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GIÁO TRÌNH QUẢN TRỊ SỰ THAY ĐỔI - ĐẠI HỌC KINH TẾ ĐÀ NẴNG

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!! !
GIÁO TRÌNH
QUẢN TRỊ SỰ THAY ĐỔI
GIẢNG VIÊN: NGUYỄN PHÚC NGUYÊN

ĐẠI HỌC KINH TẾ ĐÀ NẴNG
KHOA QUẢN TRỊ KINH DOANH

2
MỤC LỤC
GIỚI THIỆU 3
CHƯƠNG 1 TẠI SAO SỰ THAY ĐỔI PHẢI DIỄN RA 6
CHƯƠNG 2 HIỂU ĐƯỢC THỰC TRẠNG 11
CHƯƠNG 4 NHỮNG RÀO CẢN THAY ĐỔI 18
CHƯƠNG 5 RÀO CẢN CON NGƯỜI ĐỂ THAY ĐỔI 27
CHƯƠNG 6 PHÂN TÍCH TỔ CHỨC 31
CHƯƠNG 7 TRUYỀN THÔNG SỰ THAY ĐỔI MỘT CÁCH HIỆU QUẢ 39
CHƯƠNG 8 QUẢN TRỊ KẾ HOẠCH THAY ĐỔI 50
CHƯƠNG 9 QUẢN TRỊ CON NGƯỜI THÔNG QUA THAY ĐỔI 55
CHƯƠNG 10 TẠO RA MỘT KẾ HOẠCH KINH DOANH CHO THAY ĐỔI 59


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