Một số phương pháp dạy và học môn giao tiếp văn hóa cho sinh viên tiếng Anh chính quy năm thứ 4

MOT
SO
PHaONG
PHAP DAY VA HOC
M(!)N GIAO TIEP GIAO
VAN HOA
CHO
SINH VIEN TIENG ANH CHINH
QUY
NAM
THQ
4
D6
MAI THANH,
VAN
THANH
BINH
To Van hgc- Van Minh- Giao thoa van hod
Trudng DHNN Hd Ngi
Ldi
gldi
thieu
Trong nhdng nam gdn day,
nliu edu
hgc ngogi ngd ndi ehung vd
giao tii'p vdi ngudi nude ngodi bang tii'ng Anh ndi riing dang ngdy
edng gia tang. Rd't nhiiu ngudi nude ngodi, qua bdo chi, Internet,
email, tii'p xdc true tii'p ed phdn ndn rang ky ndng diin dgt vd nghe
hieu eua ngudi Viet Nam khdng din ndi ndo, nhung ed mot sd ngudi
Viet (tuy con
sdehua

phdi tuang ddi qud
Idn)
lam hg that vgng vd gdy
nhiiu ed sde van hod. Nhiiu hgc viin tii'ng Anh ngUdi Viet edng cho
rang hinh nhu gida hg vd
ngUdi
ban ngd tii'ng Anh ed mot rdo chdn,
ngdn khdng cho hg hieu nhau rd rang han,vd vi vdy
ede cude
ndi
chuyin thudng hay chd'm ddt mot edeh te nhgt, hung hd, ddi khi xen
Idn
su buc tde. Trong nhdng trudng hgp trin, ngdng tri giao tii'p
Id
diiu khd trdnh khdi.
Nhdm ddp dng nhu edu ngdy edng nhiiu ngUdi hgc ngogi ngd vd
bat kip vdi
sU
phdt trien cua vice gidng dgy tii'ng Anh trin thi' gidi,
mdn Giao tie'p giao van
hoi,
dde biet gida vdn hod Viet vd cdc nude
ndi tii'ng Anh, dd
duge
gidi thieu trong ehuang trinh ddo tgo sinh viin
chinh
quy tii'ng Anh chuyin ngdnh
suphgm
vd phiin dieh.
Tuy nhiin, bin cgnh nhdng mdn hgc tdn tgi

Idu
vd ed "truyen
thdng" nhu Van hgc,
ly
thuye't tie'ng, Gilo hgc
pblp
v v ,
ddy
Id
bd
mdn mdi duge dua vdo gidng dgy vd nhdng nghiin edu chuyin sdu ve
giao tii'p giao vdn hod Viet - Anh - My ehua thue su ed nhiiu. Vi vdy
388
nhung ngudi tham gia dgy mdn Giao thoa van boa dd rat ed gang di
dua vd chgn
Ige nhihig kie'n
thdc can thii't, ca ban vdo gidi thieu cho
sinh viin.
Cdng
vdi sU nd
luc
vd miit mdi nghiin edu cua PGS.TS
Nguyin
Quang, ngUdi dd ddt nen mdng cho ly thuye't nghiin edu giao
tii'p giao vdn hod Viet vd cdc nude ndi tii'ng Anh tgi trudng
DHNN-
DHQGHN, cdc gido viin dd vd dang tim nhung phuang
plidp
gidng
dgy mdi, phu hgp vdi diiu kiin cua sinh viin Viet Nam.

Trong khudn khd bdi vii't nay, cdc tde gid mong mudn ddng gdp
mot phdn nhd bi nhdm gidp tgo
sU
da dgng trong vice dgy vd hgc mdn
Giao thoa van
hoi
vd ddng thdi, ndng
cao sU nlidn
thdc cua ngUdi hgc
ve nhdng tuang ddng vd khdc biet gida vdn hod Viet Nam vd mot sd
nude ndi tii'ng Anh (dde biet la ba nude Anh, Uc, My).
Phat trien
1. Tai sao
lai
nen dua mdn Giao tie'p Giao van hoa vao ehuang
trinh hgc?
Nhieu sinh vien Viet Nam khi giao tiep vdi ngudi nude ngoai
thudng gap phai nhttng tinh hud'ng "trd treu" hoac
"phin
elm", vi du
nhu: Co mot
caLu
sinh vien Viet Nam gap mot du khaeb My d Van
Mie'u. Sau vai cau chao bdi, gidi thieu
llm
quen, cau sinh vien bay to
y mudn
duge
thuc hanh dc ky nang nghe ndi tie'ng Anh. Du khach
My vui ve ddng y. Cau sinh vien Viet Nam ngay lap tflc md man

blng
dc
cau
bdi "phdng van" blng tieng Anh:
"How many people are there in your family?" (Gia dinb ba ed bao
nhieu ngudi?)
"What do you do?" (Ba lam nghe gi?)
"How old are you?" (Ba bao nhieu tudi?)
"Are you married?" (Ba da lap gia dinb ehua?)
"Why aren't you married? I think that you should get married
soon. You look old enough to get married and have children." (Sao ba
khdng lap gia dinb di? Trdng ba da de'n tudi phai lap gia dinb va cd
con rdi.)
v.v va v.v
389
Sau
vli
cau bdi
diu,
du
khich
My dm tha'y bat tien va
ebi
am fl.
Vin
ehua thdi, cau sinh vien ay
vln
tdi tap bdi va
hlo bfle
cbd cau tra

ldi.
The' nhung ba du
khIch
ngudi My dflng
Idn
va do tfl. Gdn cau
sinh vien ban
khoan:
hay tai do vdn tie'ng Anh cua minh
qui
kem, de'n
ndi ngudi My kia khdng hieu.
Thue ra vdn tieng Anh cua cau khdng de'n ndi te nhu cau
nghl.
De'
giao tie'p, ngdn ngfl mdi chi
II
du ndi quan trgng. Nhung hieu biet ve
van boa se lam cho
viee
giao tie'p trd
nen
de dang ban. Neu cau sinh
vien ngudi Viet khdng dat nhflng cau bdi ma ddi vdi ngudi My qua
rieng tu va tgc
mach,
chic chin
cudc ndi chuyen gifla hai ben se trd
nen edi
md, than mat ban vi d hai deu

sin Idng
mudn tao quan he.
Trong mot cudc
khio sit
tien
hInh
vdi sinh vien nam thfl nhat
K32,
khoa
NN va VH Anb-My, 20% sinh vien vln sfl dung nhflng cau
bdi nhu:
"Hi!
What are you doing in the town?"(Xin chao! Ban dang lam gi
trong thi tran vay?)
"Hi!
Where are you doing?" (Xin chao! Ban dang lam gi vay?)
"Hi!
How are you? What are you doing here?" (Chao! Ban dang
lam gi d day vay?)
de chao bdi ddi tugng giao tiep la ngudi Anh, My.
Nhflng ldi nhu vay se it gap ban d nhflng sinh vien nam cudi do hg
trong
qui
trinh hgc da duge tham
din
van
hoi
cua ngdn ngfl dich.Tuy
nhien, khi duge hgc mdn Giao thoa vdn hod hg mdi cd y thflc mot
deb cd be thdng nhflng tuang ddng

vl khie
biet gifla van
hoi
Viet va
dc nude ndi tieng Anh.
'e
2.
Vai trd cua giao vien va sinh vien trong viee hgc va day mdn
Giao thoa van hoa
De'
nang cao nban thflc cua sinh vien nam cudi trong su
khae
biet
vl tuang ddng cua van
hoi
ngudn va van
hoi
dieh, vai trd cua ngudi
gilo
vien rat quan trgng. Tuy nhien, chflng ta khdng the phu nban vai
trd cua ngudi hgc. Ne'u ngudi hgc khdng ed y thflc, khdng cd su say
me bay ldi cud'n, hg se tim
thay
nhflng tie't hgc te nhat. Hoac xay ra
tinh trang, gilo vien giang, hgc sinh ngdi dudi
Idp \tu
ca: "Bie't rdi,
khd llm, ndi mai. Ba di vd van ve van
hoi,
ai ma chang bie't". Hoac

390
giao vien dua ra ly thuyet
qui
cao sieu ve nghien cflu van
bol
ngdn
ngfl cua dc hgc gia,
din
den tinh trang sinh vien ngdi nghe nhu vit
nghe sam, khdng hieu thay dang ndi gi. Them vao dd, tinh trangludi
dge
sich,
tim tai lieu tham
khIo,
ngai giao tie'p vdi ngudi nude ngoai
eung cd the lam sinh vien mat
din
di hflng thu vdi mdn hgc.
De phat buy tdt vai trd eua ngudi
thiy,
ehung tdi nban thay giao
vien chi nen la nhflng ngudi hudng
din,
ggi y van de, cdn sinh vien
mdi thue su la ngudi phai di
sau
tim hieu. Vi cd dge saeh, tim tai lieu,
giao tie'p
true
tiep vdi ngudi

bin
ngfl mdi lam
nly
sinh nhflng van de
thue
te'
ma ngudi hgc khdng
nghl
tdi. Chinh tfl nhflng bai hgc thue tien
nay, ngudi hgc mdi tha'y sau, mdi thay tham nhuan va
cin
tbiet cho
cdng
viee
eua hg sau nay.
Ngudi gilo vien
cIn
dua thue tien vao trong tflng bai
gilng
blng
deb chie'u de
trich
doan
phim,
cho sinh vien dge nhflng cau chuyen
suu tap tfl
sIch,
bao, Internet cd lien quan den su
khic
biet ve van

hoa, yen cau sinh vien ke lai nhflng van de hg gap phai trong thue
tidn
khi giao tie'p vdi ngudi
nude
ngoai. Ldp hgc se eung nhau pban tich
nguyen nban cua su viee, ggi y
gili
pblp can lam de
tranh
nhflng cu
sd'c van boa.
Muc
dieh
chinh eua mdn hgc
II nbim
giup ngudi hgc cd kie'n thflc
nen ve ta'm phdng van boa eua ngdn ngfl
dieh,
tfl dd rut ra bai hgc
trinh nhflng hieu lam khdng
ding
cd trong giao tiep gifla van boa Viet
va dc
nude
ndi tieng Anh.
Ngoli
ra, bd mdn eon giup dung kie'n thflc
van bol de' giai
tbicb
bien tugng ngdn ngfl, vi ngdn ngfl

pbin
anh van
boa. Ngudi hgc ngoai ngfl thudng cd xu hudng
Ip
dat van
hoi
cua
ngdn ngfl ngudn
len
ngdn ngfl dieh.
Mot
Ian
nfla, ehung tdi xin nban manh
tim
quan trgng cua ngudi
hgc va ngudi day. Ca bai deu la nhung yeu to chinh trong
viee
truyen
dat va tie'p thu nhttng kien thflc van hoa va ngdn ngfl.
3. Mot sd phuang phap giang day giao thoa van hoa cho sinh
vien tieng Anh nam
thu"4
a. Phuang phdp thdo
lugn
md (open discussion)
Day la phuong phap ggi md,
nhlm
khuyen khich sinh vien bay to
quan diem va suy
luan

cua minh ddi vdi dc va'n de van boa. Giao vien
391
cd the dua ra tinh hudng hoac
cau
bdi, td chflc cho sinh vien
thio
luan
theo
nhdm.
CIc
nhdm se ke ban ghe'
theo
hinh trdn hoac hinh chfl
nhat, ngdi ddi dien nhau. Mot ldp hgc ngoai ngfl cd the ehia thanh 4
hoac 5 nhdm. Sau budi
thIo
luan, gilo vien se tdng hgp y kie'n va el
ldp se eung thao luan mot
Ian
nfla.
Tinh
hud'ng vi du:
Dudi day la mot cau chuyen. Sinh vien duge
yeu
du
dge
va dua ra
quan diem eua minh, ddng y bay khdng ddi vdi
hinh
ddng cua dc

nban vat.
Ddng sdng ca sau (Alligator river)
Nlidn
vat:
Rosemary: Nban vat chinh
Geoffrey: Chdng ehua cudi cua Rosemary
Sinbad:
Chfl thuyen
Fredrick: Ngudi quen cua Rosemary.
Dennis: Ngudi ban thfl hai cua Rosemary.
Rosemary
II
mot cd gai
khoing
21 tudi. Cd da dinb bdn vdi mot
thanh nien tre ten
II
Geoffrey. Gifla cd va vi bdn phu cd mot trd ngai.
Dd chinh la mot ddng sdng. Khdng
pbli
ddng sdng binb thudng maf la
mot con sdng rdng, nude sau,
chly
xiet
dly
el sau.
Rosemary ban khoan khdng bie't lam deb nao de vugt sdng. Cd
nhd de'n Sinbad, ngudi duy nhat cd con thuyen vugt sdng. Khi ed de'n
gap anh ta, nhd dua giup sang sdng, anh ta dap "Duge, tdi se cbd giup
ed sang sdng vdi dieu kien cd pbli d vdi tdi mot

tuin".
Bi sd'c trude ldi
de ngbi dd, cd quay sang mot ngudi quen
khIc,
Fredrick, va ke mgi
chuyen. Fredrick
dip,
"Oi, Rosemary, anh hieu van de eua em, nhung
dd la van de cua chinh em, chfl khdng pbli cua anh". Rosemary danh
quay lai chd Sinbad, va d vdi anh ta mot tuan. Sau dd Sinbad da dua cd
sang sdng.
Geoffrey da ndng nan don tiep cd. Nhung trude hdm cudi cd
thly
minh can pbli ke cho Geoffrey mgi chuyen. Geoffrey ndi: "Anh se chi
cudi em khi tren the gian nay chi cdn minh em duy nhat".
Cudi
eung,
Rosemary quay sang Dennis, ban cd. Dennis
ling
392
nghe cau chuyen va ndi."
6i,
Rosemary, Anh khdng
yeu
em nhung
anh se cudi em". Va dd la ket thue cua cau chuyen.
Hogt ddng thdo lugn:
Sap xi'p theo
tlid
tu td

1
din 5 cdc nlidn vat md bgn cho
Id
ddng y
nhat vd phdn ddi
nhd't.
Gidi thieh.
Phuang pblp nay cd uu diem
phit
buy su tich cue va ehu ddng eua
sinh vien, khuyen khich sinh vien sfl dung ldi tu duy phe
phIn
(critical
thinking) va
biy
td quan die'm. Ngudi hgc eung cd the'
luyen
them ky
nang thue
hinh
tieng ndi va thuyet trinh.
Tuy nhien, ne'u sinh vien
ludi
suy
nghl,
bay rut re va ngai ndi,
nhflng boat ddng tren se
rlt
te nhat. Vi vay, gilo vien can di
kblo sit

tflng nhdm, ddng vien nhflng ngudi nbut
nhit
va ddi khi cdn khuyen
khich blng thudng diem.
Ngoai ra, vi
la
gid
thIo
luan, ldp hgc se rat sdi ndi vl
Im
I. Neu
quin
ly khdng tdt, gilo vien se khdng dieu khien duge boat ddng cua ldp.
b. Phuang phdp
tit
phdn anh (reflection method)
Phuong pblp nay cd the dung trong d boat ddng ndi va viet. Gilo
vien se
yeu
cau sinh vien chuan bi mot cau chuyen hoac tinh hud'ng
gay sd'c hoac ngflng tre giao tiep trong mot sd
llnb
vuc cu the, cd the'
cua chinh minh hoac nghe ke lai. Dung kien thflc giao thoa van hoa da
hgc duge, sinh vien rut kinh nghiem va neu quan diem d nban cua
minh. Bai
phIn Inb
nay cd the' d hinh thflc thuyet trinh (presentation)
hoac viet tu luan (essay).
Vi du:

Write a 2-page paper reflecting on what you have learnt from the
course of Cross-cultural Communication. Please tell a story in which
culture shock occurs (stories can be collected from different sources.
Yet, we highly appreciate stories based on your own experience),
explain what leads to misunderstanding/miscommunication and
suggest solution(s) to the situation. What can you learn from the
story? Can you connect it with any aspect of your life (e.g.
relationships, study, job, family, travel, etc)? How can cultural
differences be utilized as important resources rather than barriers for
successful intercultural communication encounters?
393
Phuang pblp nay khuyen khich ngudi hgc tim hieu,
ngbidn cuii
va
lap luan, sfl dung hieu qua chinh nhflng kinh nghiem cua minh,ddng
thdi ren luyen ky nang viet va thuyet trinh.
Ddi khi cd nhflng sinh vien ludi suy
nghl,
mugn bai eua ldp
khIc
hoac cua
kbol
trude de' chep lai.
Tinh
trang nay cd the' ngan
chan
duge
neu dc gilo vien cd su trao ddi ve mat chuyen mdn va giang day
thudng xuyen ban.
c. Phuang phdp mieu td true tiip (live description)

Gilo vien cd the suu tap dc bang,
dia
hinh, video, tranh, anh
lam gilo cu true quan. Sinh vien se duge xem nhflng hinh Inb cu the'
tren phim,
dIa
sau dd thao luan trude ldp hoac ehia nhdm nhd. Gilo
vien
nen
ggi y sinh vien
tbio
luan nhung diem tuang ddng va
kbic
biet trong dc hanh vi van boa, ma cd the da va se
din
de'n sd'c van
bol.
Ngoli ra, chflng ta cd the khuyen khich sinh vien dung thanh
nhflng vd kich, tu hg ddng vai. CI ldp se eung xem va
eung
nhdm sinh
vien dd pban tich, rut ra bai hgc.
Phuong pblp nay cd uu diem giup sinh vien de nhd, dd tiep thu vi
chinh tu hg duge tan
mit
chflng kie'n. Ngoai ra, nd kich tbicb khdng
khi hgc tap sdi ndi trong ldp, thflc day su hieu biet
lln
nhau gifla dc
sinh vien hon. Ddng thdi, nhieu sinh vien cd

co
bdi bdc
Id
nang khieu
cua minh ban.
Nhugc diem eua phuong pblp nay ddi khi eung lam cho gilo vien
khd thue bien tren ldp lien tuc duge. Vi ngudi gilo vien se ton rat
nhieu thdi gian suu tap, chgn
Igc
dc trich doan phim hay video. Cdng
viee nay ddi bdi pbli cd dc tbiet bi hd trg ky thuat cao. Ngudi gilo
vien pbli bie't su dung
miy
tinh, nhat la ehuang trinh power point. Rlt
may, bien nay trudng DHNN-DHQGHN da trang bi mot sd phdng hgc
tie'ng cdng nghe cao. Gilo vien cd the Ip dung phuong pblp nay ra't
don
giln,
khdng nhieu
phien
ha va thu tuc.
d. Phuang phdp khdo sat
true
tiep (survey questionnaires)
Gilo vien se tbiet ke' cau hdi khao
sit
ve mot van de van hoa cu
the,
sau dd giao cho tflng nhdm, mdi nhdm se di gap nhflng ngudi Anh
bin

ngfl bien dang sinh sdng tai Viet Nam, phdng van va khao
sit.
Hoac tham chi sinh vien ed the dflng mang Internet khao
sit
true tie'p
394
vdi ban be la ngudi ban ngfl cua hg. Ddi khi, giao
vidn
cd the chi giao
ehu de, cdn
cau
bdi khao sat, sinh vien cd the tu thie't ke.
Sau khi tien hanh kblo sat xong, sinh
•ien
se thu thap
cau
tra ldi,
pban tich va viet
bio
do. Dieu can tbiet nhat la hg rut ra duge gi tfl
sau nhflng lln khao sat dd.
Phuong nay cd uu diem lam cho sinh vien nang ddng, tao mdi
trudng giao tie'p cu the vdi ngudi nude ngoai va lam thay ddi khdng
khi hgc tap trong ldp.
Ddi khi cd nhflng sinh vien rut re, phuong phap nay lam hg tha'y
"khd sd" vi khdng dam ndi chuyen hoac khdng the
"kiem
dau ra ngudi
nude
ngoli de ndi chuyen" - nhu mot sd sinh vien tflng pban nan. Va'n

de d cbd hg khdng nang ddng. Chflng ta deu biet sd ngudi sfl dung
tie'ng Anh nhu la ngdn ngfl thfl nhat tren the' gidi la rlt nhieu. Sinh vien
cd the dung Internet de hd trg. Chi phi cho mot gid dung mang bien
nay khdng phai la
qui dit
ddi vdi hg.
Dudi day la mot vi du cu the:
ATTITUDES TO TIME AND SPACE
Interview four or five native speakers to find out their answers to
the following questions. When you do the survey, note down the
individual speakers' answers.
1.
When you are invited to someone's house for dinner, bow
much earlier or later than the scheduled time do you try to arrive?
2.
How long does a dinner party usually last?
3.
If you were planning a surprise birthday party for a close
friend, bow many days or weeks in advance would you invite the
guests?
4.
If you were a guest at a party or at a social ocassion in
someone's home, bow would you indicate to your host that it was time
for you to leave?
5.
if you had an appointment to meet a friend a 12:00 and arrived
at 12:45, how would you expect your friend to react?
Ket luan
Tren day chi la mot vai
phuong^

phap
ehung
tdi dua ra nhlm giup
395
ngudi dge bie't them mot sd phuong phap giang day mdn Giao thoa
van bol. Nhflng phuong phap nay dang
duge
chflng tdi Ip dung trong
thdi gian
gin
day va cd dem lai mot sd ke't qua kha quan.
Tuy nhien, chflng tdi vln biet
ring,
dc phuong phap nay ehua
pbli la tdi uu eung nhu cdn nhieu nhugc diem.
Chung tdi mong nban
duge
nhflng y kien kien ddng gdp quy
blu
cua ban dge giup cho ehuang trinh day va hgc mdn Giao tiep giao van
bol Viet Nam va dc
nude
ndi tieng Anh
duge
boan thien hon,
ha'p
din
hon trong tuong lai.
396