SKKN: Sử dụng video, thí nghiệm ảo trong dạy học môn Vật lý ở THPT



§Ò tµi nghiªn cøu KHSP¦D :

 !"#$%&'&()
%*+,+ /0123!%
4.5.6
 !"#$%
!$&'()*+),
)$ /0),$#"$1$
2 '3*456$ 789
89:$;8/<=><
789:;<=>9:?7@9:AB1C93D9EF9=
D<;G
?@!@!
?;9:
HI 1
*$ J
.5
K!=LM=E=N9:=GO9MPQ R
K=GSETS9:=GO9MPQ U
K#QVE?W9=9:=GO9MPQ X
K<Y7@9:ZDE=QE=[\]^YG_Q +`
 a$3$&!"#$
+6=b9EcM=]^YG_Q ++
,63D9YQ[9 +1
!"$&!$d"e
+6!SEYQ[9 +J
,6!=QVS99:=f +J
$! +g
 +h

:=GO9MPQT=<;=iMA7\=jkP9:
]l9:6
,
789:;<=>9:?7@9:AB1C93D9EF9=
D<;G
A?B
:DV9;VT=<;=iMMm9:9:=_E=m9:EG9\=LEE?GN9?nEkj9=ko6m9:
9:=_E=m9:EG9Mp?nE9=GqQP9:]l9:E?<9:MQrMAB9:6=s9:E;Mt9:MpE=NP9:
]l9:Mm9:9:=_E=m9:EG9E?<9::Gu9:]jV=iMAG9=6W9=E=PM9DVT=LkvGkw
ZDT=m9:cE:GL<ZGO9Mp9=GqQxy9:y6QV9=GO9ZG_MP9:]l9:Mm9:9:=_
E=m9:EG9E?<9:]jV=iMz{z|kzS99=GqQY}GcM=kDMlE=NYDTSE~Qu=iME[\
M•;=iMAG9=6iMAG9=MpE=NY{9==rGTGS9E=PMkrEMLM=E?€M~Q;9=89?•
?D9:=89ZD9=GqQ9rG]Q9:=896WZ[VZG_Mz‚Vkj9=P9:]l9:Mm9:9:=_
E=m9:EG9E?<9:]jV=iMYDkrEVOQMƒQ~Q;9E?i9:M•;ZG_Mz„GkvG\=789:
\=L\]jV=iM6[EY…YDxrkm9T=<;=iME=€M9:=G_kA<9:E?<9:M=789:E?W9=
ALM=:GL<T=<;MpkrEABT=LG9G_kkvGE?†QE7}9:z‡G=ˆG:GL<ZGO9MQ9:Mn\
TGS9E=PMM=<=iMAG9=\=uGE?€M~Q;9=89z;]j9:=89Ej<zGqQTG_9M=Q‚9
E?<9:E=;<ELME7]QVM•;=iMAG9=zN=GNQAbQxu9M=nEM•;=G_9E7}9:6
?<9:M=789:‰7}9:EŠL9=AL9:‹9SQ:GL<ZGO9:Gu9:]jVY€;M=i9
\=789:\=L\M„zGN9YD:Gu9:M=Œ\=<•MEcM=M€M=89YDAŠ]l9:MLMMbQ=ˆG:}G
kŽMLM=W9=u9=E•9=kG9==i;zN]•9]>EZn9zqTNMukrEZDGE=c9:=G_k
kG9==i;9=79:ZG_MEGS\E=QxDGM•;=iMAG9=Ao?nE=j9M=SZDT=m9:=P9:E=s
=iME[\6vG\=789:\=L\9DV=iMAG9=Ao?nET=p=W9=]Q9:z7}MMLM9rG]Q9:
TGS9E=PMZG_MEGS\E=QxDGM•;MLM|kAoZ•9:•\9=GqQT=pT=C96=GqQ=iM
AG9=?nEE=QrMxDG9=79:T=m9:=GNQz7}Mxu9M=nEM•;MLMA€Z[E=G_9E7}9:
T•9C9:Z[9]l9:ZD<xDGE[\M=7;EBE6
GuG\=L\M•;EmGYDAŠ]l9:ZG]|<E=c9:=G_ku<ZD=W9=u9=Mp9rG]Q9:
\=‘=}\ZD<xDG:Gu9:zNMQ9:Mn\E=Ok=W9=u9=zr9:xu9M=nEMLM=G_9E7}9:
:=GO9MPQT=<;=iMA7\=jkP9:
]l9:6

1
789:;<=>9:?7@9:AB1C93D9EF9=
D<;G
Z[EY…kDE=€MESMLM|kT=m9:~Q;9ALEz7}M:Gs\MLM|k=GNQ9=;9==89
=P9:E=s=89ZDMpT•9C9:Z[9]l9:ZD<E=€MESEBE=896
:=GO9MPQz7}MEGS9=D9=E?O9=;G9=pkE789:z789:YD=;GYv\+,+
+,,E?7@9:AB1C9xD96v\E=€M9:=G_kYDYv\+,+z7}ME=€M=G_9
:GuG\=L\E=;VE=ST=G]jVMLMxDGM•;M=789:‰7}9:EŠL9=AL9:‹’=QrM
M=789:M=789:E?W9=M=Q‚9“6v\zBGM=P9:YDYv\+,,:Gu9:]jVE=|<
\=789:\=L\E?QVq9E=B9:6
vGZG_MAŠ]l9:Mm9:9:=_E=m9:EG9ZD<xDG:Gu9:zG_9EŠz{Mpu9=
=7Ž9:?nE?•?_EzS9TSE~Qu=iME[\M•;=iMAG9=6v\E=€M9:=G_kE=m9:~Q;
xDGTGNkE?;zL9=:GLzjETSE~QuM;<=89Yv\zBGM=P9:6GNkABE?Q9:xW9=xDG
TGNkE?;A;QELMzr9:M•;Yv\E=€M9:=G_kYDR`JYv\zBGM=P9:YDhJJ!SE
~Qu\=Œ\TGNkM=P9:E”E|AE\•``1–``gMp…9:=•;YDMpA€T=LMxG_EYv9
:G^;zGNkE?Q9:xW9=M•;Yv\E=€M9:=G_kZDYv\zBGM=P9:6!SE~QuM=<E=nV
A€M=O9=Y_M=:G^;9=pkE=€M9:=G_kZD9=pkzBGM=P9:?nEMp…9:=•;T=m9:
\=uG]<9:•Q9=GO96GqQzpM=P9:kG9=?—9:ZG_MAŠ]l9:ZG]|<E=c9:=G_k
u<Mp9b9:M;<TSE~Qu=iME[\km9Z[EYcM•;=iMAG9=Yv\+,E?7@9:AB1
C93D9T=G=iM˜<9:M=789:‰7}9:EŠL9=AL9:‹6
CDCC
?<9:ALM=:GL<T=<;Z[EY…+,M=789:E?W9=M8xu9E=c9:=G_kŒMZq
=G_9E7}9:~Q;9:zG_9=G_9E7}9:~Q;9:zG_9E?<9:M=FYD9=^9:=W9=u9=E•9=
T™kE=|<MLMkmEu=G_9E7}9:Z[EY…ZD9SQE=€M=G_9E?<9:E=€MESMt9:?nE
T=p~Q;9ALEšMLM=G_9E7}9:~Q;9:K\=LE~Q;9:MLMP9:]l9:M•;=G_9E7}9:
~Q;9:zG_9E?<9:ZDY;›|M=FYDkrEZDG=W9=u9==<•M9=^9:kmEuTŒkAG9=
zr9:6G_MA7QEƒkMLME=c9:=G_kL<MLMZG]|<MLM=W9=u9=\=‘=}\ZvG9rG
:=GO9MPQT=<;=iMA7\=jkP9:
]l9:6
J

789:;<=>9:?7@9:AB1C93D9EF9=
D<;G
]Q9:xDG:Gs\MLM|k=iMAG9=MpMLG9=W9AbQA>M=89Zqxu9M=nEMLM=G_9
E7}9:Z[EY…kŽ?r9:TGS9E=PME=€MES=89ZqP9:]l9:M•;MLM=G_9E7}9:
9DV6
jGE?7@9:C93D9:GL<ZGO9M=FkvGMB:>9:T=;GE=LMTO9=
=W9=TO9=M=^E?<9:ALM=:GL<T=<;zN\=lMZlM=<:Gu9:]jV6B:GL<ZGO9
xGSEEWkE‡GT=;GE=LME?O9kj9:G9E|?9|EZDM=F9=AŠ;M=<\=‘=}\9rG]Q9:xDG
=iMZvGzBGE7}9:=iMAG9=M‡9=j9M=S6
#Q;ZG_ME=CkYv\]€:G@T=u<ALEE?7vMELMzr9:EmGE=nV:GL<ZGO9M=F
AŠ]l9:MLM\=GO9xu9E?;9=u9=E?<9:ALM=:GL<T=<;M=<=iMAG9=~Q;9ALE6
GL<ZGO9MB:>9:M=F?;9=^9:=_E=B9:MbQ=ˆG:}GkŽ]•9]>E=iMAG9=EWk
=GNQZn9zq=iMAG9=Mp9>kz7}MTGS9E=PM9=79:T•9C9:Z[9]l9:TGS9E=PM
zpZD<E=€MESM=7;z7}MM;<z•MxG_EM=7;9>kZ^9:xu9M=nEM•;MLMT=LG
9G_k6iMAG9=EcM=M€ME?uY@G:GL<ZGO9=iMAG9=E=QrMxDG9=79:M=7;Mp=GNQ
AbQTGS9E=PMZDT=>MAbQTGS9E=PM6‡99=GqQ=iMAG9=T=m9:Mp=P9:E=sZW
:•\\=uGT=LG9G_kE?†QE7}9:6rEABxDG=iME?<9:M=789:9DV:GL<ZGO9]jV
~Q;Y<;E=[kM=cE=|<TGNQziMM=Œ\E?QVq9E=B9:M=FVOQMƒQ=iMAG9=:=G9=v
9=^9:TGS9E=PME?i9:Ebk6
E$E$".$F
GuG\=L\M•;EmGYDAŠ]l9:ZG]|<E=c9:=G_ku<ZD=W9=u9=Mp9rG]Q9:
\=‘=}\ZD<xDG:Gu9:zNMQ9:Mn\E=Ok=W9=u9=zr9:xu9M=nEMLM=G_9E7}9:
Z[EY…kDE=€MESMLM|kT=m9:~Q;9ALEz7}M:Gs\MLM|k=GNQ9=;9==89
=P9:E=s=89ZDMpT•9C9:Z[9]l9:ZD<E=€MESEBE=896
n9zqAŠ]l9:km=W9=zN]jV=iME?€M~Q;9AŠ]l9:MLMZG|]|<=W9=
ZoœY;A=z{MpE?<9:MLMxDGZGSEZDMLMzqEDGYGO9~Q;9•
:=GO9MPQT=<;=iMA7\=jkP9:
]l9:6
g
789:;<=>9:?7@9:AB1C93D9EF9=

D<;G
ž=;kYQ[9•“Ứng dụng Công nghệ thông tin trong dạy học, thuận lợi
và thách thức””‘V9=n9=m9:”E?7@9:n\‡,”Ÿ9:=L\6
žqEDG•“ Sử dụng giáo án điện tử tăng kết quả học tập môn vật lý của
học sinh lớp 12 khi học xong chương vật lí thiên văn” ”=6:QV 9C9
=>9:6
+ “Thí Nghiệm ảo trong việc dạy học Vật lý” KDGYG_Q6
3u9E=b99=GqQE=ƒVMmE?<9:E?7@9:ZDMLME?7@9:E?<9:EF9=Mt9:
z{E=€M=G_9ZDMp9=GqQzqEDGzqM[\zS9ZG_ME=c9:=G_ku<MLMZG]|<ZD=W9=
u9=\=‘=}\\=lMZlM=<:Gu9:]jV6
LMzqEDGzqM[\MLM=P9:]l9:Mm9:9:=_E=m9:EG9]7vG:pMzrzL9=
:GLEŸ9EjGMLMT=pT=C9:•\\=uGMQ9:9=7T=G9D<E=WAŠ]l9:6rEABzqEDG
Mp9:=GO9MPQAbQZDMlE=NMp9=GqQ:GuG\=L\=;V9=—k9b9:M;<TSE~Qu=iM
E[\M•;=iMAG9=EQV9=GO9M‡9M=7;\=‘=}\ZvGzmGE7}9:=iMAG9=6
mGkQB9MpkrE9:=GO9MPQMlE=N=89ZDzL9=:GLz7}M=G_Q~QuM•;
ZG_Mz„GkvG\=789:\=L\]jV=iME=m9:~Q;ZG_MAŠ]l9:ZG]|<E=c9:=G_ku<
ZD=W9=u9=Mp9rG]Q9:\=‘=}\ZD<xDG:Gu9:zNMQ9:Mn\E=OkE7YG_Q=W9=
u9=zr9:xu9M=nEMLM=G_9E7}9:Z[EY…kDE=€MESMLM|kT=m9:~Q;9ALE
z7}M:Gs\MLM|k=GNQ9=;9==89=P9:E=s=89ZDMpT•9C9:Z[9]l9:ZD<
E=€MESEBE=896
GHI$&-
G_MAŠ]l9:MLMZG]|<E=c9:=G_ku<ZDMLM=W9=u9=\=‘=}\Mp9b9:
M;<TSE~Qu=iME[\km9Z[EY…M•;=iMAG9=Yv\+,E?7@9:AB1C93D9
T=G=iM˜<9:M=789:‰7}9:EŠL9=AL9:‹=;VT=m9:¡
$ F$&-
:=GO9MPQT=<;=iMA7\=jkP9:
]l9:6
h
789:;<=>9:?7@9:AB1C93D9EF9=
D<;G

G_MAŠ]l9:MLMZG]|<E=c9:=G_ku<ZDMLM=W9=u9=\=‘=}\YDk9b9:
M;<TSE~Qu=iME[\km9Z[EY…M•;=iMAG9=Yv\+,E?7@9:AB1C93D9
T=G=iM˜<9:M=789:‰7}9:EŠL9=AL9:‹6
JK
CL,K!MCN!O
!=LM=E=Nz7}MAŠ]l9:zNE=€M=G_99:=GO9MPQzqEDGYD=iMAG9=Yv\
+,+ZD+,,E?7@9:AB1C93D9ZWMLMzBGE7}9:9DVMp9=GqQE=Q[9
Y}GM=<ZG_M9:=GO9MPQZqMu\=c;zBGE7}9:=iMAG9=ZD:GL<ZGO96
iMAG9=•
=i9,Yv\•Yv\+,+ZDYv\+,,YD=;GYv\Mp9=GqQzGNkE789:zŸ9:•
E?W9=zr=iMAG9=ABY7}9::GvGEc9=E=D9=\=ƒ9]b9ErMzrEQ„G666
Bảng 1•PQ$'9$9$E$RSTUV"$"WPE><X>'9><X<
V"*45689Y
$Z/
5$$Z/ [TU
)
56
"/ \ ,$ 9. ?0 ["# $ .
+,+ 1h ,g ++ ` ,X J + + +
+,, 1h ,+ +g + ,X 1 , + `
:=GO9MPQT=<;=iMA7\=jkP9:
]l9:6
R
789:;<=>9:?7@9:AB1C93D9EF9=
D<;G
(E=PM=iME[\M•;=iMAG9==;GYv\•z;AB=iMAG9=zqQ9:<;9EcM=M€M
M=•zr9:E=;k:G;=iME[\63O9Mj9=zpMu=;GYv\Z•9M‡99=GqQ=iMAG9=9C9:
Y€ME7]QV=j9M=SE?ƒkcEE=;k:G;MLM=<jEzr9:M=Q9:M•;Yv\6
!SE~QuxDGTGNkE?;+EGSE:G^;=iMTW9Ck=iM,`++K,`+,M•;km9
[EYcYDE789:z789:6

GL<ZGO9•
789:;<=>9:]jVMu=;GYv\•+,+ZD+,,6GL<ZGO9MpTG9=
9:=G_kMm9:ELM:Gu9:]jVzŸ9:E=@GYDE„E?7Ž9:M=QVO9km96GL<ZGO9Mp
T=u9C9:T=;GE=LMMm9:9:=_E=m9:EG99=G_E=QVSE9=G_EEW9=ZDMpE?LM=
9=G_kM;<E?<9:Mm9:ELM:Gu9:]jVZD:GL<]lM=iMAG9=6
CC]C^,^CN!O
=i9=;GYv\9:QVO9Z¢9•v\+,+YDk9=pkE=€M9:=G_kYv\+,,
YDk9=pkzBGM=P9:6‘9:xDGTGNkE?;+EGSE:G^;=iMTW9Ck=iM,`++K
,`+,YDkxDGTGNkE?;E?7vMELMzr9:6!SE~QuTGNkE?;M=<E=nVzGNkE?Q9:
xW9=M•;=;G9=pkMpA€T=LM9=;Q]<zpEmG]‘9:\=Œ\TGNkM=P9:E”E|AEzN
TGNkM=P9:A€M=O9=Y_M=:G^;zGNkE?Q9:xW9=M•;=;G9=pkE?7vMT=GELM
zr9:6
!SE~Qu•
Bảng 2•,_/$&H_`H3$$Z/ H 
=€M9:=G_k BGM=P9:
3 gU` ggR
\• `,+
\•`,+£``gE†zp?sE?;TSEYQ[9A€M=O9=Y_M=zGNkE?Q9:xW9=M•;
=;G9=pkE=€M9:=G_kZDzBGM=P9:YDT=m9:Mp…9:=•;=;G9=pkz7}MM<GYD
E789:z789:6
:=GO9MPQT=<;=iMA7\=jkP9:
]l9:6
U
789:;<=>9:?7@9:AB1C93D9EF9=
D<;G
Š]l9:E=GSETS,•!GNkE?;E?7vMZDA;QELMzr9:ZvG9=pkE789:
z789:6
Bảng 3•$FaF$&-
$Z/
,_/*"

*P
HU
HU
,_/*"
5"-HU
=€M
9:=G_k

+
jV=iMAŠ]l9:MLMZG]|<E=c
9:=G_ku<ZDMLM=W9=u9=\=‘
=}\E?<9:M=789:Y7}9:EŠL9=
AL9:6

1
BGM=P9:

,
jV=iMT=m9:AŠ]l9:MLM
ZG]|<E=c9:=G_ku<ZDMLM=W9=
u9=\=‘=}\E?<9:M=789:
Y7}9:EŠL9=AL9:6

J
E=GSETS9DVEmGAŠ]l9:\=Œ\TGNkM=P9:E”E|AEzrMY[\6
CCCLbcN!O
>Y!$-de3V"#'Y
7QEƒkMLMZG]|<E=c9:=G_ku<ZDMLM=W9=u9=\=‘=}\E?<9:M=789:
Y7}9:EŠL9=AL9:•G]|<’P9:]l9:=G_9E7}9:~Q;9:zG_9=G_9E7}9:~Q;9:
K\=LE~Q;9:P9:]l9:M•;Y;›|“šE=c9:=G_ku<ŒMZq=G_9E7}9:~Q;9:zG_9

œY;A=Zq=G_9E7}9:~Q;9:zG_9E?<9:š=W9=u9=km=W9==D9=EG9=9:QVO9EŠ
~Q;9:zG_9E?Ž\G9~Q;9:zG_9ZDMLMP9:]l9:M•;9p6
:=GO9MPQT=<;=iMA7\=jkP9:
]l9:6
X
789:;<=>9:?7@9:AB1C93D9EF9=
D<;G
v\E=€M9:=G_k•Š]l9:MLMZG]|<E=c9:=G_ku<ZDMLM=W9=u9=\=‘
=}\E?<9:M=789:Y7}9:EŠL9=AL9:z{A7QEƒkŽE?O9ZD<MLMEGSE]jV6
v\zBGM=P9:•!=m9:AŠ]l9:MLMZG]|<E=c9:=G_ku<ZDMLM=W9=u9=
\=‘=}\E?<9:M=789:Y7}9:EŠL9=AL9:z{A7QEƒkŽE?O9ZD<MLMEGSE]jV6
<YF*f$Sg.$1$7/Y
=@G:G;9EGS9=D9=E=€M9:=G_kEQb9E=|<TS=<jM=ZDE=@GT=p;xGNQ
M=c9=T=p;zNzukxu<Ec9=T=LM=~Q;96lE=N•
Bảng 4•$4"$1$7
$& ?0hPE
F
!
e9
=P,
,R¤`,¤,`+,
[EYc
+,+
g+ G_9E7}9:~Q;9:zG_9
=Pg
`+¤1¤,`+,
[EYc
+,+
g1 G_9E7}9:~Q;9:zG_9E?<9:
=P1

`h¤1¤,`+,
[EYc
+,+
gJ G_9E7}9:~Q;9:K\=LE~Q;9:
=Ph
`X¤1¤,`+,
[EYc
+,+
gg •Q9:QVO9EŠ3<
=Ph
+h¤1¤,`+,
[EYc
+,+
gR 8Y7}MZqY;›|63DGE[\
CL2ij[kC
!GNkE?;E?7vMELMzr9:•‘9:xDGTGNkE?;+EGSE:G^;=iMTW9Ck=iM
,`++K,`+,YDkxDGTGNkE?;E?7vMELMzr9:6
:=GO9MPQT=<;=iMA7\=jkP9:
]l9:6
+`
789:;<=>9:?7@9:AB1C93D9EF9=
D<;G
!GNkE?;A;QELMzr9:•3DGTGNkE?;z7}ME=GSETS:Ÿk1`MbQ=ˆGMbQE?>M
9:=G_kT=LM=~Q;96
lF*f$a_/*"
-;zqTGNkE?;•-;zqTGNkE?;ZDzL\L9A;QzpYnV…TGS9zp9::p\M•;
:GL<ZGO9E?<9:9=pk[EYczNx„AQ9:M=F9=AŠ;M=<\=‘=}\6
„M=PMTGNkE?;=;GYv\M‘9:krEE=@GzGNkM‘9:zq6NM=<T=LM=
~Q;9EmGz{9=@:GL<ZGO9[EYcT=m9:]jVT=BG+,E?<9:E?7@9:M=nkxDGE=|<
zL\L9z{˜bV]€9:6

mn![kCj,^bo
>Y$TQ$S\W7-
Bảng 5•#5$H_/*-ef$e9a_/*"5"-HU
=€M9:=G_k BGM=P9:
GNkE?Q9:xW9= R`J hJJ
rY_M=M=Q‚9 +++ +J+
GLE?G\M•;E”E|AE ``1
=O9=Y_M=:GLE?f3
M=Q‚9’“ `g1
:=GO9MPQT=<;=iMA7\=jkP9:
]l9:6
++
789:;<=>9:?7@9:AB1C93D9EF9=
D<;G
_-Hp5#5$H_/*-ef$a_/*"*P'95"-HUY
„9:=}\\=ƒ9E?CkTSE~QuE=|<E=;9:x[M•!ŒkVSQ3T=L:GˆGTSE
~QuM•;Yv\E=€M9:=G_k+,+ZDzBGM=P9:+,,6
Bảng 6•$"eqH_/*P'95"-HU
v\
=;9:x[MzGNk
„9:
!Œk dSQ 3 !=L GˆG
+,+
?7vM
` U ,+ g , 1h
`¥ ,,6,,¥ gU611¥ +16UX¥ g6gh¥ +``
;Q
` g +g U U 1h
`¥ +16UX¥ J+6hR¥ ,,6,,¥ ,,6,,¥ +``
+,,

?7vM
` R ,+ J J 1h
`¥ +X6JJ¥ gU611¥ ++6++¥ ++6++¥ +``
;Q
` + ++ +U h 1h
`¥ ,6RU¥ 1`6gh¥ g`6``¥ +h6hR¥ +``
:=GO9MPQT=<;=iMA7\=jkP9:
]l9:6
+,
789:;<=>9:?7@9:AB1C93D9EF9=
D<;G
_-Hp5#5$aFr-`FEW#g*P'95"-HUY
=7E?O9z{M=P9:kG9=?—9:TSE~QuM•;,9=pkE?7vMELMzr9:YDE789:
z789:6;QELMzr9:TGNkM=P9:TGNkM=P9:zrM=O9=Y_M=zGNkE?Q9:xW9=
x—9:
E”E|AETSE~Qu\•``1M=<E=nV•€M=O9=Y_M=zGNkE?Q9:xW9=:G^;9=pkE=€M
9:=G_kZD9=pkzBGM=P9:Mp…9:=•;EPMYDM=O9=Y_M=zGNkE?Q9:xW9=9=pk
E=€M9:=G_kM;<=89zGNkE?Q9:xW9=9=pkzBGM=P9:YDT=m9:9:•Q9=GO9kD
]<TSE~QuELMzr9:6
=O9=Y_M=:GLE?fE?Q9:xW9=M=Q‚9•
R`J hJJ
`g1
+++
−
=
=|<xu9:EGOQM=c<=|9M=O9=Y_M=:GLE?fE?Q9:xW9=M=Q‚9•
`g1M=<E=nVkPMzru9==7Ž9:M•;]jV=iMMpAŠ]l9:MLMZG]|<E=c9:=G_k
u<ZDMLM=W9=u9=\=‘=}\YDk9b9:M;<TSE~Qu=iME[\km9Z[EY…M•;=iM
AG9=Yv\+,E?7@9:AB1C93D9T=G=iM˜<9:M=789:‰7}9:EŠL9=
AL9:‹M•;9=pkE=€M9:=G_kYDT=u~Q;96

:=GO9MPQT=<;=iMA7\=jkP9:
]l9:6
+1
789:;<=>9:?7@9:AB1C93D9EF9=
D<;G
GuE=QVSEM•;zqEDG•‰G_MAŠ]l9:MLMZG]|<E=c9:=G_ku<ZDMLM=W9=
u9=\=‘=}\YDk9b9:M;<TSE~Qu=iME[\km9Z[EY…M•;=iMAG9=Yv\+,
E?7@9:AB1C93D9T=G=iM˜<9:M=789:Y7}9:EŠL9=AL9:‹z{z7}M
TGNkM=P9:6
<Y9W-q
!SE~QuTGNkE?;A;QELMzr9:M•;9=pkE=€M9:=G_kYDzGNkE?Q9:xW9=
YD•R`JTSE~QuxDGTGNkE?;E789:P9:M•;9=pkzBGM=P9:zGNkE?Q9:xW9=YD•
hJJrM=O9=Y_M=zGNkAB:G^;=;G9=pkYD•`hšFY_=iMAG9=MpzGNkABE†
E?Q9:xW9=E?ŽYO9z{EC9:?•?_EŽYv\E=€M9:=G_k6GqQzpM=<zGNkM•;=;G
9=pkE=€M9:=G_kZD9=pkzBGM=P9:z{MpA€T=LMxG_E?•?_EYv\z7}MELM
zr9:MpEFY_zGNkE?O9E?Q9:xW9=ZDzGNkE?Q9:xW9=Mr9:M;<=89Yv\zBG
M=P9:6
=O9=Y_M=:GLE?fE?Q9:xW9=M=Q‚9M•;=;GxDGTGNkE?;YD•`g16
GqQ9DVMp9:=•;kPMzru9==7Ž9:M•;ELMzr9:YDEBE6
=Œ\TGNkM=P9:E”E|AEzGNkE?Q9:xW9=xDGTGNkE?;A;QELMzr9:M•;=;G
Yv\YD\•``1–``g6!SE~Qu9DVT=¦9:zf9=A€M=O9=Y_M=zGNkE?Q9:xW9=
M•;=;G9=pkT=m9:\=uGYD9:•Q9=GO9kDYD]<ELMzr9:9:=GO9:Zq9=pk
E=€M9:=G_k6
lg$F
:=GO9MPQ9DVAŠ]l9:MLMZG]|<E=c9:=G_ku<ZDMLM=W9=u9=\=‘
=}\YDk9b9:M;<TSE~Qu=iME[\km9Z[EY…M•;=iMAG9=Yv\+,E?7@9:
AB1C93D9T=G=iM˜<9:M=789:‰7}9:EŠL9=AL9:‹M=FMp\=jkZG=¢\
E?<9:krEM=789:ZD9p\=lE=QrMZD<T=u9C9:A7QEƒkP9:]l9:\=‘=}\
E?<9:E†9:EGSE]jVxDG]jVM•;:GL<ZGO96NMpE=NP9:]l9:?r9:]{GTSE~Qu
9:=GO9MPQE?<9:MLM\=ƒ9TGS9E=PMT=LMM•;km9[EYcz‡G=ˆG9:7@G:GL<

:=GO9MPQT=<;=iMA7\=jkP9:
]l9:6
+J
789:;<=>9:?7@9:AB1C93D9EF9=
D<;G
ZGO9Mƒ9\=uGzƒQE79=GqQE=@G:G;9Mm9:APMxGSEE=GSETSxDG=iMM=<\=‘
=}\\=uGMpT•9C9:T=;GE=LM]^YG_QZDP9:]l9:Mm9:9:=_E=m9:EG96
qEDGMt9:M=F9O9L\]l9:Ž9=^9:E?7@9:=iMAG9=Mp9C9:Y€ME7]QV
=j9M=ST=u9C9:T=;GE=LMTGS9E=PME?O9MLMTO9=E=m9:EG9M‡9M=7;M;<6
,^j,^s
>Y,FW-q
G_MAŠ]l9:MLMZG]|<E=c9:=G_ku<ZDMLM=W9=u9=\=‘=}\YDk9b9:
M;<TSE~Qu=iME[\km9Z[EY…M•;=iMAG9=Yv\+,E?7@9:AB1C93D9
T=G=iM˜<9:M=789:Y7}9:EŠL9=AL9:6
<Y,$ F$3
BGZvGMLMMn\Y{9=zj<Mƒ9~Q;9EbkzƒQE7ZqM8AŽZ[EM=nE9=7•E?;9:
E=GSExfkLVEc9=kLVM=GSQ?<§|ME<?M=<9=GqQ\=‡9:=iME?O9Yv\TSE9BG
¨G?|Y|AA|E©<?T6666M=<MLM9=DE?7@9:kŽMLMYv\xŸG]7y9:ZqP9:Mm9:
9:=_E=m9:EG9ZD<E?<9:]jV=iM6
BGZvG:GL<ZGO9•EcM=M€ME€=iME€xŸG]7y9:ZqMm9:9:=_E=m9:EG9
xGSET=;GE=LME=m9:EG9E?O9kj9:9E|?9|E6
vG\=jkZGZDTSE~Qu9:=GO9MPQM•;zqEDGEmGk<9:?—9:MLMzŸ9:
9:=G_\~Q;9EbkM=G;Awz•MxG_EYDZvGMLMxrkm9E789:E€MpE=NP9:]l9:
zqEDG9DVZD<:Gu9:]jVŽkrEAB\=ƒ9TGS9E=PMzN:bV=P9:E=sZD9b9:M;<
TSE~Qu=iME[\M•;=iMAG9=6
?<9:krEE=@G:G;9T=m9:]DGL\]l9:E?<9:z89ZfTGS9E=PMT=m9:Yv9
E?<9:M=789:E?W9=[EYcM=>MM=>9T=m9:E?L9=T=ˆGE=GSQApE6-nEk<9:
MLMzŸ9:9:=G_\zp9::p\…TGS96
CCX?,oi
:=GO9MPQT=<;=iMA7\=jkP9:

]l9:6
+g
789:;<=>9:?7@9:AB1C93D9EF9=
D<;G
+6=;kYQ[9•“Ứng dụng Công nghệ thông tin trong dạy học, thuận lợi
và thách thức””Qª9=n9=m9:”E?7@9:n\‡,”Ÿ9:=L\6
,6qEDG•“ Sử dụng giáo án điện tử tăng kết quả học tập môn vật lý của
học sinh lớp 12 khi học xong chương vật lí thiên văn” ”=6:QV 9C9
=>9:6
16“Thí Nghiệm ảo trong việc dạy học Vật lý” KDGYG_Q6
J6 “Nh<ng v=n đ> chung v> đ?i mới giáo dục THPT ” ’E?;9:J,JJ+1U“
K=D˜QnExu9:GL<]lM6
g6LM=:GL<T=<;[EYc+,x;9M8xu9K=D˜QnExu9:GL<]lM6
h6LM=xDGE[\[EYc+,x;9M8xu9K=D˜QnExu9:GL<]lM6
R6:=GO9MPQT=<;=iMA7\=jkP9:]l9:K=D˜QnExu9jG=iM#QBM
:G;DrG6
U6=Q‚9TGS9E=PMT•9C9:km9[EYc+,M8xu96
:=GO9MPQT=<;=iMA7\=jkP9:
]l9:6
+h
789:;<=>9:?7@9:AB1C93D9EF9=
D<;G
@@!
CL,^it!Cu!Y
>Y,F$#g$e9=vF;>w
CxbX2CY
^xyKK
CY?@!CN
>YIaF$&
”?W9=xDVz7}ME=c9:=G_kŒMZq=G_9E7}9:~Q;9:zG_9ZD9OQz7}M=G_9

E7}9:~Q;9:zG_9YD:W6
”=LExGNQz7}Mzf9=YQ[EZq:GvG=j9~Q;9:zG_96
”OQz7}M9rG]Q9:M8xu9M•;E=QVSEY7}9:EŠL9=AL9:6
”OQz7}ML9=AL9:MpY7y9:Ec9=Ap9:”=jE6
<YIaz8
”[9]l9:z7}ME=QVSEY7}9:EŠL9=AL9:zN:GuGE=cM=zf9=YQ[EZq:GvG=j9
~Q;9:zG_96
YI$HU
”-™9E=LGzrEcM=M€MEWk=GNQ=iME[\E€Y€M9:=GO9MPQMLMTGS9E=PMkvG6
CCYJC
 3rE=c9:=G_kxG Q]G 9=G_9E7}9:~Q;9:zG_9ZG]|<P9:]l9:=G_9E7}9:
~Q;9:zG_96
CCCYJK
r9:9{<ž:GuG~QVSEZn9zq
CY{!O!
>Y,$+HU
”lMEGOQ•
ž«9zf9=Yv\Ej<T=m9:T=c=iME[\6
”=@G:G;9•’g\=sE“
”LM=EGS9=D9=•
ž!GNkE?;A•ABZ_AG9=Yv\6
ž=m9:xL<VOQMƒQ=iME[\M•;M=789:
<Y#gHU>•f/$_-$7|r-"H7
”lMEGOQ•
?W9=xDVz7}ME=c9:=G_kŒMZq=G_9E7}9:~Q;9:zG_9ZD9OQz7}M=G_9
E7}9:~Q;9:zG_9YD:W6
”=@G:G;9•’R\=sE“
”LM=EGS9=D9=•
#gHUV"#' #gHUV"$5$ US-
”=<=iMAG9=˜|kZG]|<

P9:]l9:=G_9E7}9:~Q;9:
zG_9
”nkTokknExvEzG_9
EcM=bk→MLMOY|ME?<9xf
CY7|r-"H7
>Y$Q$7/V"}'I$7
|r-"H7!
:=GO9MPQT=<;=iMA7\=jkP9:
]l9:6
+R
789:;<=>9:?7@9:AB1C93D9EF9=
D<;G
”G9==<jE=c9:=G_kM•;
ŒM’+UUR“’u<“
”pMY_M=E•9=zG_9TS
:Guk→M=P9:EˆzGqQ:W¡
”SQYDkE=c9:=G_kZvG
Enk¬9EcM=zG_9]789:→
TGkE•9=zG_9TSAoT=m9:
xfE=;Vz„G→jGA;<¡
”SQE?O9z7@9:zGM•;
L9=AL9:=Ÿ~Q;9:z•EkrE
EnkE=Q-EG9=]DV→=G_9
E7}9:  T=m9:  ˜uV  ?; →
M=P9:EˆzGqQ:W¡
x[ET=ˆGEnk¬96
”G_9E7}9:Z•9˜uV?;
9=79:|xfx[E?;xfEnk
¬9=sEYjG9:;V→zG_9
EcM=Enk¬9T=m9:xfE=;V

z„G6
”E?;<z„GzNE?uY@G6
”=Q-EG9==n\E=l?nE
kj9=EG;EŠ9:<jG→M‡9
YjGL9=AL9:9=W9E=nV→
EG;EŠ9:<jGMpT=u9C9:
:bV?;=G_9E7}9:~Q;9:
zG_9ŽTok6‡9L9=AL9:
9=W9E=nVz7}ME=WT=m9:6
<Y23$$z"
”G_9E7}9:L9=AL9:YDkx[E
MLMOY|ME?<9?;T=ˆGk•ETGkY<jG
:iGYD=G_9E7}9:~Q;9:zG_9
’9:<DG“6
16SQM=>9M=‘kAL9:=Ÿ~Q;9:
x—9:krEEnkE=Q-EG9=]DVE=W
=G_9E7}9:E?O9T=m9:˜uV?;→
xPM˜jEŠ9:<jGMpT=u9C9::bV
?;=G_9E7}9:~Q;9:zG_9ŽTok6
Y#gHU<•f/$_-H3$W-q'IP$gr-"H7
”lMEGOQ•
=LExGNQz7}Mzf9=YQ[EZq:GvG=j9~Q;9:zG_96
”=@G:G;9•’+`\=sE“
”LM=EGS9=D9=•
#gHUV"#' #gHUV"$5$ US-
”=m9:xL<E=c9:=G_k
T=GYiMYnVkrEL9=AL9:
z89A>M?ŸGM=GSQZD<k•E
EnkTGkY<jG6;E=nVZvG
k®GTGkY<jGL9=AL9:

M=GSQZD<9p’L9=AL9:
TcM=E=cM=“\=uGE=<uk{9
λ≤λ
`
E=W=G_9E7}9:kvG
˜uV?;6
”=m9:xL<=j9M=S
E=QVSEAp9:
”=G9=[9TSE~QuE=c
9:=G_kZDE†zp:=G9=[9
zf9=YQ[EZq:GvG=j9
~Q;9:zG_96
”z7}M]•9]>EzNEWk
=GNQZWA;<E=QVSEAp9:
zG_9E†ZqL9=AL9:T=m9:
:GuGE=cM=z7}M6
CCY23$W-q'IP$gr-"
H7
”Định luật•!
”GvG=j9~Q;9:zG_9M•;k®G
TGkY<jGYDz•ME?79:?GO9:M=<
TGkY<jGzp6
”=QVSEAp9:zG_9E†ZqL9=AL9:
T=m9::GuGE=cM=z7}MkDM=FMp
E=N:GuGE=cM=z7}Mx—9:E=QVSE
Y7}9:EŠ6
~Y#gHU•f/$_-$ FW|•$5
”lMEGOQ•
OQz7}M9rG]Q9:M8xu9M•;E=QVSEY7}9:EŠL9=AL9:6
”=@G:G;9•’+1\=sE“

”LM=EGS9=D9=•
#gHUV"#' #gHUV"$5$ US-
”  !=G  9:=GO9  MPQ  x—9:
E=€M  9:=G_k  ~Q;9:  \=„
M•;9:QŸ9AL9:→TSE~Qu
”:=G9=[99=^9:T=p
T=C9T=G:GuGE=cM=MLMTSE
~Qu  9:=GO9  MPQ  E=€M
CCCY$ FW|•$5
>Y$ FW8
”•!
:=GO9MPQT=<;=iMA7\=jkP9:
]l9:6
+U
789:;<=>9:?7@9:AB1C93D9EF9=
D<;G
E=Q  z7}M  T=m9:  E=N  :GuG
E=cM=x—9:MLMYcE=QVSEM„
zGN9→YC9:M=<?—9:Zn9
zqknQM=BE9—kŽ~Q;9
9G_k  T=m9:  zs9:  Zq  A€
E?;< z„G 9C9: Y7}9: :G^;
MLM9:QVO9EŠZD\=b9EŠ6
”  7}9:  9C9:  Y7}9:  kD
k®GYƒ9krE9:QVO9EŠ=;V
\=b9EŠ=n\E=l=;V\=LE
˜j  :iG  YD Y7}9:  EŠ  9C9:
Y7}9:’ε“
” d¤M ziM :TE† zp
9OQ  9=^9: 9rG ]Q9:  M•;

E=QVSEY7}9:EŠ6
”€;E?O9:GuE=QVSEM•;
YC9:  zN  :GuG  E=cM=  MLM
zf9=YQ[E~Q;9:zG_99=”
˜E;=z{zq?;E=QVSEY7}9:
EŠ  L9=  AL9:  =;V  E=QVSE
\=mEm96
”=mEm9M=FEŸ9EjGE?<9:
E?j9:  E=LG  M=QVN9  zr9:6
!=m9:  Mp  \=mEm9  zP9:
VO96
”9=”˜E;9=M=<?—9:=G_9
E7}9:  ~Q;9:  zG_9  ˜uV ?;
]<Mp A€=n\ E=l\=mEm9
M•;  L9=  AL9:  TcM=  E=cM=
xŽG  OY|ME?<9  E?<9:  TGk
Y<jG6
”NOY|ME?<9xPM?;T=ˆG
TGk  Y<jG  E=W  9C9:  Y7}9:
9DV\=uG9=7E=S9D<¡
9:=G_k → zG  zS9  :Gu
E=QVSEYC9:6
”:=G9=[9Ec9=zs9:
z>9M•;:GuE=QVSE6
”ziM:TZD9OQMLM
9rG]Q9:M•;E=QVSEY7}9:
EŠ6
”:=G9=[9:GuGE=cM=E†
zpEWkz7}Mλ≤λ
`

6
”=uGYv9=89=<•Mx—9:
Mm9:E=<LE6
<Y|•8W|
hf
ε
=
=:iGYD=—9:ABYC9:•
=•hh,g6+`
”1J
¯6A
Y$ FW|•$5
rG]Q9:•!
~Y$Q$H3$W-q'IP
$g  r-"  H7  e€  $ F
W|• $5
”®G\=mEm9T=Gxf=n\E=lAo
E?QVq9E<D9xr9C9:Y7}9:M•;9p
M=<+OY|ME?<96
”m9:zN‰E=>9:‹Y€MYGO9TSE:iG
YDcông thoát’“6
”N=G_9E7}9:~Q;9:zG_9˜uV
?;•
=œ≥=;V
c
h A
λ
≥
→
hc

A
λ
≤

•E
0
hc
A
λ
=
→λ≤λ
`
6
;Y#gHU~•f/$_-'IW•Q$5Z]$gV"$5
”lMEGOQ•
OQz7}ML9=AL9:MpY7y9:Ec9=Ap9:”=jE6
”=@G:G;9•’g\=sE“
”LM=EGS9=D9=•
#gHUV"#' #gHUV"$5$ US-
”?<9:=G_9E7}9::G;< ”9=AL9:E=N=G_9Ec9= CY•Q$5Z]$gV"
:=GO9MPQT=<;=iMA7\=jkP9:
]l9:6
+X
789:;<=>9:?7@9:AB1C93D9EF9=
D<;G
E=<;\=u9˜jT=sM˜j°
→L9=AL9:E=N=G_9EcM=
M=nE:W¡
”G_Q?—9:L9=AL9:M=F
MpEc9=M=nEAp9:¡

”Lưu ý•‘Ec9=M=nE9D<
M•;L9=AL9:E=N=G_9?;
E=WL9=AL9:Z•9Mpxu9
M=nEYDAp9:zG_9E†6
M=nEAp9:6
”!=m9:E?<9:=G_9E7}9:
~Q;9:zG_9L9=AL9:E=N
=G_9M=nE=jE6
$5
”9=AL9:MpY7y9:Ec9=Ap9:”
=jE6
‚Y!V6'9$PSƒ$e9+$9’g\=sE“
 1.!V6
>Y=LExGNQ9D<A;QzbV9pGZqEc9=M=nEAp9:=jET=m9:zs9:¡
6G_9E7}9::G;<E=<;L9AL9:E=N=G_9Ec9=M=nEAp9:
36G_9E7}9:~Q;9:zG_9L9=AL9:E=N=G_9Ec9=M=nE=jE
6p9:zG_9E†Mpx7vMAp9:MD9:9:>9MD9:E=N=G_9Ec9=M=nEAp9:6
6p9:zG_9E†Mpx7vMAp9:MD9:]DGE=N=G_9Ec9=M=nEAp9:?•=89Ec9=M=nE
=jE
<Y=LExGNQ9D<A;QzbVT=m9:zs9:¡
6GuE=QVSEAp9:L9=AL9:T=m9::GuGE=cM=z7}MMLMzf9=YQ[E~Q;9:zG_96
369=AL9:Mpxu9M=nEYDAp9:zG_9E†6
69=AL9:MpEc9=M=nE=jEk®G=jEYDkrE\=<E<96
69=AL9:MpE=N:bV?;=G_9E7}9:~Q;9:zG_9zBGZvGkiGTGkY<jG6
 2.
]DkEnEMuMLMxDGE[\E?<9:!E?;9:+gUZD3
<Y,F$#g$e9>vF;w
CxbX2Ci
CY?@!CN
>YIaF$&

”OQz7}M=G_9E7}9:~Q;9:zG_9E?<9:YD:W6
”OQz7}M~Q;9:zG_9E?ŽZD\G9~Q;9:zG_9YD:W6
<YIaz8
[9]l9:MLMMm9:E=PMz{=iMZD<:GuGxDGE[\E?<9:!
YI$HU
OQz7}M7QzGNkM•;\G9~Q;9:zG_9ZvGMLM9:QŸ99C9:Y7}9:T=LMu9=
=7Ž9:zS9kmGE?7@9:6
CCY2„[…
±Y;A==G_9E7}9:~Q;9:zG_9E?<9:=W9=u9=~Q;9:zG_9E?Ž\G9~Q;9:zG_9
CCCYJK
r9:9{<žYGO9=_E=€MES
CY{!O!
:=GO9MPQT=<;=iMA7\=jkP9:
]l9:6
,`
789:;<=>9:?7@9:AB1C93D9EF9=
D<;G
>Y,$+HU
”lMEGOQ•
ž«9zf9=Yv\Ej<T=m9:T=c=iME[\6
ž!GNkE?;ZDzL9=:GLZG_M=iME[\xDGMtM•;=iMAG9=6
”=@G:G;9•’h\=sE“
”LM=EGS9=D9=•
ž!GNkE?;A•ABZ_AG9=Yv\6
ž!GNkE?;xDGMt•
bQ=ˆG•OQ9rG]Q9:M8xu9M•;E=QVSEY7}9:EŠL9=AL9:¡GSExGNQE=PM
zf9=YQ[E:GvG=j9~Q;9:zG_9¡
<Y#gHU>•f/$_-$Gr-"Sƒ'9$7|r-"H7*#
”lMEGOQ•
OQz7}M=G_9E7}9:~Q;9:zG_9E?<9:YD:W6

”=@G:G;9•’+,\=sE“
#gHUV"#' #gHUV"$5$ US-
”d¤MziM:TZDM=<
xGSEM=nE~Q;9:]•9YD:W¡
”GvGE=GOQ==G_9E7}9:
x—9:œY;A=6
”€;ZD<xu9M=nEM•;
]‡9:zG_9E?<9:M=nExL9
]•9ZDE=QVSEY7}9:EŠ
={V:GuGE=cM=ZWA;<9=7
Z[V¡
”<AL9=zrYv9M•;:GvG
=j9~Q;9:]•9ZvGzrYv9
M•;:GvG=j9~Q;9:zG_9ZD
z7;?;9=[9˜ŒE6
”ziM:TZDE?uY@G6
”=7;xfM=GSQAL9:→|
YGO9TSEZvGMLM9sEkj9:
→T=m9:Mp|E€]<→
MLM=zG_96
”GuGE=cM=6
”€;ZD<xu9::GvG=j
~Q;9:zG_9:GuGE=cM=
CY!$Gr-"Sƒ'9$7|
r-"H7*#
>Y!$Gr-"Sƒ
”DM=nExL9]•9MpEc9=M=nE
MLM=zG_9T=GT=m9:xfM=GSQAL9:
ZDE?ŽE=D9=]•9zG_9T=GxfM=GSQ
AL9:6

<Y7|r-"H7*#
”!
”²9:]l9:E?<9:~Q;9:zG_9E?Ž
ZD\G9~Q;9:zG_96
Y#gHU<•f/$_-'Ir-"H7*+
”lMEGOQ•
OQz7}M~Q;9:zG_9E?ŽYD:W6
”=@G:G;9•’U\=sE“
”LM=EGS9=D9=•
#gHUV"#' #gHUV"$5$ US-
”d¤MziM:TZDM=<
~Q;9:zG_9E?ŽYD:W¡
=s9:MpMnQEj<ZDz•M
zGNk:W¡
”=<˜|kMnQEj<M•;
krE~Q;9:zG_9E?Ž6’=W9=
u9=“
”ziM:TZDE?uY@G6
”:=G9=[9Zq~Q;9:
zG_9E?Ž6
CCYb-"H7*+
”DkrEzG_9E?ŽYDkx—9:M=nE
~Q;9:]•96
”nQEj<•+A}G]bVx—9:M=nE
~Q;9:]•9:>9E?O9krEzSMLM=
zG_96
”G_9E?ŽMpE=NE=;Vz„GE†ZDG
:=GO9MPQT=<;=iMA7\=jkP9:
]l9:6
,+

789:;<=>9:?7@9:AB1C93D9EF9=
D<;G
”²9:]l9:•E?<9:MLM
kjM=E€zr9:6
Ω→ZDGM=lMΩ6
~Y#gHU•f/$_-'IEr-"H7
”lMEGOQ•
OQz7}M\G9~Q;9:zG_9YD:W6
”=@G:G;9•’+J\=sE“
”LM=EGS9=D9=•
#gHUV"#' #gHUV"$5$ US-
”=m9:xL<Zq\G9~Q;9:
zG_9’\G9•E?@G“YDkrE
E=GSExfxGS9z„GE†]j9:
9C9:Y7}9:9D<A;9:]j9:
9C9:Y7}9:9D<¡
”G9==<jMnQEj<M•;\G9
~Q;9:zG_96
”!=GM=GSQL9=AL9:Mpλ
≤λ
`
→=G_9E7}9:˜uV?;
E?<9:\G9~Q;9:zG_99=7
E=S9D<¡
”  GvG  E=G_Q  P9:  ]l9:
x—9:=W9=u9=6
”  cM=  =}\  xu<  Z_  kmG
E?7@9:•OQz7}M7QzGNk
M•;\G9~Q;9:zG_9ZvGMLM
9:QŸ9  9C9:  Y7}9:  T=LM

u9=  =7Ž9:  zS9  kmG
E?7@9:6
”?€MEGS\E†~Q;9:9C9:
A;9:zG_99C9:6
”ziM:TZD]€;ZD<
=W9=ZokG9==<jzNE?W9=
xDVMLQEj<M•;\G9~Q;9:
zG_96
”?<9:MLMkLVzpL9=
AL9:Z_EG9=9=b9Ej<
kLVEc9=xˆEsG°
”G9~Q~9:zG_9YD
9:Qm9:9C9:Y7}9:AjM=6
CCCYr-"H7
+6D\G9M=jVx—9:9C9:Y7}9:
L9=AL9:6pxGS9z„GE?€MEGS\
~Q;9:9C9:E=D9=zG_99C9:6
,6G_QAQnEE?O9]7vG+`¥
16nQEj<•!
”QnEzG_9zr9:M•;\G9~Q;9:
zG_9E†`g→`U6
~YOS(’:T“
;Y!V6'9$PSƒ$e9+$9’g\=sE“
 1.!V6
pE=N:GuGE=cM==G_9E7}9:~Q;9:zG_9x—9:E=QVSE
6|Y|ME?<9M„zGN936Ap9:L9=AL9:
6\=<E<96zr9:=iM\=b9EŠ
 2.
]DkEnEMuMLMxDGE[\E?<9:!E?;9:+h,ZD3
Y,F$#g$e9<vF;~w

CxbXLKbX
CY?@!CN
>YIaF$&
OQz7}MA€\=LE~Q;9:YD:W6
<YIaz8
:=GO9MPQT=<;=iMA7\=jkP9:
]l9:6
,,
789:;<=>9:?7@9:AB1C93D9EF9=
D<;G
”[9]l9:MLMTGS9E=PME?uY@GMLMMbQ=ˆGE?>M9:=G_kE?<9:!6
YI$HU
”<AL9==G_Q~QuAŠ]l9:M•;z™9A}GzBEZDz™9=Qª9=~Q;9:6
CCYJC
 ”DGZ[E\=LE~Q;9:ZD9:QŸ9AL9:
CCCYJK
r9:9{<ž:GuG~QVSEZn9zq
CY{!O!
>Y,$+HU
”lMEGOQ•
ž«9zf9=Yv\Ej<T=m9:T=c=iME[\6
ž!GNkE?;ZDzL9=:GLZG_M=iME[\xDGMtM•;=iMAG9=6
”=@G:G;9•’R\=sE“
”LM=EGS9=D9=•
ž!GNkE?;A•ABZ_AG9=Yv\6
ž!GNkE?;xDGMt•
bQ=ˆG•=S9D<YD=G_9E7}9:~Q;9:zG_9E?<9:¡E=S9D<YD\G9~Q;9:zG_9¡
<Y#gHU>•f/$_-'I$7|r-"LE$r-"
”lMEGOQ•
OQz7}M=G_9E7}9:~Q;9:K\=LE~Q;9:

”=@G:G;9•’,1\=sE“
”LM=EGS9=D9=•
#gHUV"#' #gHUV"$5$ US-
”GvGE=G_Q?•=G_9E7}9:
=Qª9=  ~Q;9:  Yb9  ~Q;9:
’ZG]|<“
”d¤MziM:TZDM=<
xGSEA€\=LE~Q;9:YD:W¡
”=GSQM=‘kEG;EŠ9:<jG
ZD< ]Q9: ]fM=œYQ<?|˜OG9
→L9=AL9:kDQYlM6
žG;EŠ9:<jG•L9=AL9:
TcM=E=cM=6
ž9=AL9:kDQYlM\=LE
?;•L9=AL9:\=LE~Q;9:6
”  •M  zGNk M•; A€  \=LE
~Q;9:YD:W¡
”  =@G  :G;9  TŒ<  ]DG  A€
\=LE~Q;9:\=lE=QrM¡
”d¤MziM:TZDM=<
xGSEA€=Qª9=~Q;9:YD:W¡
”ziM:TZDE=u<YQ[9
zNE?uY@G6
”9OQz•MzGNk~Q;9
E?i9:M•;A€\=LE~Q;9:6
”=lE=QrMZD<M=nE\=LE
~Q;9:6
”ziM:TZDE=u<YQ[9
zNE?uY@G6
CY  7  |  r-"  L  E$

r-"
>Y,$7/'I51E$r-"
”€\=LE~Q;9:YDA€=n\E=lL9=
AL9:Mpx7vMAp9:9DVzN\=LE?;
L9=AL9:Mpx7vMAp9:T=LM6
” Đặc điểm•A€\=LE~Q;9:M‡9
TŒ<]DGkrEE=@G:G;9A;QT=GE>E
L9=AL9:TcM=E=cM=6
<Y-†$r-"'9WTr-"
”€\=LE~Q;9:M•;MLMM=nEYˆ9:
ZDT=cMpz•MzGNkYDL9=AL9:
\=LE~Q;9:xfE>E?nE9=;9=A;Q
:=GO9MPQT=<;=iMA7\=jkP9:
]l9:6
,1
789:;<=>9:?7@9:AB1C93D9EF9=
D<;G
”€Yb9~Q;9:YD:W¡
”jGA;<A89~QŒEE?O9MLM
xGN9:G;<E=m9:=<•ME?O9
zƒQMLMMiMM=F:GvGMpE=N
YD  A89  \=LE  ~Q;9:  kD
T=m9:  \=uG  YD  A89  \=u9
~Q;9:’\=u9˜jL9=AL9:“¡
cM==}\EGSETG_k9C9:
Y7}9:•<AL9==G_Q~Qu
AŠ]l9:M•;z™9A}GzBEZD
z™9=Qª9=~Q;9:6
”ziM:TzNE?uY@G6
”pE=NE†9=GqQ\=c;Mp

E=N9=W9E=nVMiMEGOQxGN9
xL<6  SQ  YD  A89  \=u9
~Q;9:E=WM=F9=W9E=nVZ[E
zpE=|<\=789:\=u9˜j6
™9  A}G  zBE  EB9  9C9:
Y7}9:zG_9=89z™9=Qª9=
~Q;9:6
T=GE>EL9=AL9:TcM=E=cM=:iGYD
sự huỳnh quang6
”€\=LE~Q;9:M•;MLMM=nE?>9
Mp  z•M  zGNk  YD  L9=  AL9:  \=LE
~Q;9:  Mp  E=N  TŒ< ]DG  krE  E=@G
:G;9  A;Q  T=G E>E L9=  AL9:  TcM=
E=cM=:iGYDsự lân quang6
”LMM=nE?>9\=LE~Q;9:Y<jG9DV
:iGYDcác ch=t lân quang6
Y#gHU<•f/$_-H‡H_/V"$5$-†$r-"
”lMEGOQ•
OQz7}Mz•MzGNkM•;L9=AL9:=Qª9=~Q;9:
”=@G:G;9•’+`\=sE“
”LM=EGS9=D9=•
#gHUV"#' #gHUV"$5$ US-
”d¤MAziM:TZD:GuG
E=cM=zf9=YQ[E6
”®G9:QVO9EŠ=;V\=b9EŠM•;
M=nE=Qª9=~Q;9:=n\E=l=<D9E<D9
\=mEm9M•;L9=AL9:TcM=E=cM=Mp
9C9:  Y7}9:  =œ
TE
 zN  M=QVN9  A;9:

E?j9:E=LGTcM=E=cM=6E?j9:E=LG
9DV9:QVO9EŠ=;V\=b9EŠMpE=NZ;
M=jkZvGMLM9:QVO9EŠ=;V\=b9EŠ
T=LMZDknE]ƒ99C9:Y7}9:6<Z[V
T=GE?ŽZqE?j9:E=LGxW9=E=7@9:9p
\=LE?;+\=mEm9Mp9C9:Y7}9:9=ˆ
=89•=œ
=~
–=œ
TE
→λ
=~
£λ
TE
6
CCY  2‡  H_/  V"  $
5$-†$r-"Y
”9=AL9:=Qª9=~Q;9:
Mp  x7vM  Ap9:  ]DG  =89
x7vMAp9:M•;L9=AL9:
TcM=E=cM=•λ
=~
£λ
TE
6
~Y!V6'9$PSƒ$e9+$9’g\=sE“
 1Y!V6
?<9:=G_9E7}9:\=LE~Q;9:MpA€=n\E=lL9=AL9:zNYD9:W¡
6Dk9p9:Z[E
36=;Vz„GzG_9E?ŽM•;Z[E

6LkM=<Z[E\=LEAL9:
6j<?;]‡9:zG_9E?<9:Z[E6
 2Y
]DkEnEMuMLMxDGE[\E?<9:!E?;9:+hgZD3
~Y,F$#g$e9vF;;w
?ˆNyi
CY?@!CN
:=GO9MPQT=<;=iMA7\=jkP9:
]l9:6
,J
789:;<=>9:?7@9:AB1C93D9EF9=
D<;G
>YIaF$&
OQz7}MA€Ej<E=D9=~Q;9:\=„ZjM=\=LE˜jZD=n\E=lM•;9:QVO9EŠ
=Gz?m6
<YIaz8
[9]l9:MLMMm9:E=PMz{=iMZD<:GuGxDGE[\E?<9:!
YI$HU
-™9E=LGzrEcM=M€MEWk=GNQ=iME[\E€Y€M9:=GO9MPQMLMZn9zqkvGE?<9:
T=<;=iM
CCYJK
GuG~QVSEZn9zq
CCCY{!O!
>Y,$+HU
”lMEGOQ•
ž«9zf9=Yv\Ej<T=m9:T=c=iME[\6
ž!GNkE?;ZDzL9=:GLZG_M=iME[\xDGMtM•;=iMAG9=6
”=@G:G;9•’R\=sE“
”LM=EGS9=D9=•
ž!GNkE?;A•ABZ_AG9=Yv\6

ž!GNkE?;xDGMt•
bQ=ˆG•?W9=xDVZqA€\=LE~Q;9:¡
<Y#gHU>•f/$_-/0$f$$9$$ •
”lMEGOQ•
OQz7}Mk•Q=D9=EG9=9:QVO9EŠ3<
”=@G:G;9•’+`\=sE“
”LM=EGS9=D9=•
#gHUV"#' #gHUV"$5$ US-
”GvGE=G_QZqk•Q=D9=
EG9=9:QVO9EŠM•;-8”]8”
\=<  ’+X++“  ’œY;A=“6  QV
Z[VT=m9::GuGE=cM=z7}M
Ec9=  xq9  Z^9:  M•;  MLM
9:QVO9EŠZDA€Ej<E=D9=
~Q;9:  \=„  ZjM=  M•;  MLM
9:QVO9EŠ6
”?W9=xDVk•Q=D9=EG9=
9:QVO9EŠM•;-8”]8”\=<6
”•Q9:QVO9EŠ-8”z8”\=<
žEbk9:QVO9EŠMp+=jE9=b9
k;9:zG_9EcM=]789:6
ž4Q9: ~Q;9=  =jE9=b9 Mp  MLM
OY|ME?<9M=QVN9zr9:E?O99=^9:
~Q³zj<E?‡9=<•M|YG\6
ž!=BGY7}9:M•;9:QVO9EŠ=ƒQ
9=7E[\E?Q9:Ž=jE9=b96
ž#
=9
 • Σ~
|

 → 9:QVO9EŠE?Q9:
=<DzG_96
CY  ?0  $f$  $9$  $
 •
”•Q9:QVO9EŠ3<x;<
:Ÿk  km  =W9=  =D9=  EG9=
9:QVO9EŠZD=;GEGO9zq
M•;3<6
Y#gHU<•f/$I-HIV"#'IG-g# •
”lMEGOQ•
žOQz7}MMLMEGO9zq3<ZqMnQEj<9:QVO9EŠ
žOQz7}MA€Ej<E=D9=~Q;9:\=„ZjM=\=LE˜jZD=n\E=lM•;9:QVO9EŠ
=Gz?m6
:=GO9MPQT=<;=iMA7\=jkP9:
]l9:6
,g