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nâng cao tính tích cực của học sinh qua hướng dẫn khai thác thông tin trong dạy học môn toán đại số lớp 8

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“Nâng cao tính tích cực của học sinh qua hướng dẫn khai thác
thông tin trong dạy học môn Toán Đại số lớp 8”.

 !"#$%
I. Lý do chọn đề tài:
&'(()*+,-.+)/
0,1,2*34)56789:6
0;3<=>/?
&)4@A(3580B
C2*+40/C@<+<=
>D?
II. Đối tượng- Phương pháp nghiên cứu:
* Đối tượng : $>4EC(FG5DH,C@
/C@40/,IJK=,H5,=0;<=>D
.L)4F?
* Phương pháp :
&+<10"45D5)MNN
&'5+-</4?
&7+:6LF=<=:1544?
III. Đề tài đưa ra giải pháp mới:
O+)3H,*+4:+/C@
4<+<=>DDP=,H5,0;3<=
>3*36<=>/?
BẢN TÓM TẮT ĐỀ TÀI
BẢN TÓM TẮT ĐỀ TÀI
4BH,3CD3*3
>C@=<=>O?
IV. Hiệu quả áp dụng:
* Giáo viên:
&QR-/, ,,?
&SHC(F, ,,C)2):1?


&L,>B3T(C(?
* Học sinh :
&40;3<=>D3*354)?
&U7)3C24,5:+45C5
-B,59
V. Phạm vi áp dụng:
&V,C(1,,F/D3.!#$%?
&V,C(1,,F/D3. D)
Bàu Năng, ngày tháng năm 2011
Giáo viên thực hiện

Tích Thị Kim Châu
I. ĐẶT VẤN ĐỀ :
1. Lý do chọn đề tài :
/T2R/*+WX3F/4,C()
/T=D3*+<+Y.AG,1-/ 6
), ,,C)23>?L7O,,R
(O53C, ,,C)2*+.,1B-/
,ZB,/2R,7*+WX3,>R,7
C*+4?
N[)-/, ,,C)2N\<=
><]%*+#3C(&L)XB!"C(YL)5UA
C(&L)8:+?!"YUAC(F8
[)/-/, ,,C)2N\<=><]
%/"O+)3H,*+4C/4->
/C@*+5Q,4*3=0;>
<+?
^ 4"5(C)2/3C
 6N\<=><]%08<=2
R-/, ,,C)2N/"8,D ?_

1C)2D3.5P,2*356A54
)567<=>/7B<=> 4"<+56
4EC(, ,,C)2,ZB,/D3.5R,1
/C@4D=<+=.DP,
2+*+4)3=0;>520
0W2*+`00/,P<4
42;*+4?
80BC2*+4,(380BFG5D
H,4EC(</C@4<+.<=>
D?S6=.=; :6C)2.L)4FO
5L)4F0/,IO0=743X5+
+:6H,780BD3.2+ 54
>QH, 0F?
a8,bT0cC5.:2=>dNâng
cao tính tích cực của học sinh qua hướng dẫn khai thác thông tin trong dạy
học môn Toán Đại số lớp 8.eFB40/,IJK"
 4"#$%O,,R+80B1C)2,>(
C(*++?
2. Mục đích nghiên cứu:
$>/C@<+.<=>DPQ,
4*30;3<=>/"D3.0/,
IO.L)4FIO5:+ON=,<=>+ 5
/0 <=>X?
3. Đối tượng nghiên cứu:
&1,,+H,40/,IJK:+/
C@4<+.70;3<=>/".L)4F0/,I
&_/,>_/,IJK
&_/,F>_/,IJf
gU)>'<5+O).[
>.L)4FI" M$++>5 MM

U>)4F5 MMMU 6DH83\5 MS#8
, 6DH83\?=>HC(34F, 
,,</C@<+.<=>D:
62(<=>/40/,IJK 4"
#$%%hiji&hijj?
4. Phương pháp nghiên cứu:
&L>0O0:+=8>Q,.
O 4"00H7,05CT<O0:+?
 &'5G+-k,67<
/C@4<+.O:1+4+5:+OQ<
D1?+-c<=/k,-2.?
&L+5)567)4.:+<148
0BR%5:+=C)20/,6764?
&7+F=5445[D-4
&=<=+30/,0/,F>
&7+5544<=:1T+0/,,C(1
,,/0/,<.,C(1,,?
5. Giả thuyết khoa học:
.O5L)4FO4l<.<+5bB
<O7<+/C@4D=6A<+5
<,T<=>/*+D5A,m2(
<=>C@=4=,3(3T61
C)25C720c).682<O5<.8,C@5<.
.4<+?
$=/C@F4D=<+5<
,D=6A,<=>54B*3)
3+C),,Q6=4l"435)B
4+2>QH,45Q,N*3,
=0;<=>3+O5:154)?
bT12=5.67>+

*+4:+/C@<+.C)2.
L)4F0/,I5=;O00+B4:+RF/
`.+)+2?
II. NỘI DUNG :
1 Cơ sở lý luận :
1.1Các văn bản chỉ đạo của cấp trên:
&$:2=4Ffinhiiinoa2pnjhnhiii*+oF3<O+a-
/ 6C(,-.X<q(*+-/
 6C(,-.0da2C3C 65, 
,,C(C=r5,>2R,7k
0,((.,O+5)O+)O+H/5,ZB,
s2FS+5=,H63C(,-."/
,7<=/?e
&$:2=th&<SMMM<qdU1-/, ,,
C(&)5<u,(0F2(35v02=,C25
4)*+5bD/,C(, ,,=, 
,,):6C)25D11+5>
4e?
 &_HC(4E+-hiji5wdU ,,C(,-.
phải phát huy tính tích cực, tự giác, chủ động, sáng tạo của học sinh; phù hợp
với đặc điểm của từng lớp học, môn họcxbồi dưỡng phương pháp tự học5<1
%0NO5v02<y%HC(<=>s5
3=615N0)5>QH,4e?
1?2?Các quan niệm khác về giáo dục :
2.1 Quan điểm về dạy học môn Toán
N$T8-/C(!.d')2
80C)2)3?LF/4O7WN1
06>*2=*+)3?C)25`DH,
B4EC(/TC(c<+5O7CZ)W8
,57B3 570/3C/59//

(C)2?e
2.2 Đặc điểm của dạy học môn Toán:
&1C)2.L)4F5*2=Q,4uBT
<=> D1;+5:2u5:26130)D:+O
PQ,4O71:2=34F81:2=8
=34F?
&$3CC)2.L)4F0:+=)3
4+
$HC)73<53:2u5, ,,5H
59
$T)3+>5;+51
DP0H,, 65???
$T)3U5-B,5445 5bB
5<:5mD=59
$T)3.T156D23015,D7
3;+5:2u53H59
&z(*+C)2.O5,.)4FO/
/64%0C230H,5C24)6
,7%034)5\D4
>/4FWX3?
2. Cơ sở thực tiễn :
2.1. Thực tiễn vấn đề nghiên cứu :
      =1C)2+25CZ0.Fu-/
, ,,C)2740.*3:60;
3<=>5v02<]%HC(<=>s1?
!A+1m5+H48,C@B
45FB4)3+5NAP20
.<O5)?
o+:6=,1C)2Ck,5)*+
/C@4<+.<=>"

 4"O!#$%O5D1H82T
84+
+ Đối với học sinh :
{6)+204(3?
{z3D3,H4D652=+)C),D75+
*3:61|HC(<=>1
{.D=<+.4<+?
{_>.*+D+H4+0)
:1+80BC()?
+ Đối với giáo viên :
{U0)+wG<=B,DH,/C@4)
3=0;<=>D?
{m4EC(FG<C24+
,ZB,?
{+>48<+<=>=74
 :6H,P+80BD3.?
2.2. Sự cần thiết của đề tài:
&$P,>(-/, ,,C)2N\<=
><]%+)+25AGOD,,>
/C@40;3<=>3*3:+
<+."4<+
   &L7*+4B2+5R
/C@4D==,H5,=0;>5v02<;
%.:+)3156O:NHC(<=>
H,.<s?
&L7Q,4b+uB>/3*35b+u
B, ,,0;3>O5,7C254)?
0O+A:+80,1/C@4D=<+
.4<+"=4+O:1F8
0B)+08:+`=C)2.O

5.)4FIO"!#$%?
&/C@4<+.3B,0c50)5C7
74lQBFB45mD042=<}+
+)3H, P+80BC(O
580B.O53=615N0)5
>QH,4?
3. Nội dung vấn đề:
3.1. Vấn đề đặt ra đối với việc nâng cao tính tích cực của học sinh qua
hướng dẫn khai thác kiến thức môn Đại số 8 :
C)25`DH,B4EC(/TC(c
<+5O7CZ)W8,57B3 570/3
C/5981//(C)2
?
'O57+H,*+4:+/C@
<+<=>/*+DC)2.O5,
.)4FO):1+5ROD,,>5(
7
&)3*+45< CH2,7%0
56C2530H,54)?
&LF/b)34EC(:1FG<=B,DH,
C@7/C@4=,H5,=0;<=>?
&=B,0)34F<]HC)2,ZB,/m
D3.
SB=
a) Đối với của giáo viên:
&=<=T)3H,Q,4O7H,.
WE0c.76+<=>.:+)3mO?
L:+*+=<=200*+3C4+-DH
W24?
&FGO30<C230H,*3

5<0A+G5)44+2=0;>5)<
4)3H,35*3D3
03<1%H>*+6?
&)3*+D+k
{$G5DH,P)6FO852|0)
34=,H.<=>
{->5/C@4)3C2,554
45C59743XD=6B1:2=
G5DH,X
{$2RHW}5<=0H1?
b) Đối với của học sinh 
&4B++)3H,/46<=
,+.<=>D.:+G+2DH,?
&4B5,0c0HN42;*+65
6CR%0.:+)3+2O5Q,
4O<5)C)WE0c6F?bO4O
*561:2=<=Q86H,75D=
0082c<=+2*+H,7c<=*+6?
&)3 >*+4k
{=,H8G+2DH,R1:2=?
{L3X1:2=85:+O6+T<=>R=,?
{~Q+HW}5<=0HT<=>R0;3:+<=>
XD=?
3.2. Giải quyết vấn đề đặt ra:
 C)2=0c2=0/,5HC(D,,
 7/C@)3<+.<=>.
)4FIP<*3:61*+
4
3.2.1 Tích cực hoá hoạt động nhận thức của học sinh khi tiếp cận thông
tin kiến thức:

,R278,3HD=*+45O4<=B,T+
DH,FGB"P<=>:2u5
;+5859?XD=7\D6A,<=>
/?
4=,H5H,,8•<=>/€1D
H,0Q"R5O7bDH,•4<+2DH,0:+T+<=
>XD=<=>/574*36+<=>?
)3*+4*2=0.5<=>\
D=)3H,=,N?
UR2O7DH,•"4<+70DH,C@
Ví dụ minh hoạ:
Ví dụ 16<*+, 6
=,H.
4=,H/<=>/DP1DH,•
h4<n‚
WƒK5Wƒ‚`=*+, 6hW{‚
ƒ„•W&j€{h
g<=>!/0)D7>XD=5O7
!u0)4F*+D7>?4,1=
,},XD="0/,C/Q,N<=>XD=\D
6<=>/?
G4EC(
X2u0)D7>9?
zFD7>+0=•X2D/

g->k+O47F=<=:15(
24Qc4"D/h<HW}<=:1?
•/C@1D4l")34+€
 Ví dụ 26D/1, 6+BC)+W{Dƒi
=,H.

!=,H<=>DPD/1•m
>01D€
, 6hW{‚ƒ„•W&j€{h?X2
{,},
{27)E>+W5P4F4+3=?
{b=5k6W
g<=>4u0)<=>XD=DGm5
,}, >/+>5:2u27=?
G4EC(
X2u0):2u9?
$D/9?
g->4NO445F=<=:1?
Ví dụ 3:61, 6
=,H.
!=,H<=>DP1DH,•h4<nj‚
X2/0)38*+,},4F5,D7=,<q
4+35=O3b+4FDPi69?xB0)5=
DPi683b+4F*+9??
g<=>4u0)<=>XD=,},
4F"0/,…
G4EC(
X2u0)8*+,},9?
UD78*+9??+2=+?D?iƒ•B0)+?Dƒi6
9?•
g->4/0)10
S/2*+DH,5<=B,FG->Q,
4  )3=,H56+/1:2=
+O5:1
3.2.2 Tích cực hoá hoạt động nhận thức khi phát hiện và giải quyết vấn
đề:

7>3.7<7+405<=FCT
05;+5H*+4.:+6<=015
1:2=5D=/"42;?824O<1%Cs
)56D22=F D15442=F D15<:5 5C
3C+
Một số phương pháp thích ứng đối với phân môn đại số trong hướng dẫn
học sinh giải quyết vấn đề đặt ra, kèm ví dụ minh hoạ:
Dự đoán nhờ nhận xét trực quan, thực hành, hoạt động thực tiễn:
Ví dụ 16<*+, 6
1DH,•h4<n‚
WƒK5Wƒ‚5`=*+, 6hW{‚ƒ
„•W&j€{h
1:2=8
o+,R/C@•(=,H<=>€5+
46D2k
WƒK+OSƒh?K{‚ƒj…SUƒ„•K&j€{hƒj…
Wƒ‚+OSƒh?‚{‚ƒj‚SUƒ„•‚&j€{hƒjf
!+<HW}W*+0152R444
<=:1<WƒKh=*+, 6•Wƒ‚h=*+, 
6O6<D•$c<=HW}•
gz\H>XW8<C24<824
<DT++B,
WƒK+=DP+
Wƒ‚+=<.DP+
44lc<=*+6?O7!CB
0*+, 6•
o+D/1DH,25!82mCB
0*+, 6504,1O42;445
++c<=*+6?$=[WƒK+0-DH<
*+, 6?

Ví dụ 26D/1, 6+BC)+W{Dƒi
!D/1
, 6hW{‚ƒ„•W&j€{h?X2
{,},
{27)E>+W5P4F4+3=?
{b=5k6W
1:2=8
4bD/2RX•m4
>01D€
hW{‚ƒ„•W&j€{h


hW{‚ƒ„W&„{h•,},5DGm€


hW&„Wƒ&„{h&‚•27)E>+W5P4F4+
3=€


&Wƒ&K


WƒK•b=5k6W€
!+<4D/N25v024
D=HW}D0?†R=,N042;D/1
mC1?o+ON|BD=:20):N
71:2=D50, ,,m*+.)4F?


4Cs)*3Nc7?

      =1D5!X*31
, 656+D/1+O ?Sm->O7
4)3+2NO‡>3*+0/,?
 Lật ngược vấn đề:
Ví dụ6,},++>41DH,
jnX2„W
h
?fW2
hnX26o4+
+€„W
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?oƒjhW

2D€o?fW2ƒjhW

2
1:2=84C7CB
j€„W
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?fW2ƒjhW

2
h+€oƒfW2D€oƒ„W
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o+D5#o0++>5+0.B#?oƒJ?
Ngược lại5=D=J#6+6B+>o•
/C@=,$=6B6+O+O3,},
0,},+



6<,},++>
Xem xét tương tự hoá, khái quát hoá:
Ví dụ6Pq>D6, 3+D7>
bPq>d#6, 3-+D7>eO742+
Pq>d#6, 3+D7>e
#=D6, *+3k•+{D€
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ƒ•+{D€•+{D€ƒ+
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{h+D{D
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?+
D6, 3 B<.•
Lk1DH,•„4<+ˆ+{•&D€‰
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ƒ•
1:2=8+4=1kN+
4j•+&D€
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ƒ•+&D€•+&D€ƒ9ƒ+
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4hˆ+{•&D€‰
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 4:+4HW}05Q+<=>/#6
, 3
 Khai thác kiến thức cũ đặt vấn đề dẫn đến kiến thức mới:
Ví dụ 1: a}0) SC(„(+,R61, 
6
#P1DH,•h4<nj‚
X2/0)38*+,},4F5,D7=,<q
4+35=O3b+4FDPi69?xB0)5=
DPi683b+4F*+9??
1:2=8
35=O3b+4FDPi6tích bằng 0xB0)5
=DPi683b+4F*+bằng 0
+, 6•hW&„€•W{j€ƒi?$1, 
6
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hW&„ƒimW{jƒi


Wƒ„nhmWƒ&j
o+1DH,82b<+<=>|5O7m8C@
=<=>/5Q,!C7C=,D ?
g)32<=B,R2s6<=<=>5
O 3<76<=>== 
Ví dụ 26<+,>DP+
1DH,X2164+
j ‚
h ji
=

••$u0)<=>
+,4FDP+"0/,K€
+2DH,
a
b
DP
c
d
••O7Bc4/0)<
[0>€
1:2=84)-O710+

j ‚
h ji
=
6h?‚ƒj?ji5NO710
‚ ‚ j
ji ‚ h
=
+
R/NB/?

a
b
ƒ
c
d
<+?CƒD?



/<=>/+,>DP+

 Nêu một bài toán mà việc giải quyết dẫn đến kiến thức mới
Ví dụ 6<7<



:+DH, 
X2F`cjxh/3c+5D55C7B<qQ•
1:2=8
j?!F+<.G 4FD
h?!F+<.0/ 4FD
+€6+ŠDm+ƒD
D€6+‹D
€6+‹Dm+ƒD
C€6+ŠD
$Fcj/c5ch/c+
->!10HOGND5-B,++c<=*+
O+2*+?
g!B<442;50+5 4/
+++2<d4FG mDP+20/ mDP?e
S[/<



4C7=, ?
3.2.3 Tích cực hoá hoạt động nhận thức khi chiếm lĩnh kiến thức mới:
+2-34FD3,H*+8?†RC5<:5 
?
:5mD5 5H5

6Fs7OB5,B<=>/?o+O|
64C@=<=>/534<,5
(59?
U7C2,5-B,59 4"<=>XH
>BD=Cs)>N.T5HT?
 Ví dụ minh hoạ:
Ví dụ 1W}C(j(D€",R6<*+
, 6
!+<6D2D7>
WƒK+OSƒh?K{‚ƒj…SUƒ„•K&j€{hƒj…
Wƒ‚+OSƒh?‚{‚ƒj‚SUƒ„•‚&j€{hƒjf
=0;<=>
GOHW}6h=*+, <WƒK5
Wƒ‚•
4HW}
WƒK+=DP+
Wƒ‚+=<.DP+
G=,WƒK0*+, 65H20
1X6
4Cs)<deNc<=*+D1?
F0)?
o+D/1DH,254)3D=42
;445++c<=*+6?$=[WƒK+0
-DH<*+, 6
4B0c<=HW}W*+65:+ONO7C7
C0;3<=>/DPNb+,+?
Ví dụ 2W}C(h(D€",R6D/1, 
6+BC)+W{Dƒi
!D/14,R1:2=8
hW{‚ƒ„•W&j€{h



hW{‚ƒ„W&„{h•,},5DGm€


hW&„Wƒ&„{h&‚•27)E>+W5P4F4+
3=€


&Wƒ&K


WƒK•b=5k6W€
=0;<=>
ŒO7Q+D/01, 
6•
4Cs)*3Nc7*+D1?o+,RCs
)5Fu7v4u,W=,cO656
D/1

6H:61DH,?
 Ví dụ 3:a}0) SC(„(+,R61, 6

#P1DH,•h4<nj‚
X2/0)38*+,},4F5,D7=,<q
4+35=O3b+4FDPi69?xB0)5=
DPi683b+4F*+9??
!+D/1:2=B8
35=O3b+4FDPi6tích bằng 0xB0)5=
DPi683b+4F*+bằng 0

!2+1, 6•hW&„€•W{j€ƒi•j€


hW&„ƒimW{jƒi


Wƒ„nhmWƒ&j
=0;<=>/C@<+=0;>
/, 6•j€0, 6•X2
HW}, 6O6mD••=5=,1€S1•
4Cs)Nc7=D7>5=,1DP
i
1bD7>DPi51, 6
 1


:DB<, 61
* Trong nâng cao tính tích cực học tập của học sinh qua hướng dẫn khai
thác kiến thức môn đại số lớp 8 :
   Khai thác hiệu quả hệ thống kiến thức phong phú, đa dạng sách giáo
khoa :
&.:+=C)25Q,4b+<+.<=>
 D1R=84<+.L)4F0/,I:+34FDH,
•5b+*F<=>HC(0:+b+,6<=
>/
&U0)F<=>Nb>3,7C27
0+DH,C@=,<=>//DH,<]%
)3X<=>b+*+D3.?
&/(dO7N+D=e+2d#eP
<4<,*+457Nv02, ,,

P+"3F<=>?
 Kết hợp phương pháp dạy học đặc trưng của bộ môn tổ chức hợp lý các
hoạt động phát huy cao tính tích cực của học sinh.
 &0+5,F<=B,G<+."4<+5
G,7C24)530H,42;59
&/C@4)30;3<=>C/6>
{S8Bm+D=:+45HW}5C59
{4C21:2=8SHC(T<=>+2
OT<=>0:+71:2=?1:2=N
Fb•42A542;,0<.C+
4"<+*+€?O7<:99
&#H,BO8B,0c5b+4>45<=B,
T+<=>XD=<=>/B6+7442
;1:2=?
&~v02C2,55C5445
HW}5Cs)c5-B,5<:5?????
 Kết hợp linh hoạt một số kỹ thuật dạy học tích cực phù hợp với nội dụng
bài học và đối tượng học sinh.
&U ,,3X
&H,7<=B,H,B,
&]HW2•)3O
* Tóm lại :
L7O:1F+*+4:+<+
<=>/".L)4F0/,I5
- Nên làm :
{,534\DYR*+*3
)30/,xG3:+ 24x0Ow
uu5C><5<.08,0T50()6FO85
OF?
{)3B=3Ž54351xH,

74OT)3kD35F8N4<7*+
x6F%q<.R=x 
Q?
{H,.+<13C, ,,C)25
6<=.)O0:+=D?
{FG,1G50,ZB,,7C24
{+-.T+5T+4
{R.C•4•455c7)(
H,,7?
- Không nên làm:
{41ND1@4•5>030A+13
0)D
{V,m1*+R2.
{[Qc=34FFB4
{FA5},5D+,5H,<.O4q*+
4. Kết quả của đề tài :
 >5.<7>H,*+4:+
/C@<+<=>.)4F"0/,IJK50/,F>
IJfDP,=+
LC8Wjhc<="0/,IJK„j450/,IJf„h4


$‘M'’$
_/,IJK _/,IJf
Lkc
.
kc
Lk
c
.

kc
j .O<1%.)
4FI
hf jj j… j‚
h .:+        .
)4F?
jI j„ jK jK


.A<O<%1
54lFu1
F 
h„ I j… j‚
f .    +  +  ,
D7=)4F?
hi jj jf jI
‚  .  O  ,  D7  c  <=
)4F
jp jh j„ jp
o+,=+.H82

×