteristics
Density. 8.0 g/cm
3

(0.29 lb/in.
3
)
Thermal Properties
Liquidus temperature. 843 °C (1550 °F)
Solidus temperature. 819 °C (1505 °F)
Specific heat. 376 J/kg · K (0.09 Btu/lb · °F) at 20 °C
(68 °F)
Electrical Properties
Electrical conductivity. Volumetric, 2% IACS at 20
°C (68 °F)
Fabrication Properties
Stress-relieving temperature. 260% of °C (500
°F)
Beryllium copper 21C
97Cu-2Be-1Co
Commercial Names
Common name. Grain-refined beryllium-copper
casting alloy 21C
Chemical Composition
Composition limits. 2.00 to 2.25 Be, 1.0 to 1.2 Co,
0.20 to 0.40 Si, 0.20 Ni max 0.25 Fe max, 0.15 Al max,
0.10 Sn max, 0.02 Pb max, 0.10 Zn max, 0.10 Cr max
Consequence of exceeding impurity limits. See
C82500.
Applications
Typical uses. The 1% Co content is a strong grain
refiner, and as a result, this alloy is used instead of
beryllium-copper alloys C82500 and C82400 when thin
sections must be cast at high temperatures or when thick

and thin sections are present within the same casting in
order to achieve a uniform fine-grained structure. The
higher cobalt content imparts better wear resistance but
less desirable polishability and machinability. Typical
uses are comparable to those of beryllium-copper alloys
C82400 and C82500.
Precautions in use. See C82500.
Mechanical Properties
Tensile properties. See Table 9.
Table 9 Typical mechanical properties of beryllium-copper alloy 21C
Tensile strength

Yield strength

Temper
MPa ksi MPa ksi
Elongation in 50

mm (2 in.), %
Hardness

As-cast 515 75 275 40 25 75 HRB
Cast and aged
(a)
825 120 725 105 5 30 HRC
Solution treated
(b)
415 60 170 25 40 63 HRB
(a)

Aged 3 h at 345 °C (650 °F).
(b)

At 790 to 800 °C (1450 to 475 °F)

Hardness. See Table 9.
Poisson's ratio. 0.30
Elastic modulus. Tension, 128 GPa (18.5 × 10
6
psi);
shear, 50 GPa (7.3 × 10
6
psi)
Mass Characteristics
Density. 8.26 g/cm
3
(0.298 lb/in.
3
) at 20 °C (68 °F)
Dilation during aging. Linear, 0.2%
Change in density during aging. 0.6% increase
Patternmaker's shrinkage. 1.56%
Thermal Properties
Liquidus temperature. 980 °C (1800 °F)
Solidus temperature. 860 °C (1575 °F)
Incipient melting temperature. 835 °C (1535 °F)
Coefficient of linear thermal expansion. 10
μm/m · K (5.5 μin./in. · °F) at 20 to 200 °C (68 to 392
°F)
Specific heat. 419 J/kg · K (0.10 Btu/lb · °F) at 20 °C

(68 °F)
Thermal conductivity. 105 W/m · K (61 Btu/ft · h ·
°F) at 20 °C (68 °F)
Electrical Properties
Electrical conductivity. Volumetric, 20% IACS at
20 °C (68 °F)
Electrical resistivity. 862 μΩ· m at 20 °C (68 °F)
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic susceptibility. See C82500.
Nuclear Properties
Effect of irradiation. See C82500.
Chemical Properties
Same as C82500
Fabrication Characteristics
Machinability. As-cast or solution treated, 30% of
C36000 (free-cutting brass). Cast and aged or solution
treated and aged, 10 to 20% of C36000
Solution temperature. 790 to 800 °C (1450 to 1475
°F)
Aging temperature. 340 °C (650 °F)
Melting temperature. 860 to 980 °C (1575 to 1800
°F)
Casting temperature. Light castings, 1065 to 1175
°C (1950 to 2150 °F); heavy castings, 1000 to 1065 °C
(1850 to 1950 °F)

Beryllium copper nickel 72C
C96700
68.8Cu-30Ni-1.2Be
Commercial Names

Common name. Modified beryllium cupro-nickel
alloy 72C
Chemical Composition
Composition limits. 1.1 to 1.2 Be, 29.0 to 33.0 Ni,
0.7 to 1.0 Fe, 0.10 to 0.20 Zr, 0.10 to 0.20 Ti, 0.7 Mn
max, 0.15 Si max, 0.1 Pb max, bal Cu
Consequence of exceeding impurity limits.
High silicon will raise as-cast hardness and lower
ductility. High lead will cause hot shortness. High
carbon will result in undesirable carbides.
Applications
Typical uses. Alloy 72C is a modified version of
beryllium cupro-nickel alloy 71C, its increased
beryllium content providing improved castability. Its
field of application is the plastic tooling industry. Alloy
72C generally is ceramic mold cast into tooling used for
molding flame-retardant plastics containing bromine,
bromine-boron, chlorinated paraffins and phosphates,
and other halogens. Additionally, alloy 72C tooling is
resistant to corrosion by the foaming agents used in
structural plastics that generate ammonia at elevated
temperatures, as well as to decompositional products of
PVC that contain HCl. The good castability of 72C
allows it to be cast into tooling of fine detail.
Precautions in use. See C82500.
Mechanical Properties
Tensile properties. See Table 10.
Table 10 Typical mechanical properties of cast beryllium cupro-nickel alloy 72C

Tensile strength

Yield strength

Temper
MPa ksi MPa ksi
Elongation in 50

mm (2 in.), %
Hardness

As-cast and aged
(a)
555 81 310 45 15 90 HRB
(a)

Aged 3 h at 510 °C (950 °F).
(b)

Water quenched from 995 °C (1825 °F)

Hardness. See Table 10. Poisson's ratio. 0.33
Elastic modulus. Tension, 150 GPa (22 × 10
6
psi);
shear, 57 GPa (8.3 × 10
6
psi)
Mass Characteristics
Density. 8.60 g/cm
3

(0.311 lb/in.
3
) at 20 °C (68 °F)
Patternmaker's shrinkage. 1.8%
Thermal Properties
Liquidus temperature. 1155 °C (2110 °F)
Solidus temperature. 1065 °C (1950 °F)
Coefficient of linear thermal expansion. 16
μm/m · K (9 μin./in. · °F) at 20 to 300 °C (68 to 572 °F)
Specific heat. 337 J/kg · K (0.08 Btu/lb · °F) at 20 °C
(68 °F)
Thermal conductivity. 30 W/m · K (17 Btu/ft · h ·
°F) at 20 °C (68 °F)
Electrical Properties
Electrical conductivity. Volumetric, 43% IACS at
20 °C (68 °F)
Electrical resistivity. 4 mΩ · m at 20 °C (68 °F)
Chemical Properties
General corrosion behavior. Essentially the same
as C96400
Fabrication Characteristics
Machinability. Solution treated and aged, 40% of
C36000 (free-cutting brass)
Solution temperature. 995 °C (1825 °F)
Aging temperature. 510 °C (950 °F)
Melting temperature. 1065 to 1155 °C (1950 to
2110 °F)
Casting temperature. 1200 to 1300 °C (2200 to
2400 °F)
Copper Powder Metallurgy Products

Erhard Klar and David F. Berry, SCM Metal Products, Inc.

Introduction
COPPER-BASE POWDER-METALLURGY (P/M) products rank second after iron- and steel-base P/M products in
terms of volume, with an estimated weight consumption in 1988 of 15,500 Mg (17,000 short tons) in North America. This
consumption is associated with the major copper-base P/M applications, which include bronze bearings, copper and
copper alloy structural parts, friction materials, copper carbon brushes, and high-electrical-conductivity copper. Another
4500 Mg (5000 tons) of copper and copper alloy powders were consumed as additions to iron and steel powders and for
infiltration of iron and steel P/M parts. Figure 1 shows the total consumption of copper and copper alloy powders since
1950, including powders for other than P/M uses, which during the past ten years accounted for about 10% of the total. A
gradual decline in total powder consumption since the early 1970s can be seen. This is attributed in part to the decline of
bronze self-lubricating bearings through substitution of less-expensive dilute bronze (that is, iron containing), and iron-
base bearing, or, particularly in the low-performance end of the market, by plastic bearings. Use of sintered metallic
friction materials also decreased because of substitution by other materials.