!"#
$%&'( )(*
&+, /0.1123
45
678
(
!"#$%&'%()* +,-
!./0/10234#5"
2 +(64!78029:/
;<2 <2+:=>/
(?$1@8A02BC:=>5 1/D
+,-A!E::B 3FG/8
H44I0(;44!3!045 1/;
#$%&'%BC./0"24
5 1//(%=!+
: !@8ABCH02#24:J5I3KD
!/2JL=);%>HM!3B#
NO/02:J34D>A >4(PQ3402
BC/>3B0R
S+"3T083C:,!0(6H$1
!4$.B0RS4BC+0U
3T08:,NO@8A02BCV
(P023+$5 ! WVài kinhnghiệm về
sử dụng và xây dựng công thức gii bài tập phn di truyềnqun thểW>
X
Y02HS40RSBC53T083
C:,/(
YBCH02#24:J=!>A >4
(
Y025 1/4/SBC =,-:,4
5 1/(
Z
9
:;<=.>3 >?1@3?A.1?B.CD?EF.>GD0HIJ.KL?1L.1M1B.N0OP>J.
?QER.>1SM?B.CD?EF.>GD03THHIJ.>0D.>.1HPU7>0V0GO3T.>3DWN1X3
CYPN0Z.?1@3I[?1P\Z?M1B.<0?QP\].I0^.NZ?KV0>0V0?A.1
["/:=3>>H.OQ/8
\W)+5] 543+B: 5>+.
3B^%0!^_
`ab
(
;aZ8!`044!=b>c":OX
W;$5] 543+B3Bd5D>
V5D*>#_
%":O 3B! ! \8\=(?$X
6C`:,"b$0!5] D*#D^
%0!:N5] 543+B: 5
>^
Y: e8\ .B0RS3C0A85LJL
=);%>HMD!3B#N>f(
)3C 0X
%O/JL=);%M!!/2+43JX
gX6+h3JXM
i
M
i
jM
i
M
jM
M
kX6+Z3JXM
i
fjM
f(
6I.D>4XM
i
M
i
l&M
i
M
lmM
M
na(
6I.>A+XmM
i
fl;M
f
)02#2Z>2$Dc/2=
I.+X
h
o>4X/
Z
M
i
M
i
lZ/M
i
M
l
Z
M
M
na
o>AX/M
i
flM
f
6I. 3BpD43/!O/3B+4/
:A:51/J(((
?>3C .B0RSZ5 1/0: e8\
`ab
(
q 1/aXPONZrrrrO+s*5t43+B(&
@4t025t43+B(q D485LJ
85: J:QL=);%>HMD!3B#N`u:
*aXab(
q "X
q43+B!J:QL=);%>HMt(<>M
i
t3$5$OM
t3$43+B(
%u:X*DO@I/@daXaHJ!:,02*!
: arrrrO02arrrrO(
?$D485L02#24:JD>A >4
2=I.>*+X
/
Z
M
i
M
i
lZ/M
i
M
l
Z
M
M
na(
%u:*>5t5!: X
Z
n nrrZj/
nrvw(
%02#24:JD>: XnrrZj/nrvw u:3JM
f
nrrZ u:3$43+BD>nrrZ 02>5t5
43+B!: XrrZ(arrrrnZrr`Ob
x-5 1/X
s
q 1/!I025t5:>I/yr:02*5t5(q43+
B+D" *(
<5 1/0+.3:1X
q43+B@ID" *(
%u:@I543+BD!#u:@I5D*
%u:/8:3$3BNDZ>
)+543+B: 5 B: 3B.(
)+543+B: 5 B$!Q/ B
5t5 !02: B5t5#0!>02*5t5
:(
q 1/Z(`Y9:/<2B;b
6a8":O.I!4/#4iq6
%!V"!5:1/+ywrrO02!++Zwrr>(
%!02 +avz5t] @\([] !a:J:Q
L=);%>HM([] 3B"D0AH
4(["G+HIa/S*V"! 5t] @\:
5!=^
i(a{rvvya
hrrr
q(rr|
hrrr
6(`rr|@ywrrb
hrrr
(hrrr@rrryz@rvvss
Zvvv
q "X
?$8: "!5:1/=I. D4
85L(M
P
: J3$5$OM
: Jt5]
\:SI. +X
o>4X/
Z
M
P
M
P
lZ/M
P
M
l
Z
M
M
na
y
o>AX/M
P
flM
f
l)] +3JM
fu: nrr|
Z
M
M
nrrrsv M40IaO*5t5: rrrsv M40Ia
O*3B5t5: a{rrrsvnrvvya(
;2:*="!: ywrrZwrrnhrrr
M40I"hrrrO*3B5t5: `rvvyab
hrrr
(
?$52+HIaO*5t5: 52252"hrrr
O*3B5t5 M40I+HIaO*5t5: X
a{rvvya
hrrr
Y4/4.Xi
x-5 1/X
M40I*5t5: rrrsv\#0!>@40I>5t5: rr|
q 1/ !I!O/H!J:QL=);%>
HMt@40IQ/*5t5H#I0!>>u:
/8:3$3BNDZ>(
[:1X
;RSZ5 1/=.+2Z3C
/:=3>>HX
(%!O/JL=M3B+:J#C=fu:/8
:3$34D>A >4
5(%u:@I3$:QD>A!#u:@I3$:Q
D>4(
z
7:Y\<_.>3 >?1@3?`.>aPb??A.1?B.CD?EF.>GD03b3HIJ.?Qc.>
?QER.>1SM?B.CD?EF.>GD03b3HIJ.U7>0V0N1b3.1HP
o"0R02#24:JD@I/40X
gX/`ibn/
j`bn
kX/`ibn/
}
j`bn
}
%+X
/
}
M
i
}
M
f
/
M
i
/
/
}
M
i
M
i
/
}
M
i
M
/
M
i
f
M
/
}
M
i
M
}
M
M
M
f
6I.X
gX/
/
}
M
i
M
i
l~/
}
l/
}
•M
i
M
l
}
M
M
kX/
M
i
fl
M
f
%02#24:JDCIZ>0X
gX/€
a
n `/
l/
}
bj
a
€n `
l
}
b
kX/
a
_n/
j
a
_n
(
)1@•X<‚c/202#24:JD>A
H: 02#24:J>4D>+02#2
4:JD>45L p02#24:J>A
>4D>+(
%CZ
gX/€
Z
n
`/€
a
l/_
a
bn ` `/
l/
}
bl/
bn
}
n
}
j
|
Z
€n `
l
}
bn `h
l a
}
b
kX/_
Z
n `/
l/
}
b
j
_
Z
n `
l
}
b
%ChX
gX/€
h
n `/€
Z
l/_
Z
bn ~` `/
l/
}
b•n n
€
hn
`
kX/_
hn }
j_
h
n `
l
}
b
%CsX
gX/€
s
n `/€
h
l/_
h
bn n n
€
s
n
kX/_
sn
`
j_
s
n
`
%>8+ƒ 1:15p402/
/
}
‚
(!+BC43/0„: `YJ!e.B
d$5 0Ap02:JiD>4bX
%yX
w
g/€
y
n
`
j€
y
n
`
%zX
g/€
z
n
`
j€
z
n
%X
gX/€
n `@
/
l
/
}
b`@
l
nZ
bj
n@
a
€
n `@
l
}
b`@
l
nZ
bj
n@
a
kX/…
n `@
a
/
l
a
/
}
b`@
a
l
a
nZ
a
bj
a
n@
Z
€
n `@
a
l
a
}
b`@
a
l
a
nZ
a
bj
a
n@
Z
%I02@
/
D>44: X
% a Z h s y z | w v
&02@
a h y aa Za sh wy a|a hsa
Y@4t:15p02@
:1/5"X
% @
%pQ/Z02Z
3
qƒ3402@
a a
Z
Z
anZZ
r
Z h
Z
h
Z
Z
anZ
Z
ZlZ
r
h y
Z
s
Z
h
hnZ
h
{`Z
Z
ZlZ
r
bnZ
h
{Z
Z
lZZ
r
s aa
Z
y
Z
s
ynZ
s
{`Z
h
{Z
Z
lZZ
r
bnZ
s
{Z
h
lZ
Z
ZlZ
r
y Za Z
z
Z
y
aanZ
y
`Z
s
{Z
h
lZ
Z
ZlZ
r
bnZ
y
Z
s
lZ
h
Z
Z
lZZ
r
z sh Z
|
Z
z
ZanZ
z
`Z
y
Z
s
lZ
h
Z
Z
lZZ
r
bnZ
z
Z
y
lZ
s
Z
h
lZ
Z
Z
v
lZ
r
| wy Z
|
shnZ
|
{`Z
z
Z
y
lZ
s
Z
h
lZ
Z
ZlZ
r
bn†
%‡5"=ƒ 1IX
&02@
/
: XZ
{Z
a
lZ
Z
{Z
h
lZ
s
{Z
y
l†(Z
`Zb
ˆ302:4#C5Lla(
qC`Zb: X`Z
lZ
Z
lZ
s
l†b{`Z
a
lZ
h
lZ
y
l†b
&5C!I!Q: ZI/028>B5: s(
%4ZO/+X
:„X"Z+ 02
`Z
lZ
Z
lZ
s
lZ
z
l†lZ
a
b`Z
a
lZ
h
lZ
y
l†lab
%+X
`Z
lZ
Z
lZ
s
lZ
z
l†lZ
a
b`Z
a
lZ
h
lZ
y
l†labn
%O/UX`> 02j0 02b
`Z
lZ
Z
lZ
s
lZ
z
l†lab`Z
a
lZ
h
lZ
y
l†lZb
ar
`Z
l Z
Z
l Z
s
l Z
z
l †lab `Z
a
l Z
h
l Z
y
l†lZb n
<:15p02
X
&02
H: 02@
a
(
%O/:„{aU4/SBC!O/U+
02
: X n
%O/Ua:„4/SBC!O/:„+02
: X
6BCH02X
%O/:„X
gX/€
n €
n
kX
n
aa
%O/UX
gX/€
n ` /
l /
}
b€
n `
l
}
b
kX n ` /
l /
}
b n `
l
}
b
Một số bài tập áp dụng
a(%H02#24:J
q 1/(%!@•aJ+Z:Ji (64J L=);%
>HMD!3B#N>);%f(oJi! ! 0!>
J(%@I/4‰
r
+02#24:J0X
o>A+024:Ji#C: /
}
nrwj
}
nrZ(
o>4+024:Ji#C: /
nrsj
nrz(
&H02>24:JD‚>DC|`‰
|
b(
q "X
%02#24:JC|D>4: X
Š/SBC`‹b+02:JiDC|>4X
/€
n n nryhsh|y
Š/SBC`‹‹b+02:JDC|>4
€
n n n
%02#24:JC|D>A: X
aZ
%02:JiX
n n
%02:JX
n `
l
}
bn nrszw|y
Z(M4tI.
q 1/XM•aJ+Z:JiL=);%>HMD!3B#
N(%@I/402#24:JDZ>: X
o>AXrvijra
o>4Xraijrv(
&@4tI.DCaZ(
q "X
%02#24:JCaaD>4: X
Š/SBC`‹b+02:JiDCaa>4X
/€
n n nr
Š/SBC`‹‹b+02:JDCaa>4
n n nrhzzwv
%02#24:JCaaD>A: X
ah
%02:JiX
n n
%02:JX
n n n
%u:43J@IDaZX
M
i
M
f
r M
i
rsraahsysM
i
M
i
r(Zhav|yszrM
i
M
r M
i
f
rhzzwvM
r(ZhZsyvZaaM
i
M
r(ahsshr|wvM
M
rhzzwvM
f
?1I.DaZ: X
o>4XrsraahsysM
i
M
i
lrszsshsz|M
i
M
lrahsshr|wvM
M
o>AXr M
i
flrhzzwvM
f
)1@•X%aZ+@J>48
5L
x-:,X
6BCt:1&{ŒJ5J!ID!/23I
.D485L$485L$3B
p43/(
643"=C>837tX
%!O/JL=);%OX
as
‹)c/2@I/4+ /3J3B8
5L02#2:JDZ5LDZ>$0„85LD
3/(
‹)c/2@I/4+02#2:JDZ3B
5LDZ>3/02#24:J5L
/3JD485L 485L
D/J!(
q 1/ !I!O/JL=MD!3B#
N02#24:J+@>485L
1#(
h(%Hu:3$@40IQ/3$:Q
M•Jt :B2L=);%>HMD!3B
#N:Jit:BT(PI+02:JD
Z>0X
o>AXinrwjnrZjo>4Xinrajnrv(
&@4HX
bM40I@I!A+ :B2D•
h
(
5bM40I@I!4+ :B2D•
h
(
b%Cw@•Q/.+:B2(M40IQ/ „!
A+:B T: 5!=^
[Ž%••‘)
6BCH02#24:J@8AH02#
24:JJL=);%>H!3B#ND
!/2(;RSBC 0V+Hu:3
J3$DZ>5I3K(
ay
i)&P’6%“‰•‰”•%&iP[&•9
a( )ƒ% Y'?G•1/YQ&*•`Zrrwb Sinh
học 12– q#5")@5o4!S(
Z( Y9:/<2Zrr|ZrrwZrrvhttp/violet.vn
h( ?–YC•`avvwbBài tập di truyền hay và khó)@5o4!S(
s( Y‚•=%G`ZrrabDi truyền học quần thể)@5Y<2
& )(
y( ?–?G?S)ƒ)&?–YC•%tY$Y6
?GPc?–%%`ZrrwbSách giáo khoa sinh học 12{q
8!)@5o4!S(
az