Áp dụng đường hướng dạy học theo thể loại vào dạy viết cho sinh viên năm thứ nhất khoa Ngoại ngữ và Văn hóa Anh - Mỹ Đại học Ngoại ngữ - Đại học Quốc gia Hà Nội

AP
DUNG
DUONG HUONG
DAY
THEO
THE LOAI
VAO DAY VIET CHO
SINH VIEN
NAM
THQ
NHAT
KHOA
NGOAI
NGQ
VA
VAN
HOA
ANH
- MY
DAI
HOC NGOAI
NGU - DAI
HOC QUOC
GIA
HA
NOI
DANG
THI KIM
ANH
Trudng DHNN Hd Ngi
I.

DAT
VAN
DE
Mac du tie'ng Anh da
duge
day d Viet Nam da tfl
lau,
viec day va
bgc
tie'ng Anh
vln
cdn nhieu
bit
cap. Mot sd nha ngdn ngfl bgc, vi du
nhu dc
tic
gia Kim Van Tat (2001), Tdn Thu Nguyet (2001) vi
Nguyen
Bl
Ngge
(2001), da bay to mdi
lo
ngai ve chat
lugng
day va
bgc tie'ng Anh d Viet Nam va nhan
manh
cdng
tic
ddi mdi phuong

pblp
gilng
day ngoai ngfl ndi chung va tieng Anh ndi rieng.
"Trong nganh
gilo
due dang cd eude van ddng "Ddi mdi chuong
trinb, gilo trinb va phuong pblp giang day", nhung tien bd cdn rat
cham chap trong mdn ngoai ngfl" (Kim Van Tat, 2001:140).
Ddi vdi viec giang day Ky nang Viet - mot trong bdn ky nang
ngdn ngfl dugc chu trgng d
khoa
NNVH Anb-My, DHNN,
DHC^G
HN
viec ddi mdi phuong pblp gilng day cung la mot nhu du dp bach.
Bao do nay nbam gidi thieu vdi ddc
gil
so qua ve Dudng hudng dgy
vii't theo the
logi
(Australian Genre Approach), mot phuong phap dugc
coi la mdi va chua phd bien d Viet Nam, vdi muc dich chia se kinh
nghiem va trao ddi ve
khi
nang flng dung dudng hudng nay vao day
vie't cho sinh vien nam tbfl
nhlt,
khoa NN va VH Anh - My.
II.
CO

sd
LV
LUAN
Dudng hudng day vie't theo the
loai
la dudng hudng da va dang
dugc ap dung rdng rai trong viec day tieng Anh trong nhieu
co
sd giao
365
due cua Uc, que
buong
cua dudng hudng nay. Genre Approach ra ddi
tfl nhflng nam 1970, va da cd nhflng
Inh
hudng tich cue ddi vdi nen
gilo due cua Uc. Nhan dinb ve
tlm
quan trgng cua Genre Approach,
Hyon da viet: "Phuong pblp su pham theo the loai da
tic
ddng den
toan bd dc he thd'ng gilo
due
cua dc bang" (1996:710). Khdng chi
dugc cdng nhan d Uc, dudng hudng nay cung da dugc danh gia cao d
dc nude
Bic
My
vl

Anh (Gee, 1997; Cope & Kalantzis, 1993).
Ban chat, vl co sd
ly
thuyet cua Dudng hudng dgy vii't theo the
logi nhu the' nao ml
lai
dugc
dinh
gil cao nhu vay? Phan II cua bao
do se trinb
biy
co sd ly thuye't, dc budc trong chu ky day viet theo
dudng hudng the' loai, vl ket qua cua mot so nghien cflu ve day vie't
theo dudng hudng
nly.
1.
Co
SGi
ly thuyet cua
dirdng
hudng day theo the loai (Australian
Genre Approach)
Australian Genre Approach dugc hinh
thanh
dua tren ca sd ly
thuye't ngdn ngfl bgc
cbfle
nang (Systemic Functional Linguistics) (sau
day tam viet
tit II

SFL, hoac ngdn ngfl bgc cbfle nang), ma theo
Christie (1990) va Hammond (1987)
II
do
nhl
ngdn ngfl bgc ngudi
Anh Halliday va mot sd nha ngdn ngfl bgc
kbic pbit
trien. Do gidi
ban cua
bio
do nay, ly thuyet ve SFL se khdng dugc
neu
cu the. Ddc
gil cd the
tham khio
mot sd
sich
nhu dc an pham cua Halliday
(1985,
1994, 1999) de biet cu the ve ly thuyet SFL.
Mot ndi dung quan trgng trong dudng hudng day theo the loai
bit
diu
tfl dinh
nghia
"the loai". Theo Derewianka
(1990:18),
mot dinh
nghia

cua "the loai" la:
"As different cultures achieve their purposes through language in
different ways, this results in differences in the way texts are
structured to achieve their purpose in different cultures. When we
consider the structure of a text to help it achieve its purpose, we are
looking at its
geme,
which roughly refers to "particular text types".
Dinh nghia nay dugc
tic
gil tam dich la:
"Vi rndi nen van boa cd mot
cich
rieng de dat duge muc dich giao
tie'p cua minh tbdng qua ngdn ngfl, dc nen van hda
khic
nhau se cd
366
su khac biet trong du true cua dc van ban
nbim
giup ngudi ban ngfl
dat dugc muc
dich
giao tiep cua minh. Khi chung ta xem xet du
true
cua mot van ban de giup van ban dat duge muc dich ma ngudi ta da de
ra cho van ban dd, ehflng ta dang chfl y den "the loai", bay tam hieu la
"dc loai van ban khac nhau".
Mot
khia canh

quan trgng khac dn bie't tdi khi ap dung Australian
Genre Approach,
ehlnh
la dc
nguydn tic
ve gilng day dc the loai.
- Nguyen
tie
tbfl nhat: Su
phit
trien ngdn ngfl dugc coi la lien
quan tdi ba yen to cd mdi quan he mat thiet vdi nhau: hgc ngdn ngd,
hgc qua ngdn ngd, vd hgc vi ngdn
Aigt?
(Christie,
1985:29).
Dieu nay cd
nghia viec bgc mot ngdn ngfl
bit
budc
phli
sfl dung/ thuc
banh
ngdn
ngfl dd, va phai ed kien thflc (ngfl pblp) ve ngdn ngfl dd.
- Nguyen
tie
tbfl bai: Qud trinh hgc ngdn ngd se diin ra hieu
qud han ni'u giao viin dgy mot each rd rdng vd cu the. Dieu nay cd
nghia giao vien phli day cho bgc sinh rd rang ve

cbfle
nang cua ngdn
ngfl (Rothery, 1996) va ve dc the loai
khIc
nhau (Martin, 1999). Dieu
nay cung ddng nghia vdi viec gilo vien phli day ngfl pblp, ngfl pblp
cbfle
nang, chfl khdng phli la ngfl pblp
truydn
thd'ng (Cope &
Kalantzis, 1993).
- Nguyen
tic
tbfl ba: Qud trinh hgc ngdn ngd
Id
mot chudi cdc
budc phdt trien theo tudn tu (scaffolded developmental steps)dd'i vdi
dc khia canh cua ngdn ngfl (Feez & Joyce, 1998). Nguyen
tie
nay
lien quan den dc budc trong chu ky day theo dudng hudng the' loai se
dugc de cap d phan sau.
- Nguyen
tic
tbfl tu nhan manh vao hgc vie't: Hgc viet cd nghia la
hgc de ed the vii't nhieu the logi khac nhau (Christie, 1989). ly thuyet
ve the loai khuyen
kbich
viec
linh

hdi nhieu the loai
khIc
nhau va dc
each khac nhau de sfl dung ngfl pblp de tao ra dc the
loai.
2.
Cac
birdc
trong chu ky day viet theo dirdng hudng the loai
Tfl khi Dudng hudng day theo the loai ra ddi, mot sd de md hinh
day vie't dua tren dudng hudng nay da dugc phat trie'n, nhu md hinh
cua
Callaghan
va Rothery (1988), Murray va Zammit (1992), Rothery
(1996),
Feez va Joyce (1998).
367
Mae du dc md hinh cd dc diem khac nhau, hau bet dc md hinh
deu cd ba budc/ giai doan chung, dd la: The Deconstruction Stage
(Tam dich
II:
Giai doan phan tich; The Joint Construction Stage (Tam
dich
II:
Giai doan cung xay dung); va The Independent Stage (Tam
dich la: Giai doan viet ddc lap).
- Giai doan phan tich: gidi thieu dc bai
mlu
theo the' loai
trgng tam cho hgc sinh de' sinh vien cd the' dgc, lam quen vdi the' loai

vl phan tich bai mlu d ve du true va khia canh ngfl pblp cbfle nang
dien hinh cua the loai.
- Giai doan ciing xay dung: trong giai doan nay, hgc sinh
bit
dau xay dung dc bai viet theo the loai, cdn gilo vien tbi rut
din
dan
su trg giup cua minh ddi vdi viec viet cua hgc sinh khi bgc sinh da
"cflng dp" ban va tien den lam chu the loai mot deb ddc lap. Trong
giai doan nay thudng tbi bgc sinh se viet hoac theo nhdm hoac vdi
giao vien.
- Giai doan vie't doe lap: Hgc sinh se tu minh viet dc
bli thude
the'
loai trgng tam. Trong giai doan nay, hgc sinh cung dugc khuyen
kbich vie't nhieu
lln,
tu
solt
vl chfla
Idi
de tien
din
den viec
nim
vflng
the'
loai trgng tam.
3.
Ket qua mot so nghien

cOru
ve day viet theo dirdng hudng
the loai
Hau
bet dc nghien cflu ve hgc vl day viet theo the loai
(Australian Geme Approach) deu dugc tien banh tai Uc, que buong
cua dudng hudng nay. Trong ngfl
cinh
nay, da sd nghien
ciiu
mdi
dung lai d mfle do day tieng Anh cho hgc sinh phd tbdng ban ngfl, vi
du nhu dc nghien cflu cua Sandiford (1997), Nicollazo (2000),
Barclay va Traser (1999), hay cua Donovan (2001). Mac dfl da cd
nghien cflu ve day tie'ng Anh cho ngudi nude ngoai EFL, nhung con sd
nhflng nghien cflu nay
la
rat khiem ton, vi du: Sutojo (1994) ve day
vie't theo dudng hudng the loai d bae phd tbdng tai Indonexia, va Dang
Tbi Kim Anh (2001) ve day viet theo dudng hudng the loai tai bae dai
hoc tai Viet Nam.
368
TSit
ca dc nghien
eun
deu cho tha'y dc ke't qua kha quan ve day
ngdn ngfl theo Australian Geme Approach, tuy nhien sd nghien eun lien
quan de'n day tie'ng Anh nhu mot ngoai ngfl d bae dai hgc la rat nhd.
III.
DAC DIEM HOC VA DAY VIET NAM

THQ
NHAT
Phan III nay dua ra dc dac diem
khich
quan cua viec day viet cho
sinh vien nam tbfl nhat, khoa Ngdn ngfl va Van hda Anb-My de lam
tien de cho cau tra
Idi
cho cau hdi: Lieu dudng hudng dgy vii't theo the
logi cd
nen
ap dung cho nhdm sinh vien nay khdng.
- Mot diem quan trgng la giao trinh day Vie't 2004-2005 cho sinh
vien nam tbfl nhat
nhln
manh vao kha nhieu dc the loai nhu: Viet dc
loai thu tin (vd: thu xin viec, thu mdi, thu tfl ehd'i, thu phan nan, thu tin
d nhan); dc the loai
bio
do, bai bao ngan, the loai tudng thuat, ke'
chuyen,
v.v.
va
v.v.
Dieu nay cung
gin
gidng vdi mot khia canh cua
nguyen
tic
tbfl tu cua dudng hudng day theo the loai.

- Sinh vien nam thfl nhat mdi
Idn
bae dai bgc va mdi dugc gidi
thieu vao viet dc the loai ma khdng duge gidi thieu d bae phd tbdng.
- Qua thue
te"
danh gil khdng
chinh
thflc nhu du, nguyen vgng
cua mot nhdm sinh vien nam thfl nhat, khoa NN va VH Anb-My trong
nam hgc 2004 - 2005, de em bay to mong mud'n dugc tham khao
nhieu mlu trudc khi viet, de' cd the
nlm chic
dc dac diem ve cau true
va ngdn ngfl eua the loai trudc khi
bit
tay vao viet the loai dd. Dieu
nay cung phu hgp vdi dac diem cua Giai doan Phan tich trong chu ky
day vie't theo the loai.
- Ve phuong phap hgc cua sinh vien: vi dc em mdi vao dai hgc,
chua quen vdi phuong phap day va bgc d
bae
dai hgc,
ndn cin
dugc
dinh hudng de
phIt
trien hon nfla kha nang hgc tap ddc lap cua
bin
than, tuy nhien cd the' phu thude d giao vien d mot mfle do nhat dinh.

Vdi muc dich giup ngudi hgc dan
din
nlm vflng the
loai
va cd the vie't
ddc lap, chu ky day vie't theo the loai nhu da
ndu
d phan tren cd the
giup dap flng dugc
yeu
cau nay cua sinh vien.
369
IV.
AP DUNG DAY VIET THEO THE LOAI VAO DAY VIET CHO SINH
VIEN NAM
THC;
NHAT -
KHOA NN VA VH ANH MY
Vdi nhflng phan tich tren day ve Australian Geme Approach va ve
dac diem hgc vl day viet cho sinh vien nam thfl nhat, khoa NN va VH
Anb-My, chung ta cd the thay dugc su phfl hgp cua dudng hudng nay
ddi vdi viec day viet cho sinh vien nam tbfl nhat. Vay cd
nen
ap dung
dudng hudng nly khdng?
Tic
gia cua
bio
do nay cd the tra
Idi

mot
deb
khi
tu tin
II
nen. Thuc te tbi da cd mot nghien cflu tbfl nghiem
dudng buong nly vao day viet cho sinh vien nam thfl bai -
K33
khoa
Anh (Dang Tbi Kim Anh, 2001) va ket
qui II
rat kha quan. Hon nfla,
mac dfl dudng hudng nly chua dugc phd bien rdng rai trong day tie'ng
Anh tai Viet Nam, no da dugc
tic
gil cua
bio
do nay ap dung
vio
day
vie't cho sinh vien nam thfl nhat va nam thfl bai lap Chat lugng cao khoa
Anh, va vao day vie't cho sinh vien nam thfl nhlt he dai tra khoa Anh
trong vai nam trd lai day. Thuc te' cho thay hau bet sinh vien nlm rd ve
the loai va cd the tu tin viet dc bai vie't thude dc the loai
khIc
nhau.
vay
neu
Ip
dung Australian Genre Approach vao day viet cho

sinh vien nam thfl nhat khoa NN va VH Anb-My, tbi dn cd nhflng
thay ddi gi? Kinh nghiem cua
tic
gil, ket hgp vdi nghien cflu chinh
thflc ddi vdi sinh vien K33 (Dang Tbi Kim Anh, 2001), cho thay:
-
Nen
Ip dung el ba giai doan cua chu ky day viet (nhu da gidi
thieu trong
phin
II Co sd ly
luan).
- Tuy nhien
can
cd mot so chfl y vl thay ddi sau cho dc giai doan:
- Giai doan Phan tich: Cho sinh vien bli mlu va phan tich dac
diem cau true vl dac diem ngdn ngfl cua the loai. Tuy nhien ddi vdi
dac diem ngdn ngfl tbi cd the dimg lai d mfle co ban cua Ngfl
phip
cbfle
nang, ket hgp vdi ngfl pblp truyen thd'ng.
- Giai doan Cung xay dung: vi dac diem sinh vien d bae dai
hgc,
sinh vien cd the'
xay
dung dc bai vie't thude the
loai
theo nhdm,
va bd qua giai doan sinh vien va gilo vien viet cflng nhau.
- Giai doan Viet dgc

lap:
Ket hgp bien tap nhieu lln, khuyen kbich
sinh vien
llm
viec theo nhdm hoac el nhan khi solt bai va chfla
Idi.
370
KET LUAN
Day chi la mot
bio
do khiem tdn,
nhim
gidi thieu mot dudng
hudng day vie't ed trien vgng cho ddc gia va chia se kinh nghiem cua
tic
gia.
Chic chin
dn nhflng nghien cflu nfla trudc khi cd the' ap dung
dudng hudng day vie't theo the loai tren dien rdng d khoa Anh - My.
Tic
gia cflng rat mong nhan dugc dc y kien ddng gdp cung nhu trao
ddi cua ddc gia ve dudng hudng Australian Genre Approach.
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372