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Báo cáo: Về các bài toán bất đẳng thức hình học

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Y/!>"!9"" Z&$1$@W/!
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+
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++
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++++++

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Cho a,b,c lµ c¸c sè d¬ng. Chøng minh r»ng:
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++
+
+
+
+
+
(1.1)
[7
Ta sẽ sử dụng BĐT Cauchy nh sau:
Ta có a
3
+b
3

a
2
b + ab
2



a
3
+b
3

ab(a+b)










+




+
;
Tơng tự, ta cũng có:

A






+

++

+

.
Cộng theo từng vế các BĐT trên lại với nhau ta đợc BĐT cần chứng minh.
\-*_9^Cho a, b, c là các số dơng. Chứng minh rằng:






++
+
++
+
++

[^
Ta có: a
3
+b
3

a
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