Nghiên cứu quản lý dinh dưỡng theo vùng đặc thù (SSNM) trên cây mía đuờng (saccharum officinarum l ) tại vùng đồng bằng sông cửu long

BỘ GIÁO DỤC VÀ ĐÀO TẠO
TRƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌC CẦN THƠ





LUẬN ÁN TỐT NGHIỆP TIẾN SĨ
CHUYÊN NGÀNH KHOA HỌC CÂY TRỒNG
MÃ NGÀNH: 62 62 01 10





NGHIÊN CỨU QUẢN LÝ DINH DƯỠNG
THEO VÙNG ĐẶC THÙ (SSNM) TRÊN CÂY
MÍA ĐƯỜNG (Saccharum officinarum L.)
TẠI VÙNG ĐỒNG BẰNG
SÔNG CỬU LONG




NGUYỄN KIM QUYÊN

2014
BỘ GIÁO DỤC VÀ ĐÀO TẠO
TRƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌC CẦN THƠ




NGUYỄN KIM QUYÊN


NGHIÊN CỨU QUẢN LÝ DINH DƯỠNG
THEO VÙNG ĐẶC THÙ (SSNM) TRÊN CÂY
MÍA ĐƯỜNG (Saccharum officinarum L.)
TẠI VÙNG ĐỒNG BẰNG
SÔNG CỬU LONG


LUẬN ÁN TỐT NGHIỆP TIẾN SĨ
CHUYÊN NGÀNH KHOA HỌC CÂY TRỒNG
MÃ NGÀNH: 62 62 01 10

CÁN BỘ HƯỚNG DẪN
Gs Ts NGÔ NGỌC HƯNG
Gs Ts NGUYỄN BẢO VỆ





2014
Luận án tốt nghiệp Tiến sĩ

i
LỜI CẢM TẠ
O
Xin tỏ lòng biết ơn!
Gs Ts Ngô Ngọc Hưng và Gs Ts Nguyễn Bảo Vệ 


Chân thành cảm ơn!
ThS Ng

              -


            
 






oàng Anh  
 


  
 - 
               



Kính dâng!


Nguyễn Kim Quyên


Luận án tốt nghiệp Tiến sĩ

ii
TÓM LƯỢC

“Nghiên cứu quản lý dinh dưỡng theo vùng đặc thù (SSNM) trên
cây mía đường (Saccharum officinarum L.) tại vùng Đồng bằng sông Cửu
Long” 

Giang; (ii)  





             
              
th
(1) Hiện trạng canh tác và sử dụng phân bón trên cây mía đường ở
vùng nghiên cứu

-
300 kgN/ha (36,1%) và 300-
300--
-150 kgP
2
O
5


2
O
5
/ha. Nông dân ít quan tâm bón kali


(2) Ảnh hưởng của phân bón NPK trên sinh trưởng, hấp thu NPK và
năng suất của mía đường

2
O
5



2


vì nó l
 
Cù Lao Dung là 32,6%N, 46,2%P
2
O
5
, 56,1%K
2
      
59,6% P
2
O
5
và 63,4% K
2
O. 


Luận án tốt nghiệp Tiến sĩ

iii
Lao Dung. 
;
(3) Xác định hiệu quả nông học (AE
X
) và hiệu quả sử dụng phân bón
(RE

X
) cho đề xuất lượng bón NPK cho cây mía đường

N
), phân
lân (AE
P
)

và

phân kali (AE
K


N
, AE
P
và

AE
K



X

(Cù 



K

            -156P
2
O
5
-
279K
2
O (kg     -168P
2
O
5
-296K
2
    

(4) Sử dụng bảng so màu lá (LCC) trong chẩn đoán thời điểm bón đạm
cho mía
ù


-1,68% (Cù Lao Dung) và 1,31-



Đề nghị


(iii) Tip tc nghiên cu qui lut ca các thm chính xác cho da

vào các mc ghi nhn theo kt qu t c trong nghiên cu này.

Từ khóa: bảng so màu lá (LCC), bã bùn mía, cây mía, kỹ thuật lô khuyết, hấp thu
dưỡng chất, hiệu quả nông học (AE), hiệu quả thu hồi (RE).




Luận án tốt nghiệp Tiến sĩ

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ABSTRACT

   -specific nutrient management (SSNM) for
sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum 
to: (i) Evaluate the situation of sugarcane cultivation and NPK fertilizers use in
Soc Trang-alluvial soil and Hau Giang-acid sulfate soil; (ii) Evaluate effect of
NPK fertilization on response of sugarcane growth, NPK uptake and yield of the
two soils; (iii) Determine the Recovery Efficiency (RE) and Agronomic
Efficiency (AE) for NPK rate recommendation for sugarcane; (iv) Evaluate using
leaf color chart (LCC) for nitrogen management in sugarcane.
The field experiments have been conducted at Cu Lao Dung-Soc Trang and
Long My-Hau Giang during January 2011 to January 2013.
(1) Situation of sugarcane cultivation and NPK fertilizers use in Soc Trang-
alluvial soil and Hau Giang-acid sulfate soil
Cu Lao Dung-Soc Trang and Long My-Hau Giang typically were two
largest areas of cultivated sugarcane in the Mekong Delta. At the first area, two
rates of nitrogen such as 250-300 kgN/ha (36,1%) and 300-350 kgN/ha (31,1%)
were most used by farmers. However, at the second area, the N rate of 300-350

kgN/ha (34,5%) was used popularly. P fertilizer at rate of 100-150 kgP
2
O
5
/ha
(37,7%) has been applied at Cu Lao Dung while that of 100 kgP
2
O
5
/ha applied at
Long My. Consideration of K application was very less at the both sites. Average
           
much as 158 tons/ha for Cu Lao Dung and 135 tons/ha for Long My.
(2) Effect of NPK fertilization on response of sugarcane growth, NPK uptake
and yield
Application of N (300 kgN/ha) and P (125 kgP
2
O
5
/ha) gave higher N and P
uptake in the sugarcane. K application (200 kgK
2
O/ha) gave rise to Brix value of
sugarcane. N was the most important factor for increasing sugarcane yield
through improving the higher plant population, stalk weight and diameter.
Percent ratio of N, P, K from soils to total crop requirement in order to achieve
target yield were recorded as 32.6%N, 46.2%P
2
O
5

, 56.1%K
2
O in Cu Lao Dung
and 32.9%N, 59.6% P
2
O
5
và 63.4% K
2
O in Long My. Yield responses to
fertilizer application across two sites followed the order N>P>K. At the same
NPK fertilizer application rates, response to sugarcane yield in Long My was
Luận án tốt nghiệp Tiến sĩ

v
about 89% compared to Cu Lao Dung.     
sugarcane pressmud at 10 tons/ha made sugarcane yield increased at both study
sites.
(3) Determination of Agronomic Efficiency and Recovery Efficiency for
NPK rate recommendation
The Agronomic Efficiency of N (AE
N
), Agronomic Efficiency of P (AE
P
)
and Agronomic Efficiency of K (AE
K
) in Cu Lao Dung were 150; 140 và 50 kg
sugacane/kg of N, P and K fertilizer, respectively. However, that of AE
N

, AE
P
and

AE
K
in Long My were lower, such as: 130; 100 and 50 kg sugacane/kg of N, P
and K fertilizer, respectively. Complentary application of sugacane dregs did not
increase AE
X
in both soils.
Average of RE
N
, RE
P
, and RE
K
in Cu Lao Dung soil were 49, 33 and 93%,
respectively. However, that of Long My were 48, 45, 77%. Complentary
application of sugacane dregs gave lower RE
X
in both soils.
(4) Using leaf color chart for nitrogen management in sugarcane
Leaf colour chart (LCC) based nitrogen management in the study sites has
been evaluated as effective in N real-time application for sugarcane, the
sugarcane yield of Cu Lao Dung (183 tons/ha) and Long My (166 tons/ha) were
highest in the LCC treatment. As recorded when leaf color code was smaller than
2.0, the leaf N content were 1.30-1.68% (Cu Lao Dung) and 1.31-1.61% (Long
My), those values were lower than the limit (1.80%).
It is recommended that: (i) Studying effect of soil condition that made the

difference in yield between Cu Lao Dung and Long My; (ii) Evaluating sugarcane
dregs application that effect to LCC method; (iii) Based on the time-marks as
recorded from this study, having research to know the rule of timing N
application by LCC for the sugarcane.

Keyword: Leaf Color Chart (LCC), sugarcane, sugarcane dregs, omission
treatment, nutrient uptake, agronomic efficiency (AE), recovery efficiency (RE).

Luận án tốt nghiệp Tiến sĩ

vi
LỜI CAM ĐOAN
O










Nguyễn Kim Quyên
Luận án tốt nghiệp Tiến sĩ

vii
MỤC LỤC

Tóm tắt ii

Abstract iv

Chương 1: Mở đầu 1
Chương 2: Tổng quan tài liệu 5
- Sóc
- 5
 5
2.1.2 Kh 6
 7
 7
 10
 12
2.2.4 Các  14
-92 14
2.4 Bón phân cho cây mía 15
 15
 15
           -specific
Nutrient Management, SSNM) 18
 18

(SSNM) 19
 22
 
vùng  25
 26
 29
 
phân tích mô cây 29
 31

 33
 34
 35
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viii
Chương 3: Phương pháp nghiên cứu 36
3.1 Nội dung 1: Khảo sát hiện trạng canh tác và sử dụng phân bón
trên cây mía đường ở vùng nghiên cứu 36
3.1.1  36
 36
 37
3.2 Nội dung 2: Khảo sát ảnh hưởng của phân bón trên sinh trưởng,
hấp thu NPK và năng suất của mía 37
 37
3.2.2  37
 38
3.3 Nội dung 3: Xác định Hệ số sử dụng phân bón (RE
X
) và Hiệu quả
nông học (AE
X
) cho đề xuất lượng bón NPK trên cây mía đường 43
 43
 43
3.3.3 
 43
3.4 Nội dung 4: Chẩn đoán các thời điểm bón đạm cho mía qua sử
dụng bảng so màu lá (LCC) 44
 44

3.4.2  44
 45
 46
 47

Chương 4: Kết quả và thảo luận 48
4.1 Nội dung 1: Khảo sát hiện trạng canh tác và sử dụng phân bón
trên cây mía đường ở vùng nghiên cứu 48
 48
 49
4.1.3  54
4.2 Nội dung 2: Khảo sát ảnh hưởng của phân bón trên sinh trưởng,
hấp thu NPK và năng suất của mía 56
4.2.1  56
 
-- 58
Luận án tốt nghiệp Tiến sĩ

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4.2.3 
 89

(Brix%) 
phèn 92
4.3 Nội dung 3: Đánh giá khả năng cung cấp dưỡng chất từ đất và xác
định hiệu quả thu hồi (RE), hiệu quả nông học (AE) cho đề xuất
lượng bón NPK trên cây mía đường 94
4.3.1    
 94


 100
4.4 Nội dung 4: Chẩn đoán các thời điểm bón đạm cho mía qua sử
dụng bảng so màu lá (LCC) 102
4.4.1  và phát
 102
4.4.2            
 106
4.4.3  109
4.4.4 
 109
4.4.5             
 111
4.5 Tính toán hiệu quả kinh tế của phương pháp SSNM 114

Chương 5: Kết luận và đề xuất 116
 116
 118

Danh mục các công trình đã công bố 119
Tài liệu tham khảo 120
Phụ lục 133

Luận án tốt nghiệp Tiến sĩ

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DANH SÁCH BẢNG



Trang

2.1
           
2005-2008
6
2.2

Giang
7
2.3

32
3.1

Dung--
36
3.2

40
3.3

41
3.4
           

41
3.5

45
4.1


Cù Lao Dung--
49
4.2
          
           -Sóc

50
4.3
          
-

51
4.4

2
O
5

           -Sóc

52
4.5

2
O
5

-

52

4.6

2

         Cù Lao Dung-Sóc

53
4.7

2

-

53
4.8

 Dung--

54
4.9
   
Lao Dung--
54
4.10
          

 - 
55
Luận án tốt nghiệp Tiến sĩ

xi
4.11a
-
--2012.
57
4.11b
     

57
4.12

           

60
4.13

       
2
     

62
4.14


-2012.
64
4.15


-2012.

65
4.16

t
-2012.
67
4.17


-2012.
68
4.18


-2012.
70
4.19


-2012.
71
4.20


--2012.
76
4.21


--2012.

77
4.22


2
O
5
/ha) trong cây mía
--2012.
81
4.23


2
O
5
/ha) trong cây mía
--2012.
82
4.24


sa Cù Lao Dung--2012.
87
Luận án tốt nghiệp Tiến sĩ

xii
4.25

bón bã     

--2012.
88
4.26


-2012.
90
4.27


-2012.
90
4.28

 
-2012
92
4.29
             
    
  
2011-2012.
93
4.30

 -2012 và mía
-2013.
97
4.31


Cù Lao Dung  -2012 và mía
-2013.
97
4.32

 -2012 và mía
-2013.
98
4.33

- -
-2013.
98
4.34

- -
-2013.
99
4.35

- -
-2013.
99
4.36

101
4.37
 
-
2012-2013.

102
4.38

       -   
2012-2013.
103
4.39
 
 -
104
Luận án tốt nghiệp Tiến sĩ

xiii
mía 2012-2013.
4.40

-
2012-2013.
104
4.41
 
-
2012-2013
105
4.42


       -   
2012-2013.
105

4.43


ts

Lao Dung---
2013.
106
4.44

thâ-Sóc
--2013.
107
4.45
           
      
Lao Dung-- -
2013.
108
4.46

            -Sóc
-2012-2013
109
4.47

           -Sóc
2012-2013.
110

4.48

-
2012-2013.
110
4.49
So sánh giá 
 Cù Lao Dung -
2012-2013.
112
4.50

  - 
2012-2013.
112
4.51
           

114

Luận án tốt nghiệp Tiến sĩ

xiv
DANH SÁCH HÌNH

Hình
Tựa hình
Trang
2.1


8
2.2

9
2.3

10
2.4


20
2.5
ng theo

24
2.6


32
3.1

39
3.2

39
3.3

45
3.4


45
4.1

Lao Dung-     -  
2010.
48
4.2



59
4.3
            


72
4.4
, b) bón bã bùn và
             
Dung--2013
74
4.5

-
0-2011
75
4.6

             
Dung--2011

79
4.7

trong thân: c) không bón -
-2011
80
4.8

             
Dung--2011
84
Luận án tốt nghiệp Tiến sĩ

xv
4.9
ng bón bã bùn, b) bón bã bùn và
-
-2011
85
4.10

-2012.
91
4.11
-
125-        
Lao Dung  - 
-
95

Luận án tốt nghiệp Tiến sĩ

xvi
DANH MỤC TỪ VIẾT TẮT

Từ viết tắt
Ý nghĩa
USDA
United States Department of Agriculture
EC

QUEFT
Quantitative Evaluation of the Fertility of Tropical Soils
SSNM
Site-

CNC
Critical Nutrient Co
DRIS


LCC

SPAD meter

NSKT

DAP
Days after planting
AE

N
Agronomy Efficiency of Nitrogen 
AE
P
Agronomy Efficiency of Phosphorus 
AE
K
Agronomy Efficiency of Potassium 
RE
N
Recovery Efficiency of Nitrogen  
RE
P
Recovery Efficiency of Phosphorus 
RE
K
Recovery Efficiency of Potassium 



Luận án tốt nghiệp Tiến sĩ
1
C 1


1.1 
 
69.200 
 



      



Saccharum officinarum L.) ng n





              
      (Critical Nutrient Concentration = CNC)  


xác               
(Walworth and Sumner, 1986; Bailey 1989, 1991 and 1993); (ii) 
 (Diagnosis and Recommendation Integrated System
= DRIS)  
 6 7 (Walworth and Sumner, 1987). Nói

 




 
Luận án tốt nghiệp Tiến sĩ
2


Beverly, 1991; Reis, 1999 and Hundal et al
 
cây; (iii)           (Site-Specific
Nutrient Management= SSNM           

chính xác  này  giúp
 

(Dobermann et al., 2002 (Pasuquin et al., 2014)
SSNM trên mía 







(SSNM) trên cây
  Saccharum officinarum L.)  vùng     
 sau:
               
--
 nh

 Hiệu quả thu hồi (RE) và Hiệu quả nông học 



            Saccharum
officinarum L.)

 
 
Dung--
 : 
Luận án tốt nghiệp Tiến sĩ
3
 

  
trong cây mía  
   
             
SSNM.
1.4 
 Về phân bón
mía; 

 Về địa điểm và phương pháp bố trí thí nghiệm     


on-           
SSNM.
 Về đất:              
(Dystric Fluvisols)  -Sóc   Thionic
Gleysols) -.


nguyên lý dinh 
thù (Site-Specific Nutrient Management=SSNM), khu




T    , v        
 . Theo nguyên lý này,


  và bón 
 
     


Luận án tốt nghiệp Tiến sĩ
4

              
 


này, v

 

lá LCClà  
i   
, 


-   

.

- 
  
Cù Lao Dung là 32,6%N, 46,2%P
2
O
5
, 56,1%K
2
      
59,6% P
2
O
5
và 63,4% K
2
O.
- 
Dung. S
ón bã bùn mía ( 
mía 
- 
vCù Lao Dung và Long .




Luận án tốt nghiệp Tiến sĩ
5




CÙ LAO DUNG  - 


b


 

2


2
.  


2.1.1.2 



              


2005-

              

-

.








Luận án tốt nghiệp Tiến sĩ
6
-2008



2005
6,2
95,9
2006
7,6
97,2
2007
7,5
96,7
2008
7,2
96,7
(Nguồn: Theo số liệu phòng thống kê huyện Cù Lao Dung, năm 2009)
2
2.1.2.1 
,7 km
2

và





2.1.2.2 
               



 







 
,





Luận án tốt nghiệp Tiến sĩ
7
2.2: 




2005
14,5
77,0
2006
15,6
85,9
2007
15,3
81,3
2008
15,4
82,4
(Nguồn: Cục Thống kê tỉnh Hậu Giang,2008)
2.2         
A CÂY MÍA

Theo  
, lá 
2.2.1.1 Thân mía




ch 






 




máy              


2.2.1. mía
Lá mía  chia thành hai :  lá và , cách nhau    lá.
, bao hoàn toàn kéo dài   . Các lá 
  luân phiên  các ,  hai hàng trên 2 phía 