tóm tắt (tiếng anh) truyện ngắn việt nam 1945 – 1975 như một trường diễn ngôn

Ministry of Education and Training
Hanoi University of Education

HOANG THI THU GIANG
VIETNAM SHORT STORY 1945 – 1975
AS A DISCOURSE FIELD
Speciality: Theory critical of literature
Classification : 62.22.01.20
ABSTRACT OF THESIS
DOCTORATE OF LITERATURE
Hanoi - 2014
Thesis was completed in:
Hanoi University of Education
Advisor: A. Professor. Ph.Doctor. PHUNG NGOC KIEM

Reviewers 1: A.Pr.PhD. Đoan Đưc Phương
University of Social Sciences and Humanities – Hanoi National of University
Reviewers 2: A.Pr.PhD.Nguyen Duy Bac
Ho Chi Minh National Political Academy
Reviewers 3: A.Pr.PhD. Tran Manh Tien
Hanoi University of Education
The thesis presented at Library of Hanoi University of Education
At…… , date…… , month………., year 2014
The Thesis can be found at:
- National Library of Hanoi,
- Library of Hanoi University of Education
INTRODUCTION
1. The reason for selecting topic
Vietnam short stories 1945 - 1975 have long been the subject of many
critical argument, literary studies. However, we can see, so far, literature in
general, Vietnam short stories 1945 - 1975 in particular has been studied only

in the range of words art and based mainly on theoretical reflection. That is
the way of theory prosody research. It separates the literary genre far from
literary context which is extremely complex, makes their real lives to draw
the abstract generalization. For approaching the object by that way, the
achievements in the research and criticism of short stories in particular and
literature 1945 - 1975 in general only confirmed the consistency rather than
analyzed, interpreted different literary elements in this stage. Besides,
because of using old approaches, Vietnam short stories 1945 - 1975 is
considered the subject which has been exhausted and it is unable to discover
anything new. We believe that if using discourse theory to reseach objects in
multi-dimensional looking, we will have the profound overview,
comprehensive evaluation of the Vietnam short stories during 1945-1975.
1.2. Focus on the way that language creates reality, discourse theory is
increasingly inclined to develop powerfully and have influence in modern
social science. In language field, discourse theory is a very prominent area.
Unlike the subjects of the literature research that follows reflected
theory, ontology theory, from the perspective of discourse theory, the study
object is not only the "art world" but also the way, purpose of creating that art
world. The purpose of studying literature discourse is not only interpreting
the meaning but also identifing, recreating, describing the causes, conditions,
rules to create text and text's meaning. Research literary genre as a form of
discourse and in its discursive practices, survey of word art on the same row
with the words outside the category of art, research in its multilingual
environments as per the spirit of M.Bakhtin theory, we will have new
findings on the almost old issues, especially for the age and characteristics of
literary genres in interactive of time’s discourse, in opening the perspectives,
new insights into the literary life.
1.3. Researching Vietnam short stories 1945 - 1975 as a discursive
field, we can say, is a new direction. On the one hand, it enables a new
understanding about the genre of short stories under a new perspective,

providing a comprehensive look at, more objective assessment of short stories
Vietnam period 1945 - 1975, re-interpret the cultural phenomenons which
seemed too familiar. On the other hand, the thesis contributes to clarify the
nature of the discourse, literary discourse - the problems are increasingly
interested but have not been really clear in the study of literature in Vietnam.
2. Object and scope of research
2.1. Subjects of research
The object of study in this thesis is the discourse of short stories 1945 -
1975 with with its core and marginal parts , since it clarifies the concept and
awareness of discourse, the discourse of historical literature associated with
the knowledge and times power.
2.2. Scope of research
With the object of study defined as above, the scope of the research in
this thesis includes discourse theoretical basis for the study of literature in
general, short stories in particular; discourse of short stories 1945 - 1975 with
its constituent parts; the competence and strategies to enforce core discourse
competence and periphery discourse of short stories from 1945 to 1975.
From such object and scope of research, the scope of this thesis does
the survey in Vietnam stories written in the period 1945-1975. The term
“short stories in Vietnam during the period 1945 - 1975 " includes many parts
: the revolutionary literature ( including literary revolution in both the North
and the South ), literature occupied the country in the period 1946-1954,
urban literature in the American South of Camouflage and diasporas
literature. However, to focus on clarifying the theoretical issues of the
discourse, the discourse of literary genres of short stories, in the framework of
the thesis, we only focus on revolution literature (including literary revolution
in the South and North).
3. Method of the Research
In order to achieve the purposes of the study, adapt to subjects and limit
the research topics; we also use the general operations of literary studies such

as analysis, synthesis, and statistical classification. Particularly, we note the
use of the method: interdisciplinary research approach, system - structure and
the comparative method.
4. Missions and meanings of the thesis
Clarify the complex structure in the reality of short stories 1945 – 1975,
the factors of knowledge field and power to the formation of that structure’s
components as well as against impact to the social, cultural and political life
in this period.
Analyze the integral part of competence, strategies to express discourse
competence of the core area and the peripheral area in Vietnam short stories
discourse 1945 - 1975, which provides a comprehensive view of the short
story Vietnam from 1945 to 1975.
5. Layout of the thesis
In addition to the Introduction, Conclusion, The list of research projects
related to the thesis include Bibliography, Appendices and the main content
of the thesis are written into 4 chapters as follows:
Chapter 1. Overview
Chapter 2. Short stories as a discourse field
Chapter 3. Core discourse in short stories 1945-1975
Chapter 4. Peripheral discourse in short stories 1945-1975
Chapter 1. Overview
In the overview chapter, we review the researches about Vietnam short
story in the period 1945-1975 and the discourse issue in literary studies.
1.2. Research situation on short stories Vietnam 1945 - 1975
In the literary genres of the period 1945 - 1975, short stories and poetry
are subjects which get much attention, review and evaluation more than the
other literary genres, including in 30 war years as well as in the period after
1975. In the first decade after the August Revolution, though there are not
many short stories, the evaluation, discussion on revolution short story have
appeared. As time goes on, the number of posts as well as issues raised on

short stories 1945 - 1975 get richer and more diverse. However, the intensive
research phase on short stories appear only after 1975, such as: People in
Vietnam short stories from 1945 to 1975 (Phung Ngoc Kiem), Time style -
viewed from a literature genre (Nguyen Khac Sinh),Vietnam short story
(Phan Cu De, Ly Hoai Thu), Vietnam short story - historical aspects of the
genre (Hoa Thi Thuy), Vietnam short story during the period 1945-1975
(viewed from the perspective of genre poetics) (Nguyen Thi Bich Thu)
Besides the in-depth study, there are a lot of articles which give comment,
appraisal review, review, overview on short story 1945 - 1975 in general or
about the individual stories of this period. In these articles, Regarding the
topic selection and character development in short stories 1945 - 1975
(written by Vuong Tri Nhan) and Try to find out the type of theme motif in
Vietnam modern literature (written by Lai Nguyen An) are remarkable
articles for researching short stories 1945 - 1975 from the perspective of
discourse theory.
We can say that the number of works, articles about the short stories
1945 - 1975 is very huge. The issues raised on short stories 1945 – 1975are
rich and diverse as the object they towards. However, we can see, so far,
works, articles about Vietnam short stories in the period 1945 - 1975 has been
concentrated mostly on the stories which expressed the Party's ideological
line, the composition "recognized" of this literature. However, we can see, so
far, works, articles about Vietnam short stories in the period 1945 - 1975 has
been concentrated mostly on the stories expressed the Party's ideological line,
the composition "recognized" of this literature period. We rarely talk about
the stories which are not imbued Party's ideological and be criticized. We
think if the stories which had been considered "standard deviation" in the
period 1945 - 1975 receive more attention, the look, the evaluation on
characteristics of the short story genre in this stage will be certainly more
comprehensive, and more accurate. Besides, short stories 1945 - 1975, in
most of the existing works have only been considered within the scope of

word art. In other words, short stories 1945 - 1975 (as well as literature in
general) only be studied as a unit of art rather than a unit of communication -
a discourse, a kind of verbalism. If literature is considered as a discourse, is
studied as an unit of communication, we will have multiple looking, more
comprehensive evaluation on the organism words, from the purpose to the
strategy of creating words to achieve the goals of communication. We think,
if we consider the short story 1945 - 1975 as a discursive field as per the spirit
of Bakhtin's theory, we will can see the steps, the voices which are diverse,
not homogeneous in this category and also can explained their existence in
time of 30 war years. This is an important reason that we decided research on
short stories 1945 - 1975 as a discursive field.
1.2. The situation of researching discourse
1.2.1. Researching discourse in the world
In the second and third decade of the 20
th
century, M. Bakhtin
expressed his opinion about verbal types (It means the discourse by nature) in
many researches.
Since the middle of the 20
th
century, the definition of discourse as a
term appeared and became a centre concept circulated widely in the social
sciences humanities.
Until now, it has taken a long time for the researching discourse. With
the masterpiesces of M.Bakhtin, M.Foucalt, J.Derrida, R.Barthes, T.Todorov,
Chiupa, Tamachenko, the term of discourse has become more and more
chaostic within the appearance of many studies about discourse researches.
On behalf of them, the encyclopedia of dictionary about modern literature
linguistics- from discourse by M. Christine (1993), The Discourse by S. Mills
(1997), Theories of modern discourse: experience of classification by O.F

Rusakova (2006), etc are the major researches.
1.2. Researching discourse in Vietnam
In Vietnam, the issue of discourse has been introduced early in the field
of linguistics, in the researches of Vietnamese language of Tran Ngoc, Diep
Quang Ban, Nguyen Thien Giap, Do Huu Chau, Hoa Nguyen and Nguyen
Thai Hoa . Besides, the presence of a number of studies on the discourse of
foreign authors translated into Vietnamese also contributes to the deeper
understanding and how to understand the discourse of the Vietnam linguist’s
generally quite uniform (universal primary allergy). Basically, the concept of
discourse is understood as an active language, the language used in
communication, both oral and written formats.
In the literary studies, the Vietnamese critical theorists exposed to
theoretical discourse through the work of some scholars such as M.Bakhtin,
R.Barthes, IP.Lin, Tz.Todorov, A.Compagnon, M.Foucaul, Fillingham,
M.Susser, R.Jakobson, G.Gennete Through the translation and introduction
of discussing the discourse of these authors, awareness of discourse and
literary discourse in Vietnam were increasingly enriched.
On the basis of the concept of discourse and the literary discourse of
these foreign authors, the study of literature in Vietnam has been analyzed,
exchanged and debated. Therefore, applying theoretical discourse of the area of
classification contributed the explanation of the phenomenon of literature.
These included a number of works, articles typically social nature of aesthetic
language literature (Tran Dinh Su - 2004), The Position of the pioneering
postmodernist thinking (Phuong Luu – 2008), The postmodernism as a
paradigm worldview (La Nguyen - 2009), The concept of discourse in literary
studies today (Tran Dinh Su - 2013) Around the reciprocal terminology and
some points to note in studies " discourse " today (Le Thoi Tan - 2013). It is
also possible to mention more or less works related to the issues like
discourse, the literary meaning and structure of Trinh Ba Dinh (2002), The
method of kinky by Do Lai Thuy compiled and introduced (2004) and the

work of Truong Dang Dung (2007), The theoretical and literary critics of the
twentieth century in the world mentioned in file 1 and 2 and edited by Loc
Thuy Phuong (2007) etc.
Along with the introduction of the concepts of the scholars in the world
about analyzing and studying discourse especially some scholars such as M.
Bakhtin and M.Foucault mentioned a number of articles, essays applying
discourse perspective to analyze the phenomenon of literature. Additionally, the
sexual discourse in the prose damage of Vietnam structured from the early
twentieth century to 1945 by Tran Van Toan . The Vietnamese novels were
from the perspective of the contemporary discourse written by Nguyen Thi Hai
Phuong.
It is confirmed that discourse is a matter being seriously interested in
the study of literature in Vietnam. However, through researching the studies
have applied the theory of discourse, we can see, at present, there is no
consensus on the notion of discourse, and much research is still going
according to linguistic and culture. While the concept of literary discourse is
rarely mentioned. In this thesis, with the aim of clarifying Short Stories 1945
- 1975 as a discursive field, we hope to contribute to clarify this open issue.
Chapter 2. THE SHORT STORIES CONSIDER
AS A DISCOURSE FIELD
In Chapter 2, we focus on clarifying the theoretical issues: the
discourse and the discourse competence, discourse field to give the overview
of the discourse field of Vietnam short stories from 1945 to 1975.
2.1. Discourse and discourse competence
So far, the concept of discourse has a quite long history of developing,
researched into many orientations, so its concept is complicated, there are
many complex and overlapping features. Under different research
perspective, the concept of discourse has changed.
Inheriting typical discourse theory in the world, we think the discourse
is a completed language (M.Bakhtin), a "real language” containing ideas"

(M.Foucault), a "communication event" (TAVandijk) took place between the
speaker and the receptor. Thus, referring to the discourse, it is said to inter-
subject correlation among the three: the reflection, the creativity and the
reception. So when considering discourse as the overall competence, it is said
to focus: the competence of reference, competence of creativity, competence
of reception (V.I.Chiupa). The key point of this theory is the foundation for
us to implement the analysis of short stories discourse in the next two
chapters.
2.2. Discourse field
In the article Talking about the sphere symbol, Iu.Lotman said that
symbol can only sign when it is in its "sphere". Acquiring the semiotic
theory, namely the concept of the " sphere symbol " given by Iu.Lotman, we
propose to study discourse in discourse field. Discourse can only be decoded,
understood when we put it in a discourse field, in relation to other discourses
in one field, in the atmosphere which control the existence, the movement of
that discourse field. To explain the discourse thoroughly, it is necessary to put
it in the discourse field in its existence.
On the basis of acquiring Iu.Lotman's concept of sphere symbol, we
define: what kinds of literature, from the nature of discourse field -
understood as a discourse space. Each discourse field has their own basic
characteristics: (1) demarcation, (2) the intrinsic diversity and uneven
development of the sub-structure of the discourse structure, (3) having non-
symmetric structures in which pairs of symmetry generally as the "core" -
"periphery".
2.3. The discourse field of short stories during 1945 - 1975
2.3.1. The factors controlling the formation and movement of the
short stories discourse during 1945 - 1975
Being social activities, discourse is always controlled by the knowledge
and power field (both M.Foucalt and M.Bakhtin had this same view).
VIChiupa thought: literary creation in all sizes can be seen as a unique

speech, a discourse, the event of events (communications), realization of a
communication strategy in the framework of a certain form of discourse.
Thus, literary discourse in particular, short stories in general are not out of the
control of the knowledge field and time power.
We can confirm: ideology and cultural ways of the Party are the basic
elements under the times power which strongly control literary works
including short stories in the period 1945 – 1975, created unique characters of
short stories discourse in this period in comparison with the short story
discourse of the previous and following period. Besides, the two elements of
knowledge: knowledge of life and knowledge of the art also impact to the
formation of core- peripheral parts and the artistic quality of these parts in the
short stories discourse field from 1945 to 1975.
2.3.2. The core and peripheral parts of the discourse of Vietnam
short stories 1945 - 1975
Looking at the short stories discourse 1945 - 1975, we can see its
symmetric non-isomorphic structure which are core and peripheral discoures.
Revolutionary ideology and Party's policies, country’s circumstances
at war, fighting …are the elements of the knowledge field and time power
which had impacted to the formation and strong development in the core
discourses of revolutionary stories during 1945-1975. Circuits of ideology of
the short stories discourse focused in showing the national issues, all for the
existence and development of the country and socialism. etc.
Consciousness of reverse thinking, democratic spirit has historical roots
from national culture, knowledge, bravery has shown themselves to works of
art with the featured factors that have an impact on a composition part, form
the peripheral area of discourse in the period of short stories from 1945 to
1975. The idea way of this discourse is uphold individual, everyday life,
attention to the relationship of privacy under human spirit.
Both parts of core and peripheral discourse have their own values and
limitations, though not equal in each particular work. The core discourse to

promote nationalism, in the context of the country in war, its voices fit with
the times, with the general and urgent requirements of the country, So they
get attention, encouraging reception, though they did not say much about
aspects, the private life of the human being. The peripheral discourse with
spirit everyday life, personal life at the time when the country in war are
respectful voices but at that moment when it was born - the country had their
enemy, it has been considered in the wrong melody in choral of the times,
therefore they only exist in the peripheral area.
Chapter 3. THE CENTER DISCOURSE OF VIETNAMESE SHORT
STORIES IN THE PERIOD 1945 - 1975
The Vietnamese literature during the period 1945-1975 was tended to
become “front” of the Revolution. The writings and plays written in the
favour of the Revolution: comrade, popularize for the Revolution, expressed
the love of the country, defense the Socialist and focused on the centre area of
discourse field and supported by audiences, critics of revolution and the
Communist Party’s attention. In this chapter, we mainly clarify the three
major rights including: the right of creativity, the right of expression, the
rights of perceivement and the strategies to exist these ones in the discourse
centre.
3.1. The competence of creativity
3.1.1. The principles of transferring and showing heroes
In the letter dated on the twelve of October in 1951, President Ho Chi
Minh made a request: "Culture is a cultural front. Siblings of war were on that
front”. Basically, the writers of this period of history was well received, made
him a task exuberant, enthusiastic.
Through the image of the world, the written words and the voice of the
subject of discourse, the voice emanated from the entire body works and the
revolutionary writers were that they thoroughly understood the principles of
private system of thought. In the first instance to comply with all policies and
guidelines of the Party of art: wholeheartedly towards career and the national

resistance of the nations praised for example the new construction of the
socialist life. Thoroughly, it is created this line of literary nature of political
propaganda, encouraging people to devote themselves in the struggles to
protect and build the country.
3.1.2. Following the existed structures
In the period 1945 - 1975, documents and the direction of the Party and
the state of the art culture creation methods were considered that socialist
realism be the best method with ability to reflect real life in the process of
developing its revolutionary. Under the circumstances and historical
conditions namely made people see the direction of society. The application
of methods for creating socialist realism in art was composed not only
confirmed the choice of the law of art but also a matter of perspective and
perception. The Party emphasized the selection of methods for creating
realistic socialist inextricably linked with class interests, the goal of political
struggle as well as the world.
Grasping methods for creating socialist realism, short stories, always pay
attention revolutionary building is the central character of the team - agriculture
- War with the good qualities: the revolutionary spirit, willing to devote sacrifice
for the country and socialism, full of revolutionary optimism. The new man
joined forces with Party building beautiful new society: solidarity, love,
equality, development. With the beautiful new life and new people approved so
the struggle for the ideal can be mean and tough but certain forward triumphant
outcomes.
3.2. The competence of showing expression
3.2.1. The world with two opposing forces
At the request of the Party, one of the important tasks that literature
1945 - 1975, including short stories need to do is to consolidate and deepen
the crowded audience - the masses firstly forces business - agriculture - War
ideological tectonic revolution through vivid imagery world. This task
structure dominates the world of picture stories. Each story is a world in

which there are two opposing forces, two fronts: our side - revolution -
socialism with enemy - counter-revolution - anti -socialist.
World revolution in the short story is clearly black and white world in
which, the character, or is it, or is the enemy, the dissident or revolutionary,
progressive or backward, new or old, no one stands between centrist. In the
short stories stage system 1945 - 1975, the story was deployed mainly based
on such structural opposition. Picture of the world has always been in the
building opposite: the destruction - reaching up power, loss - revitalized crash
- construction, brutal - kindness, death - of life, pain - hope. This approach is
highly popular art of the short story revolution 1945-1975.
3.2.2. Picture of officials
3.2.2.1. The new people of socialist society
Generally, one of the important purposes of literary discourse of the
Revolution of the period 1945 - 1975 included many short stories. To people
in literature becomes the mirror of human life, to human life and to follow the
learning of literature, the writer noted exemplary character portrayed by
principles of legend - the legend of the created image: the man in the fight,
the brave, dare to break into dangerous places, difficult, dare to sacrifice, in
the creative labor, dare think, dare to do, dare responsible to the assigned
work, in life and live always conscious citizens, individuals consciously set
out life thoughts, feelings. With sites such stories, short stories discourse
1945 - 1975 has been working to uphold the spirit, fight, transmit to the
reader the vibrations of national, ethnic, revolutionary and belief in the cause
of resistance national construction.
3.2.2.2. The revolutionary cadres
We can say, revolutionary literature 1945 - 1975 (including the short
stories) is the literary style "swimming boat with steering". And the rudder
ideas from real life has transformed into literary device, go to the literature to
perform communication functions, opening the way for revelation and to
strengthen its position as an indispensable force in Vietnam revolutionary

reality.
In general literature, especially the novel and short story center stage
1945 - 1975 characters always appear directions, scouting revolution. This is
the kind of character functions navigation, orientation or maintain public
confidence. They are representatives of the Party, said the voice of the Party
with the task to "seed" the reader the truth.
3.2.2.3. Enemies
Story short discursive Vietnam 1945 - 1975 , through the fate of
individuals and groups, have found that readers destroying enemy combat
action is inevitable, because the enemy is synonymous with brutal , non- and
human life is killer . For more information, character descriptions to highlight
the functionality of this character type: obstructions, the destroyer of life. To
highlight the nature aggressive, brutal enemy, in literary discourse, the less
that they describe the shape of this, the particular focus of the animals
described in the direction of. It can be said of the non- absolute character
enemy makes these characters are abstractions, completely cut off the roots
with the living reality, become bold symbol legend. This is also the stance
factor which represents the country 's ethnic short stories revolutionary
Vietnam from 1945 to 1975. By highlighting the crimes of enemies, pushing
it to the extreme level of crime, the central discourse of short stories 1945 -
1975 has made communication and function in subjects evoke hatred
receiving enemy altitude. And the perception of crime is the premise memo to
the heads up guns to kill the enemy and save country.
3.2.2.4. Nature
Nature of short stories period 1945 - 1975 has served as backdrop - the
space of human existence, to be a factor in the context of the event is both a
symbolic ambiguity: is the witness of crime caused by enemy invaders, a
symbol of vitality and mettle of the people of Vietnam and is a symbol of the
sacred mother earth sheltered people. As can be seen, the principles of
legendary, iconic nature of the short stories stage 30 years after the August

Revolution had aroused in Vietnam each engagement, love, fighting
consciousness, dedication and small sacrifice for the Fatherland sacred river.
3.2.3. Community space and time history
Vietnam History 1945 - 1975 is the history of big challenges, requiring
dedication and great sacrifice. Exist in the community space coordinates and
time as well as a history of the times required for humans to overcome the
challenges that large. Historical time and space coordinates’ community is the
existence of a short story character from 1945 to 1975. This is a typical
characteristic of the world’s iconic short story at this stage (other than the
coordinates of space - time in the art of the short story before 1945 and after
1975). Short story that has characters and the characters always exist with
collective consciousness, in a mass cohesion, unity of direction. Art space that
beckons people to integrate and contemporaries epic “to die for the Fatherland
for sacrifice".
3.3 . The competence of perceive
3.3.1. Mass cultural, political - military of language and prose
aesthetic
3.3.1.1. Mass of language, prose aesthetic
Subject propagation of revolutionary literature is determined primarily
agricultural infantry forces. Writing for - agriculture - War, wrote about the
life - agriculture - War Party is oriented to the literary set. So writing is so
easy to understand first and foremost requirement for the composer,
especially in the period of 9 years of war.
It can be seen to fit the recipients (as well as art objects) discourse
entity creative short stories from 1945 to 1975 had a lot of attention to the
words of life into every story page, to life from back page comic known for
his contributions, contribute to voice "true", "eloquent" about time.
3.3.1.2. Politics - militarized language, prose aesthetic
As the discourse of the period when the country endured two wars,
influenced by revolutionary ideology, general literature, short stories, in

particular, it is absorbed into many words, the language of marked political
publications - the battle is understandable. At the same time , the use of class ,
saying he is serving for the construction of "true" , "eloquent" and the new
age man. The intent of this art was dominant aspect of discursive writing
short stories from 1945 to 1975.
Reading the stories of this 30-year period, that class military term -
strong political development, simultaneously, the type of slogan short,
structured appearance with great frequency. Today, there are many who
ridiculed the slogan that sentence. But put into the atmosphere in the country at
war period 1945 - 1975, the short slogans, urging, it was determined he stood
up.
3.3.2. Tone expressed the stance of resistance, revolution
Influenced by ideology, a story this stage of the revolution is a
polarized world we - the enemy and the nature of the parties are clearly
defined, that is, the subject is variable but the constant term. This
characteristic expresses dominant tone of discourse: tone reflected the
national stance, ethnicity.
Chapter 4. PERIPHERAL DISCOURSE OF VIETNAMESE SHORT
STORY DURING THE PERIOD 1945 - 1975
4.1. The competence of creativity
4.1.1. The principles of reverse thinking to transferring popularity
The spirit of innovation and dialogue are covering characteristics, of
principle ideology of the short story writer’s periphery, shown particularly
clearly in the composition of the group pen Humanities period products. The
spirit, the attitude of the writers has dominated the development of written
language and the way the world is made of stories image periphery.
4.1.2. Surpass methodological framework composed actualize
socialist
But literary expelled margin of failure to comply with basic methods
for creating realistic socialist party which was oriented culture, art. In the

short story periphery discourse present reality sober eye of critical realism, is
the expression of literary parody satire, with the tone of romanticism, the
colors of magical realism. etc. and thi , according to the leaders of Marxist
cultural criticism is unacceptable. Cultural leaders, the literary critic of the
party has been criticized this discourse is "distorted" , "highlight" mode, with
the thought " toxic" and etc. etc.
But with time back, from the period of renovation (1986), many literary
works (including short stories) previously marginalized border has re-
evaluated its true value. The issues raised in the discourse had been placed on
the distal part of the short story 1945 - 1975 to the present time and the future
is still worth listening and reflection. That was bureaucratic, authoritarian,
working style formula, machinery, stereotyping on the part of staff of the
State agency, that's bad habits, but human conflicts on the way into the future,
go to Truthfulness, honesty, which is the destruction of ancient cultures folk
by the childish notion. etc. Short stories are considered "problematic" at that
time because it was frankly, the interior of the current life problems exist in
this life. To express that voice, we can not face his songwriting method
socialist realism. However, the critical spirit of this discourse peripheral
differences in the spirit of the writings by the method of critical realism
period 1930-1945. Based essential spirit of the discourse was placed on the
periphery of the short story period 1945 - 1975 is a constructive criticism.
Attitudes and opinions of the author with a new life, with the Party and the
revolution is sticking attitude, hope. Consequently, the principles of discourse
creation stories of the peripheral area is beyond the framework of principles
reflected socialist realism rather than a return to the spirit of the model
creation methods before the revolution or of a different type of composition.
4.2. The competence of reflection
4.2.1. Multiple sides of the world
In the world of picture stories peripheral, non-polar world and the
people, events, athletes, reveal themselves not as "common sense” as the

literature has shown center. In non-polar world, it is not easy to assess and
understand people, because the people do not like the blade of the short story
downtown area. In this world, people complex multi-faced, "natural manifold,
while white on black draped time wearing a paper" (Giants - Tran Duy). It
can be said that in the discursive painting is peripheral painting of a mutant of
the unexpected, many crossroads and open-ended.
4.2.2. Daily life of complexity
4.2.2.1. Little people’s thinking
Realistic picture of peripheral discursive short stories generally do not
have to life with these fun pink that is exposed to sun shades picture of my
morning mix. There, people’s daily life appears modest with little joys and
concerns with those thoughts about life about people and about themselves. In
the short story peripheral characters portrayed are not focused on the human
side "new" positive revolution in which the people of the whole psychological
complexity, their heart beats to the rhythm of life, towards life with many
concerns, worries. Here the value of the human being as a self- defined sense o
reality and ourselves. Through the mind of this little person, the writer wanted
to say that new life, besides the birth of great joy, besides the good ones are
"pre- ripped sculpted shell " there is still much things to worry, concern,
sharing.
Through real life characters, with little private partnerships personal
nature, is placed in the natural flow of life, seen from the perspective of living
it all, through the reflection of their concern about faceted life, short story
writers of the peripheral area to express sharing, empathy with people of a
time working hard but heroic. But in the period 1945 - 1975, only the hero is
allowed to voice the sorrow - sadness in all the tones are not allowed to
"discourse". This explains why the short story is full of the spirit so ripped
aside the cultural life of literature. However, time has proven which contains
all kinds of art of joy and sadness, both heroic and tragic, always valuable and
long life, or I.Lotman said then: "On the different stages of the history of each

is listed allegations about the cyclical useless , even harmful for the arts
But art was reborn as immutable, challenging those who chase it" (Art text
structure) .
4.2.2.2. Alienations
In peripheral stories, besides the little people thinking, alienated figure
shows up as the opposite. But not so many, but this was kind of image gives
the reader a more realistic view of life, from attitudes that have struggled with
the masking, powerful evil, definitely for a better future.
Read short stories periphery, visible writers have uplifted the image
building who alienation. With penmanship specification interwoven portraits
criticisms seem objective, but meaningful, insinuations, the author touches on
the alienation of people in real life. In the story, these people can be called a
brother, a sister, that he, she or the boy, is he (depending on the position and
relationships with small characters), but are referred to by voice dance
parody. Apparently, the hidden memories from real life were infused into the
pen to spread the word and each line metabolized vivid imagery as the face of
life. The character is alienated public image for a subset of people in real life
are not "red” nor “expert", but using tricks, flattery has crept into the ranks of
the revolutionary cadres. Short story periphery, through those who have
warned such a life risk injustices in society are forming new that people
should be aware of the struggle to identify and remove.
4.2.3. Space -time individual and secular
With intentions to the world and characters recipients living in the
center of the personal knowledge I received in contemporary social life,
mostly short stories periphery cord not created - individual time, associated
with secular life , mood privacy. Can confirm , not - time of short stories were
selected peripheral and built on the basis of full consciousness creative spirit
of reflection. On the space - time writer for the character to life and true to
yourself so that readers feel the deep heart of man.
4.3. The competence of perceive

4.3.1. The creative use of language, prose
Starting from the principle of ideology: to promote the human values,
truth and creativity, short stories periphery represents the material behavior from
completely different language of discourse center of short story 1945 - 1975.
Short stories are peripheral attention polished language, prose, particularly class
conscious use of language implications. Read the short story of the periphery,
that language is evident from the wording artistic, intellectual sparkle.
In the distal short stories, picture language, the text is polished. There
may meet with classroom discourse from grace terminology of literary
romance to 1945. Along with polishing, filing words, short stories discursive
peripheral also very conscious of using these methods gradually to achieve
the discourse purpose. Suicide methods are used quite a lot of stories that is
comparable, metaphor, to create discursive crystal parable has meaning,
which the stage arts management 1945 - 1975 more suspicion. In many works
of peripheral discourse, human or world image actually is not really special,
but it was noticeable the “critical duty “vehemently criticized. What makes
them feel uncomfortable is perceived to be "with subtext” is written in the
language classroom. Thus, it can be seen that short stories are not only
peripheral attention to human problems, but also pay attention to the nature of
art, written language class.
4.3.2. Express tone and spirit of critical human
4.3.2.1. Voice parody
Parody is a way for people to recognize the non- standard life. Read
short stories periphery, so that the pen can lodge building parody voice. With
aspirations to the frustrating problem of life and create a powerful artistic
discourse, short stories usually peripheral area saying allegory - a bubble or
am just saying , from that parody pop out , creating the impression of so-
called " two-sided icon". This is taboo in literary center.
4.3.2.2. Trade oranges
Writing about the negative side of the society, the tone of the short

story is peripheral parody, when writing about small lives, voice tone is
compassionate embraces. It can be seen compassionate tone of peripheral
stories contain human philosophy and the deep sense of existence, gives
readers the intensity and long. The human voice is full. This is one of the
main factors to help them "against human forgetfulness" as Kundera's words.
CONCLUSION
1. During the decades, Vietnam short stories 1945 - 1975 were studied
a lot. Because of being studied in many ways, many people believe that this
subject was "exhausted" without anything to say. However, from it’s
overview, the entire study executed in Vietnam short stories 1945 - 1975,
researchers have not followed M.Bakhtin’s guidances yet.
It means Vietnam short stories during 1945 - 1975 have been studied
only in the literature - art range, word art system within the literature but they
have not been studied as the specific verbal type as well as put into a row with
the out- art words and in multilingual environments to be considered as a unit
of lively communication practices with the specific communication strategy
and purpose.
On the other hand, although the works discussed the short stories
during Vietnam 1945 – 1975 are very rich and diverse as the object they
toward but now most of the works, articles about Vietnam short stories during
1945 - 1975 focus only on the typical parts with direct and positive
contributions to the two resistance wars against the French and Americans,
for the building of socialist life in the North during the years 1954 - 1964
without adequate attention to all aspects.
In other words, in the previous studies, short stories and Vietnam
literature during 1945 - 1975 confirmed mainly in consistency, scope, distinct
elements which coexist and operate in the process of 30 years of which the
war literature has not been clarified. There have also been a few sporadic
studies, critical works, authors who didn’t follow the Party’s direction but
those works mainly evaluate the articles from the perspective of social

function of literature without exploring the characteristics of literary works,
literary genres in a field of discourse.
Researching Vietnam short stories during 1945 - 1975 as a field of
discourse, we will have the opportunity to do the specific and more
comprehensive surveys of Vietnam short stories during 1945 - 1975, on the
other hand, on the basis of comparing the components for short stories
discourse during 1945 - 1975, we will have a more objective assessment of
the characteristics, achievements and limitations of the parts that constitute
the discourse of short stories from 1945 to 1975.
2. In Chapter 2, we clarified the theoretical arguments, the key concepts
by the foundation for the deployment of practical discourse analysis of
Vietnam short stories from 1945 to 1975, in the next two chapters, they are
discourse, the discourse competence (creation competence, the jurisdiction of
the expression, the power to receive) and the discourse field.
The discourse has been considered by many researchers in terms of
linguistics, sociology but with the literature researchers, the notion of rhetoric
- poetics oriented discourse of Chiupa is very noticeable. On the basis of
inheriting the concept of " word holistic " of M.Bakhtin, discourse is defined
by Chiupa as a complete communication event, the whole of discourse
competence: creation competence, the jurisdiction of the expression
(reflected) and competent to receive. Clarifying the jurisdiction of the
discourse, we will get the three basic aspects of verbals, including subject
matter, style and organizational structure. And that is the way to dominate the
discourse.
Absorbing the signing theory, namely the concept of the book sign
from I.Lotman, we propose using the concept of discourse field to talk about
discourse space. Each discourse field - discourse space brings the following
basic characteristics: (1) sex distinguishment, (2) the intrinsic diversity and
uneven development of the sub-structure of the discourse structures , (3) non-
symmetric isomorphic structure, in which pairs of symmetry generally as

"core" - "peripheral". These are characteristics that are universal in all fields
of discourse.
Such concept of discourse and the discourse, may find Vietnam short
stories themselves during the period 1945 - 1975 a discourse field, it contains
many kinds of discourse: there are ethnic - historical discourse, tales
discourse, privacy discourse, anecdotes discourse, etc. These kinds of
discourse have been separated into two core - border areas: the works written
in the policy of the Party and in the propaganda for revolution, and for
socialism protection, mainly ethnic-historic discourse have been encouraged
by the official power, the articles which do not follow the party line such as
privacy discourse, anecdotes discourse are pushed out by the power.
Looking at the short stories in such discourse field, we can see an
inhomogeneous structure of Vietnam short stories during 1945 - 1975, which
have not been pointed out yet by many previous works. At the same time,
from the perspective of discourse theory, we can see the ideology and
knowledge field are the dominant factors to the formation of core-peripheral
structure of the discourse of short stories from 1945 to 1975. Proletarian
ideology, cultural undertakings of the Party line as the power factors affecting
the writers have been instilled by the authors in various degrees in order to
form the core-peripheral discourse.
The core discourse can demonstrate the compliance with the proletarian
ideology, cultural undertakings of the Party line. The discourse was assessed
as non-compliant proletarian ideology and policies of the Party line art
discourse is considered "standard deviation" and being pushed out to the
periphery of the literary discourse from 1945 to 1975. Besides, as any art
creations, the discourse of short stories is dominated by two powerful
elements of the knowledge: life and art knowledge.
In general, the writers during 1945 - 1975, due to the isolation of the
ideological and world’s art, have not revealed their things and the impact of
knowledge field for its literary discourse. That situation and the differences in

absorption have been influenced by ideological factors which create
differences in the nature and artistic quality, the attractiveness, vitality of
literary discourse in general, short stories discourse in particular during 1945
to 1975.
There are talented writers who are influenced by ideology have
composed wholeheartedly as per the policy of the Party, that thing creates the
valuable works for the core discourse in the revolution short stories. Some
other writers appreciate the creative consciousness beyond the influence of
ideology and the party’s policy to form the peripheral discourse.
3. The overall discourse of competence: creation competence, the
jurisdiction of which is reflected, competent to receive. Those three
competences are linked closely to create discourse union and institutionalized
by the features of the communication scope and situation, of which the era
power and knowledge field are strong factors to dominate the discourse
competence.
To the core discourse in the short stories in Vietnam during 1945 –
1975, its creation competence is the propaganda principle, make examples
according to pre-defined stories: describe life in the way of " from grief
valley to happy field " with the style of happy ending, the characters with
optimistic and struggle spirit etc. All access to the goal to encourage and
cheer the masses in protecting and building the country in the period of
historical stage.
We can say that most of the short stories during 30 years of war stories
are stories and words intended for the purpose of revolutionary propaganda.
With such creative competence, the expression competence - the world
painting in the core discourse is the bipolar world, picture of the positions -
new socialist people and workers – farmers - soldiers above all. They are
normal, simple but noble human beings who work everyday to build and
protect the country.
Being created on the principles of cultural myths – each person is a

legend which exists in the community space and history, the world picture in
the core discourse gave the readers the spiritual emotions, belief and
dedication, sacrifice for our country.
As the discourse of the period when the country had experienced two
wars, the composers are writers - soldiers, writers - soldiers, receptors will be
workers – farmers – soldiers, the revolutionary proletariat, therefore
competence to receive fot the core discourse is confirmed in the verbal field,
its words are in the propaganda, political, military way and the tone of
nation’s viewpoint. Using the basic words and expressions in the era's style is
considered to be suitable with the receiving tmosphere and psychology of
humans.
4. In the discourse field of Vietnam short stories during 1945 - 1975,
the peripheral discourse has themes content, styles and other organizational
structures different from the core discourse. Considering the creative
competence, the expression and reception competence, we will see that thing
clearly. In peripheral discourse, the creativity competence is expanded by the
reflection principle (thinking backwards) with the propaganda articles.
Giving the statement of not against the Party and State, but the writers
of periphery discourse of which Humanity groups want to be free to the facts
and creativity by their works. The expression competence is expanded
according to multi-principles to demonstrate colorful picture of life and the
central characters are little people.
Recipients of peripheral discourse are limited in forces of workers –
farmers - soldiers. Their subjects are intellectuals and artists. Thus, the