Ngữ pháp tiếng anh kèm bài tập có đáp án cơ bản và nâng cao và dành cho học sinh mất gốc ôn thi TN và ĐHCĐ

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:
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Cấu trúc:
Câu khẳng định (+): S + am/is/are
Câu phủ định (-): S + am/is/are + not
Câu nghi vấn (?): (Từ hỏi) + am/is/are + S +
Đối với động từ thường:
(+): S + V(s/es) +
(-): S + do/does + not + V(nguyên thể)
(?): (Từ hỏi) + do/does + S + V(nguyên thể)
Dấu hiệu nhận biết (Các trạng từ thường gặp): always, usually, often, sometimes, everyday/week/night…,
seldom, rarely…
Diễn tả một hành động thường xuyên xảy ra, thói quen ở hiện tại, một sự thật hiển nhiên, một chân lý
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S + am / is / are + V-ing
Adverbs: now, at the moment, at present, right now.
Diễn ta một sự việc đang diễn ra ngay trong lúc nói hoặc một sự việc xảy ra trong một thời gian ngắn xung quanh
lúc nói.
Cấu trúc be + going to + V diễn tả một dự định trong tương lai, có kế hoạch từ trước.
+,&#--
S + have / has + V pp(ed/3)
Adverbs: just, already, not…yet, never, ever, recently, several/many times, up to now, so far,
For + khoảng thời gian, Since + mốc thời gian…
Diễn tả một sự việc đã xảy ra nhưng không xác định thời gian.
Diễn tả một sự việc xảy ra trong quá khứ và kéo dài đến hiện tại
Diễn tả một sự việc đã xảy ra và kết thúc nhưng kết quả vẫn còn liên quan đến hiện tại.

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S + V(ở dạng quá khứ đơn) (Nếu là “to be”: S + was / were)
Adverbs: yesterday, last, ago, in (2005).
Diễn tả một sự việc đã xảy ra và kết thúc trong quá khứ.
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S + was / were + V -ing
Diễn tả một sự việc đang xảy ra tại một thời điểm nhất định trong quá khứ ( at 7:00 last night)
Diễn tả 2 sự việc đang xảy ra song song trong quá khứ hoặc một sự việc đang xảy ra thì có một sự việc khác xen
vào (Thường gặp các liên từ: when, while, as)
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S + had + Vpp
Diễn tả một hoạt động xảy ra trước một thời điểm hoặc một sự việc khác cũng ở trong quá khứ.
Thường được dùng cùng thì quá khứ đơn (trong các câu có liên từ: before, after, until)
6,''/
S + will / shall + V(bare)
Adverbs: tomorrow, in the future, next…, in six days (trong 6 ngày tới)
7,&&#'#'#--()*
S + have / has + been + V-ing
Diễn tả hành động xảy ra tỏng quá khứ, kéo dài liên tục đến hiện tại( wait, sleep, study….)
@A: I have been waiting for her for 3 hours/ since 3 o’clock
8,''&#'#'/()*
S + will + be + V-ing
Diễn tả một sự việc đang xảy ra tại một thời điểm trong tương lai hoặc xảy ra song song với một sự việc khác
trong tương lai
@A" This time next week we will be lying on the beach
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S + will + have + Vpp
Diễn tả một sự việc hoàn thành trước một thời điểm trong tương lai.
@A" We will have left school before this July
| The adverbial clauses of time: (mệnh đề trạng ngữ chỉ thời gian):

Là mệnh đề bắt đầ bằng các liên từ: BBCC<….
Sự phối hợp về thì trong câu có mệnh đề trạng ngữ chỉ thời gian:
D< E$&<C
1. Present tenses ( hiện tại)  present tenses
2. Past tenses (quá khứ)  past tenses
3. Future tenses (tương lai)  present tenses

FG :
ª Không dùng thì tương lai ( will/shall ) trong mệnh đề chỉ thời gian.
ª Đối với liên từ “since”: S + has/have +Ved/3 since S + Ved/2.
ª Cả 2 hành động đã xảy ra: S + had +Ved/3 before S + Ved/2
S + Ved/2 after S + had + Ved/3
ª Sau WHILE/AS thường dùng thì tiếp diễn: while/ as S + was/were + V-ing
ª Sau các liên từ không có chủ ngữ, ta dùng Ving: After having finished the exam, I’ll go home.

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1. I this film twice.
A. see B. saw C. will see D. have seen
2. After her performance, she invited the audience to ask questions.
A. she finishes B. finished C. finishing D. she will finish
3. His father of cancer last year.
A. will die B. has died C. died D. had died
4. The train when we got to the station.
A. just left B. just leaves C. has just left D. had just left
5. As soon as Martina saw the fire, she the fire department.
A. was telephoning B. telephoned C. had telephoned D. has telephoned
6. Before Jennifer won the lottery, she any kind of contest.
A. hasn’t entered B. doesn’t enter C. wasn’t entering D. hadn’t entered
7. Every time Parkas sees a movie made in India, he homesick.
A. will have left B. felt C. feels D. is feeling

8. Since I left Venezuela six years ago, I to visit friends and family several times.
A. return B. will have returned C. am returning D. have returned
9. Yesterday while I was attending a sales meeting, Mathew on the company annual report.
A. was working B. had been working C. has worked D. works
10. When my parents for a visit tomorrow, they will see our new baby for the first time.
A. will arrive B. arrived C. arrive D. will have arrived
11. The last time I in Athens, the weather was hot and humid.
A. had been B. was C. am D. will have been
12. After the race , the celebration began
A. had been won B. is won C. will be won D. has been won
13. Andy out of the restaurant when he Jenny
A. came/saw B. is coming /saw C. came/was seeing D. was coming/had seen
14. While he was washing his car, Mr. Brown a small dint in the rear fender.
A. has discovered B. was discovering C. is discovering D. discovered
15. Linda has lost her passport again. It’s the second time this
A. has happened B. happens C. happened D. had happened
16. At this time tomorrow, we our final exam.
A. will have taking B. will be taken C. would take D. will be taking
17. The baby Don’t make so much noise.
A. sleep B. sleeps C. is sleeping D. slept
18. Peter said he a test the following day.
A. had had B. will have C. has had D. would have
19. It is not so hot today as it yesterday.
A. is B. was C. would be D. had been
20. a party next Saturday. We have sent out the invitation.
A. we had B. we have C. we’re having D. we have had
21. I’m very tired. over four hundred miles to day.
A. I drive B. I’ve driven C. I’m driving D. I’ve been driving
22. I’m busy at the moment . on the computer.
A. I work B. I’m worked C. I’m working D. I worked

23. Our friends meet us at the airport tonight.
A. are B. are going to C. go to D. will be to
24. I will tell Anna all the news when her
A. I’ll see B. I’m going to see C. I see D. I’m seeing
25. Don’t worry, I here to help you
A. be B. will be C. am going to be D. won’t be
26. When I entered the room, everyone
A. has been dancing B. was dancing C. had danced D. danced
27. Before the invention of the steamboat, there no way to cross the ocean.
A. has been B. could have been C. had been D. would be
28. He said that he his homework since 7 o’clock.
A. had done B. did C. has done D. was doing
29. Tom said everything ready when the match
A. will be/starts B. would be/started C. is/started D. will be/started
30. How long able to drive? - Since 1990.
A. could you B. have you been C. were you D. are you
31. She won't get married until she 25 years old.
A. is B. will be C. had been D. was.
32. Look. The yard is wet. It last night.
A. must rain B. couldn’t have rained C. must have rained D. should have rained
33. After Mary her degree, she intends to work in her father's company.
A. will finish B. is finishing C. finishes D. will have finished
34. When he all the letters, he took them to the post office.
A. has written B. had written C. wrote D. had been writing
35. By the end of this month, I English for 6 years.
A. have learnt B. will have learnt C. had learnt D. learnt
36. We in touch with each other for years.
A. will not keep B. are not keeping C. did not keep D. have not kept
37. She has learnt French the age of five.
A. since B. for C. before D. in

38. Tom before we arrived there.
A. has left B. had left C. will leave D. leaves
39. Up to now, I a lot of information about her.
A. learnt B. have learnt C. will learn D. would learn
40. Wait here until I you.
A. am going to call B. will call C. am calling D. call
41. When I came to visit her, she a bath.
A. was having B. has C. is having D. had
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42. A. missed B. was missing C. had missed D. had been missing
43. A. stood B. had stood C. was standing D. had been standing
44. A. was realizing B. realized C. had realized D. would realize
45. A. was leaving B. left C. had left D. would leave
46. A. hadn’t lived B. doesn’t live C. didn’t live D. hasn’t lived
47. A. had B. had had C. has D. has had
48. It is an hour since he , so he should be at office now.
A. left B. has left C. had left D. was leaving

:
¬ Notes: a. It + be + time + since + simple past
b. It is the first/ second/ third …… time + present perfect
c. The last time + simple past
d. Present perfect + since + simple past
Exercise: PB"
1. The last time she had a swim was ten years ago.
She hasn’t …………………………………………
2. I have never met such a famous person before.
 It is …………………………………………………

3. I last saw him when I was a student.
 I haven’t …………………………………………………………
4. I haven’t come there for two years.
 I last …………………………………………………………
5. I have studied English for seven years.
 I started …………………………………………………………
Exercise: QB"
1. I have never seen such beautiful pictures before.
A. These pictures are the most beautiful I have never seen.
B. These pictures are the most beautiful I have ever seen.
C. This is the first time I see beautiful pictures.
D. This is the first time I have seen beautiful pictures.
2. Jack has stopped writing letters to Jill.
A. Jack has no longer stopped writing letters to Jill. B. Jack used to write letters to Jill.
C. Jack has never written letters to Jill. D. Jack stopped writing letters to Jill when Jill come.
3. Mary has been working in this company for five years.
A. Mary began to work in this company for five years.
B. Mary began working in this company for five years ago.
C. Mary began to work in this company five years ago.
D. Mary has begun to work in this company five years ago.
4. I have never eaten this kind of food before.
A. I used to eat this kind of food before.
B. Before I came here I had ever eaten this kind of food.
C. This is the first time I have ever eaten this kind of food.
D. This is the most delicious food I have ever eaten.
5. She last saw him years ago.
A. She hasn’t seen him years ago B. She hasn’t seen him for years ago.
C. She didn’t see him for years . D. It’s years since she last saw him.
6. It’s ages since I last saw a Hollywood film.
A. It’s ages because I last saw a Hollywood film. B. I haven’t seen any Hollywood film before.

C. I saw a last Hollywood film since ages ago. D. I haven’t seen a Hollywood film for a long time.
7. He hasn’t smoked a cigarette for a week.
A. It is for a week that he hasn’t smoked a cigarette. B. It is a week since he last smoked a cigarette.
C. It is a cigarette that he smoked a week ago. D. It is a week ago that he smoked a cigarette.
8. It started to rain at 2 o’clock and it is still raining.
A. It has been raining at 2 o’clock. B. It has been raining since 2 o’clock.
C. It has been raining for 2 o’clock. D. It has been raining in 2 o’clock.
9. They had finished their tea and then they left.
A. They finished their tea after they had left. B. After they had left, they finished their tea.
C. They had left before they finished their tea. D. After they had finished their tea, they left.
10. John began playing the piano 10 years ago.
A. John played the piano 10 years ago. B. John has played the piano for 10 years.
C. John used to play the piano 10 years ago. D. John doesn’t play the piano anymore.

 !"#$
%&'(!&)*+,

-./0/12 3/456789:;37<=>?@A/B9C/DE9E5@7/12
H =$&J$=
H $D=B=$=
Tuy nhiên, nếu hai chử từ này diễn tả một người, một vật hay một ý tưởng chung thì động từ
vẫn ở số ít.
HR$$<=$=5C
H &$&$JJC
-F.3/4567GH/2<I5AJKH33/4569L23MN!&ON'ON/B
9E5@P/Q9KR33/=78
H@=$A5
HG$<$J
-S.T//3/4569KR37<=&N&N*NUOV*VUN&V&N
&V&V/B9E5@/J/RP3W5GH3/4565LM/X

H/=<<$
HGS5*B$
-Y.T//3/4569KR37<=)UUNUN)/B9E5@P/Q9KR33/
/3/4569L2?
HSB=<JC
H BC$
-Z.'E[/@\P/RP%3>>3G2,3L9E5@7/12]/5^_MH @53`/ab
?\P/RPX0N/K59E5@Gc>J78d25^_M3/253/2533Q\P/RP/KE9;Ge
H C=C$$$
H C=&&=0<$=
Q82TJ"U<=B$<JU=
>'?@" <CVW,X<V,-
E<CVW,X<V,X<
-f.T/3/456>J[/@3M/B//g3>J7/12/K55/h>b>J78/B9E5@9KR33//7
8
- GB$B
HY=$CC<=
các danh từ th ường gặp như : BJ=J=J<J
5Z$0YJJ$$[
-i.T/3/456>J[/@3/jk5>KR5N9>Kl5N5`1/B9KR33>J78N9/23m5>J
9E5@3/=78
H <$$<C=
HM&<$$$
-n.T/3/456>J9b@<X9e//KG0N/5N<[0N0/5N0<[0NG0/5N
V/B9E5@/2P/Q=78
HG$=J$$
H*&=J\
]<^"1) Khi “ each” theo sau chủ ngữ thì each không còn ảnh hưởng tới động từ nữa. Nếu chủ ngữ là danh từ
số nhiều thì động từ chia ở số nhiều , chủ ngữ số ít thì động từ số ít
HR&BJJ

2) Các đại từ both, several, few,many, others đòi hỏi động từ đi theo phải ở hình thức số nhiều
HRB
HD=C5@
3) Một số đại từ bất định như: all, any, some, none, có thể đi với số nhiều hay số ít tùy thuộc vào ngữ
ngh‚a mà danh từ nó thay thế.
HEC=&$C
HEC$$JJ&$<=
-o.53a2<p9L2<I5q&q/B9E5@P/Q3//[/@92M
H $//#)/C5
H B/##,#
-r. "E5@3M3/4@>J9b@s2/t/BP/Q/J/RP3W55uGJ7GH 1Ge@349b
@X0
H/B5CC=B5
H B&=<<@
-.'E7@/KPN2NP>N3N/%]v>H,N5%38]wP,N/N5>N5>G
>J[/@7/12GJ3L9E5@7/1293W520/?N]/3M@P%,9KH33`3[/@
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1. No news good news.
A. is B. are C. were D. have been
2. Here some accounts that you must check.
A. is B. are C. were D. was
3. A lot of homework me tired.
A. make B. makes C. have made D. are making
4. Not only Mr. Pike but also his sons tea.
A. likes B. like C. has liked D. liking
5. Mathematics us with many aspects.
A. helps B. help C. have helped D. helping
6. The United States of about 160 nations.
A. consists B. consist C. Consisting D. have consisted
7. Coffee contains caffeine, and
A. tea does so B. so tea does C. so does tea D. does tea so
8. Both Tom Mary are students.
A. and B. nor C. or D. with
9. Plenty of milk consumed everyday.
A. are B. is C. was D. were
10. Neither you nor I responsible for the bad result.
A. are B. is C. am D. be
11. Ten thousand dollars a large sum of money.
A. are B. is C. were D. being
12. I can not speak Spanish. –

A. So can I B. Neither can I C. Either can I D. Neither can’t I
13. Both Jane and Mary, as well as John, ready for the exam.
A. is B. was C. are D. has been
14. Working for 12 hours a day her very tired.
A. make B. makes C. making D. have made
15. The number of the days in a week seven.
A. is B. was C. are D. were
16. What he told you to be of no importance.
A. seems B. seem C. is seeming D. has seemed
17. The army eliminated this section of the training test.
A. has B. have C. are D. is
18. The quality of these recordings not very good.
A. is B. are C. have D. were
19. Julia her sister are going to the party.
A. Both /and B. Neither / nor C. Either /or D. Not only / but also
20. My wife had never been to Hue, and I.
A. never have B. neither have C. neither had D. neither did
21. Plants and animals in high mountain areas with freezing temperatures, fierce winds, and thin air.
A. live B. they must live C. living D. if they live
22. Tom’ family wondering whether there anything that they can do
A. are/ are B. is/ is C. are/ is D. is /are
23. The couple in Denver but to Houston for the winters
A. lives/ go B. lives/ goes C. live/ go D. live/ goes
24. Each nation its own culture, and our nation has own culture, too
A. has/ its B. have/ our C. have/ its D. has/ their
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1. Although women in this century faces less discrimination than ever before, they still encounter many
obstacles that men do not.
2. Every one have to plan a program that fits into the day’s schedule and that allows for good exercise and
appropriate rest.

3. John is the only one of the hikers who have climbed above fifteen thousand feet.
4. Current research on AIDS, in spite of the best efforts of hundreds of scientists, leave serious questions
unanswered.
5. Neither apple pie nor her faded cat posters nor her neglected guppy collection hold the slightest interest
for Dorothy any more.
6. Today, many scientists disagree over whether the chimpanzee or the bonobo are more human in its
behaviour.
7. Along with statistics, strategy, and intelligence, logistics are one of the four main elements of military
Science

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A. The invoice and the purchase order have to be approved by the director.
B. A sandwich and a milk shake were all he wanted for breakfast
C. Faith, hope, and charity represent virtues to most of us
D. Ham and eggs are one of her favorite dishes
F. A. Neither has brought the music for the duet
B. Where has everybody gone?
C. Every city, town, and hamlet has a Main Street
D. Every boy and girl in the class do volunteer work
3 A. Thirty pounds is a lot to lose in one mouth
B. Nine miles were the length of the race
C. Five hours of waiting has reduced the kidnapper to bundle of nerves
D. Four thousand dollars is the minimum bid for the foreclosed property
4. A. Here are the subjects the president will discuss
B. There are still several oranges in the baskets
C. Here come troubles
D. There’s no table or chairs to be found anywhere
5. A. Most of the problems have been solved
B. All is ready
C. All was concerned

D. Several have been spotted at the water hole
6. A. Not only the students but also the teacher have signed the petition
B. Not a new machine but new workers are needed for the job
C. Not only the Arab states but also Venezuela has major oil reserved
D. Not only strength but agility is essential in bicycling
7. A. Both of the players were late
B. Many books on the best-seller list have little literacy value
C. Many a prisoner have tried to escape
D. Few of the contestants are here yet
8. A. half of the rent is missing
B. Two-thirds of her house have been painted
C. Forty percent is a big commission
D. Half of the apartments in the building are without heat
9. A. John is one of the chemists who believe that science is an art
B. He is the only one of four candidates who refuse to attend the course
C. David is one of the employees who always work overtime
D. His grandfather is the only one of his relatives who still goes to church
10. A. Either his book or that one contains the information
B. Neither the governor nor his top aids were implicated in the scandal
C. The records or the stereo has to go
D. Neither my roommate nor my sisters plans to move

Sưu tầm, chỉnh sửa và bổ sung.
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1. I this film =& (Trong câu chứa những từ chỉ số lần một hành động nào đó xảy ra thường
được chia ở hiện tại hoàn thành)
A. see B. saw C. will see A/G
2I, her performance, she invited the audience to ask questions. (Động từ đi liền sau các liên từ
như after, before, while, when thì được chia ở Ving)

A. she finishes B. finished /5 D. she will finish
3. His father of cancer /M/.
A. will die B. has died [[ D. had died
4. The train when we got to the station.(hành động đoàn tàu rời đi đã xảy ra trước hành động chúng
tôi đến ga)
A. just left B. just leaves C. has just left A/[€2>
5. As soon as Martina saw the fire, she the fire department.(2 hành động xảy ra trong thời gian
ngắn, liên tiếp nhau trong quá khứ)
A. was telephoning >P/[ C. had telephoned D. has telephoned
6. Before Jennifer won the lottery, she any kind of contest.
A. hasn’t entered B. doesn’t enter C. wasn’t entering A/[•[
7. :ME/2//#/)C)/, he homesick.
A. will have left B. felt > D. is feeling
8. N&C,OP'/;M//#J I to visit friends and family /.
A. return B. will have returned C. am returning A/G2[
9. Q)/M=C=//)//, Mathew on the company annual report. (2 hành
động xảy ra song song trong quá khứ)
••]5 B. had been working C. has worked D. works
10. When my parents for a visit tomorrow, they will see our new baby for the first time. (mệnh
đề chính ở thì tương lai đơn thì mệnh đề phụ trạng ngữ chỉ thời gian được chia ở thì hiện tại đơn)
A. will arrive B. arrived G D. will have arrived
11. / I in Athens, the weather was hot and humid.
A. had been • C. am D. will have been
12. I, the race , the celebration began. (Kết hợp giữa thì quá khứ đơn và quá khứ hoàn
thành. Hành động xảy ra trước chia ở qk hoàn thành, hành động xảy ra sau chia ở qk đơn)
/[<• B. is won C. will be won D. has been won
13. Andy out of the restaurant when he Jenny. (Một hành động đang xảy ra
trong quá khứ thì có một hành động khác xen vào)
A. came/saw •35‚• C. came/was seeing D. was coming/had seen
14. While he was washing his car, Mr. Brown a small dint in the rear fender.

A. has discovered B. was discovering C. is discovering A[3G[
Tương tự câu 13
15. Linda has lost her passport again. It’s the &#) this
//PP[ B. happens C. happened D. had happened
16. I###=, we our final exam. (Hành động đang xảy ra tại một thời điểm
trong tương lai)
A. will have taking B. will be taken C. would take A•>><]5
17. The baby Don’t make so much noise.
A. sleep B. sleeps >P5 D. slept
18. Peter said he a test the following day. (câu ở thì tương lai đơn ở dạng câu gián tiếp, đổi
will -> would)
A. had had B. will have C. has had A•2>[/G
19. It is not so hot today as it M)/M
A. is • C. would be D. had been
20. a party next Saturday. We have sent out the invitation. (Một hành động chắc chắn xảy ra
trong tương lai, đã có chuẩn bị từ trước.)
A. we had B. we have C••/G5 D. we have had
21. I’m very tired. over four hundred miles to day.
A. I drive •G[G C. I’m driving D. I’ve been driving
22. I’m busy at the moment . on the computer.
A. I work B. I’m worked C••]5 D. I worked
23. Our friends meet us at the airport tonight.
A. are 55 C. go to D. will be to
24. I will tell Anna all the news when her
A. I’ll see B. I’m going to see  D. I’m seeing
25. Don’t worry, I here to help you
A. be •>>< C. am going to be D. won’t be
26. When I entered the room, everyone
A. has been dancing •[35 C. had danced D. danced
27. Before the invention of the steamboat, there no way to cross the ocean.

A. has been B. could have been /[< D. would be
28. He said that he his homework since 7 o’clock.
/[[ B. did C. has done D. was doing
29. Tom said everything ready when the match
A. will be/starts •2>[<‚[ C. is/started D. will be/started
30. How long able to drive? - Since 1990.
A. could you /G02< C. were you D. are you
31. She won't get married until she 25 years old.
 B. will be C. had been D. was.
32. Look. The yard is wet. It last night.
A. must rain B. couldn’t have rained 2/G[ D. should have rained
33. After Mary her degree, she intends to work in her father's company.
A. will finish B. is finishing / D. will have finished
34. When he all the letters, he took them to the post office.
A. has written /[• C. wrote D. had been writing
35. By the end of this month, I English for 6 years.
A. have learnt •>>/G> C. had learnt D. learnt
36. We in touch with each other for years.
A. will not keep B. are not keeping C. did not keep A/G]P
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37. She has learnt French the age of five.
3 B. for C. before D. in
38. Tom before we arrived there.
A. has left /[> C. will leave D. leaves
39. Up to now, I a lot of information about her.
A. learnt /G> C. will learn D. would learn
40. Wait here until I you.
A. am going to call B. will call C. am calling A3>>
41. When I came to visit her, she a bath.
•/G5 B. has C. is having D. had

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42. [ B. was missing C. had missed D. had been missing
43. A. stood B. had stood •[5 D. had been standing
44. A. was realizing >…[ C. had realized D. would realize
45. A. was leaving B. left /[> D. would leave
46. A. hadn’t lived [•>G C. didn’t live D. hasn’t lived
47. /[ B. had had C. has D. has had
> B. has left C. had left D. was leaving

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1. The last time she had a swim was ten years ago.

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2. I have never met such a famous person before.

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3. I last saw him when I was a student.

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4. I haven’t come there for two years.

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5. I have studied English for seven years.

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1. I have never seen such beautiful pictures before.
A. These pictures are the most beautiful I have never seen.

B. These pictures are the most beautiful I have ever seen.
C. This is the first time I see beautiful pictures.
A///G<22>P32
2. Jack has stopped writing letters to Jill.
A. Jack has no longer stopped writing letters to Jill. +3]2[•>+>>
C. Jack has never written letters to Jill. D. Jack stopped writing letters to Jill when Jill come.
3. Mary has been working in this company for five years.
A. Mary began to work in this company for five years.
B. Mary began working in this company for five years ago.
'0<5•]/3P0G05
D. Mary has begun to work in this company five years ago.
4. I have never eaten this kind of food before.
A. I used to eat this kind of food before.
B. Before I came here I had ever eaten this kind of food.
C///GG/][[
D. This is the most delicious food I have ever eaten.
5. She last saw him years ago.
A. She hasn’t seen him years ago B. She hasn’t seen him for years ago.
C. She didn’t see him for years . A•03/>•/.
6. It’s ages since I last saw a Hollywood film.
A. It’s ages because I last saw a Hollywood film. B. I haven’t seen any Hollywood film before.
C. I saw a last Hollywood film since ages ago. A/G•>>0•[>>5
7. He hasn’t smoked a cigarette for a week.
A. It is for a week that he hasn’t smoked a cigarette. •]3/>][35
C. It is a cigarette that he smoked a week ago. D. It is a week ago that he smoked a cigarette.
8. It started to rain at 2 o’clock and it is still raining.
A. It has been raining at 2 o’clock. /<53F•3>3]
C. It has been raining for 2 o’clock. D. It has been raining in 2 o’clock.
9. They had finished their tea and then they left.
A. They finished their tea after they had left. B. After they had left, they finished their tea.

C. They had left before they finished their tea. A/0/[/[/N/0>
10. John began playing the piano 10 years ago.
A. John played the piano 10 years ago. +//P>0[/Pr0
C. John used to play the piano 10 years ago. D. John doesn’t play the piano anymore.

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ABCDEFG<FBHF
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1. No news good news.
 B. are C. were D. have been
2. Here some accounts that you must check.
A. is  C. were D. was
3. A lot of homework me tired.
A. make ] C. have made D. are making
4. Not only Mr. Pike but also his sons tea.
A. likes >] C. has liked D. liking
5. Mathematics us with many aspects.
/>P B. help C. have helped D. helping
6. The United States of about 160 nations.
3 B. consist C. consisting D. have consisted
7. Coffee contains caffeine, and
A. tea does so B. so tea does [ D. does tea so
8. Both Tom Mary are students.
[ B. nor C. or D. with
9. Plenty of milk consumed everyday.
A. are  C. was D. were
10. Neither you nor I responsible for the bad result.
A. are B. is  D. be

11. Ten thousand dollars a large sum of money.
A. are  C. were D. being
12. I can not speak Spanish. –
A. So can I /3 C. Either can I D. Neither can’t I
13. Both Jane and Mary, as well as John, ready for the exam.
A. is B. was  D. has been
14. Working for 12 hours a day her very tired.
A. make ] C. making D. have made
15. The number of the days in a week seven.
 B. was C. are D. were
16. What he told you to be of no importance.
 B. seem C. is seeming D. has seemed
17. The army eliminated this section of the training test.
/ B. have C. are D. is
(The army: quân đội – chỉ chung cả một tổ chức).
18. The quality of these recordings not very good.
 B. are C. have D. were
19. Julia her sister are going to the party.
/‚[ B. Neither / nor C. Either /or D. Not only / but also
20. My wife had never been to Hue, and I.
A. never have B. neither have //[ D. neither did
21. Plants and animals in high mountain areas with freezing temperatures, fierce winds, and thin air.
>G B. they must live C. living D. if they live
22. Tom’ family wondering whether there anything that they can do
A. are/ are B. is/ is C‚ D. is /are
23. The couple in Denver but to Houston for the winters
A. lives/ go B. lives/ goes >G‚5 D. live/ goes
-A couple + động từ chia ở số ít : A couple is walking on the street
-The couple + động từ chia ở số nhiều: The couple are walking on the street
-A number of động từ chia ở số nhiều (một số những…)

-The number of động từ chia ở số ít. (Số lượng những …)
24. Each nation its own culture, and our nation has own culture, too
/‚ B. have/ our C. have/ its D. has/ their
}3F<##'))=#)#/IJAJ<#K/)&#&
1. Although women in this century 3less discrimination than ever before, they still encounter many
obstacles that men do not.
2. Every one /GP> a program that fits into the day’s schedule and that allows for good exercise and
appropriate rest.
3. John is the only one of the hikers who /Gclimbed above fifteen thousand feet.
4. Current research on AIDS, in spite of the best efforts of hundreds of scientists, >G  serious questions
unanswered.
5. Neither apple pie nor her faded cat posters nor her neglected guppy collection />[ the slightest interest
for Dorothy any more.
6. Today, many scientists disagree over whether the chimpanzee or the bonobo  more human in its
behaviour.
7. Along with statistics, strategy, and intelligence, logistics  one of the four main elements of military
Science

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A. The invoice and the purchase order have to be approved by the director.
B. A sandwich and a milk shake were all he wanted for breakfast
C. Faith, hope, and charity represent virtues to most of us
A[55/G[/
F. A. Neither has brought the music for the duet
B. Where has everybody gone?
C. Every city, town, and hamlet has a Main Street
AG0<0[5>/3>[G>2•]
3 A. Thirty pounds is a lot to lose in one mouth
>•/>5//3
C. Five hours of waiting has reduced the kidnapper to bundle of nerves

D. Four thousand dollars is the minimum bid for the foreclosed property
4. A. Here are the subjects the president will discuss
B. There are still several oranges in the baskets
32<>
D. There’s no table or chairs to be found anywhere
5. A. Most of the problems have been solved
B. All is ready
>>•33[
D. Several have been spotted at the water hole
6. >0/2[<2>/3//G5[/P
B. Not a new machine but new workers are needed for the job
C. Not only the Arab states but also Venezuela has major oil reserved
D. Not only strength but agility is essential in bicycling
7. A. Both of the players were late
B. Many books on the best-seller list have little literacy value
'0P/G[3P
D. Few of the contestants are here yet
8. A. half of the rent is missing
•†/[//2/G<P[
C. Forty percent is a big commission
D. Half of the apartments in the building are without heat
9. A. John is one of the chemists who believe that science is an art
/>023[[•/2[/32
C. David is one of the employees who always work overtime
D. His grandfather is the only one of his relatives who still goes to church
10. A. Either his book or that one contains the information
B. Neither the governor nor his top aids were implicated in the scandal
C. The records or the stereo has to go
D/00P>G
&*

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Đuôi ‘s’, 'es; có 3 cách phát âm /s/, /z/, /iz/
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@A"3ab35$35$b3$=3$b3
/)< /$&cbde
η
UB/ + toàn bộ các nguyên âm.
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f+"/J5CgZJh/
@A"3a35353$3$3
CCCST@&1U-P2/'&1&UJPJŒ‚‚Œ‚[W‚W‚
@A"B33535b33
F‡2p33;<Q34Gt3P/`a3`3@\3W5GH•[•
17i4%jk$`J8l3$35<8l)<.l$7f-$m"$3$3
&$AJ$
>7i4%jk$`J8l335<8l&+.l7
f-$m"B5$U<J$$
7i4%jk$`J8l3$35<8l$&
f-$m"B$$$
FV'/"$&B[[V<=?l
OY/"J5Cnn[
(2/P33

    
    
   
    
    
    
    

!    
"   # 
$    
   % 
    
  % & %
    
    
    
    
!    
" #   
$    
    
    
   # '
    
     
  '   
  #  
!    
"    
$    (
    
    '
    
    
    
    
    

!    
" )   #
$    
    
    
     
    
 *   #
    
    
!    #
"   *  
$    
Các quy tắc đánh trọng âm trong ếng Anh
A. Quy tắc chung:

1. +,-./0-12ə/
2.3.4,-05-167189
:;<9#=>=>=;7?)>'<
:9=>=
:9@=>A=
:9='>='>='
:9=>=
:=>=
:9=;7?9B>B
:9=
:9=
:9=>=
:9=
:9=

:C=#>=#
3. +DE6FGHIJGHI0K8L5-0 /e/ J4,-0-K6 E.g. Re‘member
inde‘fendence ‘sentence
4. @5E6M5K.>
 ! !>!
J,-40-1 8N6 :
B  B B %BBB B&
B #B& =BB#BBB& 
Ngoại lệ9 B;OP5<>B;-Q<>B;RS<>B;TQ,<=;U,<
@5E6SV0"#J,-40-1MEUOWE6
com‘municate ‘regulate con‘gratulate ‘concentrate
a‘pologize ‘beautify ‘simplify
XY1E6-1J40-1 8N6
promise senate
6. @5E1PZ - cy*, -ty, -phy, -gy 1[J,-40-M>1-1\OJ,-
40-1MEUO
B B B 
Ngoại trừ: ‘]
7. @5E1PZ5K.how, what, where, J,-T/0-1M
‘anywhere ‘somehow ‘somewhere
8. @5FU(prefix) 0SU (suffix) .S,-9
a) $%&
UN- im’portant unim’portant
IM- ‘perfect im’perfect
IN- Com’plete incom’plete
IR- Re’spective irre’spective
DIS- Con’nect discon’nect
NON- ‘smokers non’smokers
EN/EX-‘courage en ‘courage
RE- a’rrange rea’rrange

OVER- ‘populated over’populated
UNDER- de’veloped underde’veloped
Ngoại lệ: ‘ ! 
b) '(&
-FUL ‘beauty ‘beautiful
-LESS thought ‘thoughtless
-ABLE en‘joy en‘joyable
-AL tra‘dition tra‘ditional
-OUS ‘danger ‘dangerous
-LY di‘rect di‘rectly
-ER/OR/ANT work, act ‘worker / ‘actor
-ING/IVE begin ‘beginning
-ISE/ IZE ‘memory ‘memorize
-EN wide ‘widen
-MENT em‘ploy em‘ployment
-NESS ‘happy ‘happiness
-SHIP ‘friendship ‘friendship
-HOOD child ‘childhood
B. Quy tắc riêng:
@M ^0%5KQ,->1.D ^0J5 ^O9
)*!%+!,-+.!/0123!44567!8 +9,:+ +;!<2
1. Với các từ có 2 âm ết:
=9>
1.1. _U5KDE6 2 -1J,-T/0-1M>E-1MM-2ə/9
=* === 
====
_U5`E0E6-1J,-/0-1M4
BBBB
B BBB
=9?

"#$%&'()'(*'(+',
aY1-1M6 O-0  O-K.;E2əʊ2B#<b1PN Fc
-J,-/0-1M9
d9B   ;-1M6-K.<
]' ;PE-\O<
Ngoại lệ:=
a_UNDUE6-102ə20-102əʊ2J-1S,-J2ə2.e
S,-fE
d9= = =
aY1-1U6-^b-K.2206Db.6c-UJP4,
-0-1M
d9  :;-U0-^06-U<
g  : O-U0 O-^
Ngoại lệ9B B#h:6SV0-8,-7/0-1K[
"#$',
aY1-1M6 O-^J,-/0-1K[
d9  
aY1-1M0 O-K.b O-0J,-/0-1M
d  
2. Với những từ có 3 âm ết:
#$-,
iE0`E6M-1^J,-40-1U
B B B B
B B B# B
_DE6SV0c-J,-/0-1U
= =
_DE6-1^J,-/0-1U
j= = =
#$.,
- Quy tắc đối với động từ và 0nh từ:

aY1-1U0 O-0> O-K.b6SVEc-\OJ,-T/0-
1U
d 
aY1-1U0 O-^J40-1G>1-1Gk0 O-^J,-
T/0-1M4
- Quy tắc đối với danh từ:
@PR%lE-1U\F8N
aY1-M0 O-^b0 O-K.220-M0 O-0  O-K.J4
0-1M
d  
aY1-1M0 O-0b O-K.>b1PZF/c-J40-1
M
d 
aY1-1M0M.6 O-00 O-K.J,-T/0-1K[
d  
Y8S >KUN5E-1\OJ,-8e/0-1M
3. Với các từ ghép:
iEl8e6,-T/0-1M9
B B: B&: B B B# 
B B
B B BB
3.2. +TEl8e6,-T/0-1M 1,
‘home - sick ‘air- sick ‘praise-worthy
‘trustworthy ‘ghting- fast ‘water- proof
Y81`El0EK[O0`E 7E (Adjective or adverb) b1PZK. - ED J
,-TK8L4\EM2 .
+8/m>KDEl07El6,-T40EM9
bad- ‘temper short- ‘sighted well- in’formed up’stairs
well – done short- ‘handed north- ‘east down- ‘tream
well – ‘dressed ill – ‘treated down’stairs north – ‘west

II. Luyện tập:
D¹ng 1: §¸nh träng ©m cho c¸c tõ
signal waving complete together
promise language interest conservation
believe number present primary
education politic normally certificate
computer electronic however conference
translate university important discover
advice anxious newspaper restaurant
substantial conservative counterpart informality
tuberculosis furniture represent engineer
recommend imagine publisher committee
D¹ng 2: T×m tõ cã träng ©m ë vÞ trÝ kh¸c víi c¸c tõ cßn l¹i
Exercise 1: Two-syllable words
1. A. study B. reply C. apply D. rely
2. A. tenant B.common C. rubbish D. machine
3. A.writer B.teacher C. builder D. career
4. A. decide B. defend C. desert D. demand
5. A.service B.decade C.server D.begin
6. A.answer B.study C.extend D.marry
7. A setle B. protect C. compose D. relate
8. A. although B.bracket C.knowledge D. neighbor
19. A. recently B. conduct C. attitude D. marriage
20. A. banquet B. schedule C. enjoy D. blessing
21. A. farewell B. thoughtful C. toward D. approach
22. A. birthday B. cowboy C. enjoy D. pleasure
24. A. ashtray B. music C. severe D. temper
25. A. persuade B. reduce C. offer D. apply
26 . A. farmer B. farewell C. factory D. fairy
27. A. cattle B. country C. canal D. cover

28. A. money B. machine C. many D. mother
29. A. borrow B. agree C. await D. prepare
30. A. paper B. tonight C. lecture D. story
Exercise 2: Three-syllable words
1. A. generous B. suspicious C. constancy D. sympathy
2. A. acquaintance B. unselfish C. attraction D. humorous
3. A. loyalty B. success C. incapable D. sincere
4. A. carefully B. correctly C. seriously D. personally
5. A. excited B. interested C. confident D. memorable
6. A. organise B. decorate C. divorce D. promise
7. A. refreshment B. horrible C. exciting D. intention
8. A. knowledgeB. maximum C. athletics D. marathon
9. A. difficult B. relevant C. volunteer D. interesting
10.A a. confidence B. supportive C. solution D. obedient
11. A. whenever B. mischievous C. hospital D. separate
12. A. introduce B. delegate C. marvelous D. currency
13. A. develop B. conduction C. partnership D. majority
14. A. counterpart B. measurement C. romantic D. attractive
15. A. goverment B. technical C. parallel D. understand
16. A. Pyramid B. Egyptian C. belongs D. century
17. A. construction B. suggestion C. accurate D. hi-jacket
18. A. dedicate B. impressive C. reminder D. descendant
19. A. remember B. company C. technical D. interview
20. A. electric B. computer C. fascinate D. fantastic
21. A. domestic B. investment C. substantial D. undergo
22. A. confiden t B. influence C. computer D. contrary
23. A. optimist B. powerful C. terrorist D. remember
24. A. government B. destruction C. contribute D. depression
25. A. institute B. consumption C. specific d. encounter
D¹ng 3: T×m tõ cã träng ©m ë vÞ trÝ kh¸c víi c¸c tõ cßn l¹i

Exercise 1
1) A. realise B. improve C. possible D. comfortable
2) A. important B. especially C. prefer D. influence
3) A. mineral B. example C. diamond D. popular
4) A. republic B. collector C. situation D. inscription
5) A. protection B. separate C. develop D. encourage
6) A. recognise B. stimulate C. activity D. adult
7) A. intelligent B. direct C. satisfactory D. desire
8) A. relationship B. command C. vocabulary D. island
9) A. define B. idea C. express D. figure
10) A. suppose B. expect C. unusual D. literary
Exercise 2
1) A. individual B. reputation C. experience D. scientific
2) A. carpenter B. revise C. ignore D. traditional
3) A. necessary B. achieve C. communicate D. poetic
4) A. influence B. modern C. consider D. different
5) A. contain B. poisonous C. chemical D. scientist
6) A. discover B. unhealthy C. amount D. realise
7) A. avoid B. gesture C. permit D. exact
8) A. forefinger B. precise C. specific D. computer
9) A. involved B. equal C. machine D. eventual
10) A. operationB. official C. community D. efficiency
Exercise 3:
1) A. redundant B. harmony C. grammatical D. essential
2) A. absolute B. accuracy C. obvious D. original
3) A. machine B. enthusiast C. replace D. fortune
4) A. unemployed B. necessity C. generosity D. represent
5) A. furious B. wonderful C. reaction D. honesty
6) A. return B. lottery C. reward D. immediate
7) A. address B. millionaire C. believe D. mislead

8) A. estimate B. medical C. advice D. vegetables
9) A. addition B. exemplify C. incredible D. candle
10) A. aesthetic B. particular C. acceptability D. disease
Exercise 4
1) A. physical B. activity C. increase D. expectancy
2) A. conform B. perhaps C. remove D. various
3) A. percentage B. advantage C. examine D. influence
4) A. decay B. purpose C. however D. invention
5) A. prefer B. electricity C. invent D. collaborate
6) A. amazing B. ability C. performance D. television
7) A. appear B. audience C. government D. talented
8) A. painter B. energy C. express D. boundary
9) A. inspire B. resign C. dangerous D. exchange
10) A. commodity B. material C. deposit D. quality
Exercise 5:
A. massage B. exhibition C. experiment D. invention
A. telephone B. emigrate C. demonstrate D. introduce
A. tonight B. dinner C. sorry D. problem
A. saucepan B. steamer C. beside D. object
A. lighting B. refrigerator C. fixture D. safety
A. destroy B. remember C. forget D. injure
A. chemical B. medicine C. calendar D. precaution
A. cruel B. excited C. afraid D. upset
A. include B. escape C. marry D. appear
A. equipment B. traditional C. remember D. fortunate
A. magical B. immediate C. interesting D. dangerous
A. festival B. buffalo C. electricity D. furniture
A. report B. across C. lunar D. remember
A. improve B. comment C. revise D. believe
A. semester B. festival C. memory D. meaning

A. underline B. satisfactory C.pronunciation D. conversation
A. behavior B. participate C. tradition D. necessary
A. enroll B. hobby C. favor D. offer
A. activity B. unite C. register D. explain
A. voluntary B. education C. academic D. application
A. citizenship B. assistance C. similar D. character
A. environment B. encourage C. establish D. organization
A. humid B. airmail C. discuss D. pancake
A. notice B. effect C. contact D. surface
A. concern B. comfort C. product D. market
A. customer B. grocery C. resident D. delicious
A. organize B. community C. restaurant D.neighborhood
A. offer B. rural C. prefer D. urban
A. delay B. create C. believe D. harvest
A. migrant B. remote C. supply D. typhoon
A. tragedy B. unpleasant C. relative D. hospital
A. information B. entertainment C. government D. population
A. damage B. revive C. promise D. bandage
A. asleep B. conscious C. sterile D. tissue
A. stretcher B. towel C. awake D. treatment
A. ambulance B. injection C. minimize D. handkerchief
A. happen B. beautiful C. hospital D. overheat
A. relax B. recognize C. realize D. relatively
A. permanent B. power C. permission D. carpet
A. photography B. minority C. heroic D. carpet
A. practicality B. politician C. uncontrollable D. comfortable
A. managerial B. determination C. unbelievable D. inability
A. deposit B. festival C. institute D. resident
A. surprising B. astonishing C. amazing D. interesting
A. interview B. industry C. essential D. difficult

A. extreme B. generous C. lonely D. clothing
A. friendly B. extra C. along D. orphanage
A. philosopher B. patriot C. atmosphere D. habit
A. pollute B. severe C. tragic D. humane
A. economical B. personality C. preparatory D. entertainment
A. interrupt B. interview C. intervene D. interstellar
A. mechanic B. terrific C. Arabic D. Pacific
A. interesting B. surprising C. amusing D. successful
A. understand B. engineer C. benefit D. Vietnamese
A. applicant B. uniform C. yesterday D. employment
A. paper B. tonight C. lecture D. story
A. money B. army C. afraid D. people
A. cartoon B. open C. paper D. answer
A. manage B. shortage C. village D. teacher
A. remain B. convenient C. volunteer D. memorable
A. maintain B. marine C. challenge D. device
A. important B. community C. organize D. diseases
A. toothpaste B. sandwich C. cartoon D. chocolate
A. aerobics B. activity C. badminton D. basketball
A. police B. gymnast C. teacher D. farmer
A. different B. dangerous C. difficult D. delicious
A. visit B. unload C. receive D. correct
A. provide B. improve C. contain D. borrow
A. attraction B. collection C. musician D. musical
A. opposite B. bakery C. arrival D. realize
A. variety B. sensible C. appointment D. continue
A. preventive B. literature C. measurement D. temperature
A. documentary B. advantage C. magazine D. popularity
A. introduction B. television C. graduation D. reputation
A. economy B. diplomacy C. informative D. information

A. forget B. harbor C. tutor D. surface
A. family B. enemy C. assembly D. harmony
A. conscientiously B. communication C. connectivity D. multimedia
A. collaborate B. commercially C. impractical D. fluctuation
A. linkage B. password C. resource D. birthright
A. universe B. Internet C. diagram D. procedure
A. inapplicability B. recoverable C. diagonally D. congenially
A. participant B. philosopher C. observance D. nominate
A. monotonous B. refundable C. residential D. renewable
A. principal B. geothermal C. gratitude D. guarantee
A. picturesque B. etiquette C. cosmonaut D. Internet
A. entertain B. biotech C. reminder D. attachment
A. independent B. education C. impractical D. entertainment
A. important B. silently C. performance D. permission
A. advantage B. chemical C. conception D. deposit
A. advisable B. reliable C. admirable D. acceptable
A. destination B. presidential C. economic D. comparison
A. technology B. document C. facsimile D. competitive
A. transit B. transmit C. transact D. translate
A. installation B. disadvantage C. dissatisfied D. disappointed
A. available B. potential C. unlimited D. infinite
A. ecologist B. fertilizer C dangerous D. scientist
A. equality B. difficulty C. simplicity D. discovery
A. tenant B. common C. rubbish D. machine
A. animal B. bacteria C. habitat D. pyramid
A. writer B. teacher C. builder D. career
A. company B. atmosphere C. customer D. employment
A. considerate B. photographer C. community D. circumstance
A. apply B. anthem C. appear D. attend
A. scenery B. festival C. atmosphere D. location

A. prevent B. recent C. receive D. remote
A. opposite B. geography C. geometry D. endanger
A. apply B. persuade C. reduce D. offer
A. preservative B. congratulate C. preferential D. development
A. president B. physicist C. inventor D. property
A. economy B. unemployment C. communicate D. particular
A. recommend B. volunteer C. understand D. potential
A. elephant B. dinosaur C. buffalo D. mosquito
A. abnormal B. initial C. innocent D. impatient
A. significant B. convenient C. fashionable D. traditional
A. catastrophe B. agriculture C. dictionary D. supervisor
A. settle B. protect C. compose D. relate
A. organism B. attraction C. prevention D. engagement
A. popularity B. laboratory C. politician D. documentary
A. imagine B. inhabit C. continue D. disappear
A. periodic B. electric C. suspicious D. contagious
A. advertise B. advantage C. adventure D. adverbial
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Ž•"•*
Để chuyển đổi, cần tuân theo 3 quy tắc:
"y5u
+ Ngôi thứ nhất => ngôi của chủ ngữ trong mệnh đề tường thuật.
+ Ngôi thứ 2: thông thường => ngôi thứ 3 hoặc theo ngôi của tân ngữ trong mệnh đề tường thuật.
+ Ngôi thứ 3: Không đổi
Chú ý: Ở câu trực tiếp giữ chức năng ngữ pháp gì thì câu gián tiếp vẫn phải như thế. Vd câu trực tiếp là chủ ngữ
thì khi chuyển ngôi thì chức năng vẫn là chủ ngữ, câu trực tiếp là tính từ sở hữu thì câu gián tiếp vẫn là tính từ sở
hữu. Chỉ đổi ngôi, không đổi chức năng ngữ pháp.
F#[&&1&&\]&1&^Y &1&1M\&/'
Thông thường, câu trực tiếp sẽ có dạng: A says/said to B: “S + V + ”

+ Nếu trong dấu ngoặc kép có chứa “I, me, my, mine” thì chúng ta sẽ chuyển thành ngôi tương ứng với A.
Vd: Lan said: “I will visit my parents next week.”
Ở đây chúng ta thấy trong dấu ngoặc kép là đại từ nhân xưng làm chủ ngữ “I”, như thế sẽ tương ứng với yếu tố A
chính là Lan, vậy “I” sẽ phải đổi thành đại từ nhân xưng làm tân ngữ là “She”.Tiếp đó là tính từ sở hữu “my”
cũng tương ứng với Lan nhưng tính từ sở hữu của Lan phải là “her”. Vậy câu này sẽ được viết thành:
Lan said that she would visit her parents next week.
+ Nếu trong dấu ngoặc kép có chứa “You, your, yours” thì chúng sẽ được chuyển thành ngôi tương ứng với B –
nếu có, hoặc chúng ta có thể lấy một ngôi thứ 3 khác để thay thế.
Vd: Minh said to me: “You can use your room tomorrow”
Phân tích tương tự vd ở trên chúng ta sẽ có You => I, your => my.
Vậy câu này sẽ được chuyển thành: Minh told me that I could use my room tomorrow.
+ Nếu trong dấu ngoặc kép là “We, our, us, ours” thì sẽ được giữ nguyên nếu người nghe cũng nằm trong số
được nói đến. Nếu người nghe không nằm trong số được nói đến thì sẽ chuyển thành ngôi thứ 3 số nhiều là
“they, their, them, theirs”
Vd: He said to me: “We will have a day off tomorrow.” (We: Chúng tôi, bao gồm cả “tôi” là người nghe. Có thể
dịch là “Anh ta nói với tôi rằng ngày mai chúng tôi sẽ được nghỉ”)
=> He told me that we would have a day off the next day.
He said to me: “We will move to London.” (We: Chúng tôi, không bao gồm tôi. Có thể ý nói là cả gia đình anh
ấy sẽ chuyển đến LD)
=> He told me that they would move to London.
Khi gặp trường hợp này cần phải xem xét ý ngh‚a của câu rồi chuyển.
<"y3`39b@3/j9e/Nb5@3/j9e9{GJ/l5
Trực tiếp Gián tiếp
This/these => that/those
Here => there
Now => then
Today => that day
Yesterday => the day before/the previous day
Tomorrow => the next day/the following day
Ago => before

Next + danh từ chỉ thời gian => the following/next + danh từ chỉ thời gian.
Last + danh từ chỉ thời gian => the previous + + danh từ chỉ thời gian/the + danh từ chỉ thời gian + before.
The day after tomorrow => In two days’ time
Chú ý:
- Nếu lời nói và hành động xảy ra cùng một ngày thì không cần phải đổi thời gian.
Vd: At breakfast this morning he said: “I will be busy [0”
=> At breakfast this morning he said that he would be busy [0
3/09yG1/B
Theo nguyên tắc, động từ sẽ được lùi lại một thì.
1. Thì hiện tại đơn => Thì quá khứ đơn
2. Thì hiện tại tiếp diễn => Thì quá khứ tiếp diễn
3. Thì hiện tại hoàn thành /Thì quá khứ đơn / Thì quá khứ hoàn thành => Thì quá khứ hoàn thành
4. Thì quá khứ tiếp diễn/Thì hiện tại hoàn thành tiếp diễn => Thì quá khứ hoàn thành tiếp diễn
5. will/shall => would/should
6. am/is/are => was/were
7. can => could / may => might
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+ Một số động từ khuyết thiếu: should, had better, ought to, must
+ Khi mệnh đề trực tiếp diễn tả một chân lý, một sự thật hiển nhiên, một định luật khoa học.
+ Nội dung trong mệnh đề trực tieps diễn tả sự việc vừa xảy ra, vừa mới nói hay đã nói trong quá khứ nhưng vẫn
đúng ở hiện tại.
Vd: he said that he still loves her. (Hiện tại anh ấy vẫn yêu cô ấy.)
+ Khi động từ tường thuật (say, tell, say to ) ở thì hiện tại đơn, hiện tại hoàn thành, tương lai đơn.
Vd: The farmer says: “I hope it will rain tomorrow.”
=>The farmer says that he hopes it will rain tomorrow.
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S+say(s)/said+(that)+S+V
*says/say to+Otells/tell+O said to+O told+O

Eg:He said to me”I haven’t finished my work”He told me he hadn’t finished his work.
F&P[s2%Kl5/2\[b53a2/D,
/QH#0'#
S+asked/wanted to know/wondered+if/whether+S+V
Eg .”Are you angry?”he askedHe asked if/whether I was angry.
(Chuyển câu hỏi ở câu trực tiếp sang dạng khẳng định rồi thực hiện thay đổi thì,trạng từ chỉ thời gian,nơi
chốn,chủ ngữ,tân ngữ )
$`a0'#
S+asked(+O)/wanted to know/wondered+Wh-words+S+V.
*says/say to+Oasks/ask+O
said to+Oasked+O.
Eg.”What are you talking about?”said the teacher.
The teacher asked us what we were talking about.
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+<U''b !#/'- c#Od
+ Tường thuật mệnh lệnh: tell sb (not) to V – Yêu cầu ai đó làm (không làm) việc gì đó.
Vd: “Put your books away,” said the teacher. => The teacher told us to put our books away.
+ Tường thuật lời yêu cầu: ask sb (not) to V – Yêu cầu ai đó làm (không làm) việc gì đó.
Vd: “Please, don’t smoke in this room.” => The clerk asked him not to smoke in that room.
+ Tường thuật lời khuyên: advise sb (not) to V – Khuyên ai đó làm (không nên làm) một việc gì đó
Vd: “If I were you, I wouldn’t drink so much wine,” he said to me. => He advised me not to drink so much wine.
+ Tường thuật lời hứa: promise (not) to V st – Hứa làm (không làm) gì.
Vd: “I’ll give you a hand, if you like,” said Daisy. => Daisy promised to give me a hand, if I liked.
+ Tường thuật lời đe doạ: threaten (not) to V st – Doạ sẽ làm (không làm) gì.
Vd: “Get out or I’ll call the police,” said the woman. => The woman threatened to call the police if he didn’t get
out.
+ Tường thuật lời cảnh báo: warn sb (not) to V st:
Vd: “Don’t touch that wire,” he said. => He warned me not to touch that wire.
+ Trường thuật lời mời: invite sb to V st – Mời ai đó làm gì.
Vd: “Come for dinner with us tonight, will you?” Bill said. => Bill invited me to come for dinner with them that

night.
+ Tường thuật lời nhắc nhở: remind sb (not) to V st: nhắc nhở ai làm (không làm) gì.
Vd: “Remember to post my letter on your way,” Wendy said. => Wendy reminded me to post her letter on my
way.
+ Tường thuật lời động viên: encourage sb to V st _- Cổ vũ, động viên ai đó làm gì.
Vd: go ahead, you must enter for the contest, Jill!” said Pam. => Pam encouraged Jill to enter for the contest.
+ Tường thuật lời cầu khẩn: beg/implore sb (not) to V st
Vd: “Please, do me a favour,” said the beggar to Carol. => The beggar begged/implored Carol to do him a
favour.
+ Tường thuật lời gợi ý tự nguyện làm/giúp làm gì đó: offer to V st
Vd: “Shall I help you with the housework?” said Tim to his wife. => Tim offered to help his wife with the house
work.
+ Tường thuật sự đồng ý: agree (not) to V.
Vd: “Ok, I’ll take you to work in my car, Sue” said Card. => Card agreed to take Sue to work in his car.
+%<U''b !#/'$ecf')gOd
+ Tường thuật lời buộc tội: accused sb of (not) Ving/having p2 st – Buộc tội ai đó đã làm việc gì đó.
Vd: “You damaged my new laptop, Dan” said Susan. => Susan accused Dan of damaging her new laptop.
+ Tường thuật lời thú nhận, thừa nhận đã làm gì: admit (not) Ving/having p2 st – Thừa nhận đã làm việc gì.
Vd: “I didn’t tell you the truth, Ron” said Kim =>Kim admitted not telling/not having told Ron the truth.
+ Tường thuật lời phủ nhận, chối đã làm việc gì: deny Ving/having p2 st
Vd: “I didn’t break that vase,” said Tom. => Tom denied breaking/having broken that vase.
+ Tường thuật lời xin lỗi: apologize (to sb) for (not) Ving/having p2 st
Vd: “I’m sorry I’ve kept you waiting.” Said Ann. => Ann apologized for having kept me waiting.