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nâng cao tính tích cực của học sinh qua hướng dẫn khai thác thông tin trong dạy học môn toán đại số lớp 8

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“Nâng cao tính tích cực của học sinh qua hướng dẫn khai thác thông
tin trong dạy học môn Toán Đại số lớp 8”.

 !"#$%
I. Lý do chọn đề tài:
&'(()*+,-.+)/0,1
,2*34)56789:60;3<=
>/?
&)4@A(3580BC2
*+40/C@<+<=>D?
II. Đối tượng- Phương pháp nghiên cứu:
* Đối tượng : $>4EC(FG5DH,C@/
C@40/,IJK=,H5,=0;<=>D.L)4F?
* Phương pháp :
&+<10"45D5)MNN
&'5+-</4?
&7+:6LF=<=:1544?
III. Đề tài đưa ra giải pháp mới:
O+)3H,*+4:+/C@4
<+<=>DDP=,H5,0;3<=>3
*36<=>/?
4BH,3CD3*3
>C@=<=>O?
IV. Hiệu quả áp dụng:
* Giáo viên:
BẢN TÓM TẮT ĐỀ TÀI
BẢN TÓM TẮT ĐỀ TÀI
&QR-/, ,,?
&SHC(F, ,,C)2):1?
&L,>B3T(C(?
* Học sinh :


&40;3<=>D3*354)?
&U7)3C24,5:+45C5-B,5
9
V. Phạm vi áp dụng:
&V,C(1,,F/D3.!#$%?
&V,C(1,,F/D3. D)
Bàu Năng, ngày tháng năm 2011
Giáo viên thực hiện

Tích Thị Kim Châu
I. ĐẶT VẤN ĐỀ :
1. Lý do chọn đề tài :
/T2R/*+WX3F/4,C()/
T=D3*+<+Y.AG,1-/ 6)
, ,,C)23>?L7O,,R(O53
C, ,,C)2*+.,1B-/,ZB,/2
R,7*+WX3,>R,7C*+4?
N[)-/, ,,C)2N\<=>
<]%*+#3C(&L)XB!"C(YL)5UAC(&
L)8:+?!"YUAC(F8[)
/-/, ,,C)2N\<=><]%/"
O+)3H,*+4C/4->/C@*+5Q,
4*3=0;><+?
^ 4"5(C)2/3C 
6N\<=><]%08<=2R-/
, ,,C)2N/"8,D ?_1
C)2D3.5P,2*356A54)567<=
>/7B<=> 4"<+564EC(, 
,,C)2,ZB,/D3.5R,1/C@4D=<+
=.DP,2+*+4

)3=0;>5200W2*+`
00/,P<442;*+4?
80BC2*+4,(380BFG5DH,
4EC(</C@4<+.<=>D?S6
=.=;:6C)2.L)4FO5L)4F0/,IO
0=743X5++:6H,7
80BD3.2+ 54>QH, 0
F?
a8,bT0cC5.:2=>dNâng cao
tính tích cực của học sinh qua hướng dẫn khai thác thông tin trong dạy học môn
Toán Đại số lớp 8.eFB40/,IJK" 4"#
$%O,,R+80B1C)2,>(C(*+
+?
2. Mục đích nghiên cứu:
$>/C@<+.<=>DPQ,
4*30;3<=>/"D3.0/,IO
.L)4FIO5:+ON=,<=>+ 5/0
 <=>X?
3. Đối tượng nghiên cứu:
&1,,+H,40/,IJK:+/C@
4<+.70;3<=>/".L)4F0/,I
&_/,>_/,IJK
&_/,F>_/,IJf
gU)>'<5+O).[>
.L)4FI" M$++>5 MMU>)
4F5 MMMU 6DH83\5 MS#8, 6DH8
3\?=>HC(34F, ,,</C@
<+.<=>D:62(<=>/
40/,IJK 4"#$%%hiji&hijj?
4. Phương pháp nghiên cứu:

&L>0O0:+=8>Q,.O
4"00H7,05CT<O0:+?
&'5G+-k,67</
C@4<+.O:1+4+5:+OQ<D1
?+-c<=/k,-2.?
&L+5)567)4.:+<1480B
R%5:+=C)20/,6764?
&7+F=5445[D-4
&=<=+30/,0/,F>
&7+5544<=:1T+0/,,C(1,,/
0/,<.,C(1,,?
5. Giả thuyết khoa học:
.O5L)4FO4l<.<+5bB<O
7<+/C@4D=6A<+5<,
T<=>/*+D5A,m2(<=>C@=
4=,3(3T61C)25C720c)
.682<O5<.8,C@5<..4<+?
$=/C@F4D=<+5<,
D=6A,<=>54B*3)3
+C),,Q6=4l"435)B4+2>Q
H,45Q,N*3,=0;<=>
3+O5:154)?
bT12=5.67>+
*+4:+/C@<+.C)2.L)4F
0/,I5=;O00+B4:+RF/`
.+)+2?
II. NỘI DUNG :
1 Cơ sở lý luận :
1.1Các văn bản chỉ đạo của cấp trên:
&$:2=4Ffinhiiinoa2pnjhnhiii*+oF3<O+a-/

 6C(,-.X<q(*+-/ 
6C(,-.0da2C3C 65, ,,
C(C=r5,>2R,7k0,((
.,O+5)O+)O+H/5,ZB,s2F
S+5=,H63C(,-."/,7<
=/?e
&$:2=th&<SMMM<qdU1-/, ,,C(&
)5<u,(0F2(35v02=,C254)*+
5bD/,C(, ,,=, ,,)
:6C)25D11+5>4e?
 &_HC(4E+-hiji5wdU ,,C(,-.phải
phát huy tính tích cực, tự giác, chủ động, sáng tạo của học sinh; phù hợp với đặc điểm
của từng lớp học, môn họcxbồi dưỡng phương pháp tự học5<1%0N
O5v02<y%HC(<=>s5 3=615
N0)5>QH,4e?
1?2?Các quan niệm khác về giáo dục :
2.1 Quan điểm về dạy học môn Toán
N$T8-/C(!.d')2
80C)2)3?LF/4O7WN106>
*2=*+)3?C)25`DH,B4E
C(/TC(c<+5O7CZ)W8,57B3 5
70/3C/59//(C)2?e
2.2 Đặc điểm của dạy học môn Toán:
&1C)2.L)4F5*2=Q,4uBT<=
> D1;+5:2u5:26130)D:+OPQ,
4O71:2=34F81:2=8=3
4F?
&$3CC)2.L)4F0:+=)34+
$HC)73<53:2u5, ,,5H59
$T)3+>5;+51DP

0H,, 65???
$T)3U5-B,5445 5bB5
<:5mD=59
$T)3.T156D23015,D73
;+5:2u53H59
&z(*+C)2.O5,.)4FO//
64%0C230H,5C24)6,
7%034)5\D4>/4F
WX3?
2. Cơ sở thực tiễn :
2.1. Thực tiễn vấn đề nghiên cứu :
=1C)2+25CZ0.Fu-/, ,,
C)2740.*3:60;3<=>5v
02<]%HC(<=>s1?!
A+1m5+H48,C@B45FB
4)3+5NAP20.<O5)?
o+:6=,1C)2Ck,5)*+
/C@4<+.<=>" 4"O
!#$%O5D1H82T84+
+ Đối với học sinh :
{6)+204(3?
{z3D3,H4D652=+)C),D75+*
3:61|HC(<=>1
{.D=<+.4<+?
{_>.*+D+H4+0):1+
80BC()?
+ Đối với giáo viên :
{U0)+wG<=B,DH,/C@4)3
=0;<=>D?
{m4EC(FG<C24+,Z

B,?
{+>48<+<=>=74
 :6H,P+80BD3.?
2.2. Sự cần thiết của đề tài:
&$P,>(-/, ,,C)2N\<=><]
%+)+25AGOD,,>
/C@40;3<=>3*3:+<+.
"4<+
&L7*+4B2+5R/C@
4D==,H5,=0;>5v02<;%.:+
)3156O:NHC(<=>H,
.<s?
&L7Q,4b+uB>/3*35b+uB
, ,,0;3>O5,7C254)?0
O+A:+80,1/C@4D=<+.
4<+"=4+O:1F80B)
+08:+`=C)2.O5.)4FIO
"!#$%?
&/C@4<+.3B,0c50)5C77
4lQBFB45mD042=<}++)
3H, P+80BC(O580B
.O53=615N0)5>Q
H,4?
3. Nội dung vấn đề:
3.1. Vấn đề đặt ra đối với việc nâng cao tính tích cực của học sinh qua hướng
dẫn khai thác kiến thức môn Đại số 8 :
 C)25`DH,B4EC(/TC(c<
+5O7CZ)W8,57B3 570/3C/5
981//(C)2?
'O57+H,*+4:+/C@<+

<=>/*+DC)2.O5,.)4FO
):1+5ROD,,>5(7
&)3*+45< CH2,7%0
56C2530H,54)?
&LF/b)34EC(:1FG<=B,DH,C@
7/C@4=,H5,=0;<=>?
&=B,0)34F<]HC)2,ZB,/mD3
.
SB=
a) Đối với của giáo viên:
&=<=T)3H,Q,4O7H,.WE
0c.76+<=>.:+)3mO?L:+
*+=<=200*+3C4+-DHW24
?
&FGO30<C230H,*35
<0A+G5)44+2=0;>5)<
4)3H,35*3D303<1%
H>*+6?
&)3*+D+k
{$G5DH,P)6FO852|0)3
4=,H.<=>
{->5/C@4)3C2,55445
C59743XD=6B1:2=G5D
H,X
{$2RHW}5<=0H1?
b) Đối với của học sinh 
&4B++)3H,/46<=,
+.<=>D.:+G+2DH,?
&4B5,0c0HN42;*+656
CR%0.:+)3+2O5Q,4O

<5)C)WE0c6F?bO4O*561
:2=<=Q86H,75D=0082c<=+2*+
H,7c<=*+6?
&)3 >*+4k
{=,H8G+2DH,R1:2=?
{L3X1:2=85:+O6+T<=>R=,?
{~Q+HW}5<=0HT<=>R0;3:+<=>XD=?
3.2. Giải quyết vấn đề đặt ra:
 C)2=0c2=0/,5HC(D,, 
7/C@)3<+.<=>.)4FI
P<*3:61*+4
3.2.1 Tích cực hoá hoạt động nhận thức của học sinh khi tiếp cận thông tin
kiến thức:
,R278,3HD=*+45O4<=B,T+D
H,FGB"P<=>:2u5;+58
59?XD=7\D6A,<=>/?
4=,H5H,,8•<=>/€1DH,
0Q"R5O7bDH,•4<+2DH,0:+T+<=>XD=
<=>/574*36+<=>?
)3*+4*2=0.5<=>\D=
)3H,=,N?
UR2O7DH,•"4<+70DH,C@
Ví dụ minh hoạ:
Ví dụ 16<*+, 6
=,H.
4=,H/<=>/DP1DH,•h
4<n‚
WƒK5Wƒ‚`=*+, 6hW{‚ƒ„•W&
j€{h
g<=>!/0)D7>XD=5O7!

u0)4F*+D7>?4,1=,},
XD="0/,C/Q,N<=>XD=\D6
<=>/?
G4EC(
X2u0)D7>9?
zFD7>+0=•X2D/
g->k+O47F=<=:15(
24Qc4"D/h<HW}<=:1?
•/C@1D4l")34+€
 Ví dụ 26D/1, 6+BC)+W{Dƒi
=,H.
!=,H<=>DPD/1•m
>01D€
, 6hW{‚ƒ„•W&j€{h?X2
{,},
{27)E>+W5P4F4+3=?
{b=5k6W
g<=>4u0)<=>XD=DGm5
,}, >/+>5:2u27=?
G4EC(
X2u0):2u9?
$D/9?
g->4NO445F=<=:1?
Ví dụ 3:61, 6
=,H.
!=,H<=>DP1DH,•h4<nj‚
X2/0)38*+,},4F5,D7=,<q
4+35=O3b+4FDPi69?xB0)5=DPi6
83b+4F*+9??
g<=>4u0)<=>XD=,},4F

"0/,…
G4EC(
X2u0)8*+,},9?
UD78*+9??+2=+?D?iƒ•B0)+?Dƒi69?•
g->4/0)10
S/2*+DH,5<=B,FG->Q,4
  )3=,H56+/1:2=+O5
:1
3.2.2 Tích cực hoá hoạt động nhận thức khi phát hiện và giải quyết vấn đề:
7>3.7<7+405<=FCT05
;+5H*+4.:+6<=0151:2=5
D=/"42;?824O<1%Cs)56D22=
F D15442=F D15<:5 5C3C+

Một số phương pháp thích ứng đối với phân môn đại số trong hướng dẫn học
sinh giải quyết vấn đề đặt ra, kèm ví dụ minh hoạ:
Dự đoán nhờ nhận xét trực quan, thực hành, hoạt động thực tiễn:
Ví dụ 16<*+, 6
1DH,•h4<n‚
WƒK5Wƒ‚5`=*+, 6hW{‚ƒ„•W&
j€{h
1:2=8
o+,R/C@•(=,H<=>€5+
46D2k
WƒK+OSƒh?K{‚ƒj…SUƒ„•K&j€{hƒj…
Wƒ‚+OSƒh?‚{‚ƒj‚SUƒ„•‚&j€{hƒjf
!+<HW}W*+0152R444<=:1
<WƒKh=*+, 6•Wƒ‚h=*+, 6O6<
D•$c<=HW}•
gz\H>XW8<C24<824<

DT++B,
WƒK+=DP+
Wƒ‚+=<.DP+
44lc<=*+6?O7!CB0
*+, 6•
o+D/1DH,25!82mCB0
*+, 6504,1O42;445++c
<=*+6?$=[WƒK+0-DH<*+
, 6?
Ví dụ 26D/1, 6+BC)+W{Dƒi
!D/1
, 6hW{‚ƒ„•W&j€{h?X2
{,},
{27)E>+W5P4F4+3=?
{b=5k6W
1:2=8
 4bD/2RX•m4
>01D€
hW{‚ƒ„•W&j€{h


hW{‚ƒ„W&„{h•,},5DGm€


hW&„Wƒ&„{h&‚•27)E>+W5P4F4+3
=€


&Wƒ&K



WƒK•b=5k6W€
!+<4D/N25v024D=
HW}D0?†R=,N042;D/1mC
1?o+ON|BD=:20):N71:2=
D50, ,,m*+.)4F?


4Cs)*3Nc7?
 =1D5!X*31, 
656+D/1+O ?Sm->O74
)3+2NO‡>3*+0/,?
 Lật ngược vấn đề:
Ví dụ6,},++>41DH,
jnX2„W
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?fW2
hnX26o4+
+€„W
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?oƒjhW

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2
1:2=84C7CB
j€„W
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lại5=D=J#6+6B+>o•
/C@=,$=6B6+O+O3,},0
,},+


6<,},++>
Xem xét tương tự hoá, khái quát hoá:
Ví dụ6Pq>D6, 3+D7>
bPq>d#6, 3-+D7>eO742+P
q>d#6, 3+D7>e
#=D6, *+3k•+{D€
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D6, 3 B<.•
Lk1DH,•„4<+ˆ+{•&D€‰
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4:+4HW}05Q+<=>/#6, 
3
 Khai thác kiến thức cũ đặt vấn đề dẫn đến kiến thức mới:
Ví dụ 1: a}0) SC(„(+,R61, 6

#P1DH,•h4<nj‚
X2/0)38*+,},4F5,D7=,<q
4+35=O3b+4FDPi69?xB0)5=DPi6
83b+4F*+9??
1:2=8
35=O3b+4FDPi6tích bằng 0xB0)5=
DPi683b+4F*+bằng 0
+, 6•hW&„€•W{j€ƒi?$1, 6


hW&„ƒimW{jƒi


Wƒ„nhmWƒ&j
o+1DH,82b<+<=>|5O7m8C@=

<=>/5Q,!C7C=,D ?
g)32<=B,R2s6<=<=>5O
 3<76<=>== 
Ví dụ 26<+,>DP+
1DH,X2164+
j ‚
h ji
=
••$u0)<=>+
,4FDP+"0/,K€
+2DH,
a
b
DP
c
d
••O7Bc4/0)<[
0>€
1:2=84)-O710+

j ‚
h ji
=
6h?‚ƒj?ji5NO710
‚‚ j
ji ‚ h
=
+R
/NB/?


a
b
ƒ
c
d
<+?CƒD?


/<=>/+,>DP+

 Nêu một bài toán mà việc giải quyết dẫn đến kiến thức mới
Ví dụ 6<7<



:+DH, 
X2F`cjxh/3c+5D55C7B<qQ•
1:2=8
$Fcj/c5ch/c+
->!10HOGND5-B,++c<=*+O
+2*+?
g!B<442;50+5 4/+
++2<d4FG mDP+20/ mDP?e
S[/<



4C7=, ?
3.2.3 Tích cực hoá hoạt động nhận thức khi chiếm lĩnh kiến thức mới:
+2-34FD3,H*+8?†RC5<:5 ?

:5mD5 5H56
Fs7OB5,B<=>/?o+O|6
4C@=<=>/534<,5
(59?
U7C2,5-B,59 4"<=>XH>
BD=Cs)>N.T5HT?
 Ví dụ minh hoạ:
Ví dụ 1W}C(j(D€",R6<*+, 
6
!+<6D2D7>
WƒK+OSƒh?K{‚ƒj…SUƒ„•K&j€{hƒj…
Wƒ‚+OSƒh?‚{‚ƒj‚SUƒ„•‚&j€{hƒjf
=0;<=>
j?!F+<.G 4FD
h?!F+<.0/ 4FD
+€6+ŠDm+ƒD
D€6+‹D
€6+‹Dm+ƒD
C€6+ŠD
GOHW}6h=*+, <WƒK5Wƒ‚•
4HW}
WƒK+=DP+
Wƒ‚+=<.DP+
G=,WƒK0*+, 65H20
1X6
4Cs)<deNc<=*+D1?F
0)?
o+D/1DH,254)3D=42;
445++c<=*+6?$=[WƒK+0-DH
<*+, 6

4B0c<=HW}W*+65:+ONO7C7C
0;3<=>/DPNb+,+?
Ví dụ 2W}C(h(D€",R6D/1, 6+
BC)+W{Dƒi
!D/14,R1:2=8
hW{‚ƒ„•W&j€{h


hW{‚ƒ„W&„{h•,},5DGm€


hW&„Wƒ&„{h&‚•27)E>+W5P4F4+3
=€


&Wƒ&K


WƒK•b=5k6W€
=0;<=>
ŒO7Q+D/01, 6
•
4Cs)*3Nc7*+D1?o+,RCs)5
Fu7v4u,W=,cO656D/1

6H:61DH,?
 Ví dụ 3:a}0) SC(„(+,R61, 6
#P1DH,•h4<nj‚
X2/0)38*+,},4F5,D7=,<q
4+35=O3b+4FDPi69?xB0)5=DPi6

83b+4F*+9??
!+D/1:2=B8
35=O3b+4FDPi6tích bằng 0xB0)5=
DPi683b+4F*+bằng 0
!2+1, 6•hW&„€•W{j€ƒi•j€


hW&„ƒimW{jƒi


Wƒ„nhmWƒ&j
=0;<=>/C@<+=0;>
/, 6•j€0, 6•X2H
W}, 6O6mD••=5=,1€S1•
4Cs)Nc7=D7>5=,1DPi
1bD7>DPi51, 6 1


:DB<, 61
* Trong nâng cao tính tích cực học tập của học sinh qua hướng dẫn khai thác
kiến thức môn đại số lớp 8 :
 Khai thác hiệu quả hệ thống kiến thức phong phú, đa dạng sách giáo khoa :
&.:+=C)25Q,4b+<+.<=>
D1R=84<+.L)4F0/,I:+34FDH,•5b+
*F<=>HC(0:+b+,6<=>/
&U0)F<=>Nb>3,7C270+
DH,C@=,<=>//DH,<]%)3
X<=>b+*+D3.?
&/(dO7N+D=e+2d#eP<
4<,*+457Nv02, ,,P

+"3F<=>?
 Kết hợp phương pháp dạy học đặc trưng của bộ môn tổ chức hợp lý các hoạt
động phát huy cao tính tích cực của học sinh.
 &0+5,F<=B,G<+."4<+5G
,7C24)530H,42;59
&/C@4)30;3<=>C/6>
{S8Bm+D=:+45HW}5C59
{4C21:2=8SHC(T<=>+2O
T<=>0:+71:2=?1:2=NFb
•42A542;,0<.C+ 4"<+*+
€?O7<:99
&#H,BO8B,0c5b+4>45<=B,T+
<=>XD=<=>/B6+7442;
1:2=?
&~v02C2,55C5445H
W}5Cs)c5-B,5<:5?????
 Kết hợp linh hoạt một số kỹ thuật dạy học tích cực phù hợp với nội dụng bài học
và đối tượng học sinh.
&U ,,3X
&H,7<=B,H,B,
&]HW2•)3O
* Tóm lại :
L7O:1F+*+4:+<+<=
>/".L)4F0/,I5
- Nên làm :
{,534\DYR*+*3
)30/,xG3:+ 24x0Owu
u5C><5<.08,0T50()6FO85OF?
{)3B=3Ž54351xH,7
4OT)3kD35F8N4<7*+x

6F%q<.R=x Q?
{H,.+<13C, ,,C)256
<=.)O0:+=D?
{FG,1G50,ZB,,7C24
{+-.T+5T+4
{R.C•4•455c7)(
H,,7?
- Không nên làm:
{41ND1@4•5>030A+130)D

{V,m1*+R2.
{[Qc=34FFB4
{FA5},5D+,5H,<.O4q*+
4. Kết quả của đề tài :
>5.<7>H,*+4:+/
C@<+<=>.)4F"0/,IJK50/,F>IJfDP
,=+
LC8Wjhc<="0/,IJK„j450/,IJf„h4


$‘M'’$
_/,IJK _/,IJf
Lkc
.
kc
Lkc
.
kc
j .O<1%.)
4FI

hf jj j… j‚
h .:+.)
4F?
jI j„ jK jK


.  A  <O <%  1
54lFu1F
 
h„ I j… j‚
f .++,D7
=)4F?
hi jj jf jI
‚ .O,D7c<=
)4F
jp jh j„ jp
o+,=+.H82
3H,*+40/,IJKO427D=54>Q
H,.)4F*+N%CR57:+<.<H,4.-"0/,54
\DD=,<=>/"NCRF 4/0/,F>IJf?
&_/,IJKhfn„j4.
&_/,IJfj…n„h4.
+ Về học sinh :
&4*3=,<=>D5,3C<=>+
O
&N++)3)C)CR<c<=*+6
,D7c<=++W2CD
&U2+C2?Q,4H0B )(
.?
+ Về giáo viên :

&/C@4)3=0;<=>BH0B5<=>
B0;3<.:<OFB45,,Q+C)24>QF
/D3.?
&QBFB4++W2CD?
&*FB<=>4,},D=-0:+
=D?
+ Về chất lượng :!47<148H8280B0/,
IJK/-4F4O27D=%04R%54F
42=O1CR?
Thời điểm khảo
sát chất lượng
Giỏi - Khá Trung bình Yếu - Kém
!_ _ !_ _ !_ _
LR% ‚ jK?j“ ji „h?„“ jK ‚j?K“
T+<‡M ji „h?„“ ji „h?„“ jj „‚?f“
<‡M j„ fh?i“ p hp?i“ p hp?i“
C. KẾT LUẬN:
LF/:6+H,*+4:+
/C@<+<=>/".L)4FI5D1Q+HW}
* Bài học kinh nghiệm:
Đối với giáo viên:
- OB, ,,6<=>/41C)2D3
.)4F5/+OB,:6Q,4
=0;>?o+OQ,4bD/*354)
)3544l=,D+ <u4<=> 5
k|*F<=>X?
&OD,,><=B,B,0cFG5DH,-
>5<]HC)2:+)3150435
QFB4++?FR-/, 
,,C)25O,,R+80BC(5,7C"4

Đối với học sinh:
&OB, ,,b=,H5,1:2=85
k6+<=>/5D=HW}?
&*3)3H,.O5)4FIO
?
&4B<=>>C@=<=>O?
&U7C2,5-B,5445F=5C
* Hướng phổ biến áp dụng của đề tài:
+*+4:+/C@<+.
C)2.)4FI5.X>,C("0/,IJKXB
T<=:18<1?'O, ,,4lB,C(810/,<F
I<F<*+kO7,-D=3 
D)/C@<+.<=>D30)?
* Kết luận chung:
&*+4B6N)35b
HD==C2+5Q,4Cs0;3<=>3*3 
<=>|B<u4 ?$+:6/C@<+
<=>A8,4, ,,HC(<=>X3
4)5,,Q+C)5)NOO:NC2
&1C)2D3.5/C@4<+<=>3
03<.7=,2F+H,*+
4?$), ,,/C@<+<=>:+
)374 NbD/bF
B430)Q,4>Q 52
D3. ?

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