tong hop kien thuc ngu phap on thi DH

I.

THÌ HIỆN
TẠI ÐƠN

VERB TENSES

Thì hiện tại đơn giản diễn tả một sự thật hiển nhiên. Thì hiện tại đơn giản cũng
dùng để diễn tả thói quen và hoạt động hàng ngày.
CHỦ NGỮ+ ÐỘNG TỪ (động từ ở thì hiện tại, động từ thêm "S" hay
"ES" nếu chủ từ là ngôi 3 số ít)
Thì hiện tại đơn giản có thể diễn tả thời gian trong tương lai khi diễn tả thời
khóa biểu, lịch trình tàu xe, lịch chiếu phim….
Cụm từ và từ ngữ chỉ thời gian: Always, usually, often, sometimes etc., (a
fact, habit, or repeated action), every time, as a rule, every day (every
other day), once (a month), once in a while

THÌ HIỆN
TẠI TIẾP
DIỄN

Thì hiện tại tiếp diễn diễn tả hành động đang xảy ra tại thời điểm nói.
CHỦ NGỮ + IS/ARE/AM + ÐỘNG TỪ THÊM -ING
Một hành động gì đó đang xảy ra tuần này, tháng này, hoặc năm này.
Thì hiện tại tiếp diễn có thể diễn tả thời gian trong tương lai khi ý nghĩ đó là 1
sự định sẵn.
Thường dùng với các phó từ như: always, all the time để chỉ một hành động
thường xuyên xảy ra gây sự khó chịu và bực bội cho người khác
eg: He is always asking questions. Or he is smoking all the time

The English alphabet consists of 26

letters.
The sun rises in the east.
She goes to school every day.
The boy always wakes up at 8 every
morning.
They always try to help him.
We study every day.
The game starts in ten minutes.
My class finishes next month.
I'm typing right now.
It is raining at the moment.
Shhh! The baby is sleeping.
She is taking ESL 107 this semester.
Tammy is writing a letter to her mom
tomorrow.
Jack is visiting his relatives tomorrow.
SAI: It is raining tomorrow. (Rain
không thể là 1 sự dự định trước

Cụm và từ ngữ chỉ thời gian: Right now, at the moment, at present, now,
shhh!, listen!, look!, this semester.

THÌ HIỆN
TẠI
HỒN
THÀNH

THÌ HIỆN
TẠI
HỒN

THÀNH
TIẾP DIỄN

CHỦ NGỮ + HAVE/ HAS + PHÂN TỪ II (PAST PARTICIPLE)
Thì hiện tại hồn thành diễn tả hành động đã xảy ra trong quá khứ và vẫn còn
liên quan, vẫn còn kéo dài đến hiện tại, hoặc chưa bao giờ xảy ra ở 1 thời gian
không xác định trong q khứ.
Thì hiện tại hồn thành cũng được dùng với since và for.
Since + mốc thời gian (1995, I was young, this morning etc.)
For + khoảng thời gian (từ lúc đầu tới bây giờ)
Cụm và từ ngữ chỉ thời gian: Never, ever, in the last fifty years, this
semester, since, for, so far, up to now, up until now, up to the present, yet,
recently, lately, in recent years, many times, once, twice, and in his/her
whole life
Thì hiện tại hồn thành tiếp diễn nhấn mạnh khoảng thời gian của 1 hành động
đã xảy ra trong quá khứ và tiếp tục tới hiện tại và vẫn còn kéo dài trong tương
lai.
CHỦ NGỮ + HAVE/HAS + BEEN + ÐỘNG TỪ THÊM –ING

THÌ QUÁ
KHỨ TIẾP
DIỄN

I have been waiting for you about 20
minutes.
The child has been sleeping all
afternoon.

Cụm và từ ngữ chỉ thời gian: All day, all week, since, for, for a long time,
almost every day this week, recently, lately, in the past week, in recent

years, up until now, and so far
Thì quá khứ đơn diễn tả hành động đã xảy ra và kết thúc trong quá khứ với
thời gian xác định.
CHỦ NGỮ + ÐỘNG TỪ Q KHỨ
When + thì q khứ đơn (simple past)

THÌ QUÁ
KHỨ ÐƠN

She has never seen snow.
I have gone to Disneyland several
times.
We have been here since 1995.
They have known me for five years.

I went to the library last night.
She came to the U.S. five years ago.
He met me in 1999.
When they saw the accident, they called
the police.

Cụm và từ ngữ chỉ thời gian: last night, last year, last time, etc., ago, in
1999, today, yesterday, then = at that time, in the 1800's, in the 19th
century, when, and for
Today đôi khi được dùng ở thì hiện tại tiếp diễn và tương lai đơn. For đơi khi
được
dùng ở thì hiện tại hồn thành (present perfect).
- Một hành động đang xảy ra thì có một hành động khác xen vào. Hành
động đang xảy ra chia ở thì quá khứ tiếp diễn, hành động khác xen
vào chia ở thì quá khứ đơn.

CHỦ TỪ + WERE/WAS + ÐỘNG TÙ THÊM -ING
While + thì quá khứ tiếp diễn (past progressive)
- 2 hành động song song cùng xảy ra một lúc trong quá khứ.

What were you doing when I called you
last night?
He was watching TV while his wife
was cleaning the bedroom.


-

Một hành động đang xảy ra tại 1 thời điểm xác định trong quá khứ

Cụm và từ ngữ chỉ thời gian: While, at that very moment, at 10:00 last
night, and this morning (afternoon)

THÌ Q
KHỨ
HỒN
THÀNH
THÌ Q
KHỨ
HỒN
THÀNH
TIẾP DIỄN

THÌ
TƯƠNG
LAI ÐƠN

THÌ
TƯƠNG
LAI TIẾP
DIỄN

THÌ
TƯƠNG
LAI HỒN
THÀNH
THÌ
TƯƠNG
LAI HỒN
THÀNH
TIẾP DIỄN

Thì q khứ hồn thành diễn tả 1 hành động xảy ra và kết thúc trước 1
hành động trong quá khứ.
CHỦ NGỮ + HAD + PHÂN TỪ II

I had just finished watering the lawn
when it began to rain.
She had studied English before she
came to the U.S.
After he had eaten breakfast, he went to
school.

Cụm và từ ngữ chỉ thời gian: Until then, by the time, prior to that time,
before, after
Dùng thì quá khứ hoàn thành cho hành động thứ nhất. Dùng thì quá

khứ cho hành động thứ hai.

We had been living in Santa Ana for 2
years before we moved to Garden
Grove.

Khi đoán (predict, guess), dùng will hoặc be going to.
Khi chỉ dự định trước, dùng be going to không được dùng will.
CHỦ NGỮ + AM (IS/ARE) GOING TO + ÐỘNG TỪ
Khi diễn tả sự tình nguyện hoặc sự sẵn sàng, dùng will không được
dùng be going to.
CHỦ TỪ + WILL + ÐỘNG TỪ (ở hiện tại: simple form)

ÐOÁN: Dùng cả WILL lẫn BE
GOING TO
According to the reporter, it will be
sunny tomorrow. HOẶC
According to the reporter, it is going to
be sunny tomorrow.
I'm going to study tomorrow. (không
được dùng WILL)
I will help you do your homework.
(không được dùng BE GOING TO)
I will be watching the "Wheel of
Fortune" show when you call tonight.
Don't come to my house at five. I am
going to be eating.

Thì tương lai tiếp diễn diễn tả hành động sẽ xảy ra ở 1 thời điểm xác định
trong tương lai.

CHỦ TỪ + WILL + BE + ÐỘNG TỪ THÊM -ING
hoặc
CHỦ TỪ + BE GOING TO + BE + ÐỘNG TỪ THÊM –ING
Cụm và từ ngữ chỉ thời gian: In the future, next year, next week, next
time, and soon
Thì tương lai hồn thành diễn tả 1 hành động: tại 1 thời điểm xác định
trong tương lai thì sự việc đó sẽ hồn thành xong rồi.
CHỦ NGỮ + WILL + HAVE + PHÂN TỪ II (PAST PARTICIPLE)
Cụm và từ ngữ chỉ thời gian: By the time, prior to the time (có nghĩa là
before)

Thì tương lai hoàn thành tiếp diễn diễn tả: tại 1 thời điểm xác định trong
tương lai, hành động đó sẽ hồn thành xong rồi và có thể vẫn cịn tiếp
diễn.
CHỦ NGỮ + WILL + HAVE + BEEN + ÐỘNG TỪ THÊM -ING

I'm going to go to school at eight. My
friend is going to come to my house at
nine tomorrow. By the time my friend
comes to my house, I will have gone to
school.
She will have put on some make-up
prior to the time her boyfriend comes
tonight.
He will have been studying for four
hours by the time he takes his
examination tonight.

Exercise:
1. I am sitting in class right now. I .............. in class at this exact time yesterday

a. am sitting

b. sat

c. was sitting

d. will be sitting


2. I got a package in the mail. When I opened it, I ................. a surprise

a. was finding

b. have been finding c. found

d. had found

3. Ali ............. to a party at Sally’s apartment last Saturday night. And she .............. since then

a. went/ hasn’t come

b. went/ didn’t comec. has gone/ hasn’t come d. has gone/ didn’t come

4. It is the first time I .................... snow.

a. ever saw

b. ever see

c. have ever seen

d. had ever seen

5. Alex is an artist. He ............. many beautiful pictures in his life time. Last week he ............... a

beautiful mountain scene
a. drew / drew

b. has drawn/ has drawn

c. has drawn/ drew

d. drew/ has drawn

6. What ..............since you ...........here?
a. have you learned / came
b. did you lean / have come c. have you leaned / have come
7. “ Do you like lobster?” – “ I don’t know. I ...............it”

a. am never eating

b. never ate

c. have never eaten

d. had never eaten

8. The last time I saw John was five years ago

a. I didn’t see John five years ago

b. I have seen John for five years

c. I haven’t seen John for five years

d. I didn’t see John for five years

9. It ............. all day. I wonder when it will stop.

a. is snowing

b. has been snowing c. has snowed

d. had been snowing

10. “ ............... able to reach Bob yet? “ – “ Not yet, I ............ for the last twenty minutes, but all I get

is a busy signal?
a. Have you been / have been trying

b. Have you been/ has tried

c. Have you been/ tried

11. Since classes began, I ............ much free time, I .............. several big tests to study for.

a. haven’t had/ have had

b. didn’t have/ had

c. didn’t have/ have had

d. haven’t had/ had

12. The weather has been terrible lately. It ............... off and on for two days.

a. rained

b. was raining

c. has rained

d. had been raining

13. In all the world, there .......... only 14 mountains that ........ above 8, 000 meters

a. is/ reach

b. are / reach

c. have been/ have reached

14. I called on her yesterday, she ........................... a meal at that time

d. was/ reached


a. cooked

b. had cooked

c. was cooking

d. cooks

15. They were too late. The plane ................... off ten minutes earlier.

a. took

b. has taken

c. had taken

d. was taking

16. “ When did you go to work?” – “ As soon as they had come in, we ................ to work”

a. went

b. were going

c. had gone

d. go

c. have you studied

d. had you studied

17. “ How many pages ............... so far?” – “ Ten”

a. do you study

b. did you study

18. How long .................. here by the end of next year?

a. will you work

b. will you have worked

c. are you working d. are you going to work

19. No sooner .................. the news than she fainted

a. she heard

b. had she heard

c. as she heard

d. she had heard

20. “ I miss my brother very much? – “ ..................... him lately”

a. Haven’t you seen

b. Didn’t you see

c. Don’t you see

d. Hadn’t you seen

21. Television .................. only for the last forty or fifty years.

a. existed

b. has existed

c. had existed

d. exists

22. Cathy .............. head mistress of the school yesterday

a. is made

b. is being made

c. was being made

d. was made

23. He ........... you now, but he won’t believe you tomorrow

a. believes

b. is believing

c. believe

d. has believed

24. “ When can you come?” – “ I’ll come as soon as .................... my work”

a. I finished

b. I’d finished

c. I’ll finish

d. I’ve finished

25. Every morning since last Christmas, I .................. my dog out for a walk in the park.

a. take

b. took

c. have been taking

d. had been taking

26. We missed the ferry. It ............... by the time we arrived at the pier.

a. went

b. was going

c. has gone

d. had gone

27. By the time the book is finished, he ................ an agent

a. is finding

b. finds

c. has found

d. will have found


28. After the ancient Greek athletes had won a race in the Olympics, they ................ a simple crown

of olive leaves
a. received

b. had received

c. were receiving

d. have received

29. Studying late at night is one of those things that .............me tired

a. makes

b. are making

c. making

d. were making

30. “We should go home now” - “ I will wait here until Mary ............ tomorrow”

a. come

b. will come

c. comes

c. will have come

31. When I ............into the office, my boss ..............for me.

A. came / was waiting B. had come / waited

C. was coming / waited

D. came / waiting

C. have started

D. will have started

C. have built

D. will have built

32. We ...................our plan next week.

A. started

B. will start

33. They............... a house by June next year.

A. will build
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.

B. are building

We have seen(A) and tell(B) you the situation next(C) Monday. Please wait for(D) us.
Our(A) teacher explained(B) that lesson to(C) us tomorrow(D).
We will wait(A) for you when(B) you will get(C) back tomorrow(D).

I will practise(A) my English lesson with(B) my classmate at(C) 7pm next(D) Sunday.
When I see(A) Mr Pike tomorrow(B), I remind(C) him of(D) that.
He works(A) on the(B) report at(C) this time tomorrow(D).
Please(A) sit here(B) and wait until(C) the manager will return(D).
Our parents arrived(A) next Wednesday. I’m sure we will receive(B) a lot of(C) presents from(D)
them.
I gave(A) him your message(B) and letter when(C) I see him(D).
By(A) the time you arrive(B), I will finish(C) writing an(D) essay.
We will be going(A) home as soon(B) as we have finished(C) our work(D).
Mr Green has taught(A) English this school since(B) he graduates(C) from (D) the
university in1986.
At (A) yesterday morning(B) when I arrive(C) at his house, he was still sleeping(D).

II. Conditional sentences
TYPE 0: thể hiện điều kiện luôn đúng ở hiện tại và tương lai
Ex: If you put a paper into the flame, it burns at once.
If you meet Jane, please give my best regard to her.
If John comes, tell him I am waiting for him at school.
Đảo ngữ (Were you to meet Jane, please give my best regard to her.)
If +S+ Present simple tense, Imperative form (mệnh lệnh cách)


TYPE 1: Điều kiện có thể xảy ra (open/likely/possible condition)
If + S + Present simple tense, S + simple future (will+V)
EX: If it doesn’t rain, we will go to the beach.
If you study hard, you will pass the exam.
Đảo ngữ (Should you study hard, you will pass the exam.)
TYPE 2: Điều kiện không thật ở hiện tại (present unreal condition)
If + S + simple past tense, S + past future (would+V)
(past simple tense but present meaning)

EX: If it didn’t rain now, we would go to the beach.(e.g It is now raining outside.)
 If I were you/ If I were in your position is used to give an advice
EX: If I were you, I wouldn’t buy that expensive bicycle.
Đảo ngữ
(Were I you, I wouldn’t buy that expensive bicycle.)
If I knew it, I would tell you earlier.
Đảo ngữ
(Were I to know it, I would tell you earlier.)
TYPE 3: Điều kiện không thật ở quá khứ (past unreal condition)
If+ S + had+ PP, S+ would have + PP
EX: If it hadn’t rain yesterday, we would have gone to the beach.(e.g It rained heavily yesterday.)
If I had known she was ill yesterday, I would have come to visit her.
(e.g You didn’t know she was ill yesterday.)
If he had worked harder, he could have passed the exams. (e.g he didn’t work hard.)
If we had brought a map with us, we mightn’t have got lost.
(e.g You didn’t bring a map with you)
Đảo ngữ (Had you worked hader, you could have passed the exam)
TYPE 4 mixed (mệnh đề if khơng có thật ở q khứ, mệnh đề chính khơng có thật ở hiện tại)
If I hadn’t stayed up late, I wouldn’t be sleepy now.
(I stayed up late and now I am sleepy)
If + S + had + PP, S + would +V
*** As long as, so long as, provided, providing:'nếu', 'trong trường hợp mà', ‘miễn là’
VD:

You can use my car as long as you drive carefully.
(= You can use my car but you must drive carefully - this is a condition)

Travelling by car is convenient provided (that) you have somewhere to park

(= but only if you have somewhere to park)

Providing (that) she studies hard - she’ll pass her exams.
Provided (that) she studies, she’ll pass her exams.
(=She must study hard - if she does this, she will pass)

Khi đề cập tới tương lai, không dùng will sau unlless/as long as/ provided/ providing. Hãy dùng thì hiện
tại
We’ll be late unless we hurry. (khơng nói 'unless we will hurry')
Providing she studies hard, she will pass the exam. (khơng nói 'providing she will study')
Một số câu đặc biệt:
1. IF ONLY: nhấn mạnh tình huống giả thiết
If only I were in your position.
If only he had known she was in hospital, he would have visited her.
2. Sử dụng were to/ had been để tăng tính giả thiết.
- If I were to ask you to lend me some money, what would you say?
- If it hadn’t been for her children, she wouldn’t have sold her house.
3. WISH
- Ước ở hiện tại: I wish I had a bigger house.
- Ước ở quá khứ: I wish I hadn’t been ill.
- Ước ở tương lai: I wish it wouldn’t rain.
I wish he wouldn’t keep on smoking
1. If he _______tickets yesterday, he _______ on the beach now.
A. had booked- would be lying
B. had booked- would have lied
C. booked – would lie
D. books- will lie
2. If you _______ less last night, you _______ so bad today.
A. had drunk- would not have felt
B. drank- would not feel

C. had drunk- would not feel
D. would have drunk- would not feel
3. Had you told me that this was going to happen, I _______ it.
A. would never have believed
B. don’t believe
C. hadn’t believed
D. can’t believe
4. I’m playing tennis tomorrow _______ it’s raining.
A. unless
B. if
C. as long as
D. provided


5. Tell him to ring me if you _______ him.
A. see
B. saw
C. have seen
D. had seen
6. Unless she _______, she’ll be late.
A. hurries
B. didn’t hurry
C. hurried
D. doesn’t hurry
7. Would George be angry if I _______ his bicycle without asking?
A.took
B. take
C. had taken
D. would take
8. I _______ you a postcard while I was on holiday if I _______ your address.

A. would have sent / had had
B. would have sent / had
C. would send / had
D. would send / had had
III. Cleft sentence (câu chẻ)
1. Nhấn mạnh vào CHỦ NGỮ
- Muốn nhấn mạnh vào ………………… gây ra hành động, người ta dùng ……….....

để diễn đạt và đặt trọng tâm vào chủ thể đó. Để nhấn mạnh chủ ngữ, ta đưa chủ ngữ
đó vào ………… It is/was và that.
-

-

Chúng ta có thể dùng ………… (chỉ người), …………. (chỉ vật, sự vật) thay cho that khi nhấn
mạnh chủ ngữ.
Khi chủ ngữ số nhiều được nhấn mạnh, thì động từ trong mệnh đề quan hệ cũng chia thích hợp
với chủ ngữ số nhiều.
VD: My mother bought me a present on my birthday.
 ………………………………………………………………………………………..

2. Nhấn mạnh vào TÂN NGỮ
- Để nhấn mạnh vào ………….…….. hay đối tượng của hành động, người ta dùng

câu chẻ để diễn đạt và đặt trọng tâm vào ………………. Ta đưa tân ngữ vào giữa
It is/ was và ……………..
Khi nhấn mạnh tân ngữ ta chỉ sử dụng ……………..
VD: Lan bought her son a nice gift at this shop.
-

 ………………………………………………………………………………………..
3. Nhấn mạnh vào TRẠNG NGỮ
- Muốn nhấn mạnh vào ………………….( thời gian ,địa điểm) của mệnh đề, người ta dùng câu

chẻ để diễn đạt và đặt trọng tâm vào trạng ngữ.
Để nhấn mạnh trạng ngữ, ta đưa trạng ngữ đó vào giữa ……………….. và that
Khi nhấn mạnh trạng ngữ ta chỉ sử dụng ……………….
VD: His presence at the meeting frightened the children.
-

 ……………………………………………………………………………………………..
1.
The strong wind blew the roof off.
2.
The woman answered the man rudely.
3.
He bought the book from that corner shop.


III. Comparison
1. For ……………….., it is certain that in the future some things will be very different.
A. the better or the worse

B. the good or the bad

C. good or bad

D. better or worse

2. Her grandfather’s illness was…………………..we thought at first.

A. more seriously as

B. as seriously as

C. more serious than

D. as serious than

3. My brother was feeling tired last night, so he went to bed…………..usual.
A. more early than

B. as early as

C more earlier as

D. earlier than

4._______ you study for these exams, _______ you will do.
A. The harder / the better

B. The more / the much

C. The hardest / the best

D. The more hard / the more good

5. His house is _______ mine.
A. twice as big as

B. as twice big as

C. as two times big as

D. as big as twice

7. Of Charles Dickens’ novels, Great Expectations is perhaps .............. to many readers.
A. the most satisfying one

B. most satisfying one

C. more than satisfying one

D. the more satisfying than

8. He says: “These neighbors are .................. the others.”
A. friendlier than

B. friendly than

C. friendlier as

D. more friendly than

9. The Mississippi is .................. The Thames.
A. the longer than

B. longer than

C. the longest than

D. more long than

10. ................ tools are screwdrivers, hammers and saws.
A. The usefulness

B. The most useful

C. The more useful

D. The best useful


11. Some computers can work 500,000 times ................ any person can.
A. faster than B. fast than C. fatter than D. more fast than

IV.

Những động từ dễ gây nhầm lẫn

 Những động từ ở bảng sau rất dễ gây nhầm lẫn về mặt ngữ nghĩa, chính tả hoặc phát âm.

ris
e
lie

Nội
ros độngrise
e
n
lay

lain

risin
g
lying

rais
e
lay

Ngoại
raise động
raise
d
d
laid
laid

raisin
g
layin

 To rise : Dâng lên.
The sun rises early in the summer.
 To raise smt/sb: Nâng ai, cái gì lên.
The students raise their hands in class.
 To lie: Nằm, ở, tại.
To lie in: ở tại
To lie down: nằm xuống. To lie
on: nằm trên.

The university lies in the western section of town.
Don't disturb Mary, she has laid down for a rest.
*Lưu ý: Cần phân biệt động từ này với động từ to lie (nói dối) trong mẫu câu to lie to sb about smt
(nói
dối ai về cái gì):
Ex: He is lying to you about the test.
 To lay: đặt, để
To lay on: đặt trên


To lay in: đặt vào
To lay down: đặt xuống.
Don't lay your clothes on the bed.
*Lưu ý 1: Thời hiện tại của động từ này rất dễ ngây nhầm lẫn với quá khứ đơn giản của động từ to lie.
Cần phải phân biệt bằng ngữ cảnh cụ thể.
 To sit
To sit in: ngồi tại, ngồi trong.
To sit on: ngồi trên (đã ngồi sẵn).
 To set = to put, to lay: đặt, để.
Lưu ý: Phát âm hiện tại đơn giản của động từ này rất dễ lẫn với Simple past của to sit.
Một số các thành ngữ dùng với động từ trên:
 to set the table for: bầy bàn để.
My mother has set the table for the family dinner.
 to lay off (workers. employees): cho thôi việc, giãn thợ.
The company had to lay off twenty-five employees because of a production slowdown.
 to set (broken bone) in: bó những cái xương gẫy vào.
Dr.Jacobs has set many broken bones in plaster casts.
 to set one's alarm for: Đặt đồng hồ báo thức vào lúc.
John set his alarm for six o'clock.
 to set fire to: làm cháy

While playing with matches, the children set fire to the sofa.
 to raise (animals, plants) for a living: trồng cái gì, ni con gì bán để lấy tiền.
That farmer raises chickens for a living.

V. Emphatic form
1. Smoking_____ the health of the smokers.
a. damaging
2.

b. damage

d. did damage

d. does damage

The president_____ will investigate the case tomorrow.
a. himself

b. itself

c. oneself

d. by himself


3.

She_____ here yesterday. I am sure of that.
a. does come

4.

b. came

c. did come

d. would come

These school children_____ what they had to do.
a. knew

5.

b. do know

c. did know

d. knows

c. have I read

d. I have read

Never_____ that poem
a. do I have read

b. I read

VI. Gerund or infinitive
Các động từ phải có V-ING theo sau

Các động từ phải có TO-V1 theo sau

Các động từ + O + To -infinitive

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.

26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.

1. afford (đủ khả năng ) + TO – V1
2. agree (đồng ý )
3. appear ( xuất hiện )
4. arrange ( sắp xếp )
5. ask ( hỏi , yêu cầu )
6. beg ( nài nỉ , van xin )
7. care ( chăm sóc )
8. claim (đòi hỏi , yêu cầu )
9. consent ( bằng lòng )
10. decide ( quyết định )
11. demand ( yêu cầu )
12. deserve ( xứng đấng )
13. expect ( mong đợi )
14. fail ( thất bại )
15. hesitate (do dự )
16. hope (hi vọng )
17. learn ( học )
18. manage (sắp xếp )
19. mean (ý định )

20. need ( cần )
21. offer (đề nghị )
22. plan ( lên kế hoạch )
23. prepare ( chuẩn bị )
24. pretend ( giả vờ )
25. promise ( hứa )
26. refuse ( từ chối )
27. seem ( dường như )
28. struggle (đấu tranh )
29. swear ( xin thề )
30. threaten (đe doạ )
31. volunteer ( tình nguyện )
32. wait (đợi )
33. want ( muốn )
34. wish ( mong )
Ex : We agree to start early

1. advise (khuyên ) + O + TO - V1
2. allow ( cho phép )
3. ask ( yêu cầu )
4. beg ( van xin )
5. cause ( gây ra )
6. challenge ( thách thức )
7. convince ( thuyết phục )
8. dare ( dám )
9. encourage ( khuyến khích )
10. expect ( mong đợi )
11. forbid ( cấm )
12. force ( buộc )
13. hire ( thuê )

14. instruct ( hướng dẫn )
15. invite ( mời )
16. need ( cần )
17. order ( ra lệnh )
18. permit ( cho phép )
19. persuade ( thuyết phục )
20. remind ( nhắc nhở )
21. require (đò hỏi )
22. teach ( dạy )
23. tell( bảo )
24. urge ( thúc giục )
25. want ( muốn )
26. warn ( báo trước )
Ex: She allowed me to use her car

36.
37.
38.
39.
40.

avoid (tránh ) + V-ING
admit (thừ a nhận )
advise (khuyên nhủ )
appreciate (đánh giá )
complete ( hoàn thành )
consider ( xem xét )
delay ( trì hỗn )
deny ( từ chối )
discuss ( thảo luận )

dislike ( khơng thích )
enjoy ( thích )
finish ( hoàn thành )
keep ( tiếp tục )
mention (đề cập )
mind ( phiền , ngại )
miss (nhớ , bỏ lỡ )
postpone ( trỉ hoãn )
practice (luyện tập )
quit (nghỉ , thôi )
recall ( nhắc nhở , nhớ )
recollect ( nhớ ra )
recommend (nhắc nhở )
resent (bực tức )
resist (kháng cự )
risk ( rủi ro )
suggest (đề nghị )
tolerate (tha thứ )
understand ( hiểu )
can’t help (ko thể tránh / nhịn được )
can’t stand ( ko thể chịu đựng đc )
can’t bear ( ko thể chịu đựng đc )
It is no use / It is no good ( vơ ích )
would you mind (có làm phiền ..ko)
to be used to ( quen với )
to be / get accustomed to (dần quen
với )
to be busy ( bận rộn )
to be worth ( xứng đáng )
to look forward to (trông mong )

to have difficulty / fun / trouble
to have a difficult time


41. TO GO + V-ING
Ex: We should avoid playing with him

1. You can’t stop me ………………………..( do ) what I want.
2. They don’t have much money. They can’t afford……………………………………( go ) out very
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

often.
I’m still looking for a job but I hope……………………………..( find ) something soon.
My mother can’t stand……………………………………( stay ) at home without doing anything.
How long have you been able……………………………………………(swim), John ?
You must promise…………………………………………….( not / be ) late again.
When I saw her in that funny hat, I couldn’t help……………………………………( laugh).

VII. Passive voice
1. Last night a tornado swept through Rockvill. It ............. everything in its path.
A. destroyed

B. was destroyed

C. was being destroyed

D. had been destroyed

2. Dynamite ................... by Alfred Bernard Nobel.
A. have been invented
C. was invented

B. invented
D. was being invented

3. .................. this work .................. before you went to Moscow?
A. Will/ have been done

B. Has/ been done

C. Will/ be done

D. Had/ been done

4. If you .................. about it, will you be able to answer?
A. are asked B. ask

C. will be asked

D. asked

5. Do you believe that such a problem can ...................?
A. solve

B. be solving C. is solved D. be solved

6. “ Can’t we do something about the situation?”- “ Something ........ right now.”
A. is doing B. is do
C. is being doneD. has been doing
7. The university .................. by private funds as well as by tuition income.
A. is supported

B. supports C. is supporting

8. This picture .................... by Johnny when I came.

D. has supported


A. painted

B. was painted

C. was being painted

D. had been painted

9. It must .................. without delay.
A. do

B. have been done

C. be doing

D. be done

10. This exercise may .................. with a pencil.
A. be written B. be to write C. be writing D. write
11. The money .................. to him 2 months ago, but it .................. back yet.
A. was lent/ had not been given

B. has been lent/ was not given

C. was lent/ has not given

D. was lent/ has not been given

12. She could easily .................. for a top model.
A. be mistaken

B. have mistaken

C. been mistaken

D. to be mistaken

13. My shirt .................. by my sister on my last birthday.
A. gave

B. was given C. had been givenD. was being given

VIII. Tag questions
1. You’re going to school tomorrow, ____________?
2. Gary signed the petition, ___________________?
3. There’s an exam tomorrow, _________________?
4. Beverly will be attending the university in September, ____________?

5. She’s been studying English foe two years, ___________________?
6. It doesn’t work, _______________?
7. He should stay in bed, _______________?
8. Let’s go fishing, ____________?

IX. ADVERBIAL CLAUSES AND CONNECTORS
A. Choose the best answer among A, B, C or D to complete each sentence.


1. …………… he always did well on his English tests, his parents were not surprised that he got an B
level.
A. When

B. Since

C. Because of

D. Although

2. You should keep the milk in the refrigerator, …………… it doesn't go bad.
A. since
B. so that
C. because D. after
3. You should say goodbye to your brother…………… you leave for Europe.
A. despite B. after
C. since
D. before
4. _________ he is old, he wants to travel around the world.
A. In spite of B. Although C. Despite D. Because
5. …………… my father has high blood pressure, he has to watch what he eats.

A. Although B. After
C. Since
D. Before
6. …………… I came to this country, I couldn't speak a word of English.
A. Since
B. After
C. When
D. Before
7. I'll let you know …………… I come back.
A. though B. since
C. because D. before
8. He doesn't understand …………… he doesn't speak French very well.
A. whenever B. so that

C. because

D. before

X. Verb and subject agreemment
Trường hơp dùng động từ ở dang số ít
 Khi chủ ngữ là những danh từ có hình thức số nhiều nhưng thực tế chúng là
những danh từ số ít (những danh từ đề cập đến các môn học, chứng bệnh, danh từ
riêng ).
A.

+ News
+ Diseases: measles, mumps, rickets …
+ Subject: Linguistics, Economies, Physic, Phonetics, politics…
+ Proper nouns: Algiers, Athens, Brussels, Marseilles, The United States, The United Nations,
Ex1. Mathematics is fun.

Ex2. The United States lies between Canada and Mexico.
 Khi chuû ngữ la danh tử chỉ tiền bạc, thời gian, khỏang caùch.
Ex. Three years is a long time to wait.
 Khi chủ ngữ la` 1 đại từ bất định: each, any, one, everyone, someone, anyone, every, either,
neither, another, something…..
Ex1. Each of the boys has a bicycle.


Ex2. Someone has taken my pencil.
 Khi chủ ngữ la` 1 mệnh đề.
Ex. That you get high mark in school is very good.
 Khi những chủ ngữ đều ở số ít được nối kết với nhau bằng: with, as well as, together
with, along with, no less than,….thì động từ ở ngôi thứ 3 số ít.
Ex1. The old man with his dog passes my house every morning.
Ex2. Mr. Johnson as well as his assistants has arrived.
B. Trương hợp dùng động từ ở dạng số nhiều.

 Khi hai hay nhiều chủ ngữ được nối kết với nhau bằng: and
Ex. Lan and Tam are classmates in this school year.
 Khi chủ ngữ la 1 đại từ : several, both, many, few, all, some.
Ex. Several of the students are absent.
 Khi chủ ngữ là 1 danh từ được thành lập bởi mạo từ The + Adjective để chỉ 1 nhóm
người có chung 1 đặc điểm hay phẩm chất : The poor, The rich, The blind,….
Ex. The poor living here need help.
C. Động từ có thể dùng số ít hoặc số nhiều tùy trừơng hợp.

 Hai chủ ngữ nối kết với nhau bằng : Either……Or , Neither…….Nor , Or , Not only…..But
also thì động tư chia theo chủ ngữ thứ 2.
Ex1. Neither her mother nor her father wants her to be a teacher.
Ex2. Either he or I am going to to come.

 The number of: động từ ở ngôi thứ 3 số it’.
A number of: động từ ở ngôi thứ 3 số nhiều.
Ex1. The number of books in the library is large.
Ex2. A number of students are ready for the exam.
 Một danh từ tập hợp như : family, group, team,……la tập hợp nhiều cá nhân trong
cùng đơn vị, tùy theo ý nghóa ma động từ ở dạng số ít hay số nhiều.
Ex. The family is the basic unit of society.
The family have the same ideas.


 Khi danh từ đứng sau các thành ngữ chỉ phân số hay tỷ lệ ma làm chủ ngữ ( one
third of the........, Half of the……., All of the……..) thì động từ có thề ở ngôi thứ 3 số ít hay
ngôi thứ 3 số nhiều tùy theo danh từ làm chủ ngữ đó số ít hoặc số nhiều.
Ex1. One third of the oranges are mine.
One third of the milk is enough.
Ex2. All of the students have been rewarded.
All of the money has been spent.
1. Salt and water ------------ to wash the wound
A. is used B. are used

C. was used D. were used

2. The news ------------- bad last night.
A. were B. was

C. has

D. has been

3. Three-fifths of the police-------------in the school near the town.

A. has trained

B. have trained

C. has been trained

D. have been trained

4. ------------ not only you but also he going to Japan?
A. Are

B. Is

C. Were

D. Was

5. All the books on the shelf ----------------to me.
A. belong B. belongs

C. belonging D. is belonging

6. The trousers you bought for me ------------ me.
A. don’t fit

B. doesn’t fit C. fits D. fit not

7. Mumps _________ usually caught by children.
A. are

B. was

C. is

D. were

XI. Speaking
1. A: “Sorry I’m late.” –B: “_____”
A. OK

B. Don’t worry

C. Hold the line, please

D. Go ahead

2. A: “Good morning. My name is Turner. I have a reservation.” –B: “_______”


A. What do you want?

B. Yes, a single room for two nights

C. I haven’t decided yet. What about you?

D. What do you like?

3. We all said, “ _________!” before Ba blew out the candles on his birthday cake.
A. Happy anni versary

B. Happy New Year

C. Happy birthday to you D. Congratulations.
4. “ You look nice in that red shirt”
“ _________________”
A. It’s nice of you to say soB. am I? Thanks.
C. Oh, poor me

D. I am interesting to hear that.

5. Let’s jogging. “- Sorry. __________”
A. I quite agree with you. B.Yes, let’s do that.
C.Great!

D.That’s a good idea, but I am busy

6. “ Let’s go to the movie now.” – “ Oh! _______ .”
A. Good idea!

B. I don’t

C. Why’s that?

D. I need it

XII. Relative clauses
A. RELATIVE CLAUSES
- Mệnh đề quan hệ (hay mệnh đề tính ngữ) bổ nghĩa cho danh từ đứng trước nó.
- Mệnh đề quan hệ được đặt sau danh từ mà nó bổ nghĩa, được bắt đầu bằng các đại từ quan hệ: WHO,
WHOM, WHICH, THAT, WHOSE, và trạng từ quan hệ: WHERE, WHY, WHEN.

Danh từ đứng trước

Chủ ngữ
(Subject)

Tân ngữ

Sở hữu cách

(Object)

(Possesive Case)

Người (person)

Who/That

Whom/That

Whose

Vật (Thing)

Which/That

Which/That

Of which/ whose

(Antecedent)

1. Đại từ quan hệ (Relative Clauses)
a. WHO: thay thế cho người, làm chủ từ trong MĐQH.
Ex: - I need to meet the boy. The boy is my friend’s son.
 I need to meet the boy who is my friend’s son.


- The woman is standing over there. She is my sister.
The woman who is standing over there is my sister.
b. WHO/ WHOM: thay thế cho người, làm túc từ trong MĐQH.
Ex:- I know the girl. I spoke to this girl.
 I know the girl who/ whom I spoke to.
- The man is my teacher. Your father is talking to him.
 The man who/ whom your father is talking to is my teacher.
c. WHICH: - thay thế đồ vật, làm chủ từ, túc từ trong MĐQH.
Ex: - She works for a company. It makes cars
 She works for a company which makes cars.
- The elephants are big. People keep the elephants in iron cages.
 The elephants which people keep in iron cages are big.
- Thay thế cho cả mệnh đề đứng trước nó
Ex: He passed his exam. This pleased his parents.
He passed his exam, which pleased his parents. (dùng dấu phẩy trước đại từ quan hệ)
d. THAT: thay thế cho WHO/ WHOM/ WHICH trong MĐQH hạn định
Ex: - I need to meet the boy that/ who is my friend’s son.
- The woman that/ who is standing over there is my sister.
- I know the girl that/ who/ whom I spoke to.
- The man that/ who/ whom your father is talking to is my teacher.
- She works for a company that/ which makes cars.
- The elephants that/ which people keep in iron cages are big.
* Những trường hợp thường dùng THAT:

- Sau cụm từ quan hệ vừa chỉ người và vật:
Ex: He told me the places and people that he had seen in London.
- Sau đại từ bất định: something, aynyone, nobody, all, much ....
Ex: I’ll tell you something that is very interesting.
All that is mine is yours.


- Sau các tính từ so sánh nhất, only, first, last
Ex: - This is the most beautiful dress that I have.
- You are the only person that can help us.
- Trong cấu trúc It + be + … + that … (chính là …)
Ex: It is my friend that wrote this sentence.
(Chính là bạn tơi đã viết câu này.)
* Những trường hợp khơng dùng THAT:
- Trong mệnh đề tính từ không xác định.
Ex: Mr Brown, that we studied English with, is a very nice teacher.
- Sau giới từ
Ex: The house in that I was born is for sale.
e. WHOSE (OF WHICH): thay thế cho sở hữu của người, vật (his-, her-, its-, their-).
Ex: - John found the cat. Its leg was broken.
 John found the cat whose leg/(the leg of which) was broken.
- This is the student. I borrowed his book.
This is the student whose book I borrowed.
f. OF WHICH / OF WHOM:
Ex: - Daisy has three brothers. All of them are teachers.
 Daisy has three brothers, all of whom are teachers.
- He asked me a lot of questions. I couldn’t answer most of them.
 He asked me a lot of questions, most of which I couldn’t answer.
g. Giới từ đặt trước mệnh đề tính ngữ: (WHOM/WHICH)
Ex: - The man speaks English very fast. I talked to him last night.

 The man to whom I talked last night speaks English very fast.
- The house is for sale. I was born in it.
 The house in which I was born is for sale.
* LƯU Ý: KHÔNG dùng THAT sau giới từ.
2. Trạng từ quan hệ (Relative Adverbs)


a. WHERE (in/ on/ at ... which): thay thế cho cụm từ chỉ nơi chốn
Ex: - The movie theater is the place. We can see films at that place.
 The movie theater is the place where we can see films.
b. WHEN (in/ on which): thay thế cho cụm từ chỉ thời gian
Ex: - Do you remember the day. We first met on that day.
 Do you remember the day when we first met?
c. WHY (for which): thay thế cho cụm trạng từ chỉ lí do
Ex: - Tell me the reason. You are so sad for that reason.
 Tell me the reason why you are so sad.
CÓ 2 LOẠI MỆNH ĐỀ LIÊN HỆ:
RESTRICTIVE & NON-RESTRICTIVE RELATIVE CLAUSES
I. Restrictive Relative Clauses:
- Dùng để bổ nghĩa cho danh từ đứng trước chưa được xác định rõ, nếu bỏ đi mệnh đề chính sẽ không rõ
nghĩa.
Ex: - I saw the girl. She helped us last week.
 I saw the girl who/that helped us last week.
* LƯU Ý: Ta có thể bỏ đại từ quan hệ: WHO, WHOM, WHICH, THAT khi chúng làm tân ngữ trong
MĐQH xác định.
I. Non-restritive Relative Clauses:
- Dùng để bổ nghĩa cho danh từ đứng trước đã được xác định rõ (nó chỉ là phần giải thích thêm), nếu bỏ
đi mệnh đề chính vẫn rõ nghĩa.
- Mệnh đề này ngăn cách với mệnh đề chính bằng dấu phẩy.
- Ta dùng mệnh đề quan hệ không xác định khi:

+ Trước đại từ quan hệ có: this/that/these/those/my/her/his/…
+ Từ trước đại từ quan hệ là tên riêng, danh từ riêng, vật duy nhất, cụm trạng ngữ chỉ nơi chốn
Ex: - My father is a doctor. He is fifty years old.
 My father, who is fifty years old, is a doctor.
- Mr. Brown is a very nice teacher. We studied English with him.
 Mr Brown, who we studied English with, is a very nice teacher.


- The sun made the traveller thirsty. It was hot at midday.
 The sun, which was hot at midday, made the traveller thirsty
- The boys in the next room are my students. They are making noise.
 The boys in the next room, who are making noise, are my students.
* LƯU Ý: + KHÔNG được bỏ đại từ quan hệ trong MĐQH không xác định.

B. REDUCTION OF RELATIVE CLAUSES
1) Dùng phân từ:
a) Dùng cụm V-ing :
Dùng cho các mệnh đề mang nghĩa chủ động
Ex: a. The man who is standing there is my brother.
b. The man standing there is my brother
b) Dùng cụm P.P: (V3/ V-ed)
Dùng cho các mệnh đề mang nghĩa bị động .
a. I like books which were written by Nguyen Du.
b. I like books written by Nguyen Du.
2) Dùng cụm to inf: (... Noun/ Pronoun + to infinitive / to be + P.P... )
-Dùng khi danh từ đứng trước có các từ sau đây :
ONLY, LAST, FIRST, SECOND...
Ex: This is the only student who can do the problem. (động từ mang nghĩa chủ động)
This is the only student to do the problem.
-Động từ là HAVE

Ex: I have something that I must do now. (động từ mang nghĩa chủ động)
I have something to do now.
-Câu bắt đầu bằng: HERE (BE), THERE (BE)
Ex: There are six letters which have to be written today. (động từ mang nghĩa bị động)
There are six letters to be written today.
GHI NHỚ :
Trong phần to inf này cần nhớ 2 điều sau:
- Nếu chủ từ 2 mệnh đề khác nhau thì thêm cụm for sb trước to inf.
Ex: We have some picture books that children can read.
We have some picture books for children to read.
Tuy nhiên nếu chủ từ đó là đại từ có nghĩa chung chung như: we, you, everyone.... thì có thể khơng cần
ghi ra.
Ex: Studying abroad is the wonderful thing that we must think about.
Studying abroad is the wonderful (for us ) to think about.
- Nếu trước relative pronoun có giới từ thì phải đem xuống cuối câu.
Ex: We have a peg on which we can hang our coat.
We have a peg to hang our coat on.


3) Dùng cụm danh từ (đồng cách danh từ )
Dùng khi mệnh đề quan hệ có dạng:
S + BE + DANH TỪ /CỤM DANH TỪ/CỤM GIỚI TỪ
Cách làm:
-bỏ who ,which và be
Ex: a. Football, which is a popular sport, is very good for health.
 Football, which is a popular sport, is very good for health.
 Football, a popular sport, is very good for health.
Ex: b. Do you like the book which is on the table?
Do you like the book on the table?
PHƯƠNG PHÁP LÀM BÀI LOẠI RÚT GỌN:

Bước 1 : - Tìm xem mệnh đề tính từ nằm chổ nào
Bước này dễ vì mệnh đề tính từ thường bắt đầu bằng WHO,WHICH,THAT...
Bước 2 :
Bước này chủ yếu là rút gọn mệnh đề quan hệ thành cụm từ
1. Nhìn xem mệnh đề có cơng thức S + BE + CỤM DANH TỪ khơng ? Nếu có áp dụng cơng thức 3 .
2. Nếu khơng có cơng thức đó thì xem tiếp trứoc who which... có các dấu hiệu first ,only...v..v khơng
,nếu có thì áp dụng cơng thức 2 (to inf. ) lưu ý thêm xem 2 chủ từ có khác nhau khơng ( để dùng for sb )
3. Nếu khơng có 2 trừong hợp trên mới xét xem câu đó chủ động hay bị động mà dùng V-NG hay P.P..
1. This man studies biology. What do you call him?
A. What do you call a man who studies biology?
B. What do you call a man, who studies biology?
C. What do you call a man studies biology?
D. What do you call a man whom studies biology?
2. Hemingway developed a very concise writing style. His name is well- known throughout the world.
A. Hemingway, his name is well- known throughout the world, developed a very concise writing style.
B. Hemingway, whose is name well- known throughout the world, developed a very concise writing
style.
C. Hemingway, whose name is well- known throughout the world, developed a very concise writing
style.
D. Hemingway, who developed a very concise writing style, his name is well- known throughout the
world.
3. This is the battle field. The soldiers fought there.
A. This is the battle field which the soldiers fought.
B. This is the battle field that the soldiers fought.


C. This is the battle field where the soldiers fought there.
D. This is the battle field where the soldiers fought.
4. He was born in 1983.There was a severe drought that year.
A. He was born in 1983 when there was a severe drought.

B. He was born in 1983 when was there a severe drought
C. When there was a severe drought in 1983 he was born.
D. He was born in 1983, there was a severe drought when
5. John Montagu was an English Earl. He invented the sandwich.
A. John Montagu, whose invented the sandwich, was an English Earl.
B. John Montagu, who invented the sandwich, was an English Earl.
C. John Montagu, that invented the sandwich, was an English Earl.
D. John Montagu, invented the sandwich, was an English Earl.
6. Flies, which come mostly in the summer, carry diseases.
A. Flies, to come mostly in the summer, carry diseases.
B. Flies, come mostly in the summer, carry diseases.
C. Flies, coming mostly in the summer, carry diseases.
D. Flies, that come mostly in the summer, carry diseases.
7. There was a candle which burnt in the room.
A. There was a candle burning in the room.
B. There was a candle burnt in the room.
C. There was a candle to burn in the room.
D. There was a candle to be burnt in the room.
8. I see a boy who is running in the street.
A. I see a boy running in the street.

B. I see a boy to running in the street.

C. I see a boy to run in the street.

D. None is correct.

9. He drew from the bag a watch which had been given for his birthday.
A. He drew from the bag a watch given for his birthday.
B. He drew from the bag a watch been given for his birthday.

C. He drew from the bag a watch had given for his birthday.
D. He drew from the bag a watch had been given for his birthday.
10. One of the drivers who was brought by Steward came over to me.
A. One of the drivers that were brought by Steward came over to me.
B. One of the drivers was brought by Steward came over to me.
C. One of the drivers brought by Steward came over to me.
D. One of the drivers bring by Steward came over to me.

XIII. Reported speech
Direct speech and Reported speech
I. Definition:
1. Lời nói trực tiếp: là sự lặp lại chính xác những từ của người nói.
- Lời nói trực tiếp được đặt trong dấu ngoặc kép và sau động từ chính có dấu phẩy(,) hoặc dấu hai
chấm(:).
- Đơi khi mệnh đề chính cũng có thể đặt sau lời nói trực tiếp.
Ex: “ I don’t like this party” Bill said.
2. Lời nói gián tiếp (indirect/reported speech) là lời tường thuật lại ý của người nói, đơi khi khơng cần
phải dung đúng những từ của người nói.
Ex: Bill said that he didn’t like that party.
II. Những thay đổi trong lời nói gián tiếp:
1. Thay đổi động từ: Thì của các động từ trong lời nói gián tiếp thay đổi theo một nguyên tắc chung
là lùi về quá khứ (các thì xuống cấp):

Direct Speech

Reported Speech

1. Present Simple:V1

1. Past Simple:V2/ed

Ex1: Nam said “I am told to be at school
before 7 o’clock”

EX1: Nam said (that) he was told to be at
school before 7 o’clock.

Ex2: He said “ I like beer”

Ex2: He said (that) He liked beer