Bước đầu tìm hiểu về tín ngưỡng Mẫu Đạo Mẫu ở Việt Nam

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TIN
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MAU
"DAO
MAU"
0 VIET NAM
DE TAl
KIIOA HOC
Ma so:
QX.
2002.
11
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tri

de
tai:
Triroiig Hjii Cirang
Can bo
plioi
hop
nghicii
cirii:
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Noi,
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3/ 2005
MUC LIJC
Trani^
Mof
dau 2
Chuang
1:
Tin ngirong Mi\ii
trong he thong
tin nguong ciia
ngirai

Viet Nam
^^
1.1,
Khai
niem
tin ngirang
va long quan
v^
Ifn ngirang
Viet Nam
6
1.1.1. Mot
vcYi khia cgnli ciui
khdi niem tin
ngudng,
tin
ngudng 6
Mdu
1.1.2.
rdng
quan ve tin
ngUdng
Viet Nam 9
1.2.
Tfn nguong
MSu a
Viet Nam
16
1.2.1.
Su

khu biet
cua liien tuang
tin
ngUdng
Mdu
\ (>
1.2.2.
Si/
ra ddi tin
ngUdng Mdu
vd van de
"Dao
Mdu"
20
Chuang 2:
Tin nguang
Man
a
Viet Nam
hicn
nay - mot
so
van
29
de
ly luan
va
thirc
tien
2.1.

Sir
ton tai cua tfn nguang Mau a Viet Nam hicn nay va nhung
29
bidu hiCn
vd
mal
sinh boat cua no
2.1.1.
Si(
ton tai cua tin ngUdng Mdu d Viet Nam hicn nay 29
2.1.2.
Mot so bieu hien ve mat sinh hoat cua tin
n^Kdui*
Mdu 34
2.2.
MAl
so gia tri va han
chc
cua
ifn
ngirang
MAu
37
2.2.1.
Old tri cua tin ngUdng Mdu 37
2.2.2.
Ihin checua
tin ngUdng Mdu 41
Ket
luan 46

Phu
I lie 4X
Tai lieu tham khao chinh
65
MO
DAU
1.
Tin ngu9ng MSu v6i
eac ten ggi khac nhu:
Tin
nguang tha Nil
Ihiln,
tin ngu9ng thcr
Me, dao
MAu,
ton giao
MAu,
v.v, da dugc nhieu hgc
gia trong
wh
ngoai nuac quan
tAm
nghi6n
citu tir rA't
s6m vdi goc
d6
va
sir
ehuyen sAu khac nhau, song cho den nay chua c6 nhung cong
trinh

dua ra
m6t
cai
nhin
mang
tinh tdng
the
\6 Ijch
sir,
v6 cA'u
true ciia hien tugng tfn
nguang MAu cung nhu nhung
khia
canh triet hgc ciia no. Tuy nhien, dual
goc do van hoa, da c6
rA't
nhieu bai viet ve
vA'n
de nay.
Nhijng
bai viet nay
chu
y6'u
de cAp den than
Ihoai
va truyen thuyet ve MAu, dac biet la MAu
Li6u
Hanh, ngoai ra c6
dt
cAp den mot vai

khia
canh khac nhu
Am
nhac,
Id
hoi,
16 nghi, v.v, trong sinh hoat
tin
nguang MAu. Nhung cung phai
ihA'y
rAng, dAng sau
nhirng
huyen thoai va
16
nghi ay la cai
gi?
Tfn nguang MAu
xuA'l
phat
lix
tin nguang (ban dja) hay
iit
van hoa
(biin dja)? Vi
sao tfn
nguang MAu con t6n tai, phat trien cho den tan ngay nay? v.v, dAy vAn la
nhiJng
cAu hoi
cSn
phai tiep tuc kien giai.

Gfin
dAy, mot so cong
ti"inh
nghien cuu ciia cae hgc gia nuac ngoai cho thay c6 su tra
lai
vai tfn nguang
ban dja [32], trong do c6
tin
nguang MAu vai nhung goc
nhln
va
sir
danh
gia
khdc
nhau, lam cho
tinh hinh nghiSn ciJu
cang tra nen phuc tap. Vf du
CO
hgc gia khAng dinh
sir
ton tai
thirc ciia linh
hon (y
thirc,
tinh
IhAn)
cua
nhiJng
vat v6 tri nhu dat da [32]; Co hgc gia khi ly giai nhfmg van de cua

moi
tru5ng
hien nay da gan cho
nhiJng gi
xung quanh
chiing
la nhung gia
tri mang
tinh
xa hoi,
tinh
linh thieng, v.v. Trong khi do, mot so nha nghien
cuu
vA hdnli
dao (tfn nguang) da va dang c6 xu
hu6ng
de cao tfn nguang
MAu, thAm
chi
eoi no la mot dao hay mot ton gido da dAn tai
sir
danh gia,
frng xir
khac nhau doi vdi
loai hinh
tfn nguang nay. O
buih
dien thuc
lifin
cung cho thay c6

sir phirc
tap cua sinh hoat tfn nguang MAu, ngoai
sir
dan
xen, pha tap vao cae
I6n
gido va hoat dAng
mS
tfn, nhung sinh
hoai
tfn
nguang MAu vdri tfnh
d6c hip
tuang doi ciia no da va dang dat ra nhung van
de
c^n
tiep tuc
li
giai ve mat vAn hoa, triet hgc, ton giao, dao
due,
v.v.
Viee nghien
ciJu
tfn nguang MAu mang tfnh long the duai goc do
tric't hgc va ton giao hgc va dat no trong dai song xa hoi va nen van hoa
ciia
dAn toe Viet Nam nhAm ly giai
v6
hien tugng tfn nguang MAu la cong
vice

vira CO
tfnh cap thiet
vira
eo tfnh
lAu
dai. De tai nay moi chi
dimg
lai a viec
Budc
ddu tim hieu chu chua va khong c6 mong muon da kep lai van de, do
vay no
cAn
phai dugc tiep tuc d muc ehuyen sAu han,
a
nhung khfa canh cu
the han.
2.
O
Viet Nam trong mA'y thap ky lai dAy khong nhung ton giao c6
sir
gia tAng, ma ca cae loai
hinh
sinh hoat tfn nguang cung gia tAng
pluic
tap,
diCu
nay lam cho
biJc
tranh v6 tfn nguang, ton giao
a

Vict Nam
Ira
nen
da dang vai
nhidu
sAc thai, vai cae
chieu
tac dgng khac nhau.
Sir
gia tAng
nay dugc bieu hien trong viec xAy
sira
den, mieu, dien, phii, v.v,
didn
ra a
nhieu nai, tham
ehi
c6 nguai da bien nha a
ciia
minh thanh dien tha MAu,
tha Thanh; Dugc the hien trong cae
euge
hanh
hucrng v6 nal ihicng ciia
tfn
nguang MAu; Dugc the hien
a
viec tra lai nhfrng nghi
\t
mot

each
bai ban
va quy mo; v.v. Van kien Hoi nghi
lAn
thu Bay Ban Chap hanh Trung
uo'ng
Dang Cong San Viet Nam
Khoa IX
khang dinh:
''Gifr gin
va phat buy
truydn
thong
th5
cung
id
tien, ton vinh va nha an nguai c6 cong vai To
quoc,
dAn tgc va nhAn dAn; ton trgng truyen thong
ciia
dong bao
cae
dAn toe
va dong bao c6 dao, thong qua do tang euang
sir
d6ng
ihuan
giiia
nhUng
nguai

CO
tfn nguang,
ion
giao va nhfrng nguai khong tfn
ngufyng,
ion
giao ;
gifra nhfrng nguai c6
cae Ifn
nguang.
Ion
giao khac nhau; dong thai
lao
co"
sa de dAu tranh chong nhung la dao, nhfrng hoat dgng mc
ifn
di doan,
Un
dung ton giao lam hai den
Igi
fch
ciia
To quoc, dan
Igc
va nhau
dan."
122,
52 -
531.
Vice llm

hieu tfn nguang noi chung,
llm
hieu
I in
ngudng Mau noi
ricng de chi ra dugc ca sa
Iriei
hgc
ciia
no;
ihay du'gc
gia
li i vC
van hoa, dao
due,
truyen
lh6'ng
cung nhu nhung han che
ciia
chung la dicu kien can
ihiei
nhAm
phai
buy
nhOng
yeu to
tich
cue ciia tfn nguang
irong
giai doan hien

nay. Bai
vi
lam dugc
difiu
nay se
giiip
cho nguai
c6 ifn
nguang nhan
ihuc
diing
ban vd
tin
nguang
ciia mlnh
va ban che dugc nhiJng sinh hoat
c6
tfnh
mc
Ifn
hu tuc, nguai khong c6 tfn nguang cung
c6 duac
cai nhln khach
quan han vi tfn nguang.
3.
Tfn nguang ciia
nguofi
Vict Nam la mot he thong phong
phu,
da

dang, phuc lap,
Ifn
nguang MAu la mot loai
hinh
c6 the dugc eoi la tieu bieu
ciia
he thong
A'y,
song
sir
ton tai dan xen gifra tfn nguang vai tfn nguang
cung nhu gifra
Ifn
nguang vai ton giao lam cho
vice
lic'i^
can tfn nguang
MAu la khong
dt
dang.
Didu
nay dAn
l6i
can phai c6 su
lira
chon nhfrng
phuang phap tiep can
phii
hgp nhAm ban che
sir

nhan thirc sai lech ve loai
hinh
nay. Chiing toi cho rAng ngoai phuang phap luan chung
ciia vice
tiep
can
Ifn
nguang ton giao, cAn phai
sir
dung
mgl
so phuang phap khac nhu
phuang phap
lieh
sir,
phuang phap so sanh, loai suy, phuang phap thong
ke,
phAn tfch, v.v, cung nhu
vi6c sir
dung
l6ng
hgp eac
phuirng
phap do, hay
cung
CO
the ggi la phuang phap nghien cuu lien nganh (hay
cii
the hon la
phuang phap nghien cuu xa hoi lien nganh). Duai goc do ton giao hgc,

chiing toi cho rAng viec tiep can tfn nguang MAu tii nhu
cfiu
tfn nguang
ion
giao la bet
siic
quan trgng. Bai
vi
tfn nguang ton giao la do con nguai tao ra
va nhung con nguai ay da cam thay can phai c6 nhu cau tfn nguang
ion
giao.
Duang nhien khi nhu cau nay dugc dap
irng
cung la khi con nguai da
dai
dugc
Igi
fch nao do. Trong boi canh hien nay, nhu cAu tfn nguang,
ion
giao dang c6
sir
gia tAng ca ve so
lugng
va quy mo. Cung can
luu
y rAng,
nhu cau
tfn
nguang, ton giao c6 su ton tai dan xen vai cae nhu cau khac, do

vAy mgl khi nhu
cAu
ngoai tfn nguang, ton giao khong dugc dap ung hoac
gia tAng no c6 the kco theo
sir
giai
lAng
ciia nhu cfiu tfn nguang, ton giao.
4-
Tfn nguang MAu hay noi
r6ng
ra la
lin
nguang Nfr thAn
ciia Viel
Nam
CO
su
hidn
dien
b
nhieu cong dong tgc
ngu5i
khac nhau trong he thong
cae tgc
nguori
b Viet Nam trong
Ijch sir
cung nhu hien nay, do dicu kien
khach quan va chii quan, lac gia ciia de tai m6i chi

dtrng
lai a
vice
nghien
cuu tfn nguang ciia nguai Viet, qua do - trong kha nang -
c6 sir
ma rgng a
mure do
nhal
dinh doi vai tfn nguong MAu a mgl so tgc khac.
5.
Ket cau ciia de lai, ngoai lai ma dau va
kel
luan,
pluin
noi dung
dugc
irinh
bay trong 2 chuang, 4 tiet.
Chums
1: TIN
NGl/ONG
MAU TRONG HE THONG TIN
NGirONG
CUA
NGU^dl
VIET NAM
1.1. Khai
niem
tin ngirang va

tdng
quan ve fin ngirong Viet Nam
/././. Mot vdi khia canh cua khdi niem tin
ngUdng,
tin
ngud'ng
Mdu
- Tfn nguang la khai niem chii yeu dugc dung trong
ITnh
vuc ton giao.
O mgl so quoc gia khong c6
sir
phAn biet
Ifn
nguang vai
ion
giao,
nghia
la
noi tfn nguang cung la noi ton giao va
nguge
lai. O Viet Nam va mot so
nuac thugc khu vuc chAu A doi khi tfn nguang cung dugc hieu nhu vay; Vf
du,
a
Viet Nam chAng ban, khi noi quyen tu do tfn nguang cung chfnh la
hay chf ft la bao ham ca quyen
liJ
do ton giao, eac vAn ban
ciia

Dang va Nha
nuac la khi noi ve ton giao cung dugc hieu theo each nay. Tuy nhien
v6
mat
ngu
ngliTa
ciia tieng Viet va hien thuc sinh boat tfn nguang, ton giao lai cho
thay
CO
the va cAn phai phAn biet gifra tfn nguong va ton giao.
Tfn nguang
(belief,
fairth,
fi fli)
can dugc xem
xcl
duai goc do y
ihirc
(danh
tir)
va goc do cau
triic,
hoat dgng (dgng tii).
Vdfi
tu
each
la y thuc
thl
gifra ton giao va tfn nguong that kho
c6

the
phan dinh. Bai
vl,
tin
nguang vai nghia den
ciia
no la tin tuang va nguang
mg, nguang vgng; Tfn nguang a goc do tfn nguang
ion
giao do la
sir
tin
tuang va nguang mg vao mot
lire
lugng sieu nhien. Nhu vay c6 the noi rAng
ca
a
ton giao (nhu: Phat
giao.
Kilo giao, v.v,) va
tin
nguang (nhu: tha
ciing
TO Tien, tha Than, v.v,) ddu
c6
niem tin nay. Nhu vay, ddc
trirng
chung
ciia
tfn nguang,

ion
giao (hay ton giao theo nghia rgng) xcl a
blnh
dien y thuc
do la
niem
tin vao cai sicu nhien than thanh, hay
ihco Tylor
thl "niem lin
vao
sir
ton tai
ciia
than
ihanh"
la dinh nghTa toi
Ihieu,
la diem
bAl
dau
ciia
mgi ton giao. Vai
each
phAn tfch
trcn
thl dinh
ngliTa ciia
Ph.
Angghcii
v6

ion
giao vAn dugc trfch dAn trong eac an pham a Viet Nam phai dugc
eoi
la
dinh nghia rgng (theo nghia no bao ham tat ca
cae
loai
hinh ciia tin
nguang,
ton giao), la dinh nghia duai goc do cua nhan thuc luan duy
vai.
Ph.
Angghen cho rAng: "Nhung
Utt
ca mgi ton giao chAng qua chi la
sir
phan
iinh hu ao - vao
dfiu
6c
ciia
con nguai -
ciia
nhfrng
lire
lugng a ben
ngoiu
chi
phoi euge song hang ngay
eiia

hg;
ehi la
su phan anh trong do nhfrng
lire
lugng a tran
ihS'da
mang
hinh thiJe
nhiJng
lire
lugng sieu
tiiin
the" [5, 437].
DAy la
djnh
nghia rgng
vi
no khAng dinh cai sieu nhien thiin thanh
\h
san
phiiim ciia
con
ngu5i
trong qua
trinh
nhAn
thiic
hu ao (dao hoa) ve the giai
ben ngoai, ma cai sieu nhien than thanh ay c6 trong tat ca eac loai blnh tfn
ngudng, ton giao. Can

liru
y rAng khong giong eac nha
v6
than
trirofc
dAy,
C.Mac cung nhu Ph. Angghen khong
phii
nhan cai sieu nhien than thanh
v6i
tu each la y thuc, la niem tin, cae Ong cho rang cai sieu nhien
ihAn
thanh la san pham tat yeu
ciia
nhan
Ihu'c ciia
con nguai vai dac trung va
phuang
Ihfre
xac dinh. Cai sien nhien nay ton tai trong dAu
6c ciia
con
ngu5i;
Khong giong
v6i
cae nha
IhAn
hgc, cae Ong khong
ihi^ra
nhan

sir
ton
lai thuc
ciia
cai sieu nhien va cang khong
ihixd
nhan
sir
sang tao
ciia
cai sieu
nhien doi vai the giai va con nguai. Nhung vai
lu
each la y
tluic,
la niem
lin, eac Ong
ihira
nhan vai
tro
cua y thuc ton giao doi vai dai song xa hoi
ciia
eon nguai. Nhu vay thl tfn nguang va ton giao la dong nhal ve mat y
thuc,
nien tin. O khfa canh nay thl ton trgng tu do tfn nguang ton giao dugc
hieu la ton trgng niem tin
ciia
nguai c6 tfn nguang, ton giao. Tuy tfn
nguang va ton giao c6
sir

dong nhat vi mat y thuc,
nxim
tin, song khong
phai vl the ma chiing khong c6
sir
khac biet a mire do nhal dinh, ma cu the
la a cau true
ciia
niem lin. Trong ton giao, nxim lin ton giao gAn vai nhfrng
giao ly, tfn dieu, vdi he tu
lirdng Ion
giao cung nhu than hgc
ciia
no; Con
trong tfn ngudng, niem lin thudng thl chua c6 va chua bi
sir
chi phdi bdi
giao ly, tfn dieu va cang chua c6 than hgc. Niem lin
ciia
tfn ngudng hi chi
phoi
Ixri truydn
thong, phong tuc tap quan. Noi nhu vay c6 nghia la ton giao
CO
su phat trien ban so vdi tfn ngudng, song d dAy chiing la lai khong the ket
luan rdng ton gido cao ho'n tin
ngu'dng,
Bdi vl moi mgl loai
hinh niiy
ngoai

phfin
dong nhal con c6 su khac biet, nhat la d vi the, vai
lid ciia
no trong ddi
song xa hoi. Chung
loi
se
Ird
lai
vAii
de nay d mgl
did
khac
irong
di lai.
Ton giao (religion,
/j<
|i(.
HI)
va
Ifn
ngudng d blnh dien sinh
iioat,
cau
true
CO
su khac biet. Neu eoi ton giao la lieu he thong kien
triic
thugng
tring,

nghia la ton giao bao gom: Y thuc (dac biet la he
lu
tirdng),
su
ihd
cung (he thong quy djnh
Ihd
cung) va to
chue
hay giao hoi; Till d tfn
ngudng chua hoac chua c6 dAy
dii
cae bg phan
Iren.
Ton giao va lin ngudng
deu la
hi6n
tugng xa
hdi
song
cAi hi6n
tugng
idn
giao cd
sir
gAn ket de thanh
thicl
che mang nhirng ten ggi khac nhau nhu: Giao hoi,
I
Igi

dong.
Ban tri
sir.
Hoi thanh, v.v; Con
tin
ngudng no gAn vdi nhfmg cong
ddng ngirdi
gAn
chat vdi phong tuc, tap quan va vAn hoa. Dieu nay se dAn
idi
nhfrng lac
dgng ve mat xa hoi khac nhau giua ton giao va tfn ngudng. Ton giao dugc
eoi
la:
"he Ihdng
nhfrng tfn ngudng va nhfrng thuc hanh lien quan vdi cae
sir
vAl
linh thieng,
lire
la eac
sir
vat tach ricng ra, bi cam doan, do la nhfrng tfn
ngudng va thuc hanh thong nhat tat ca nhfrng ai lin theo thanh mgl cgng
dong tinh thAn ggi la giao hoi" [62, 157]; May cu the
lion
la:
"Tdn
giao la he
thong cae quan niem tfn ngudng sung bai mgl hay

nhidii
vi than linh nao do
va nhung
hinh
thuc.
Id
nghi
Ihuc hifin sir
sung bai A'y."
|9,
59|.
Con d tfn
ngudng thl su sung bai va
Id
nghi bieu hien
sir
siing bai ay chua phai la mgl
he thong. Khi khang dinh ton giao la he thong eac quan niem tfn ngudng
siing bai mot hay nhieu vi than linh nao do,
sir
khAng dinh nay da khAc phuc
dugc
sir
bat cap trong mgl so quan niem trude dAy khi nhan manh den dac
Inrng
nhat than
ciia
ton giao trong
sir
tuang

c|iian
vdi tfn
ngirdng
va mc tfn.
Qua
sir
phAn tfch tren cd the thay rAng: Gifra tdn giao va tfn ngudng
CO sir
khac biet vd cau triic
ciia
he thong quan niem va
Id
nghi
ihd
cung, vd
to chuc. Tuy nhien xet vd ban chat
giiJa
chung khong cd
sir
khac biet, bdi vl
no deu la nidm tin hu ao gAn vdi quan niem vd cai sicu nhien than thanh,
hay: "Tat ca mgi tfn ngudng quen thugc xua nay, hoac
do'n
gian,
hoac phuc
tap,
ddu mang mgl tfnh each chung. No chia
cae sir
vat hicn
llurc

hay do dc
8
con
nguori
tudng tugng thanh hai thur loai tuang phan, thudng dugc chi dinh
bAng hai
tir
rieng
bi6t
c6
th^
tarn dich la "pham
tiic"
va "linh thanh". Tach
biet
ihc
gidi lam hai khu vuc,
mdt
gom nhiJng gi la "linh thanh" (sacre),
mot g6m nhung
gi
la "pham tuc" (prafane), do la dac tfnh
ciia
tu tudng ton
giao
vAy"
[30, 13]. Luu y rAng
b
Viet Nam chiing la ngudi Viet thudng
diing tir

thd (chfr Ndm:
T^
) de chi ve boat dgng thd cung
ciia
ngudi theo
tfn ngudng, tdn giao nhu: Thd Phat, thd
Chiia,
thd MAu, thd
eiing
To lien,
v.v. Song
tir
thd con
diing
chi hanh vi dao
diJc
ddi vdi mgl ddi tugng hien
thuc,
cu the nao do nhu: Thd
thSy,
thd eha me, thd to su, v.v, d khfa canh
nay chu thd diing de
chi
hanh vi dao
diJc,
vAn hoa
chir khdng
phai de chi
quan he, hanh vi
tin

ngudng, tdn giao. Nhu vay ngiJ nghia
ciia chiJ
thd chi
cd the
giiip
chung la tham khao khi ly giai ve
tin
ngudng, ton giao chu
khdng the thay the cho
thuAl
ngu
tin
ngudng hay tdn giao dugc.
- Tfn ngudng MAu la mgl loai blnh trong he thong tfn ngudng
ciia
ngudi Viet, no ed dac trung chung nhu eac loai blnh tfn ngudng khac, song
sir
khac biet la no tdn
siing
NiJ
Ih^n
ma cae vi Nfr
ihSn
nay lai gAn vdi
sir
sinh sdi nay nd cho nen dugc ggi la cae Me, cae MAu
(/O^).
Nhu vay cd the
khu biet
tin

ngudng MAu do la mot loai
hinh
trong
tin
ngudng thd NiJ
IhSn
thugc he thong
tin
ngudng Viet Nam. Trd lai van de cd tfnh chat cAn ban
ban cd the
ihAy
rAng, tfn ngudng MAu lai khdng the tach rdi khdi tfn
ngudng phon thirc (thd sinh thuc
khi,
vdi mong mudn
sir
sinh sdi nay nd),
tuy nhien d dAy vai trd
ciia gid'ng
cai da dugc dd cao ban.
1.1.2.
Tdng
c/uan
ve tin ngudng
Viet
Nam
6
Viet Nam
hidn
nay,

tin
ngudng la mgl bg phAn trong he
ihdng
tfn
ngudng, tdn giao Viet Nam. Neu xem xet ton giao theo nghia rgng, thl d
Viet Nam hien nay cd eac loai
hinh eiia
tdn giao theo nghia rgng nhu sau:
* Tdn giao (theo nghia hep, vdi hai tieu
chi
ca ban de xac dinh: La
mdt tieu he Ihdng kien true thugng
tiing;
Cd giao ly, giao
Id,
giao
luAl,
cd to
chuc hay giao
hdi) g6m
eac
Idn
giao:
Phai
giao, Cong giao,
I
loi giao, Tin
Lanh giao, Cao Dai giao, Hoa Hao giao.
*
Tfn ngudng (chua cd du cae

yd'u id
cau thanh
mgi ion
giao;
g^n
bo
dial
che vdi
Imydn
ihdng, phong
lue lAp
quan, van hoa) bao gom nhieu loai
hfnh khac nhau, cd mal d nhidu c()ng
d6ng
ngudi d nhidu
viing
mien.
*
M6 tin (I& Idn
giao theo nghia rdng, song nd
kh^ng ihay d6i
kip so
vdi
sir
phat trien
ciia
van hoa, no
c6
(he la
d'\

doan, la
hii
tuc) bao gom nhidu
loai
hinh,
tdn lai
dAc lAp hoiie
dan xen vdi
ifn
ngudng, tdn giao.
*
I/ien
ti((mg
tdn giao mdi la ton giao theo nghia rdng, song no
thudng la
hvtn
tugng phan van hoa, phan dao due.
Hifin
nay d
Vifii
Nam c6
hang tram hien lugng Idn giao mdi.
Didu can luu y la
sir
phan loai ton giao
(iheo
nghia rgng) la van dd
cue
ky phuc tap, irong mgl sd
tiirdng

hgp su phan loai nay cung
chi c6
tfnh
lU(mg
ddi, do vay can cd cai nhin
lich sd
cu
lhe\
can xem xet den sU lac
dong ve mat xd hoi (tfch cue hay
tiCu circ) ciia cae
loai
hinh
tren dd
c6 ihd
xep loai, danh gia va ung xir phii hgp.
Tfn ngudng Viet Nam la mgl he ihdng tfn ngudng phuc lap, m()l vai
bieu hien
ciia
su phuc lap ay la: Ngudi Viet cd rat nhidu tfn ngudng;
Cae Ifn
ngudng nay lai ed su dan xen, pha lap
lAn
nhau; Co
sir
dan xen pha tap vdi
lAn
giao ca ton giao ndi sinh va ngoai nhap; Cho den nay eac tfn ngudng da
CO sir
bien doi kha phong

phii.
De tiep can eac
ifn
ngudng nay can c6
sir
phan loai nhAm, mot mat la c6 cai nhln
tdng ihe
vd tfn ngudng, mal
khdc
la
c6 Ihd khu biet d muc dd nhA't djnh
mAi
tfn
nguftng
va chi ra
mftt
sd loai
hinh
tfn ngudng tieu bieu. Cung can phai luu y rAng phan loai tfn ngudng d
dAy chfnh la phan loai cdc vi than md ngUdi Viet ton thd. Dudi day chiing
Idi
xin neu
mdi
vai each phan loai cu the nhu sau:
ihu
nhdl:
Phan loai theo
lang
bae
khOng

gian.
C3 sir
phan loai nay
chung la thay rAng ngudi Viet
ion
thd eac vi than theo eac tang bac nhu sau:
0
-
Cae
vj
thSn
cai quan b tren trdi nhu: Than May, than Mua, thAn
SA'm,
th^n Chdp
(hay VAn, Vu, Loi, Dien trong he ihdng Tur phap chAng
ban) va
thdn
Trdi. Theo tAm
thufc eiia tin
ngudng nay thl mAy, mua, sA'm,
ehdp cung thudc ve trdi, do vAy da dAn tdi su de cao Ong Trdi. O dAy cd
di^u
kha thu vj
lA
trong Tur phap
thSn
MAy, Mua, Sam, Chdp la Bd
chilr
khdng phai la
Ong,

vdi bidu hien
ciia
nd la thd Ba DAu, Ba Dau, Ba Dan va
^^ ^
Ba Tudng.
Cae
Ba nay lai dem dAt trong su tuang quan vdi Ong Trdi. Cdn
Ong Trdi tuy dugc dd cao vdi bieu hien la
liie
khdn quAn thl ngirdi la keu
Trdi, cau
Trdi,
song dAy Trdi khdng (chua) phai la vi
tbSn
tdi cao,
luyet
ddi
nhu quan
ni6m ciia
ngudi Trung Hoa.
Bi^u hi6n eiia
didu nay la khi keu,
eSu
Trdi khdng dugc
Ihi
ngudi ta trdch
Trdi,
odn
Trdi,
chid

Trdi,
eoi
Trdi bang
viing,
IhAm chi
la bdn Trdi
khdng
van
tid,
Quan niem vd trdi cua ngudi Viet
dugc the hien d nhidu gdc nhln khac nhau vdi nhiJng bieu hien
ciia
nd nhu:
Ong trdi vAt ly (trdi cao, trdi rdng, v.v.), ong trdi nhAn each (trdi buon, trdi
lam,
Irdi
cho, v.v.) va ong trdi sieu viet (dong nhat Trdi vdi
Tlian
vdi
PhAl,
Trdi tao dung, ve chau Trdi, v.v.) [30, 371 - 413]. Dudi gdc dd
ciia
tfn
ngudng chung ta quan tAm den dng Trdi sieu viet, song cai sieu viet nay lai
khdng hoan loan gid'ng vdi Trdi
ciia
ngudi Trung Hoa vdi nhiJng bieu hien
cua nd nhu: Menh Trdi, Trdi giup, Trdi hai,
mAc
tdi vdi Trdi

ibi
khdng cdn
cilu khA'n
mgl vi than nao de gd tdi dugc, v.v. Nhu vay cd the thay rAng
ngudi Viet mac
dii
cd su dd cao dng Trdi song trong
lAm IhiJc
tfn ngudng
cua hg cae vi
thdn
cd quan he true tiep vdi hg nhu may, mua, sam chdp, dat,
nude,
niii,
sdng, cAy cd, eon ngudi vAn la mdi bAn
lAm
ddi vdi hg. Ngoai
Idc
Vict, nhidu tgc
it
ngudi khac b khu vuc mien
niii
phfa BAc, TAy Nguyen,
Nam Trudng San
eiia
Viet Nam cung cd quan niem vd trdi va
sir
thd trdi.
Theo
khAo

sat
bude
d^u
cua chiing tdi thl ddi vdi hg Trdi (Yang, Giang,
v.v.) cung chua phai la vi
th^n
tdi cao luyet ddi.
-
Cae
vi
th^n
a tren mat dat bao gdm than tu nhien nhu:
TliAn
CAy,
thtin
Dat, thAn Nude,
th.1n
Niii,
v.v. va than ngirdi nhu: To Tien (xet tir khfa
11
canh tfn nguang tdn giao), Thanh Hoang lang, Ngudi cd cong vdi cgng
ildng,
vdi quoc gia, v.v. Do dac
diem ciia viing
dja ban cu
iru
va
phucrng
thirc sinh sdng ma d mdi vung lai cd
sir

dd cao mgl vi than nao dd irong eac
than neu tren.
- Cae vj
ihSn
cai quan d cdi Am thudng la cae ac than. Mdi quan ngai
vd mat
lAm
linh
ciia
ngudi Viet trong
liic
sdng thl sg ac than lam hai, khi
chel
thl sg khdng dugc vd vdi To Tien ma bj day xudng cdi am
phii,
na\
eac
ac
ihiin
cai quan.
Till?
hai: PhAn loai theo kha nAng va phAm chat. Phan theo pham chat
gdm ed Thien than va Ac than, Trong
Ihien IhAn
(phAn loai theo kha nAng)
lai bao gom cae vj: Thugng dAng than, Trung dAng than va Ha dAng
ihan.
Didu
citn
luu y d dAy la Nha nude Phong kien Viet Nam la

chii
thd trong
vice phong cae vj than tren, va nhu vay quan he
ngifdi
quyct dinh kha nang
va pham chat
ciia
thrin.
Ngoai each phAn loai thien thAn, ac than, Irong
Ijch
sir Viet Nam cdn cd su phAn loai khac nhu: Chfnh than, la
ihan;
Chfnh thAn,
dAm than; Chfnh thAn, lap
thfin;
v.v. Nhirng
sir
phAn loai nay dudi nhan
quan
ciia
Nha
nude
Phong
kicii
cho nen cd su khac
biet
vdi nhan
cjiian ciia
quAn chiing nhAn dAn. Mgl trong nhung bieu hicn dd thay
ciia

van di nay la,
Nha nude Phong kien da eoi cae vi than nhu Than GAp
phan.
Than An may,
Tlian
Ke trdm, v.v; Coi eac
Id
nghi tfn ngudng lien quan
deii ifn
ngudng
phdn
ihuc
la la than, dAm than. Song ddi vdi ngudi dAn
ihl
nhfrng vj thfin
tren lien quan den
euge
sdng hang ngay
ciia
hg, hg cd the cfiu xin
Irg giiip
ciia
eac vi
IhAn
nay dugc, bdi vay, ddi vdi hg cae vi nay la Than, la Thanh
chu khdng phai la ta hay dAm than.
Cae
tfn ngudng nay dugc quan niem la
tfn ngudng dAn gian, loai
tin

ngudng nay "cung gAn vdi nhidu huydn hoac
nhu tdng giao
phd
qual.
Nhirng neu
Ifn
ngudng dan gian thudng la
viin
vat,
Ic le
va khdng
viran len
dugc thanh mot he y thuc vdi the gidi
(juan
va nhAn
sinh quan hoan
chinh nhu
tdng giao pho qual
Ihl
cae tfn ngudng dan gian lai
gAn
chAI
chc vdi mgi yen can
ciia
mudn mat ddi
ihudng"
[35,
9
12
Tin?

ha: PhAn loai
iheo
pham vi lac dgng ddi vdi eac vj than tren mat
dat,
sir
phAn loai nay bao gdm cae vj than sau:
- Cae vj than lac dgng ddi vdi mgl hay mgl sd ngudi cung loai, dd la
Than Bdn menh.
ThSn
Ban menh
ciia
ai ngudi nay thd va chi c6
sir
tac dgng
ddi vdi ngudi thugc ban menh ay. Trong Ijch sir va hien nay, vice Ihd vj
IhAn
nay Ihudng dugc thay d mgl sd chj em phu
nu*
dugc coi la
////////
cao so
ndng cho nen phai ddi bat
hucfng
d ddn, d
phii
de thd Than ban menh.
6
mdt sd tgc ft ngudi thugc khu vuc TAy nguycn ngay nay vAn cdn dau hieu
ciia
viec thd ban menh [20, 122 va 32, 229]. Neu md rgng pham vi

ciia
ban
menh thanh ban menh ciia cgng ddng thl To Tien la ban menh
ciia
gia
dinh,
ciia
ddng hg nhu quan niem vd dgng mo dgng ma, ve bat
huong
thd
ciing,
v.v; Thanh Hoang lang la ban menh
ciia
cgng ddng lang bdi vl vj than nay
Uic
ddng Irong pham vi
ciia
mdt lang xac djnh:
Toet mAt la tai hudng
dinh
Ca lang toet mAt chu mlnh em dAu.
Va
Tir bA't
tir la ban menh
ciia
ca quoc gia, chfnh vl vAy ma Nha
nude
Phong kien xua la
chii
te

ciia
mot sd nghi
Id
nhu thd
ciing
Vua
I
liing.
Due
Thanh TrAn, MAu Lidu de cfiu mong cho
sir
hung thinh
ciia
dat nude. Ddi
vdi cae ton giao, d
nhirng
muc do khac nhau eac tfn dd, cae nhdm, cae cgng
ddng tdn giao cung ed than ban menh trong chfnh tdn giao
ciia
hg.
- Cae vj
thitn
lac ddng trong pham vi mgl gia
dinh
nhu: To Tien, Tho
cong.
To
Tien dugc coi la nhfmg ngudi da mat thugc vd huyet tgc
ciia
mlnh,

thudng thl
duac ihd
ciing nam ddi (ddi vdi ngirdi Viet - Kinh), sau do dugc
quy vd thd ciing d ddng hg. Viec thd ciing To Tien dugc bieu hien thong
qua ma chay, Ihdng qua ngay gid, ngay let, thong qua cong
vice
trgng dai
ciia
gia
dinh
hay mdt thanh vien trong gia
dinh.
O khfa canh tfn ngudng tdn
giao,
thd Cling To Tien la
cAu
mong linh hon
ciia
nhfrng ngirdi da khuai phu
hg,
Irg
giiip cho nhiJng ngudi dang sdng.
Sir
thd ciing nay gAn vdi
cjuan
13
niem ve md ma. Su linh thieng, lanh
diJ
Irong pham vi gia
dinh

thudng duac
cho la thugc vd md ma (phat ma hoac ddng ma). Va nhu vay ngirdi Vict rai
coi trgng md ma, vdi quan niem "Sdng
vi
md vl ma dAu phai vl ca
mieiig
cam" va
cAu chiru
doe dja nhat ddi vdi mdt gia
dinh
la "Dao ma bd may
len". Ngay nay van dd md ma vAn dang cdn la mgl Irong nhirng van de
phiic
lap
ciia
tfn ngudng thd ciing To Tien. Cung vdi Ihd ciing To lien la thd
Cling ddng hg, ddng hg dugc xac dinh
dim
tren quan he tdng tgc ve phfa
nam gidi. Viec
Ihd eiing
ddng hg dugc thuc hicn d nha
ihd
hg
idc
trong
ngay gid T6
(T6
hg),
vi6c

thd eiing nay cho den nay vAn dugc duy
tri,
phuc
hoi,
Iham
chf la dang cd su phat trien d nhidu noi. Cho den gAn dAy, viec
thd Cling nay ed ca
sir
tham gia
ciia
niJ gidi, su tham gia nay da khang djnh
vai trd
ciia
niJ gidi trong quan he ddng hg. Quan he ddng hg gAn vdi quan
he
ciia
ca hg vdi ngdi md To, md To thudng dugc xAy, dap to va cao, ngdn
ngiJ dAn da thudng vf "To nhu ma To", "Gifr nhu gfri ma
l6".
Ma To
cfing
dugc coi la nai linh theng
ciia
ca mgl ddng hg va rat dugc coi trgng, do vay
cAu chiru ddc dja ddi vdi ca mot hg la: "Dao ma To len".
Thd
cong cung la vj than
ciia
mdi gia
dinh,

nghia la
iho
cong nha nao
thl nha nay thd, cd thd nham
thd
cong nha khac thl cung chAng dugc
Igi Idc
gl.
Tlieo
nghia den
ciia thuAl
ngiJ tho
edng
(thAn trdng coi dAt), song viec
thd tho edng
eiia
ngudi Viel khdng chi lien quan
deii dai
dai ma con lien
quan den hanh vi
ciia
gia
dinh
tren dat dai ay.
- Cae vj thiin tac ddng trong pham vi lang, xa nhu: Thanh Hoang
lang, Than Linh,
Tlio
Dja (d dAy chiing tdi dac biet luu y
idi
Thanh Hoang

lang).
Thdnli
Hodng
Idng
(phAn biet vdi
Tlianh
Hoang thdnh
ciia
Trung
Hoa):
Thanh Hoang lang dii cd
xual
xir, co dja vi xa hoi khac nhau, du cd
that hay la huydn thoai song ddu dugc coi la vi thAn chung
ciia
cgng ddng
lang, cd kha nAng bao
v6
cho lang. Thanh Hoang lang cdn dugc ggi la
Tlianh ciia
lang:
14
Chudng lang nao lang ay danh,
Thanh lang nao lang Ay thd.
Thd Cling Thanh Hoang lang didn ra vao cae djp nhu ngay gid Thanh
HoAng
lang, ngay didn ra eac edng viec trgng dai
ciia
lang hay
ciia

mgl
thanh vicn trong lang. O cae
Idc il
ngudi,
hinh
thuc tfn ngudng tuong ung
vdi thd Cling Thanh Hoang la thd Than Budn, Than Ban, Ma ngoai, v.v. Ddi
vdi ngirdi Viet, Thanh Hoang lang dugc thd d ngdi
dinh
(fv)> ehfr dinh a
dAy cd the dugc hieu la ddng, hay nai diJng lai
ciia
cgng dong trong
cjua
trinh md mang, khai khan dat dai. Do chd, Thanh Hoang lang la vj
ibfin
chung, vi
IhAn Idn
nhA't cua
lAng
cho
n6n
ngdi
dinh lAng
cung dugc coi la
nai linh thieng, va la edng trinh
Idn
nhal
eiia
lang. Trong ngdn ngu dAn da,

sir
so sanh
Idn
be, thl cai
Idn
nhat dugc gAn vdi ngdi
dinh
(to nhu col
dinh,
rdng nhu sAn
dinh,
nhidu nhu ngdi
dinh "Dinh
bao nhieu ngoi
ihuiyng
mlnh
bay nhieu", va tdi cung la tdi
Ifiy
dinh,
v.v).
- Cae vj than tac ddng trong ca quoc gia nhu: Hung
Vu(mg (xel
tir
khfa canh tfn ngudng ton giao), Tu Bat tir, v.v. Thd ciing Vua
lliing
cd the
dugc coi la su md rdng
eiia Ihd
ciing To Tien, do vay
1

lung Vuong dugc coi
la To Tien chung
ciia
quoc gia. Tu Bat tir cung dugc coi la tfn ngudng mang
tfnh quoc gia, song cd rat nhidu diem khac biet so vdi thd ciing To Tien
(chiing tdi se trd lai van di nay d mdt chd khac trong dd tai).
Ngoai ba lieu chf
ciia sir
phan loai tren, cdn cd nhiing lieu chf khac
nhu phan loai theo gidi tfnh, theo chuc nghiep, v.v, nhirng tfn ngudng
ciia
ngudi Viel la he Ihdng
phu'c
tap bdi vay nhUng
sir
phAn loai nay cung chua
Ihc
bao
qiiat
hei
dugc
eac vi than ma ngudi Vict ton thd.
Vay d dAy, tfn ngudng MAu nAm d dAu trong he thong phan loai
tren?
Chiing tdi cho rAng, neu hieu
tin
ngudng MAu
Iheo
nghia rgng, thl
ifn

ngudng nay cd d nhidu loai
hinh ciia sir
phan loai tren. Vf du: Trong cae vi
than cai quan cdi trdi cd ba MAy, ba Mua, ba Sam, ba Chdp, v.v; Trong
cae
vj than cai quan a tren mat dat cd me
Niii
lirng,
me
Sdng,
mc Dat, v.v; Ddi
15
vdi than lac ddng Irong pham vi gia
dinh
do chfnh la
vice
thd nhfrng ngirdi
da mat thugc gidi
nil;
Ddi vdi
ih^n
tac dgng Irong lang xa do la
vice
thd nfr
Thanh Hoang d mdt vai lang xa trong lieh sir va hien nay; Ddi vdi qudc gia
do la thd MAu Lidu. Nhu vay ed the thay viec thd
NiJ
than ndi chung va
ihd
MAu ndi ricng khdng phai chi la mgl hicn tugng dan le ma nd cd mat d

nhidu loai tin ngudng khac nhau. Va nhu vay cd the thay Dao Mdu hay
Ifn
ngudng MAu la
sir
khai qual, su
chAl Igc tir tin
ngudng thd Nu than.
1.2. Tin
ngirdng
MAu b Viet Nam
1.2.1.
Sit
khu biet cua hien
tit(fng
tin ngudng Mdu
Ljch sir phat trien
ciia
tdn giao (theo nghia rgng) cho thay
ifn
ngirdng
thd Nfr than xual hien tir rat sdm trong ddi sdng xa hdi. Ngay
lir ihdi
ky
ciia
xa hdi Cgng san Nguyen thuy d giai doan MAu he ngudi ta da thay dau hieu
ciia
tuc thd Nfr
IhAn.
Chung la luu y rAng tdn giao ra ddi
iir ihdi

ky
ciia
xa
hdi thj
Idc,
giai doan MAu he; Giai doan lich sir nay phu nfr gifr vai trd la
ngudi to
chirc,
quan
ly
xa hdi, hay
liieo
ngdn ngu chfnh tri hgc
ihl
hg la ke
lanh dao. Cung d
Ihdi
ky nay trong
trgl
va hai
lugm
la
phucyiig
thuc lao
ngudn thiic
an thudng xuyen cho ca thj tgc, nhfrng boat dgng nay lai gAn
chat quan he con ngirdi vdi tu nhien, ma thudng xuyen va
iruc
tiep la ngudi
phu nfr (ngudi dan dng

chii
yeu boat ddng trong
linh
vuc san bAn, va hg
khdng dem lai ngudn
ihiJc
An ed tfnh thudng xuyen, on djnh cho
ihi
igc).
Vdi dac trirng
ciia
hoat dgng ay da tao ra cho hg
(trirdc
bet la ngudi phu nfr)
mgl nidm lin, mgl khat vgng d
sir
sinh sdi nay nd
ciia
san vat tu nhien de
phuc
VII
cho con ngirdi, ma
sir
sinh sdi ay
duc/ng
nhien la giong cdi. Nhung
nhfmg cam nhAn
ciia
con ngudi
ihdi

ky nay cho thay rAng khdng cd giong
du'c thl cung khdng the cd
sir
sinh sdi, mac du giong cai la
chii
the
ciia sir
sinh sdi ay.
Tir
nhiJng cam nhan nay, vdi nhfrng mong mudn khat vgng
vi^ra
mang tfnh
Iran
lue
vira
mang tfnh sicu nhien da
hinh
thanh
ifn
ngudng Phdn
thuc (tuc thd sinh thuc khf). Vd mat
Id
gfc, thl day la blnh thuc
lin
ngudng
eiia lAi
ca
cae
cgng ddng, cae tgc ngirdi d mdt giai doan nhai dinh
ircMig

lien
trinh phat trien.
Sir
phat trien cua tdn giao tir so khai den hicn dai cho
ihay
rAng ed nhiJng
hinh thiJe
tdn giao bi thay the bdi blnh
thire
tdn giao mdi
ban, phu hgp han vdi ddi hdi
ciia
ddi sdng
Iran
tuc va tAm linh.
Nhimg sir
mat di ay khdng phai la
sir phii
djnh sach
Iran,
khdng phai la khdng de la
dau
vel ciia
nd trong ddi sdng con ngudi, ma nd cd the dugc tdn giao sau dd
tiep thu, ke thiJa,
Igc
bd; Co the trd thanh
triiydn
thong, tap tuc cdn ton tai
dcii lAn

ngay nay. Theo C.Mac thl khdng the giai
Ihfch
eac tap tuc nay bAng
quan he xa hdi hien tai dugc vl nd co ljch sir tir rat xa xua. Vd dai the
ihl
d
phuang TAy nhung blnh
thiJe
ton giao sa khai hien nay khong cdn ton lai,
nd da dugc thay the bAng ton giao hien dai. Cdn d phuang Ddng va mdt sd
Idc
ngirdi d chAu Phi, d Nam My, v.v, nhfrng blnh thuc nay hien cdn
idn
lai
vdi nhfrng bieu hien khac nhau.
O
khfa canh nay, ly
Ihuyei licii
hoa
ciia
tdn
giao dang vap phai nhfrng van di khd khAn ca d blnh dien ly luan va thuc
lidn,
dd la cd
sir
cao,
thcip ciia
tdn giao hay khdng? DAy la mdt van dd
tjua
Idn so vdi khuAn kho

ciia
di lai nay. Song theo cluing loi thl khong the
khdng khAng dinh rAng ton giao cd
sir phai
tridn vdi nhfrng
hinh
Ihuc bet
siJc
phong phii da dang va
phiJc
tap, ma tfn ngudng MAu la mdt trong nhfrng
blnh thuc ay.
Vay lien trinh
ciia
tdn giao di theo hudng nao? Theo
sir
phAn tfch
ciia
chiing tdi
ihl
vd dai the cd the blnh dung lien trinh nhu sau:
—> Tdn giao hien dai
Tdn giao nguyen thuy
>
Me tfn di doan (hay Mc
Ifn hii
tuc)
> Tfn ngirdng
Qua luge dd nay, chiing ta
IhAy

rAng tdn giao, me tfn. tfn ngudng
diu
CO
lieh sir phat trien ndi tai
tir
tdn giao nguyen thuy, mdi mdt loai
hinh
tren cd mdt sd dac
trimg
sau:
0A\
HOC
Q\
l'^->'-
r
17
I
il[-Ml_^^
+
Tdn giao la
hinh
thuc ed xu hudng dAn tdi nhat than; Cd giao ly,
giao Id, giao
luAt
va t6 chure. Dae biet d blnh dien y
ihuc
tdn giao da cd he
thong than hgc.
4-
Me tfn (dj doan hay hu tuc), la dat trong

sir
tuang quan so sanh vdi
tdn giao va tfn ngudng, nd khdng cd
sir
thay
d6'\
hoac khdng
ihay
doi kjp so
vdi
sir
phat trien xa hdi, do vay nd cd tinh chinh ddng ve mat lich sd. Xet ve
sir
phat trien, nd la nhung manh vd
ciia
tdn giao nguyen thuy. Nhan
ihuc
nay la bet
sure
quan trgng trong viec ung xir vdi me tfn khi
cae
edng ddng cd
sir
phat trien khdng ddng ddu vd kinh le xa hdi, nhan
lluic
va cd dac trung
rieng ve vAn hda.
+ Tfn ngirdng la blnh thirc cd
lir
tdn giao nguyen thuy, nd cd

sir
bien
ddi
cho phu hgp vdi
sir
phat trien
ciia
Ijch sir song chua
dii
eac yeu to cau
thanh mdt tdn giao.
Tin
ngudng gAn chat vdi phong tuc, lap quan, van hda.
Tfn ngirdng ndi chung va tfn ngudng thd MAu ndi rieng dugc xem xel theo
sir
phAn tfch nay. Tuy
nhien
vd mat ly luan cung nhu thuc lidn,
sir
phAn djnh
giCra tdn giao, tfn ngudng, me tfn la khdng dd, nhat la d
binh
dien sinh boat
ciia
cae loai blnh dd.
6
Viel Nam viec
Ihd
NiJ than, thd
Mfiu

khdng chi cd d nhung tfn
ngudng nhu da dugc khu biet sa luge d tren. Chiing la thay rAng trong cae
tdn giao d Viet Nam cung ed su Ihd eiing Me, MAu, Nfr than, nhu:
Tlid
Quan
The
Am Bd Tat (Phat giao), thd
Due
Me Maria (Cong giao). Trong
tfn ngirdng dAn da cdn cd viec thd Ba Cd ddi vdi nhfrng phu nfr khdng co
chong con, hoac phu
nir
chct
ire.
Vay su khac
bicl ciia
tfn ngudng
Mfiu
vdi
nhirng
hinh
thuc thd ciing Nfr than neu tren la d diem nao?
Chung tdi cho rAng diem khac biet
trwdc
hei dd la thd MAu
la
thd
nhiJng phu nd
(Ni?
than) dd sinh con, hay MAu la chu the cua

sir
sinh nd.
Chu MAu
C^^J)
gAn vdi chirc vj sinh de, chAm sdc, nudi day con cai
ciia
,i,'/V)//^i;
cdi.
Hay nhfrng cai dugc eoi la
chii
the
ciia sir
sinh nd thl dugc ggi la Me
hay MAu. Chiing tdi cho rAng
thuAl
ngfr Mc (hay Mj, Me) xuai hicn
trudc
18
thuAt ngu MAu,
chB
MAu ed ngudn ngde Trung Hoa. Chu Me de
chi
vd Mc
Dat, Me CAy, v.v, phii hgp ban so vdi chiJ MAu.
Thd hai
tin
ngudng MAu ma chiing ta dang ban d dAy la tfn ngirdng
MAu ban dja, MAu Viet Nam, do vay can khu biet vdi viec thd cae vj nfr
than trong eac ton giao d Viet Nam. Chung la thA'y rAng, mac
dii

cd
sir
tuang lac dan xen
giira
thd Nu
tbSn eiia
ngudi Viet vdi thfin trong cae tdn
giao du nhap vao Viet Nam, song neu cae vj
Nu"
than trong cae tdn giao cd
xiiA't
xu gAn vdi kinh sach
ciia
cae ton giao ay (Phat Ba Quan Am, Due Me
Maria) thl
Nir
than, MAu
ciia
ngudi Viet
chii
yeu gAn vdi huydn thoai,
truydn thuyet song lai rA't gi1n gui vdi eon ngirdi. Cae vj MAu (hay Me, Ba)
dugc nhidu ngudi biet den nhu MAu Lidu, Ba Denh, Ba
Chiia
Xu va ca Ba
Pd
Inu
Nuga, MAu
Tliicn
Ya Na. Qua huydn thoai, truydn thuyet chiing ta

thay cae Ba, cae Me cd que quan, cd lai lich, cd hanh lung cu the va bieu
hicn dam net
ciii
dac trung cua con ngirdi ndi chung va con ngirdi Viet
Nam,
phu nd Viet Nam ndi rieng. Hay ed the ndi rAng MAu
ciia
Vict Nam
la ket tinh
ciia
truydn thong vAn hda Viet Nam - truydn thong dd cao ngirdi
me - theo each
ciia tin
ngudng Viet Nam.
Thd ba ed the va can phai khu biet tfn ngirdng
Mfiu
Vict Nam vdi tfn
ngudng MAu
ciia
Trung Hoa va vdi Dao giao. Tai lieu ndi vd viec thd
nu'
ihrin ciia
ngudi Trung Hoa thudng nhAc den Tien NiJ, den TAy Vuang MAu.
Cae vj nay ihudng d tren
Ihirgng
gidi, each rat xa
euge
sdng
irAn
lue hang

ngay ciia con ngirdi, do vay cd
sir
each biet rat
Idn
gifra cae vj ay vdi con
ngirdi. Cdn cae MAu Viet Nam lai rat gAn gui vdi con ngirdi ma cd the ndi
Mc xu sd la mdt bieu hien,
sir
gAn gui nay dugc the hien d ca nhirng boat
ddng thugc ddi sdng sinh,
lAm
ly
(lA'y
chong, sinh con, nudi day con cai,
dan bdn, qua trach, v.v) va boat ddng xa hdi (trong cay, va may, budn ban,
v.v).
Mgl van dd vAn cdn ed nhidu y kien khac nhau do la
cjuan
he
giufa Tlid
MAu (dao MAu) va dao Phu thuy. Khi nghien cuu mot sd loai
hinh ciia
sinh
hoat tfn ngudng MAu, ngudi la
Ihay
cd bieu hien
ciia sir gidiig
nhau gifra tfn
19
ngudng MAu vdi dao

Phii
thuy. Su gid'ng nhau nay the hien rd nhal d
vice,
len
ddng,
hdu ddng. Trong
hfiu
ddng ed
sir
nhap ddng, len ddng, phan bao,
chua bcnh, v.v, nhiJng hanh vi nay cd d dao
Pbii
thuy, tham chf nd dugc coi
la boat ddng quan trgng nhat
ciia
dao
Phii
thuy. Nhung
lir sir
gid'ng nhau
nay khdng the suy
luAn
rAng dao MAu ra ddi tren ca sd
ciia
dao
Phii
thuy
hay ban thAn nd la dao phu thuy, bdi vl lich sir ra ddi
dac^
Phii

thuy va dao
MAu la khac nhau, mat khac, ngay d hanh vi nhap ddng, len ddng d dao
Phii
thuy va dao MAu cung khdng hoan loan gid'ng nhau. Chiing tdi se cd gAng
lam rd ban
sir
khac biet nay d nhiJng phfin sau.
J
.2.2.
Sir
ra ddi tin ngirdng Mdu vd van
de
"Dao Mdu"
'
Su ra ddi tfn ngudng MAu:
Viet Nam la qudc gia cd
sir
blnh Ihanh va phat
Iricn
sdm, nhfrng tai
lieu khiio co hgc gfin dAy chung minh rAng khdng chi tgc Viet d khu vuc
phfa
BAC,
ma ca cae tgc d khu vuc TAy nguyen, khu
vvxc
Nam bg da dugc
hinh
thanh tir
rfil
sdm va da dat dugc trinh do phat trien kinh le - vAn hda -

xa hdi khii cao.
Sir
phat trien sdm nay cho phep cluing ta khAng djnh rAng
tdn giao hay tfn ngirdng
eiia
ngudi Viet Nam da xual hicn lir rat xa xua
Irong lich sir blnh thanh va phat trien
ciia
cae tgc ngudi. Trong eac tfn
ngudng da thfin
ihdi
ky ay thl tfn ngudng MAu la mgl blnh
ihuc
xual hien
kha sdm. Vdi mot sd bieu hien cdn lai cho den ngay nay cho phep chiing ta
xac djnh didu nay.
Vice
di
ca(^
vai Ird
ciia
ngirdi me ft nhieu d Idc Viet va d
nhidu tgc khac, gan cho Dat, Nude,
Niii,
Sdng, CAy, v.v, thanh cae Me, Me
-
Thtin,
me
ciia sir
sinh nd,

ciia sir
chd che
ihuang
yeu va bao dung.
Hinh
tuang quan he nam niJ tren thap dong d din Hung nhu la mot nghi
ihuc
linh
thieng; blnh tugng danh trdng ddng bAng chay (ddn
Hiing);
Id
hdi Nd
Nudng (LAm
Tliao
-
Phii
Tlig),
TAl den (Ha TAy), v.v,
vira
la bieu hien
ciia
tfn ngudng phon thuc vira la bieu hien
eiia
tfn ngirdng Mau cung la nhfrng
dfiu
hieu
xac dinh tfn ngirdng Mau.
20
Nhu da
irlnh bSy

d tren, tfn ngudng Nu thfin nAm trong he ihdng tfn
ngudng phdn thuc, mong mudn
eiia
ngudi Viet la:
Thdc
Ilia
d^y
nuang,
Lgn ga dfiy chudng,
TrAu bd chat
bai.
Day nha vang tieng
ire
tha.
Mudn ed su
dSy dii
A'y
cSn
ed
sir
sinh sdi, ma mudn cd
sir
sinh sdi Ay
can ed ca giong
due
va giong cai, Vdi nhfrng bieu hien vd mat tfn ngirdng
eiia
loai blnh phon thuc nay dugc the hien trong cae
Id
hdi nhu Nd nudng,

TAI
den, thd cung
Nir
Thanh Hoang lang, Cudi vg cho voi, v.v, cho thay
trong ljch sir da ton tai blnh
Ihuc
tfn ngirdng nay.
VI
sao tfn ngudng thd
NO"
thfin ndi chung va tfn ngirdng MAu ndi
rieng lai tdn tai
lAu
dai den nhu vay? Didu nay thudng dugc ly giai tir dac
diem
ciia
cu dAn Viel.
Cu dAn Viet la cu dAn trdng cay
liia
nude (trong Ijch sir mdt sd tgc ft
ngudi a khu vuc TAy nguyen cung canh tac theo
Idi
nay), do vay hg coi
trgng
chii
the cua cdi sinh sdi nay nd, ma
chii
the A'y la giong cai, va cho
den nay ndng nghiep - ndng thdn - ndng dAn vAn
chiem

mdt ly le Idn trong
long thu nhap, dia ban cu trii va ly le dAn cu. Chiing ta cung thfiy rAng Nho
giao dugc truydn ba (mang tfnh eudng che') vao Viet Nam kha sdm, song
trong lang xa ndng nghiep nhiJng yeu
id
truydn ihdng (trong dd cd truydn
thong de cao vai trd
ciia
phu
nir)
da dugc duy
tri,
ciing cd bao luu cho
nen
vai trd
ciia
Nho giao d dAy rA't ban che. Nho giao dd cao vai trd
ciia
dan dng,
ciia
ngirdi con trudng, song d trong mdi
mdi
gia
dinh
d cae lang xa vai trd
ciia
ngudi phu
nir
cung khdng hd bj xem nhe. Ngirdi phu nfr vAn la ngudi
giiJ lay hdm

chla
khda, vAn cd quydn nhat djnh, tham chf la quye'l djnh, cai
cAu:
"Lenh
dng khdng bAng c6ng ba" trong ddi sdng gia
dinh
a Viet Nam
hien nay dudng nhu vAn,
IhAm
chf la "se cdn cd
hieu
lire".
Mac
dii
gia
dinh
phu he dugc xac lap tir kha sdm trong quan he bdn nhan va c|uan be vd
ciia
21
cai,
nhung nhung sgi dAy
ciia
MAu he, cua tgc ngoai dudng nhu vAn cdn rat
ben chat.
Tir
cam nhAn ve su sinh sdi
eiia
Me trong lao dgng san
xiia'l
va trong

tuang quan ddi sdng cgng dong ma d
ihdi
ky dfiu
ciia
tfn ngirdng Mau,
ngudi Viet tdn thd rat nhidu Me, dAy ed the dugc ggi la tin ngirdng da Nd
thdn '
da Me. Ngay nay ngudi la vAn cd the thfiy dau tfch nay trong viec
khao
ciJu
vd cae Me vdi cae danh xung nhu: Me CAy, Me Dfit, Me
Nude,
Me Niii Rirng, Me Chim, Me Ca, Me xu sd, v.v. Viec tdn thd cae Me nhu
tren mdt mat la do nhu cfiu phong phii, da dang
ciia
con ngirdi, mat khac la
do dac trung
ciia
khu vuc dja ly va phuang thdc sinh sdng
ciia
mdi mdt
edng ddng ngudi. Trong tien
liinh
md rgng pham vi sinh sdng keo theo
sir
giao hru
ciia
cae Me da
hinh
thanh mgl so Me (MAu) chung, ca ban va

mang tfnh dai dien, dAy cung la tien trinh phat trien
ciia
tfn ngirdng MAu.
Trong lien Irlnh nay, con ngudi da
chirng
cat (hay chAt
Igc,
he ihdng hda,
quy vd) tfn ngudng da Nfr than vd mgl sd vj Nfr thfin co ban va ggi la Mc, la
MAu. Bao gom: Mau Ciru
Thien
Huydn Nfr, Mau Thugng Ngan, MAu Thoai
(lliuy).
Ba vj mAu tren dai dien cho ba khu vuc khdng gian dja ly khac
nhau; Trong dd MAu Ciru
Tliien
Huydn Nu cai quan d vung trdi, MAu
Thugng Ngan cai quan d vung rirng niii, MAu Thoai cai quan d viing sdng
nude. Nhu vay dAy la mdt bude phat trien quan trgng
ciia
tfn ngirdng MAu,
sir phai
trien ve mal quan niem, nidm lin nay kheo theo
sir
phat trien irong
bai trf va nghi
Id
thd cung Mau. Nhidu nha nghien
ciiii
vd tfn ngirdng MAu d

Vict Nam cho rAng Dao Tam
phii
(Tam
loa,
Tam
phii
- ba
loa
, ba
phii
trong
Cling mgl khuAn vien de thd: Mau Ciru
ThicMi lluycn
Nfr, MAu Thugng
Ngan,
Mciu
Thoai) da xual hien gAn vdi quan niem tren. Vd mat
ihdi
gian,
hien nay chua xac djnh dugc dao Tam
phii xufil
hien khi nao, song vd dai
the dao nay da xufil hien trudc khi cd
sir
ra ddi
ciia
MAu Lidu Hanh (trudc
the ky
XVI).
Dugc ggi la Dao hay tdn giao la bdi vl ft nhidu nd da cd eac

yeu
id
cfiu thanh mot tdn giao, vdi nhirng
bieu
hien cu the
ciia
nd la:
Nen
22
thd
lir,
nghi
Id
thd eiing. Tuy nhien d dAy chiing ta cung can luu y rang
Dcuf
Tam phu hay Dao
Mdu
cd su khac biet ft nhidu vdi eac dao hay cae tdn
giao vAn dugc quan niem nhu
hiSn
nay.
Vao Ihe ky XVT, ngoai ba vi MAu ca ban Iren, ngudi Viel cdn sang
lao ra mgl vj MAu mdi dd la MAu Lidu Hanh de bo sung vao he ihdng tfn
ngudng MAu cu,
sir
bd sung nay dudng nhu la da gdp phfin blnh ihanh, hoan
thien dao MAu. Didu nay dugc the hien bdi mdt sd ly do sau:
- Thd nhat: Vai trd
eiia
MAu Lidu Hanh trong Dao Mau

Chiing ta IhA'y rAng neu ba vj Mau Iren (MAu Ciru Tliicn Huydn Nfr,
MAu
Tliugng
Ngan, MAu
Tlioai)
dai dien cho ba khdng gian dia ly va gAn
vdi tu nhien thl
Mfui
Lidu Hanh dai dien cho con ngirdi, gan vdi ddi sdng
thudng nhat
ciia
con ngudi. Nhu vay vdi
sir
xual hien MAu Lidu Hanh d khfa
canh nay la xual hien mdt vj MAu
ciia
con ngirdi vl con ngirdi, bdi vl: "Chgn
Lidu Hanh
lam
MAu Trfin gian la
sir lira
chgn ihdng minh va the
lAi
nhAn
tinh.
Trong huydn thoai, trong ljch sir Vict Nam, cd
nhieu
vj xung dang d
ngdi tdn, nhirng xcl ra Lidu Hanh dap iing dugc chgn ven hon nidm tfn
ngudng. Ba di khAp hang ciing ngo

hem,
chia se vdi
Iran
gian nhfrng phiit
cam thong. Ba la me,
la
vg, la ngirdi yeu, la
chii
gia
dinh,
la trudng cgng
ddng khu vuc. Ba cung am hieu vAn chuang, dao ly, cung danh giac, cung
chua benh cho ngirdi, ca nhfrng bcnh dfiy vd tAm hon va the xac"
|37,
731.
Den dAy nfiy sinh vA'n di, them mdt MAu la phai
Ihem
loa, them
phii,
nghia
la tir dao Tam
phii
thanh dao
Tu*
phii.
Dung la trong ngdn ngfr
ciia
ngudi
theo
ifn

ngirdng MAu co nhAc den dao
Tfr
plui,
song bieu hicn
ciia
thd ciing
MAu hien nay (d cae ddn, cae
phii)
dudng nhu chi thfiy cd tam
phii.
Ly do
nay cfin dugc giai Ihfch
tir
huydn thoai ve Mau Lieu Hanh va quan he
giira
MAu Lidu Hanh vdi ba vj MAu trcn. Huydn
ihoai
vd MAu Lidu Hanh cho
rAng MAu Lidu Hanh la con gai thu hai
ciia
Nggc hoang Thugng dc, mot
Ifin
dang ruo'u cho Vua Cha (Nggc Hoang) do danh vd chen
ngoc
IICMI
hi day
xiid'iv'
Irfin
gian. Lidu Hanh xudng
Irfin (lAn

thu nhai)
ciua vice
dau thai vao
23
vg dng Le Thai Cong (d Vu Ban Nam Dinh), nhu vay, MAu Lidu Hanh co
xuA'l
xu lir cdi trdi, song lai dugc sinh ra d cdi ngudi.
C)
cdi ngudi, Lidu
Hanh cung nhu mgi ngudi eon gai khac, cung chan tAm, del vai, trdng ran,
cfiy
Ilia
va cd dugc hgc hanh
chiit
ft. Lidu Hanh cung lay chong, sinh con,
song con dugc mdt tuoi thl Lidu Hanh bet ban trdi day a cdi Irfin
nen
Ba da
dugc trd ve trdi. Khdng yen d cdi trdi, Ba xin Nggc Hoang de dugc giang
trfin
(Ifin
thu hai) de
IhAm
con, khuycn chong hgc hanh
Ihi
cir, rdi Ba lai ve
Irdi.
Song dudng nhu la ed
duySn
ng vdi cdi ngudi, nen Ba lai xin Nggc

Hoang de giang
IrAn,
Ifin
nay
(lAn
thu ba) Ba cdn dua theo Que nuang va
Thj nuang di theo de hfiu ha Ba. Trong
lAm
thuc
ciia
ngirdi theo dao MAu thl
Ifin giang
Iran
nay Ba khdng trd ve cdi
irdi
ma d lai irfin gian de giup dd
nhfmg ngirdi ngheo khd, trirng
irj
nhfrng ke gian ac. Vdi
luiyen
ihoai trcn,
dac
biet
xuA't phat tir cdi trdi, Ba cd the thay the MAu
Ciiu
Thien Huydn Nfr.
MAu Ciru Tliien Huydn
NU
dudng
nhu

rfil xa each con ngirdi, ngudi la
khdng rd lung tfch va hanh xir
eiia
Ba, do vay khi ma MAu Lidu Hanh xufil
hien blnh anh
ciia
Ba ngay cang bj md nhal, cd
cliang
nd chi cdn la mgl ky
ire.
Mat khac con sd ba theo quan niem
ciia
ngirdi phuang Ddng ndi chung
va Vict Nam ndi rieng la con sd thieng, vice coi ba vi MAu ca ban (MAu
Thugng Ngan, Mau Thoai, MAu Lidu Hanh) la
phii
hgp vdi quan niem nay.
- Thu' hai: La dao Mdu vl no da co cae yen
id
cfiu thanh mgl Idn giao
hicn dai, dudi dAy, chiing la xem xet vd cae yeu
id
nay.
Trirdc hei d y mat thuc hay giao ly: Y thuc
ciia
tfn ngudng Man
fi
nhidu da cd dugc
sir
bieu hicn thong qua kinh sach

ciia
nd (neu cd thd ggi
nhu vay), dac biet la cae sach viet vd MAu Lidu Hanh. Qua nhfrng ghi
cliep
nay da the hien nhfrng vfin di
eiia
tfn ngirdng ton giao nhu: Man la ai, MAu
cd vai trd gl doi vdi con ngirdi va con ngirdi cd the nhd cay dugc gl d
Mfui.
Dircmg
nhien la nhfrng quan
ni6n
nay khdng cd he ihdng chat
die
va
be
the
nhu eac tdn giao khac, song cung chfnh vl vay ma cho
deii
gfin day bang
each nay hay each khac no vAn dang dugc bo sung, hoan chinh. Dang luu y
o