Thành ngữ có từ chỉ động vật trong tiếng Nhật

DAI HOC QUdc GU HA
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DAI
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NGOAI NGlT
Bi TAI NGHlfiN Ctft KHOA HOC CAP DAI HOC QUdc
GU
NAM
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2004-
2005
THANH
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DONGV^T
TRONG
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NG NHAT
CHUYfiN
NGANH:
TifiNG
NHAT
MA
sd:
QN- 02-08
(TOM TAT)
CHU
NHlfiM Di
TAI:
THAC SY, GIANG

VlfiN
CHINH
NG6
MINH THUY
KHOA NGON
NG0 VA
VAN HOA PHUONG
DONG
OAI HOC QUOC GIA HA NOl
TRUNG TAM THONG TIN THU VIEN
PT
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HA
iNOI
- 2005
DAI
HOC QUOC GIA HA NQI
TRITCING
DAI
HOC
NGOAI
NG0
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TAI
NGHlfiN
CtrU
KHOA HOC CAP DAI HOC QUOC GIA
NAM HOC 2004- 2005
THANH NGtr CO TlTCffl

D6NGVAT
TRONG
TIENG NHAT
CHUY£N
NGANH:
TI^NG
NHAT
MA SO: QN- 02-08
(TOM TAT)
CHU NHIEM
Bi
TAI:
THAC SY, GIANG VIEN CHINH NGO MINH THUY
KHOA NGON
NGU
VA
VAN HOA PHUONG DONG
HA NOI - 2005
PHAN
MO
DAU
1.
TINH CAP THIET VA LY DO CHON DE TAI
Thanh
ngfi
la
m6t
trong nhung dan vj ngdn ngu ca ban trong he thong cac
dem
vi

ng6n
ngu.
La
m6t
loai dan vi ngdn ngu:
kd't
tinh nhung yeu
t6
van hoa
ciia m6t
d^n
toe,
the hien
m6t each
tmng thuc va vd cung phong phu
thS^
gioi quan,
nhan
sinh quan cua nhung nhom ngudi thuoc cac
n^n
van hoa khac nhau, thanh ngu con duac coi la don vi ngon ngu- van hoa. Do vay, khi nghien
cuu thanh ngu ngucri ta se tim ra duac nhung net dac trung van hoa cua m6i
d^n
toe, va neu viec
nghidn ciiu
do duoc
ti^n
hanh theo huang so sanh dd'i
chie'u
thanh ngu cua hai hay

nhidu
ngdn ngu
khac nhau, ngucri ta se d6ng thdi tim ra duac nhung net tuang d6ng va khac biet giua nen van hoa
nay
vdi
nin van hda khac. Boi, theo each ndi cua
Montequieu,
"mud'n
tim hieu mdt nen van hda
nay thi tdt nha't hay dem chiing so sanh vdi
n6n
van hda khac" (Din theo
Nguydn
Van Khang,
[Xuy6n
van hda vdi
viae
day- hoc ngoai ngu, trang 287- 290]).
Trong nhung nam gin
day,
thanh ngu duac
nghidn
cuu ra't nhieu va
t£r
cac gdc dd khac nhau.
N6u
nhu trudc day, ngoai mdt sd cdng trinh nghien cuu ddi
chid'u
thanh ngu tieng Viet vdi thanh
ngu

tiefng
nudc ngoai thi nhung nam gan day lai ndi len xu hudng nghien cuu so sanh dd'i
chi6'u
thanh
ngO
cua mdt ngdn ngu nudc ngoai vdi thanh ngu cua tieng
Vidt.
Mac
dii
cd
nhi^u
luan van thac sy va luan an tien sy ve thanh ngu theo hudng dd'i chie'u, nhung
cd ihi tha'y rang ddi tuang nghien
ctiu chii
yeu la thanh ngu cua cac ngdn ngu nhu tie'ng Nga,
tieng Anh,
tid'ng
Phap, tie'ng Han vdi thanh ngu tie'ng Viet. Thanh ngu cua nhiing ngdn ngu cdn
chua duac thinh hanh d Viet Nam hien nay nhu tie'ng Han, tie'ng Nhat, thi
hiu
nhu chua cd mdt
luan an tien sy hay mdt cdng trinh nghien cuu Idn nao dt cap de'n, ngoai
hai
luan van thac sy la
"So sanh ddi chieu thanh ngu cd
tir
chi con vat trong tieng Nhat va tieng Viet" (Ngd Minh
Thuy,
2001)
va

"Tim
hieu cau triic va y nghla cua thanh ngu Nhat bdn chu Han trong su so sanh vdi
tie'ng Viet" (Nguyen Td Chung, 2003), trong
khi
dd,
cac ngdn ngu nay da, dang va ngay cang
ddng mdt vai trd quan
trpng
d Viet Nam, dac biet la tie'ng Nhat. Vdi sd luong cdng ty Nhat Ban
tai Viet Nam
(tinh
de'n nam 2004) la 200 cdng ty, vdi mot luang du khach Nhat Ban rat
Idn
tdi
Viet Nam hang nam, va vdi nhung mdi quan he chinh tri, kinh
t^,
van hda giua hai nudc dang
ngay cang trd nen gdn bd thi sd luang ngudi Viet Nam su dung tieng Nhat dang tang len mdt each
manh me. Theo thdng ke cua Dai su quan Nhat Ban tai Viet Nam, nam 2004 cd 13.000 hoc sinh,
sinh vien dang theo hoc tie'ng Nhat tai Viet Nam, dung
thii
ba trong cac nudc Ddng Nam A, sau
Indonesia va Thai Lan. Trong mot bdi canh nhu vay, viec nghien
ciiu
tieng Nhat ndi chung va
nghien
ciiu
thanh ngu tieng Nhat- mot dan vi ngdn ngu chiia dung rat nhieu dac diem ngdn ngu va
van hda cua ngudi Nhat- ndi rieng cd tam quan trong rat
Idn.

Chfnh vi nhung ly do dd, chiing tdi chon thanh ngu tieng Nhal lam
dd'i
tuang nghien
ciiu
cua
d^
tai.
2.
MUC DICH VA
NHDEM
VU CUA DE
TAI
Trong cac cdng trinh nghien
ciiu ve
thanh ngu ma chiing tdi de cap den a phan tren, cac lac
gia
deu di sau phan tfch cau triic hinh thai va y nghia
ciia
cac thanh ngu thuoc mdt nhdm thanh ngQ
trong mdt ngoai ngu tren ca sd so sanh, ddi chieu vdi thanh ngu ciing nhdm trong tieng
Viet,
hoac
ddi chieu vdi thanh ngu trong tieng Viet va mot ngdn ngu
thti
ba. Mot sd tac
gia
con phan tfch, so
sanh dd'i chieu
each
su dung thanh ngu trong ldi ndi.

Tuy nhien, theo nhu tren da
ndi,
thanh ngu la dan vi ngdn ngu phan anh dam net nha't cac dac
die'm van hda
ciia
mot dan toe. Neu ngdn ngu la phuang
tien
eua tu duy, phan anh tu duy, thi
trong cac dan vi ngdn ngu, thanh ngu la
nai
ma dau a'n
ciia
tu duy con ngudi
dpng lai
ro net nhat.
Bdi vay theo chung tdi, mdt hudng mdi va can thiet trong nghien
ciiu
so sanh dd'i chieu thanh ngu
la nghien
ciiu
gan vdi van hda.
Tren thuc
i6,
mdt sd' cdng
trinh
nghien
ciiu
da de cap den van de van hda khi so sanh dd'i
chi^u
thanh ngii, vf du nhu

Lam
Thi Hda Binh [4, Giang Thi Tam
[113]
Nguyin
Xuan
Hda [54] .
Theo chung tdi,
vide
gdn van hda vdi ngdn ngu trong nghien
ciiu
thanh ngu the hien d hai
mat : 1) dua vao thanh
ngU
de tim ra nhung dac trung ve ngdn ngu va van hda dan tdc; 2)
diing
cac dac trung van hda dan tdc de ly giai cac dac diem ve ca'u tnic hinh thai, ngu nghla v.v. cua
thanh ngu. D6 tai cua chiing tdi nghieng
v6
muc dfch
thii
nha't. Cd nghla la, muc dfch ma chiing
tdi hudng
d^n
la tim hieu nhung dac trung ngdn ngu va van hda cua ngudi Nhat tren ca sd tu lieu
la thanh
ngO:.
Tuy nhien, nhu d phdn tren da ndi, cho
d^n
nay sd
lugng

cdng trinh nghien
ciiu v6
thanh
ngu
tidfng
Nhat ndi chung va cdng trinh nghien
ciiu
thanh ngu tieng Nhat tren ca sd so sanh vdi
thanh ngu
tiefng
Viet ndi rieng cdn qua ft di. Tham chf, tai Viet Nam cho den nam 2005 vin chua
cd mdt cudn
tir
dien dd'i
chi^u
thanh ngu Nhat- Viet nao. Cd le cung vi ly do nay ma cac nha Viet
Ngu hpc d Viet Nam cdn cd phan chua bie't nhieu ve thanh ngu tieng Nhat. Trong bdi canh dd, d6
tki
cua chiing tdi, cung vdi viec khao sat cac dac diem cua ihanh ngu tieng Nhat, se danh mdt
phdn thfch dang cho viec gidi thieu cac quan diem ve thanh ngu tieng Nhat, dua ra mdt
biic
tranh
tuang ddi toan canh ve thanh ngu tieng Nhat. Cd nghla la, ve phuang dien
ly
luan, dua tren viec
khao sat cac cdng trinh nghien
ciiu
di trudc cua cac nha Nhat ngu hpc
la
ngudi Nhat, chiing tdi se

gidi thieu ve tinh hinh nghien
ciiu
thanh ngu tie'ng Nhat, cac quan diem ve thanh ngu tieng Nhat,
dinh nghla thanh ngu tieng Nhat va each phan
loai
chiing,
lii
dd so sanh vdi quan diem ve thanh
ngu cua cac nha nghien
ciiu
Viet Nam, dua ra quan diem
ciia
minh ve thanh ngu tieng Nhat nhdm
xac dinh dd'i tuang nghien
ciiu,
ddng thdi tao tien de eho cac nghien
ciiu
ve thanh ngu tieng Nhat
ndi chung va nghien
ciiu
so sanh dd'i chie'u thanh ngu tie'ng Nhat vdi thanh ngu tieng Viet trong
tuang lai.
Nhu vay, muc
dich
cua de tai nay la thdng qua viec khao sat dac diem cua thanh ngu tieng
Nhat
d^
chi ra nhung dac trung cua thanh ngu tieng Nhat gdn vdi nhan td van hda Nhat Ban. Tren
ca sd dd, de tai gdp phdn vao viec lam ro khai niem thanh ngu cung nhu dac trung ngdn ngu- van
hda

ciia
thanh
ngO:
ndi chung.
Tii muc dfch tren, cdng trinh nghien
ciiu
cua chiing tdi de ra nhung nhiem vu cu the nhu sau.
1) Gidi thieu mdt
each
cd phan tfch, danh gia cac cdng trinh nghien
ciiu vi
thanh ngil tie'ng
Nhat (trong
sir
lien he vdi cac cdng trinh nghien
ciiu
ve thanh ngii tren the gidi ndi chung va thanh
ngu tie'ng Viet ndi rieng).
2) Khao sat cac dac diem ve cau triic hinh thai eua thanh ngii tieng Nhat de ehi ra cac md hinh
ca'u
U-iic
hinh thai cua thanh ngii tieng Nhat, ddng thdi chi ra cac dac trung van hda Nhat Ban the
hien qua cau triic hinh thai cua thanh ngii.
3) Khao sat cac dac diem ve ngu nghla eua thanh ngii tieng Nhat de chi ra nhung dac trung ca
ban ve ngii nghla cua thanh ngir tieng Nhat, ddng thdi chi ra cac dac trung van hda Nhat Ban the
hien qua
ngir
nghia cua thanh ngu.
3.
PHUDNG PHAP NGHIEN CUU VA

HU(3NG
DI
CUA DE TAI
Vdi muc dfch nghien
ciiu
va nhiem vu cu the neu tren, de
tai sir
dung phuang phap thdng
ke,
phuang phap khao sat, phuang phap phan tfch (gdm phan tfch
iinh
va phan
tich
dinh luang),
phuang phap quy nap va phuang phap dien giai de tim ra nhung dac trung eua thanh ngii tie'ng
Nhat. Ngdai ra, de nhung dac trung cua thanh ngu tieng Nhat
ndi
len rd han, trong cdng trinh
nghien
ciiu
nay chung tdi
cQng sir
dung mdt sd dac die'm
ciia
thanh ngii tie'ng Viet de so sanh. Ndi
mdt
each
ro han, trong cdng trinh nghien
ciiu
nay, chiing tdi cd

sir
dung phuang phap nghien
ciiu
so sanh ddi
chi^u.
Tuy nhien, vdi muc dfch chfnh la tim ra nhung dac trung cua thanh ngu
tie^ng
Nhat ndi rieng va ciia ngdn ngii- van hda Nhat Ban ndi chung qua viec khao sat thanh ngii, cac
dac trung ve cdu tnic hinh thai cOng nhu
ngii
nghla cua thanh ngii tie'ng Viet duac chung tdi coi la
phuang tien nghien
ciiu.
Chiing tdi khdng dat thanh ngii
ti€ng
Nhat va thanh ngu tie'ng Viet thanh
hai ddi
tuptig
nghien
ciiu
song song trong cdng trinh nghien curu nay.
Thdng thudng, khi nghien
ciiu
thanh ngii gdn vdi van hda, van de khdng
th^
bd qua la nghien
cihi
thanh ngu
v^
phuang dien ngii nghia. Tuy nhien, nhu d phdn tren da ndi, theo chiing tdi, khi

nghien
ciiu
thanh ngii gdn vdi van hda de tim ra cac dac trung van hda cua mdt dan tdc qua thanh
ngfl, cdn phai phan tfch, xem xet ca nhutig dac trung v6 ngii nghia, ca nhiing dac trung ve cau triic
hinh thai cua thanh ngii. Bdi vay, hudng di cua d6 tai la sau khi phan tfch va ehi ra duac nhung
va'n
d6
ca ban trong thanh ngu ndi chung va thanh ngii tie'ng Nhat ndi rieng, chiing tdi se khao sat
thanh ngii
tiefng
Nhat
vi
hai phuang dien la cdu triic hinh thai va ngu nghia.
CJ phuang dien cdu triic hinh thai, thanh ngii tieng Nhat duac xet
tir
gdc dd chinh the cua cdu
triic (cd cdu triic la mdt cum
tir
hay mdt cau, va trong nhdm
thajnh
ngii ed cau triic la mdt cum
tii
thi
thude Ipai
cd cdu triic la mdt cum ddng tii, mdt cum tfnh tii hay mdt cum danh
tir)
va gdc dd
quan he giua cac ye'u td trong ndi bd cdu triic (theo dang ddi/ diep, so sanh hay dang thudng).
O phuang dien ngii nghia, thanh ngii tie'ng Nhat duac khao sat tii cac dac diem chung v6 ngii
nghla nhu tfnh hinh anh va bdng bdy, tfnh da nghla hay dan nghla, nhung y nghla bieu trimg

ciia
thanh ngii.
Viec khao sat nhdm thanh ngii cd tu ehi ddng vat- mdt nhdm thanh ngu
ehiem
ti le eao trong
eae thanh ngii trong tie'ng Nhat ndi chung va cac ngdn ngu tren the
gidi
ndi rieng- cd
gia
tri cung
cdp nhiing tu lieu cu the va
chi
tie't ve hinh thai eau triic, ngu nghla eua thanh ngii tieng Nhat.
Ngoai ly do cac thanh ngii cd tii chi ddng vat ed sd luang
Idn
trong thanh ngu, viec chon nhdm
thanh ngu nay lam tu lieu khao sat ehi tiet cdn cd mdt ly do khac la ddng vat (gdm ca con vat
nudi va con vat hoang da) la nhiing dd'i tuang gdn
gQi
vdi con ngudi va eon ngudi thudng gui gdm
vao dd each danh
gia,
quan diem
cQng
nhu hinh dung cua minh ve the' gidi xung quanh. Qua
nhdm thanh ngii nay, cd the thay rd duac nhieu dac diem ve the
gidi
quan va nhan smh quan eua
mdt dan tdc.
TCr ke't qua khao sat

ciia
cac phdn tren, chiing tdi se chi ra nhung dac trung
ciia
thanh ngii
tie'ng Nhat, ddng thdi chi ra nhiing dac trung ngdn ngu- van hda cua dan tdc Nhat Ban the hien
qua thanh ngii.
4.
DOI TUDNG, PHAM VI NGHIEN CUU VA NGUON TULIEU
D6i tuang nghien
ciiu
ma chung tdi gpi la "thanh ngu" trong cdng trinh nay la nhung dan vi
duac coi la thanh
ngir
theo quan diem chung nhat: nhung
ciim
tii ed dinh cd hinh thiic eau tao la
cum
tir
hoac cum chii vi, tuang duang vdi mdt tii hoac mdt cum
tir,
cd chiic nang dinh danh va ed
dac trimg cd dinh, vf von, bdng bay ve y nghia.
De khao sat cac dac trung ve hinh thai eau triic va ngu nghla cua thanh ngu tieng Nhat ndi
chung, chung tdi
sir
dung 2001 thanh ngii tieng Nhat thdng dung trong cudn
tir
dien
B ^MWffi
^

•
^f§(7)tIffl(^^2001thanhnguNhat-Anh'\[173]).
De khao sat dac trung ve hinh thai cdu tnic va ngii nghla cua nhdm thanh ngii tieng Nhat ed
tii chi ddng vat, chung
tdi sir
dung
316
thanh ngu thude nhdm nay de khao sat. Day la nhiing
thanh ngii tieng Nhat ed
sir
dung
tir
ehi ddng vat ma chiing tdi thu thap duac tu
mdt so
cudn
iir
die'n tieng Nhat va tu dien thanh ngu tie'ng Nhat khac nhau, nhu
^E§W Seigo rin
[194],
i2:i^^
koojien [192] , 2001
B
^M'ltffi^
•
^^W^^
2001
Nihongo kanyoo ku - Eigo kanyoo
ku
[173] v.v.
5.

t
NGHLA CUA DE TAI
a. Ve mat ly ludn:
Tren ca sd gidi thieu tong quat va phan tfch quan diem cua cac nha nghien
ciiu
di trudc,
cdng
Uinh
mang lai
nhirng ki^n
thiic tdng quat va ed he thd'ng ve thanh ngii tie'ng Nhat, gdp phdn
1dm phong
phii
va toan dien
hem
each nhin cua cac nha nghien
ciiu
Viet Nam ve thanh ngu tie'ng
Nhat ndi rieng va thanh ngii cua cac ngdn ngu
tren
the' gidi ndi chung. Dong thdi, vdi viec phan
tfch, so sanh cac quan diem ve thanh ngii
ti^ng Nhai
vdi cac quan diem ve thanh ngii tie'ng Viet
cua cac nha Viet ngii hpc. cdng trinh ehi ra duac nhiing diem gid'ng va khac nhau trong quan
diem ve thanh ngtr trong gidi thanh ngii hpc eua hai nudc, tao tien di cho viec nghien
ciiu
so sanh
ddi chie'u thanh ngii tie'ng Nhat va tie'ng Viet trong tuang lai.
Ngoai ra, viec phan tfch cac dac trung van hda dan tdc dua tren su khao sat, so sanh ddi chie'u

thanh ngii mdt each cd he thdng ve ca hinh thai cdu triic va ngQ nghia ed vai trd nhu mdt su chiing
minh cho hudng nghien
ciiu
van hda ke't hap vdi ngdn ngu trong
linh
vuc thanh ngii.
b. Ve mat thuc tiin:
De tai giiip nhung ngudi hpc tap, nghien
ciiu
va su dung
ti^ng
Nhat ndm
viitig
nhung dac
diem ve cdu triic hinh thai cung nhu ngu nghla eua thanh ngu tie'ng Nhat, lit dd ed the hieu chfnh
xac cac thanh ngii tieng Nhat, gdp phdn cho viec dich thuat thanh ngii
ciia
hai ngdn ngii dat hieu
qua.
Nhung dac trung ve van hda Nhat Ban the hien qua thanh ngii ma cdng trinh nghien
ciiu
ehi
ra se giiip ngudi Viet Nam hieu sau sdc them ve van hda Nhat Ban, ddng thdi, gdp phdn vao viec
tang cudng su hieu bie't
Idn
nhau
giua
hai dat nudc.
Phdn phu luc vdi cac bang thd'ng ke mdt sd thanh ngu tieng Nhat thdng dung cd tii ehi ddng
vat giiip nhiing ngudi dang nghien

ciiu
va hpc tap tieng Nhat hieu va
sir
dung chfnh xac nhdm
thanh ngii nay trong tie'ng Nhat, nhdt la trong hoan canh d Viet Nam chua cd tir dien thanh ngu
Nhat- Viet nhu hien nay.
6. CAU TRUC CUA DE TAI
Ngoai phan md ddu, ket luan, tai lieu tham khao va phu luc, de tai duac chia thanh 5 chuang
vdi cac ndi dung nhu sau:
1) Chuang 1: Nhiing van de ly thuye't ca ban ve thanh ngii va thanh ngu tie'ng Nhat
2) Chuang 2: Dac diem chung cua thanh ngii tie'ng Nhat.
3) Chuang 3: Dac trung
ciia
thanh ngii tieng Nhat cd tii chi ddng vat
4) Chuang 4: Nhung dac trung van hda Nhat Ban the
hien
qua thanh ngii va nhiing vdn de gai md
eho mdt hudng di trong nghien
ciiu
so sanh ddi chieu thanh ngii gdn vdi van hda
CHl/ONGI
NHGTNG
VAN
OE
LY
THUYET
CO BAN
\t
THANH
NGtJ

VA THANH
NGlT TI^NG
NHAT
1.1. Lich su nghien curu thanh nguf va nhumg van de ly thuyet ca ban ve thanh ngur
1.1.1. Quan niem ve thanh ngur
Bdt ddu
tiir
nhiing nam 20 cua the ky XX, ngudi ta da bdt ddu de cap de'n thanh ngu trong cac
cdng trinh nghien
cihi.
Tuy nhien, viec nghien
ciiu
thanh ngu mdt each cd he thd'ng va rdm rd tren the' gidi duac dien
ra bat ddu tii khoang giua the ky XX, dac biet la nhiing nam
50-
60, va keo dai cho tdi nay.
Trong
ti^ng
Anh, ngudi ta thudng dung thuat ngu "idiom" de ehi nhiing dan vi duac gpi la
"thdnh
ngff'
trong
tiefng
Viet. Tuy nhien, cung cd nhieu each dinh nghia khac nhau
v^
dan vi nay.
Chang han, cudn tii
die'n
"Oxford English Dictionary" dua ra tdi 5 dinh nghia ve thanh ngii
(idiom). Cud'n

tiidi^n
"Oxford Advanced Learner's dictionary" [235] dua ra 3 dinh nghia.
Trong su nghiep nghien
ciiu
thanh ngii tren the' gidi ed nhiing ddng gdp to Idn eua cac nha
ngdn ngu hpc Nga nhu V. V. Vinogradov (1946, [240]), X. I.
Ogiegov
(1957, [259]), N. M.
Shanxki (1957
[268],
1969 [269]), H H. Amaxova
(1963,
[237]).
V. V. Vinogradov da di cap de'n khai niem thanh ngii nhu mdt dan vj ngdn ngu trong cdng
trinh nghien
ciiu
nam 1946
[240].
Ong eho rdng thanh ngii
{(ppaseonoausM) la
nhiing dan vi ngdn
ngii cd dinh, cd sdn trong ldi ndi, mang ngii nghla ed dinh va khdng phan chia duac. Ong
coi
tat
ca nhiing cum tii cd dinh trong ngdn ngii deu la thanh ngu, va cho rdng ve ngii nghia thi cac dan
vi ngdn ngii nay
dupe
chia thanh hai loai la thanh ngtr cd nghla den
{npfiMoe inaHeuue)
va thanh

ngQ'
cd nghia bdng
{nepeuocHoe
inaHenue).
Mac
dii
ve ca ban thi cac nha nghien
ciiu
Nga
d6u
dua vao tfnh ed dinh ve edu tnic va
tinh
ed
sdn, khdng phan chia cat dupe ve ngii nghia cua thanh ngu de nghien
eiiu,
nhung do
eae
nha
nghien
ciiu
dua vao cac thupc tfnh khac nhau eua thanh ngu, dac trimg va ban chdt cua thanh ngii
duac neu ra cung tuang ddi khac nhau. Chdng han O. X. Akhmanova coi dac tfnh quan trpng nhdt
cua thanh ngu la tfnh toan ven ciia dinh danh, A. A. Reformatxkii coi trpng
tinh
khdng the dich
sang ngdn ngii khac, N. M. Shanxki nhdn manh den
tinh
tai hien trong ldi ndi.Theo V. P. Giucop
[248], [249],
cac dac diem rieng cua thanh ngii

dupe
the hien qua ba phuang dien la y nghia
tic
vung
{jieKCUHecKoe
SHaneHue),
cdc yeu to
cdu
thdnh
{KOMnoHenrnHhiu
cocmae) va cdc pham
trii
ngu phdp
{epajmdamunecKue
Komeeopuu).
Theo A.V. Kynin, ban chat
ciia
thanh ngii ndm trong
tfnh cd dinh, va tfnh ed dinh cua thanh ngii dupe the hien qua 5 phuang dien la each diing, ngii
nghia (toan bd nghla hoac mdt bd phan nghla), eau triic ngii nghia, tii vung va
cii
phap. G. Gavrin
d^
cap de'n 5 chiic nang tu tii ciia thanh ngii.
1.1.2.
Phan
loai
thanh ngu
Yi phuang dien phan loai thanh ngii, ddu tien
cQng

phai ke
d^n
nha ngdn ngu hoc ngudi Nga
V.V. Vinogradov [240] . V. V. Vinogradov chia thanh ngii ra thanh ba nhdm la thdnh
ngil
dung
hap hay cdn gpi la thdnh ngu kit dinh
{(ppaseojiosunecKue
cpau^enuR),
thdnh ngu tong hap hay
cdn gpi la thdnh ngu thong
nhdt {(ppaseo/ioeuuecKue eduncmea)
va ihanh ngu to hap hay cdn gpi
la thdnh ngu ket hap
{(ppaseo/ioeuHecKue
conemanim).
Nhieu nha nghien
ciiu
sau nay da dua ra eae y kien rieng
ciia
minh ve viec phan loai thanh ngii.
Tuy nhien, rdt nhieu y kien dua ra hoac la phat trien hay bd xung them quan diem
ciia
V.V.
Vinogradov, hoac la nhdm giai quyet nhiing diem cdn mau thudn trong quan die'm ctia dng, cd
nghla la ve ca ban nhieu cdng trinh nghien cuu sau nay cung dua vao quan diem
eiia
Vinogradov.
Vl du, N.M. Shanxki
[268],

N.I Amaxova
[237],
B. A. Lann
[254],
K. V.
Regimna.
G. P. Churina,
L Shurokova [262]
6
Viec tdn tai
nhi^u
y kien khac nhau trong quan niem
v^
thanh ngu khdng chi the hien qua each
phan loai thanh ngu theo ngii nghla, ma cdn tdn tai ngay trong ten gpi ma cac tac gia dat cho cac
don vi thanh ngii. Phan tfch cac cdng trinh nghien
ciiu
thanh ngu cua cac nha ngdn ngii hpc Nga,
ngoai nhung ten gpi nhu cum tic cd dinh
{ycmonuebie
coHemanuH),
cum tii khong tu do
{HQCBododuhie
couemaHtiH),
chiing tdi gap
it
nhat la bdn thuat ngii bdng tieng Nga lien quan den
d€fn
khai niem thanh ngii:
(ppaseoAoeuuecKOH edunui^a

{dan vi mang tinh thdnh
ngii),
(ppaseoJioausM
{thdnh
ngic),
noeoeopKa
{thdnh
ngit),
nocjiOBHua
{tuc
ngii).
Cach
sir
dung bd'n ten
gpi nay cua cac nha nghien
ciiu
Nga cd su chdng cheo, tao ra cam giac map md, khdng ro rang
giiia cac khai niem.
Tdng hop y
kiefn
ciia cac nha nghien
ciiu
di trudc, ddng thdi chpn ra nhirng y kie'n cd ca sd
Id
gfc va thda dang nhdt, cd the thdy rdng cac dan vi cd tfnh thanh ngii
{(ppaseojioeu^ecKue
eduHuijbi)
trong
tig'ng
Nga vi ban chdt la nhiing cum tii cd dinh, ndi bat bdi tfnh tai hien va

nguyen ven trong ldi ndi nhu la nhung cdng thiic
{(popMyna)
a dang
lam
sdn. Nhu vay chiing bao
gdm ca noeoeopKa va
nocnoeui^a.
He thd'ng cdc dan vi co tinh thdnh ngii
{(ppajeo/ioeunecKue
eduHuifbi)
trong
ti^ng
Nga cd the chia thanh 2 nhdm:
• Nhdm 1: Gdm nhiing dan vi tuang duang vdi
tfir
hoac
ciim
tir,
cd chiic nang dinh danh. Ve cdu
triic ngii phap, hdu he't cac dan vi thude nhdm nay cd cdu tnic la mdt cum
tir,
mdt sd dan vi cd ca'u
tnic la mdt eau. Cac dan vi thude nhdm nay ed the gpi la thanh ngii. Dan vi ngdn ngii duac gpi la
noeoeopKQ
cung thude nhdm nay.
• Nhdm 2: Gdm cac dan vi tuang duang vdi cau, ed chiic nang thdng bao, va cd cau tnic la mdt
eau. Cac dan vi thupc nhdm nay ed the gpi la tuc ngii
(nocjioBHua).
De tranh su chdng cheo trong ten gpi, cd the sir dung ba thuat ngu la
(ppaaeo/ioeu^ecKue

eduHtibi
{cdc dan vi mang tinh thdnh
ngu),
<ppa3eo/ioeu3M
{thdnh
ngii),
nocnoeuiia
{tuc
ngu),
trong dd hai thuat ngu
(ppaseo/ioeusjvt
va
nocnoeuiia
tuang duang vdi
hai
thuat ngtr thdnh ngu va
tuc
/2gt?
trong tie'ng Viet.
Trong gidi nghien
ciiu
thanh ngu tieng Anh,
ngudi
ta cung thay tdn tai nhieu each phan loai
thanh ngii khac nhau.
Charles. F.
Hokkett*s
[225] quan niem vd thanh ngii rat rpng. Theo each phan loai
eiia
dng, cac

dan vi duac gpi la "idioms" (thanh ngii) dupe chia thanh 6 loai nhu sau: 1) cac
tir/
ngu mang tfnh
thay the (substitutes,
vi
du:
he,
she,
it),
2) ten rieng (proper names, gdm ten ngudi, ten ddt nudc,
ten may mdc v.v., vf du: Robert, Elizabeth, England), 3) each ndi tdt hoac each ndi tinh lupc
(abbreviations, vf du: That is nice shade of blue, isn
7
it?\
to be or not
tobe;
You take (he red cloth
and I'll take the yellow), 4) cum tii cd dinh (English phrasal compounds,
vi
du: The white house,
hot
dog)',
5) Cach dien dat theo phong each tu
tir
(figures of Speech,
vi
du: He maried a lemon
),
6) tidng ldng (slang, vf du: Here is your drum: blow
it).

A. Makkai ed each phan loai thanh ngii hoan toan khac Charles. F. Hockett. Can
eii
vao nghla
ciia
thanh ngu, dng chia thanh ngii thanh
hai
nhdm la encoding idioms ("thanh ngii ghi ma") va
decoding idioms ("thanh ngii giai ma").
A. V. Kynin [253 chia cac dan vi (ma theo chiing tdi la tuang duang vdi khai niem cum
tic
cd
dinh) thanh ba nhdm la thdnh ngu
{pharazeological
units/ idioms), bdn thdnh ngu {semi- idioms)
va dan vi ngu cu
(phraseomatic
units). A.V. Kynin dinh nghla thdnh
ngil
{pharazeological units
hoac idioms) la nhiing dan vi ngdn
ngir
ed the phan tach ra ve mat eau tnic va co y nghla bi
ehuye'n toan bd hay mdt phdn la nhung ldi ndi dn du ed dinh. Ban thanh
ngCr
{semi- idioms), la
nhirng cum
tir
ed dinh ddng
thdi
cd hai nghia la nghla den va nghia bdng, trong dd nghia den

thudng gdn vdi thuat ngii hoac mang tinh chuyen mdn, nghla bdng duac chuyen tir nghla den
(vi
du: chain reaction; lay down one
's
arms). Nhdm
ihii
ba {dan vi
ngil
cii-
phraseomatic units), theo
dng, la nhiing dan vi ngdn ngu ed dinh mang nghla den hay nghia da
bi
thu hep
1.1.3. Phan
bi^t
thanh ngur
vdi
cac dan vi ngon ngu khac
So sanh thanh ngii va tii cho thdy ca hai dan vi nay deu cd y nghia
tir
vung rieng. Trong cac
ngdn ngQ
bidn
hinh, ca hai dan vi ddu bidn doi theo cac pham
trii
ngir phap. Thanh ngii ed the
duac thay thd bdng cac tur cd y nghia tuang duang. Quan he giira thanh ngu: vdi cac tur khac trong
cau vi mat ngii phap gidng het nhu quan he giiia cac tii vdi nhau. Nhung thanh ngtr khac tur d chd
la
w6

phuang dien ca'u tao, cac thanh td
true
tidp ca'u tao
nen
thanh ngii la tur, cdn cac thanh td
true
tidp ca'u tao
nen
tii la cac hinh vi.
So sanh thanh ngii va cum tiir tu do cho thay ca hai don vi ddu la nhiing td hop tiir, do hai hay
nhieu
tir
hap thanh, nhung thanh
ngiicd tinh
tai hien trong idi ndi, cdn cum
tir tudo
khdng cd tfnh
tai
hidn.
Ban than thanh ngii la mdt dan vi ngdn ngir cd san, tdn tai ddc lap trong ngdn
ngir,
nhung
cum tii tu do, gid'ng nhu ten gpi the hien, la nhiing dan vi duoc cdu tao mdt each tu do, tiiy theo
hdan canh va ngudi sir dung. Xet
v^
mat y nghla tir vung, ta't ca cac cum tur tu do
d^u
cd y nghia
la tong hap cac y nghla
ciia

cac tii- thanh phdn eau tao nen cum tii dd- tao thanh, cdn y nghia
eiia
thanh ngii thi cd
nhi^u
trudng hap khdng phai la tdng cac y nghia cua cac
tir-
thanh phdn cdu tao
nen cum tii dd- cdng lai.
Viec phan biet thanh ngu vdi tii dan va cum
tir
tu do
v^
ca ban la tuang dd'i ro rang. Van
d^
khd khan ndm d chd trong vdn
tir eiia
cac ngdn ngu: deu cd mdt nhdm
tir
dac biet ma trong tidng
Viet dupe gpi la
tiC
ghep (hay
tiC
kep/
tie
phiic). hoan ehinh gid'ng nhu thanh ngii, vf du nhu trong
tidng Anh, cac dan vi Ve hinh thai cau tnic, eae tir ghep cung dupe tao thanh
tir
hai hay nhieu
tir

dan,
cQng
ed tfnh ed dinh, tdn tai d dang ed sdn trong ngdn ngii va thudng bieu thi mdt khai
mem
nhu newspaper (bao), homeland (que huang), raicoat (ao
mUdi),
fish- farm {xi nghiep nudi ca),
skating ring (san truat bang). Tuy vay, quan niem ve dan vi ngdn ngii nay khdng gidng nhau giiia
cac ngdn ngir, va ngay trong ciing mdt ngdn ngu thi ddi vdi timg trudng hop cu the, y
kidn eiia
eae
nha ngdn ngu: hpc cung khac nhau, ching han railway (dudng sdt) trong tidng Anh dupe coi la tir
ghep,
trong khi
^fcenesHaH dopoea
("dudng sdt") trong tidng Nga thi ed ngudi cho la tir ghep, ed
ngudi eho la thanh ngir. Su khd khan trong viec phan biet giira tir ghep vdi thanh ngtr cung xay ra
trong tidng Viet
Tranh luan cung xay ra khi cac nha nghien
ciiu
phan biet thanh
ngir
vdi dan vi ma trong
tie'n<>
Viet dupe gpi la "tuc ngii" (trong tidng Nga gpi la
nocJl06u^a,
tidng Anh gpi
\d.
proverb).
1.1.4. Nhan xet •

C^pn
Ipc
nhiing y kien chung nhdt va ed tfnh bao quat nhdt, cd the tdm tdt quan diem ve thanh
ngu
eiia
cac nha ngdn
ngir
hpc tren thd gidi nhu sau:
(1) Thanh ngii la nhirng cum tir cd dinh, cd eau tao gdm 2 tir trd len, tdn tai trong bdt
cii
ngdn ngir
nao tren thd gidi, mang nhirng dac tnmg rieng
ciia
mdi ngdn ngir va dan tdc ndi ngdn ngir dd.
(2) Thanh ngii cd y nghla tir vung hoan ehinh, bdng bdy va y nghla nay ihudng khd suy ra tir
nghia
ciia
cac
tir-
ydu td cau tao nen nd.
(3) Ve hinh thiic cdu tnic, thanh ngii tuang duang
vdi'cum tir
hoac eau. Ve chiic nang dinh danh,
thanh ngii tuang duang vdi mdt
tir
hoac mdt cum tir.
(4) Chiic nang
ciia
thanh ngu trong ldi ndi la chiic nang dinh danh, ddng thdi kem theo chiic nang
tu tir va nhieu thanh ngir kem theo chiic nang bieu cam.

(5) Thanh
ngii"
khac vdi tue
ngir
d chd tuc ngu ludn ed hinh thiic cdu tnic la eau, eon thanh ngu chi
cd mdt sd dan vi cd hinh thiic eau tnic la eau, cdn phdn
Idn
cd hinh thiic cau tnic la cum tir; tuc
ngii cd chiic nang thdng bao, trong khi thanh ngu ed tfnh chat dinh danh.
1.2. Lich
sir
nghien cuu thanh ngir tieng Viet va quan niem
ciia
gidi Viet ngii hpc ve thanh
ngu tieng Viet
0 Viet Nam, cdng trinh nghien
ciiu
dau tien ve thanh ngu la ban bao cao cua Pham Quynh
nhan de "Ve tuc ngu va ca dao" dupe dng dpc vao thang 4 nam 1921. cudn "Tuc
ngCr
va phong
8
dao"
ciia Nguyen Van Ngpc xudt ban nam 1928 la hap tuyen thanh ngu tidng Viet ddu tien cd
chiia mdt luong
Idn
thanh ngu [40,
tr.l2],.
Viec nghien
cihi

thanh
ngii'
mdt each cd he thd'ng va cd ca sd khoa hpc eua cac nha ngdn
ngir
hpc Viet Nam chi duoc chfnh thiic bdt ddu vao khoang cudi nhCmg nam 60 cua thd ky XX.
1.2.1. Ve ten gpi "thanh ngu" va dinh nghla thanh ngur cua cac nha Viet ngur
hpc
Trong tidng Viet, vd mat hinh thiic, thuat ngu "thanh
ngir"
la tuang dd'i thdng nhdt va
dupe
sir
dung rdng rai. Mac dii khi nghien
ciiu
thanh ngir, cac tac gia cOng dd cap ddn cac thuat ngii "quan
ngii",
"tuc
ngQ",
nhung dd khdng phai
la
nhimg ten gpi cung de ehi mdt khai niem vdi "thanh
ngii".
Viec
Idn Idn
giiia "thanh ngii', "quan ngu" va "tuc ngir" khdng phai la
sir Idn Idn
giira
nhutig cai ten
d^
chi cung mdt khai niem, ma la su

Idn Idn
xay ra khi cac tac gia khac nhau cd
each nhin khac nhau vd viec xac dinh mdt dan vi ngdn ngir cu the
thude
nhdm nao trong ba nhdm
nay, hoac la su
Idn Idn
khi cung diing mdt cai ten la "thanh ngii" hay "quan ngir" de chi nhirng
don vi cd ban chdt khac nhau. Dieu nay chiing tdi se trinh bay trong phdn phan biet giira thanh
ngu: vdi cac dan vi ngdn ngu khac. Nhu vay, ndu ehi xet ve ten gpi, thi thuat ngir "thanh
ngir"
dupe dung mdt each nhdt quan trong gidi Viet ngir hpc.
V^
ban chdt cua thanh ngir, gidi Viet
ngir
hpc cd mdt sd dinh nghia khac nhau.
Tuy mdi tac gia khi dinh nghia thanh ngii deu ed dd cap ddn mdt sd khfa canh khac niia
(chang han, Nguyin Nhu Y, Ha Quang Nang, Dd Viet Hiing, Dang Ngpc Le nhan manh ddn dac
di^m ciia
thanh
ngir
la mdt chinh the dinh danh, hpat ddng nhu mdt ttr rieng biet
[192];
Nguyen
Van Tu
chii
y ddn hai dac diem la cac tir eau tao thanh ngii mdt tfnh ddc lap va nghia cua thanh
ngii khac vdi nghla
ciia
tir nhung ed the giai thfch bdng tir nguyen hpc

[177];
Hoang Van Hanh
nhdn manh ddn dac trung bdng bdy vi y nghia va dac trung dupe sir dung rdng rai trong giao tidp
hang ngay
ciia
thanh ngu [47]; Nguyen Nhu Y, Nguyin Van Khang, Phan Xuan Thanh [193] cho
rdng thanh ngii thudng cd vdn cd dieu, Hd Le [93] de cap ddn
ehiic
nang mieu ta hinh anh,
hien
tuang, tfnh each hoac quan he; Nguyin Thien Giap dl cap ddn
tinh
gpi cam
ciia
thanh ngir [36]),
nhung theo chiing tdi, ba dilm thdng nhat trong quan dilm
eiia
eae tac gia vl thanh ngu ma chiing
tdi da trinh bay d tren la nhung dac dilm quan trpng. Dd cung la nhiing dac tinh chung
eiia
thanh
ngir ma cac nha ngdn ngii the gidi da chi ra.
1.2.2.
Phan biet thanh ngflr vdi cac dan vi ngon ngii khac trong tieng Viet
1) Phan biet thanh ngir vdi tir dan
2) Phan biet thanh ngii vdi cum tir tu do
3) Phan biet thanh ngii vdi tir ghep
4).
Phan biet thanh ngtr vdi quan ngir
5) Phan biet thanh ngii vdi tuc ngir

1.2.3. Nhan xet
Cd the tdm tdt ban cha't
eiia
thanh ngii tidng Viet dua vao cac quan dilm
ciia
cac nha Viet Ngii
hpc nhu sau:
1) Thanh ngir la mdt cum tir cd dinh, cd tfnh dn dinh ve eau tnic va vl thanh phdn tir vung cau tao
nen nd.
2) Thanh ngir cd tfnh hoan chinh, bdng bdy vl y nghla va y nghia dd khdng phai la tdng cac y
nghia cua eae dan vi tir vung eau tao
nen
nd.
3) Thanh ngir thudng ed tfnh bilu cam.
4) VI cdu tnic, thanh
ngir
thudng ed cdu true la cum tir, mdt sd trudng hop ed cdu true la eau (cum
ehii
vi).
5) VI chiire nang tao eau, thanh ngir tuang duang vdi mdt tir.
6) VI y nghla tir vung, thanh
ngCr
thudng tuang duang vdi mdt tir hoac mdt cum tir.
7) Thanh ngir cd chiic nang dinh danh su vat, hien tuang, qua trinh, tinh chat.
8) Vi thanh ngu
Id
cum tir cd dinh (don vi cd sdn eua ngdn ngii) nen ranh gidi
giua
dan
vi

nay
vai
cum
tir
tu do (don vi duac ca'u tao tu do trong ldi ndi) la ro rang, khdng can
phai
phan
biet.
Tuy
nhien, cdn phan biet thanh ngu vdi tur ghep, quan ngu va tuc ngu la nhimg dan vi ed mdt sd dac
dilm gdn vdi thanh ngu vd phuang dien nay hay phuang dien khac.
Bang 1.1
Tom
tdt
dac trung cua thanh ngflr va mot so dan vi ngon
ngft
can phan biet vdi thanh ngflr
Ddc trung
VI
tnic
cdu
VI quan
he giQa
cac thanh
td cdu tao
ve
nghia
Ve chiic
nang dinh
danh

Thdnh ngQ
Mdt td hop ttr eo
cdu tnic la mdt cum
ttr hoac mdt eau,
phdn
Idn
cd van
dieu
Chat che, cd dinh,
cd sdn trong ngdn
ngii
Tic ghep
Mdt cum ttr hoac mdt
x6 hap ciia ttr va hinh
vi hay mdt td hap cac
hinh vi
Cd tfnh bdng bay,
khdng phai la tdng
cac y nghia
eiia
cac
ydu td, khd suy ra
dupe tir y nghia
eiia
cac thanh td
Dinh danh
sir
vat,
hien
tugng,

qiia
trinh, trang thai.
Chat che, cd dinh, cd
sdn trong ngdn ngii
Cd trudng hap suy ra
dupe,
ed trudng hap
khdng suy ra
dupe
tir
y nghia
ciia
cac
thanh td eau tao
Qudn ngii
Mdt cum ttr
Chat che, cd
dinh, ed sdn
trong ngdn
ngu
Dinh danh
sir
vat,
hien tuang, qua trinh,
trang thai
Thudng suy
ra
dupe
tir
y nghia

ciia
cac thanh td
cdu tao
Khdng cd
chiic nang
dinh danh
Tuc ngit
Mdt td hap ttr
cd cdu tnic la
mdt cau, phdn
Idn
cd vdn dieu
Chat che, cd
dinh, cd sdn
trong ngdn ngii
Cd tfnh khai
quat cao,
thudng khdng
suy ra
dupe
tir
y nghla
ciia
cac
thanh td cdu tao
Dinh danh su
tinh,
su kien
ve
chiic

nang
eii
phap
Tuang duang vdi
ttr, ed chiic nang tao
cau
Tuang duang vdi ttr,
cd chiic nang tao eau
Tuang
duang vdi
tir, ed
ehiic
nang tao cau
Ban than la mdt
cau, ed the diing
dpc lap.
VI chiic
nang trong
ldi ndi
Thudng bieu
thi
khai niem bdng
hinh anh bilu trung
Bieu thi khai niem
mdt each thudn
tiiy
Dua day,
rao ddn, lien
ket hoac
nha'n manh

y
Bieu thi mdt
thdng bao, kdt
luan, chan ly,
kinh nghiem
Vfdu
mot ndng hai
xuang; noi toac
mong heo; ro nhu
ban ngdy; tdi nhu
mice
xe dap; bit nhin;
hgc sinh; chdu chdu;
Idp
Idnh;
do
choe
cue
chdng
dd; noi tom
Igi;
nhin
chung; noi
cho ciing;
cua ddng toi
Song
CO
khiic
nguai
CO

liic;
nguu tdm
ngicu,
md
tdm
md.
1.3. Lich sir nghien cuu thanh ngur tieng Nhat va quan niem
ciia
gidi Nhat ngur hpc ve thanh
ngflr tieng Nhat
10
1.3.1. Khai quat ve iich su nghien curu thanh ngflr tieng Nhat
Cd thd ndi, so vdi cac nudc khac, Nhat Ban bdt ddu nghien
ciiu
vl thanh ngir tuang dd'i mudn.
Mai ddn cud'i thap ky 60 ngudi ta mdi bdt ddu dl cap ddn thanh ngu:. Ddn cudi thap ky 70, ddu
thap ky 80, viec nghien
ciiu
thanh ngu d Nhat Ban bdt ddu tidn triln han, sd ngudi nghien
ciiu
vl
thanh ngCr tidng Nhat tang len, trong dd ndi bat la tac gia Miyaji Yutaka ([205],
[206],
[207]) vdi
mdt sd bai vidt cd tidng vang vl thanh ngir va tac gia Shiraishi Taiji vdi hai cud'n tii diln thanh
ngir
tidng Nhat [218] ,
[219].
Tuy vay, theo danh gia
ciia

mdt sd nha nghien
ciiu
ngdn ngu, thdi
ky nay cac cdng trinh nghien
ciiu
hoac la d dang cac bai vidt vdi sd luang ft va le te, dd cap ddn
cac vdn de nhu dinh nghla thanh ngii, ranh gidi
giCra
thanh ngu va cac dan vi ngdn ngii khac, phan
loai thanh
ngii
vl mat cdu tnic v.v. hoac la nhutig phdn dinh nghla tuang ddi dan gian trong cac
cudn sach vl ttr vung tidng Nhat. Nhutig cdng trinh nghien
ciiu
Idn,
ed tfnh he thd'ng va toan dien
vl thanh ngu tidng Nhat vdn chua xudt hien.
Mac
dti
ra ddi mudn va cd dilu kien ke thira thanh tuu cua eae cdng trinh nghien
ciiu
di trudc,
nhung
khi nghien
ciiu
thanh ngu tidng Nhat, cac nha Nhat ngu hpc vdn khdng tranh khdi nhimg
vdn dl da va dang gay tranh cai giu:a cac nha
nghien
cuu thanh ngii trong cac ngdn ngu khac, nhu
vdn dl dinh nghia thanh

ngir,
vdn dl phan biet thanh ngu vdi cac dan vi ngdn ngii khac nhu cum
tir tu do, tuc ngu
v.v„Va,
khdng nhirng thd, ngudi ta cd the ndi rdng, nhimg van dl nay
eiia
thanh
ngir
tidng Nhat dudng nhu lai cdn phu:e tap han cac ngdn ngir khac.
1.3.2.
Cac quan diem ve thanh ngir tieng Nhat
ciia
gidi Nhat ngflr hpc
1.3.2.1. Ve ten goi cua thanh ngflr tieng Nhat, cac quan niem va
sir
phan loai thanh ngii tieng
Nhat trong cac cong trinh nghien
ciiu
trudc day
1) Kanyoo ku
{•\M^'^~''qudn
dung
cu'')
2) Kanyoo go
{'\M^B-''qudn
dung
ngil").
kanyoo ku
'flffl^
-("qudn

dung
cii ")
vd seiku
(f^
'&]
—"thdnh
cU")
3) Seiku
(f^^^
-"thdnh
cii"),
ippan rengo ku
f—/JxiSfg^
- "cum tic
thong thuang"), kaku gen
(^'S
-"cdch
ngdn"),
kotowaza
(M'-"tuc
ngu" ), vd kanyoo ku
C\M^^
~"qudn
dung
cii"
4) Kaishyaku kata kanyoo ku
fS^f^S'lSffl'S]-thanh
ngii dang
giai
thfch^

va hyoogen gata
kanyoo ku
(^^M'Rffl-S]
—thanh ngii
dang bilu
hien
J.
5) Kanyoo ku
m^'^~"qudn
dung
cii"),
kinou
doshi
ketsugou
(m^MW^^-"
chiic
ndng dong tii ket hap
"=
cum ddng tir chiic nang ) va
jiyuuna
ketsugou ( g
S
^iM'^^
-
"
tu do
ket hap
"=
cum lir tu
doj

6) Seigo
(^^-
"thdnh
ngu"),
kotowaza
(&-"tuc
ngu") va kanyoo ku
('IMM'^-"qudn
dung
cii")
1.3.2.2.
Phan biet thanh ngflr vdi cac don vj khac
1) Phan biet thanh ngu vdi tir
2) Phan biet thanh
ngu"
va cum tir tu do
3) Phan biet thanh ngii va cum ttr cd dinh
4) Phan biet thanh ngu: vdi tuc
ngii"
1.3.3.Nhan
xet va dinh vi ten gpi "thanh ngflr tieng Nhat" trong de tai
1.3,3.1.
Nhan xet
Cac cdng trinh nghien
ciiu eiia
cac nha thanh ngu hpc tieng Nhat mac
dti
cdn tuang ddi ft
di
nhung da ddng gdp mdt phdn rat

Idn
vao su nghiep nghien
eiiu
thanh ngu tieng Nhat, chi ra
dupe
nhimg dac trung
ehii
ydu
ciia
thanh ngu ndi chung va thanh ngu tieng Nhat ndi
nens,
cung cap
mdt he thdng ten gpi
ehi tiet
danh cho thanh ngii tieng Nhat va
nhirng^dan vi
ngdn
nsQ lien'quan
den nd. Tuy nhien, trong cac cdng trinh nghien curu nay vdn cdn mdt sd
vuc^g
mdc chua
aiai
11
quydt duac, hoac la cdn mdt sd
mau
thudn
Idn
nhau vl quan dilm giiia cac nha nghien
ciiu
(ddi

khi
Id
ciia ban than mdt nhd nghien cuu).
Dl thoa man cac dac diem cua thanh ngii tidng Nhat va dung hda
dupe
quan dilm cua cac
nhd nghien cuu khac nhau vl thanh ngQ, cd
thi
he thdng hda cac dan vi mang tfnh thanh ngu
trong tidng Nhat bdng sa dd 1.4. dudi day.
So do
1.4
Cac don vi mang
tinh
thanh ngur trong tieng Nhat
Kanyoo teki na hyoogen
("Quan dung bilu hien"= Cach diln dat mang tfnh thanh ngii)
Kanyoo go
^^—""^
Kanyoo ku
I
Kotowaza-
("quan dung ngir") ("quan dung
cii")
("tuc ngCr", "each ngdn")
1.3.3.2.
Dinh vi khai niem "thanh ngflr tieng
Nhat"
trong de tai
1) La nhutig cum ttr cd dinh.

2) Cd hinh thiic cdu tnic la cum ttr hoac cum
chii
vi (cau).
2) Cd
tinh
tai hien trong ldi ndi.
3) Cd chiic nang dinh danh.
4) Cd y nghia hoan chinh, mang
tinh
vf von, dn du, bdng bay.
12
CHUONG 2
DAC
DE^M
CHUNG CUA THANH
NGC TD^NG
NHAT
2.1.
Ciu triic hinh thai cua thanh ngur tie'ng Nhat
2.1.1.
Cau
true
hinh thai cua thanh ngur tieng Nhat
nhin tijr chinh
the ca'u true
Nhin mdt each tdng thd, cd the thdy rdng phdn
Idn
thanh ngu: trong tidng Nhat cd cdu tnic la
cum
ttr. Vfdu:

•
^^tlj't'=
"Dua cdm
ra"=
met nhoai, kiet
siic
ago wo dasu
Tuy nhien, cung cd khdng ft trudng hpp thanh ngii cd cdu tnic la cau. Vf du:
•
^75^TT)^
'S
: " ddu
ciii
xud'ng"= kham phuc, ngudng md
atama ga sagaru
2.1.1.I.Thanh
ngflr co cau triic la cum
tir.
Thanh ngii cd cdu tnic la cum tur chidm dai da sd trong cac thanh ngir tidng Nhat.
2.1.1.1.1.
Thanh ngflr co ca'u
true
la cum danh
tir
(thanh ngflr- danh ngflr)
Day la nhutig thanh ngii ma trong dd vai trd hat nhan do mdt danh ttr dam nhiem.Trong tidng
Nhat, thanh ngu:- danh ngu trong cd nhtrng dang cau tao chfnh nhu sau:
1) Danh
ttr-
trpttr/io-danh

ttr(Dl-no-
D2)
•
^<Dj^X
aka no tanin - "Ngudi khac mau dd"= mdt ngudi hoan toan xa la
2) Danh ttr-danh ttr
(Dl D2)
Dang thanh
ngu*
dupe cdu tao la hai danh ttr dumg canh nhau cung chidm mdt sd luang
Idn
trong sd cac thanh ngii- danh
ngii ciia
tidng Nhat. Vf du:
•
^
<
fc ^
ama
kudari-
"ha xudng tir
trdi'=
3) Danh tir -
tra
ttr
wo-
ddng ttr- danh ttr
(Dl-wo-
D-
D2)

•
7]^^'i%tz'^.
mizu wo eta sakana
=
"ca ed nudc"= gap diing dieu kien thuan
Ipi
dl phat huy
siic
manh
ciia
minh
4) Tinh tur- danh ttr (T- D)
•
i^M
yowa goshi= "hpng ye'u"= rut re, nhiit nhat
5) Danh ttr- trp ttr
ni-
danh ttr
{Dl'ni-D2)
•
®(Ci§fifi
nekoni
katsuobushi=
"Dua ca tiing khd cho meo"=
= giri/ dua cho ai dd
thii
ma ngudi dd cue ky thfch hpac mudn cd
= Gui tning cho dc, de
md
truac mieng meo

6) Danh ttr- danh ttr- danh ttr- danh ttr (Dl- D2- D3- D4)
•
MS^JS baji
toofuu= 'Tai ngua gid ddng"= Dan gdy tai trau
7) Tfnh ttr- danh
tir-
tfnh ttr- danh ttr (Tl- Dl- T2- D2)
•
^P$I"S*
akkoo zoo gon= "Ac khdu tap ngdn"= hay bdi mdc, che bai ngudi khac, dc
khau
8) Danh ttr ehi sd luang- danh tir- danh ttr chi sd luang - danh tir
(Dsl-
Dl-Ds2- D2)
• —
PfSf^
ikkoo
ryoozetsu=
"Nhdt khdu ludng
lhidt"= luan
leo, ndi nhutig ldi mau
thudn, khac nhau, luai khong xuang
Theo thd'ng ke dua vao 2001 thanh ngir tidng Nhat dupe khao sat, chiing tdi thu dupe sd
luang thanh
ngu:
cd cdu tnic la cum danh tir (thanh ngu- danh ngir) la 287, chidm 14,34
%.
2.1.1.1.3.
Thanh ngflr co cau
true

la cum dpng
tir (thanh
ngflr- dpng ngflr)
Trong tidng Nhat, thanh ngii cd cau true la ddng ngu thudng cd cac dang cdu tao nhu sau:
1) Danh ttr- trp ttr wo - ngoai ddng tir
(N-
wo- Vt)
Vfdu:
13
•
h {f S
^t^
ageashi
wo torn
= "turn lay cai chan gio len" = bcri moc, che bai ai do = vach
Id
tim sau
2)
Tinh
tit-
danh
til-
tro
til
wo- ngoai ddng tir (A-N- wo- Vt)
Vl du:
,.,. .
^ -y-V ^ff ^tS 9 = "hiit nudc
ngpt"= thu loi bang
each

pha
hoai
nguoi
Ithac
3) Danh tit - tro tit ni -
dOng
tit (N- ni- V).
Vi
du:
ashikase
ni
naru=
"tro thanh cai cum"= tro thanh ganh nang
4)
Tinh
tit- danh tir- tro tit ni- ddng tit (A- N- ni- V).
Vi
du:
•
'^^^^M^^^•S
amai kotoba ni noru
= "Leo len nhiing
lcri
ngot "= tin tuong vao nhung ldi ngpt ngao
5) Danh tir- tro tit de-
ddngtit
(N- de- V).
Vi
du:
ago de

tsukau
= "Su dung bang
cam"= khdnglam gl
ma
chi
sai bao nguoi khac
mOt
cach
hach dich= chi tay ndm ngon
6) Danh tit/ danh
ngC
- trp tit to- dpng tir (N- to- V)
Vidu:
mizu no
awa
to nam
= "Trd
thanh bpt
nu6c"= vp
fch
7) Danh tit- trp tit wo- danh tit- trp tit
m-
V
(NI
- wo- N2- ni- V)
Vl du:
•
g^JIIL(-i~-5mevvo
sara ni sum
= "Lam mat thanh cai

dTa"=
het
sue
ngac nhien
8) Danh tit -trp tit de- danh lit - trp tif wo - dpng tit
(Ni
- de- N2- wo - V)
Vi du:
•
J^
f "CliS Sr #] -5 ebi
de tai wo tsuru
= "cau ca
v^n
bang
tom"=
bo ra mPt it
cPng siic
hoac vat chat nhung thu
dupe mPt keft
qua gia tri hon nhieu lan = thd con sdn sdt bdt con cd ro
9) Danh tit- trp tir ni mo- danh
tit
-ni mo- Vnai (Ni - ni mo- N2- ni mo- Vnai)
Vidu:
, , .
,
^{ZhWi^ii^^^^^^'^^^
hashi ni mo boo m mo
kakaranai

2.1.1.2. Thanh ngiir
CO
cau triic
la
cau , ,.
Dng
ph6 bien
cua thanh ngu co cau true la eau trong tieng Nhat la mot cum chu
vi voi
trp tu
";6V
ga" Cu the trong
sd la
trong
2001
thanh ngu tieng Nhat dupe khao sat, co 334 thanh ngu co
ca'u
true
la
mOt
c'au, chiem
ti le
16,7%. Tat ca 334 thanh ngu nay deu co ca'u tnic la eau don, phan
16n la ca'u triic gdm
1
chu ngii va
1 vi
ngu. Vi du:
atama ga itai - "dau
dau"=

suy
nghi
nhieu ve mot van de
gi
do
•
^m^'^Ai^
, . ,
,,,
akika-e
ga tatsu-
"gio
mua thu noi
ien"=
(quan he) sut me, tro nen lanh lung
Neu nhin tir
"OC
dp tir
loai
cua thanh phan trong cau triic chu-
vi ciia
thanh ngu, co the thay
rang thanh ngu tieng Nhat
vdi cau
true la cau cd the
chia
thanh cac
tieu loai dudi
day:
1) Danh tir- tro tir ga- dpng tir (D- ga- D):

m.7i'^yL-^
hara
ga tatsu= "bung dung
ien"= tiie gian=
tuc
Ion
mgt
2) Danh tir- trp tir ga- danh tir- wo- dong tir (Dl ga- D2 wo- D):
14
kane ga mono wo in =
"ti6n
ndi
chuyen"=
tien quydt dinh
3) Danh tir- trp ttr
kara-
N2- trp tir ga- ddng tii ( Dl-
kara-
D2-
ga-
D):
Kao kara hi ga dem = "Lira phat ra ttr
mat"=
dd mat, xiu ho
4) Danh
tir-
trp ttr
mo-
danh ttr- trp tif mo- ddng tii (Dl- mo- D2- mo- D):
mi

mofuta
mo nai = "ca than ca nap
d6u
khdng
ed"=
thd
Id
5) Danh ttr- trp tir ni- danh ttr - trp ttr ga- ddng ttr
(Dl-
ni-
D2-
ga-
D):
ashimoto ni hi ga
tsuku
=
"lira
bdc chay dudi
chan"=
nguy hidm
6) Danh ttr- trp tii ga- tfnh ttr (D- ga- A)
kimo
gafutoi =
"gan
day"=
tu tin, can dam
Bang 2.1
Cac dang thiic cua thanh
ngflf
cd cau

true
la cau
57T
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Dqng cdu tqo
D-ga-
D
Dl-ga-D2-wo-D
Dl tara-D2-ga-D
Dl-
mo- D2- mo- D
Dl-m-D2-^a-D
D-ga-
T
D1-OT0-D2-WT0-D
Vidu
^t'^v^'b
ashi ga
deru
^75^^-^H 3
kane ga mono wo iu
H 7D ^ 6
>*<
z^^"

ttj -5
kao kara hi ga deru
•^
ijM.ij^£^
''
mi
mofuta
mo nai
Si~F'<^!)<.'f)'^'0
•(.
ashimoto ni hi ga tsuku
Hf
;6^:ij^l/
^
kimo
gafutoi
TTih-f'h^i^
^
moto mo ko mo nai
\
^hMh
h'b
hana mo mi mo am \
2.1.2. Cau triic
hinh
thai cua thanh ngflr tieng Nhat xet ttr ndi bd cau triic
2.1.2.1.
Thanh ngflr phi ddi
xflmg
2.1.2.1.1.

Thanh ngflr phi ddi xiing thdng thudng
2.1.2.1.2. Thanh ngflf phi ddi xiing dang so sanh
2.1.2.2. Thanh ngflr co cau triic ddi
xflmg
2.2.
Dac
trung ngflr nghla cua thanh ngflr tieng Nhat
2.2.1.
Tinh
hinh
anh- an du cua thanh ngflr tieng Nhat
Nhin ttr gdc dd ngu:
nghia
cua thanh ngir tidng Nhat ed the tha'y rang tfnh ti du
eiia
thanh ngir
dupe the hien qua ta't ca cac dang
ciia
phep ti du.
Ve nguyen tie, each dien dat ti du va
an
du neu tren dupe thuc hien thdng qua
sir
lien tudng:
mdt su vat, hien tuong dupe ngudi ta lien tudng tdi su vat,
hien
tupng khac do nhiing dac diem
<yidng
nhau
ciia

chiing.
Nhung
dac diem gidng nhau dd thudng
dupe
the hien qua ba phuong dien
la 1)
hinh
dang hay vi
tri,
2) an tuong hay cam giac gay ra va 3) chiic nang.
2.2.2. Phan loai thanh ngflr tieng Nhat theo co cau nghla
Nhin ttr phuang dien ca ca'u nghla, thanh ngir tidng Nhat dupe chia thanh cac nhdm nhu sau:
1) Quan he giu:a nghia thdng thudng va nghla duoc
the hien
trong thanh ngir
ciia
cac ydu td ca'u
thanh thanh ngii la khdng ro rang, ngudi ta khdng the xac dmh dupe nghla
ciia
timg yeu td trong
thanh ngu la gi, ma chi cd the hie'u dupe nghla
ciia
ca thanh ngir dd nhu mdt khdi vung chdc. Vf
du:
15
•
M^^^O'
uma
ga au- ngua
hpp=

hpp nhau
2) Nghia cua cac thanh td ca'u tao cd the hieu dupe, va toan the thanh ngu dupe hinh thanh tir
nhiing cum ttr tu do thdng thudng, nhung
dupe
hieu theo nghla an du. Nghla gdc
ciia
cac thanh to
ca'u tao van
dupe
bao luu. Vf du:
• ^^'^fR^'k
0 '
hiyameshi wo
kuu=
"an cam
ngudi"=
chan nan do khdng
dupe
danh
gia
cao.
3)
loan
th^
thanh
ngu:
mang nghla an du. nhung nghia gdc cua cac thanh td ca'u tao
h^u
nhu da
bi

mat
di. VI du:
•
^;6^^-h/i^
-5 -
ago ga hi
agaru=
"cam venh
len"=
ddi, met.
4) Ngay ttr diu cum ttr da dupe sir dung vdi nghia
ti
du. Nghla
ciia
cac ydu td khdng the xac lap
duac.
Vidu:
•
^ # Ttf M ^
1"
'S
- ookina kao wo
jMrM-"lam
khudn mat
to"=
tra trao, tra tren
^
5) Thanh
ngir
mang tinh ti du va ngu nghla dupe hinh thanh dua vao cac dac

didm
vd van hda
Nhat Ban.
Vi
du:
•
^ ^ ttii"(
ago wo dasu- "chia cam ra" = met mdi, kiet
siic
•
^;i^#V ^{shiri
ga aoi
=
"mdng xanh" ) = ngay tha.
r=:B(DMM
{muika no ayame I muika no
shoobu-
"la bd hoang vao ngay mdng
6")
=
mudn, khdng cd gia tri gi nua.
•
1/
>o}^
9 <75^l ^=
itsuboo no arasoi
=
"tran da'u gitra con gie giun va con
trai"=
danh nhau

de chang thu dupe lai
Idc
gi ma lai de cho ngudi
thir
ba thu loi
Thanh ngii gdc Han chidm mdt vi tri tuomg ddi quan trpng trong thanh ngu tidng Nhat.
2.2.3.
Ngu nghla cua thanh ngflf tieng Nhat nhin
tir
trudng nghla
ciia
toan the thanh ngflr
2.2.4. Ngir nghla cua thanh ngflr tieng Nhat nhin ttr trudng nghla cua yeu td cau tao
Nhin ttr trudng nghla
ciia
cac ydu td cau tao thanh ngir, thanh ngu tieng Nhat dupe chia thanh
nhi^u
nhdm khac nhau.
1) Thanh ngii cd ttr
chi
bd phan co the
1) Thanh ngu: ed ttr chi ddng vat
2) Thanh
ngu:
cd ttr chi thuc vat
3) Thanh
ngu:
cd ttr chi cac ydu td tu nhien
4) Thanh
ngu:

cd ttr chi mau sac
TI^U
K^T
a)
yi
ca'u true hinh thai
(1) Thanh ngii tidng Nhat
dupe
chia thanh hai nhdm
Idn
la thdnh ngii co cdu
trite Id
cdu va thdnh
ngQ CO
cdu triic Id cum
tic.
Sd
lupng
thanh ngu cd cau true la cau trong tidng Nhat nhieu han han
so vdi tidng Viet: ti le cua nhdm thanh ngir nay tren tdng sd thanh ngu: dupe khao sat la 16,7 %
ddi vdi tidng Nhat va 4 % ddi vdi tidng Viet. Trong sd cac thanh ngu tidng Nhat cd cau true la cau,
khdng cd trudng hop nao cd dang ca'u tao dd'i
xumg
trong
khi
dd dang cau tao ddi xiing
lai
xua't
hien rat nhieu trong thanh ngu cd ca'u true la cau
ciia

tidng Viet.
(2) Thanh ngu cd cau triic la cau trong tidng Nhat cd cau tao dan gian,
chii
ydu la dang cau don (C
- ga- V) vdi vi ngu la ddng ttr hoac tfnh tir, tap trung vao md hinh
D-
ga- D hoac D- ga- A. Mae du
sd lupng thanh ngir cd ca'u triic la cau rat
Idn,
nhung nhdm thanh ngu nay khdng gay khd khan
cho ngudi nghien
cihi khi
xac dinh dd la thanh ngu hay tuc ngii, bdi vi dang cau cd ca'u triic
chii
vi
vdi trp ttr ga la cau
hien
tuang, chi cd chiic nang md ta, dinh danh su vat
chii
khdng phai la dan vi
ngdn ngir cd chiic nang truyen dat mdt thdng bao tron ven nhu mdt nhan
dinh,
mdt quy luat hay
bai hoc kinh nghiem.
^- ^^ ^^ , w w u ^^
L
^ i
(3) Thanh ngu cd ca'u triic la cum ttr trong tieng Nhat duac
chia
thanh ba nhom chinh la thanh ngu

CO
cdu
true Id
cum danh
tii
(thanh ngu- danh ngu), thdnh
ngic
co cdu triic
Id
cum tinh
tii
(thanh
16
ngii-tinh
ngu), thdnh ngii co cdu
true Id
cum
dgng tic
(thanh ngii- ddng ngu), trong dd nhdm thanh
ngS-
ddng
ngu:
chidm ti
le
cao nhit.
(4) Nhdm thanh ngir ed ca'u tnic la mdt cum danh ttr (thanh ngQ- danh ngir) trong tieng Nhat
chidm ti
le
14,34% trong sd cac thanh ngu: dupe khao sat. Cac dang cau tao
ciia

nhdm thanh ngu:
niy
khdng nhidu. Mdt dac didm
1dm
cua nhdm thanh ngu:- danh ngu trong tidng Nhat la rat ft xuat
hien
tinh tii
lam dinh
nga
(trong khi tfnh ttr xua't hien tuang ddi nhieu trong thanh
ngu"-
danh ngu
cua tidng Viet). Ngdai ra, ndu so sanh vdi tidng Viet thi tha'y ring trong
khi
thanh ngu- danh ngu
tidng Viet cd mdt sd lupng
Idn
thanh ngQ dupe ca'u tao theo dang ddi xiing thi thanh ngQ- danh
ngQ
tidng Nhat khdng cd nhidu trudng hop dupe ca'u tao theo dang nay.
(5) Nhdm
th^nh
ngQ cd ca'u tnic la mdt cum
tinh iQ
(thanh ngQ- tinh ngu) xua't hien
khdng
dang
k^
trong thanh ngQ tidng Nhat (chi cd 2 trudng hop trong tdng sd 2001 thanh ngQ dupe khao sat,
chidm 0,1%). Dd la mdt diem khac nhau ra't

Idn
so vdi thanh ngu tidng Viet, bdi vi nhdm thanh
ngQ-
tinh
ngQ trong tidng Viet chidm mdt ti le
tuang
ddi 1dm trong tdng sd thanh ngu
dupe
khao
sat: 245 trudng hop tren tdng sd 3227 thanh ngQ, chidm 7,59 % (gap 75,9 lan so vdi ti le nay trong
thanh ngQ tidng Nhat). Trong sd cac thanh ngQ- tinh ngu cua tieng Viet, cd nhieu thanh ngQ cd
ca'u triic dd'i
ximg,
va ra't nhidu thanh ngu so sanh.
(6) Thanh ngQ ed ca'u true la mdt cum ddng
iQ
(thanh ngu- ddng ttr) trong tidng Nhat chidm ti
Id
cao trong eae thanh ngQ tidng Nhat
dupe
khao sat (chidm
71,6%
trong tdng sd cac thanh ngu duac
khao sat). Cflng nhu cac nhdm thanh ngu khac
ciia
tidng Nhat, nhdm thanh ngu- ddng ngu cd ca'u
triic dan gian, tap trung vao mdt sd dang cau tao
chii
ydu, dl xac dinh. Dang thanh ngu cd cau
tnic dd'i xiing hin nhu khdng gap trong cac thanh ngu- ddng ngu tidng Nhat duac khao

sat.
7) Thanh ngu so sanh rat it gap trong thanh ngu tidng Nhat. Trong sd
2001
thanh ngu dupe khao
sat, chi cd
11
thanh ngu so sanh dang
~
J:
9
(-
yoo=
"nhu '0
va 1 thanh ngu so sanh cd tfnh
tQ
kem theo.
b) Ve
ngic
nghia
(1) Dac trung
Idn
nha't ve ngQ nghla cua thanh ngu tidng Nhat la tfnh an du va hinh anh. Tuy
nhien,
dang an du dupe sir dung
chii
ydu trong thanh ngu tidng Nhat la an du an.
(2) Nhin tQ gdc dd ca ca'u nghla, thanh ngQ tidng Nhat cd the
dupe
chia thanh 6 nhdm khac nhau,
gdm 1) nhdm thanh ngQ trong dd quan he giua nghla thdng thudng va nghla the hien trong

thanh
ngQ cua cac ydu td ca'u tao khdng ro rang; 2) nhdm thanh ngu trong dd nghla
ciia
cac thanh td ca'u
tao cd the hieu duac, va toan bd thanh ngu
dupe
hinh thanh tQ nhumg cum tQ tu do thdng thudng
nhung dupe hieu theo nghla an du; 3) Nhdm thanh ngu ma nghla tdan the
ciia
thanh ngu mang
tfnh
an
du, nhung nghia cua cac thanh td cau tao hau nhu da mat
di;
4) nhdm thanh ngu ma ngay
tQ din curn tQ dd da dupe sir dung vdi nghla an du va nghla
ciia
tung ye'u td hdan tdan khdng xac
lap dupe; 5) nhdm thanh ngQ mang nghla an du dupe hinh thanh tQ cac dac diem van hda Nhat
Ban; 6) nhdm thanh ngQ cd nhia bat ngudn
tQ
cac thanh ngu tidng Han.
(3)-Nhin tQ gdc dd trudng nghia
ciia
thanh ngQ cho thay thanh ngu tidng Nhat de cap ddn mpi mat
ciia
cude sdng con ngudi nhu lao ddng san xuat, chien tranh. quan he
giua
con ngudi vdi con
ngudi, quan he giQa con ngudi vdi the

gidi
tu nhien, tam tu tinh cam
ciia
con ngudi, hinh dang
ciia
con ngudi v.v. Tuy nhien. ndu so vdi thanh ngu tieng
Viet
thi thanh ngu tieng Nhat khdng cd
nhieu thanh ngQ ndi ve chien tranh. .
^
xn.
^ ^ ^
(4) Nhin tQ
<'dc
dd trudng nghla cua cac ydu td ca'u tao thanh ngu, thanh ngu tieng Nhat co the
chia thanh cic nhdm la thanh ngu cd tu chi bd phan ca the, thanh ngu cd tu chi thuc vat, thanh
ngu cd tQ chi ddng vat, thanh ngu cd tQ chi con sd, thanh ngu cd tQ
chi
cac yeu td
lu
nhien, thanh
ngQ cd tQ chi mau sic.
Mdi
nhdm deu cd mdt sd luang
Idn
thanh ngu
vdi
cac each
dien
dat va ngu

nghla phong phu, trong dd the
hien
nhung dac trung van hda rat neng cua ngudi Nhat.
17
CHUONG 3
DAC
TRUNG CUA THANH
NG0 TB^NG NH^T
CO
Tl/
CHI DONG VAT
3.1.
Dac
trung ve cau
true hinh
thai
La mdt nhdm thanh ngQ xet theo trudng nghia cua
thanh
td ca'u tao, thanh ngu tidng Nhat ed
tQ
chi ddng vat tit
nhidn
cung mang nhQng dac trung chung vd ca'u tnic hinh thai nhu nhung thanh
ngQ
khac.
Nhdm thanh ngQ cd cin
true
la mdt cum tQ cQng gdm ba nhdm la thanh ngu - danh ngQ, thanh
ngQ-
ddng ngQ va thanh ngQ-

tinh
ngu.
Vi
du:
3.2.
Dac
trung vd ngflr nghla
Cung nhu cac dac didm
wi
ca'u tnic hinh thai, dac diem ve ngQ nghla
ciia
thanh ngQ tidng Nhat
cd tQ chi ddng vat thdng nhit vdi dac
di^m
chung vi ngQ nghla
ciia
thanh ngQ tidng Nhat ndi
chung.
3.2.1 Ve nhflmg dpng vat duac six dung trong thanh ngflr tieng Nhat
Nhin tQ gdc dd ten gpi cua cac ddng vat xua't hien trong thanh ngQ, nhu cho,
cd,
cd vdng, cd
chep, gd, bo eho thiy trong thanh ngQ tidng Nhat cd 74 ddng vat dupe sir dung. (Xem bang
trong cud'n tdan van dd tai).
3.2.2. Ve
each sir
dung con vat trong ca che tao nghla
Cac con vat dupe dung trong thanh ngQ tidng Nhat theo theo ba kieu:
1) Don thuin dupe dung thay cho con ngudi (hoan du) ma khdng dua vao quan
niem

hay hinh
dung
ciia
con ngudi ve ddng vat dd. Vf du:
•
XK^R(DM
manaita no
koi=
"con cac chep tren
thdt"=
cd ndm tren that
2) Dua vao cac dac diem sin cd
ciia
con vat.
- Dac diem ben ngoai ma khi nhin thiy, ngudi Nhat lien tudng ddn nhung dieu khac. Vf du:
•
S:fe,c7)
J:
9
/^fs-
shirauo no yoo na
yubi^"
"ngdn tay nhu cdn ca
lring"=ngdn
tay dai,
thon nhd va tring mudt.
- Dac diem ve tfnh each hay tap quan
sinh
hoat
ciia

con vat ma con ngudi nhin thiy, vf du:
•
^:feiS-
zakone-
"ngii
kieu
ca"=
nim sat vao nhau
khi ngii
3) Dua vao hinh dung, quan mem
ciia
con ngudi ve con vat
Cd nhung dac trung
ciia
con vat la do ngudi Nhat hinh dung va quan niem, va
iQ
nhflmg dac
trung ma hp hinh dung hay quan niem dd, ngudi Nhat lien tudng ddn cac dac trung, cac vin de
khac
eiia
xa hdi con ngudi. Vi du:
•
iK^{^-
inushi ni = "thanh cai chdt
ciia
chd"= chdt nhuc nhu chd
•
'^M^'furu gitsune=
"con cao gia"= ranh ma, quy quyet
Ngudi Nhat ed xu hudng diing nhumg con vat gin gui vdi minh. Nhumg con vat dupe dung nhieu

nhit trong thanh ngQ tidng Nhat la ca, chd, meo, ngua, thd, sau/ bp, bd, chudt.
3.2.3.
V
nghla
tir
vung cua thanh ngflr tieng Nhat co tu chi
dpng^vat
Ndu nhin tQ gdc dd
tinh
da nghla
ciia
thanh ngu, cd the thiy ring thanh ngu tidng Nhat cd tu
chi ddng vat, cung nhu cac thanh ngQ tidng Nhat ndi chung,
chia
ihanh
hai
nhdm la: 1) thanh ngQ
cd mdt y nghla tQ vung (thanh ngu dan nghla vf
du,X^
t
-
Inu kaki
("con chd
bdi"=bai
chd),
5S
S"-
nekojita ("ludi
meo"=
ngudi khdng an dupe dd ndng); va 2) thanh ngu cd

hai
hay nhieu y
nghla tQ vung (thanh ngu da nghla, vf du:
I ^fc "^ r o 1 - itachi
gokko ("chdn bit
ran"=l.
mdt
ird
chai
ciia
tre em; 2. hai ddi tuang trong tinh trang ciing
biet
mdt chuyen nhung khdng ndi thing ra,
cu tham dd nhau, duoi hinh bdt bong),
®^^-
sarushibai
("bai
diln trd cua
khi=
1.
choi
xau, 2.
ngudi hay bit chudc
Id
lang),
Kl^£^»< - hebi ni ashi
wo kaku ;
'^ve
chan cho
rin^=

1. lam
nhQng viec khdng cin
thidt,
2. them thit nhQng
chi net
khdng cd that vao cau chuyen
)
CA.i
HCC
'
JGC
C
-
MA
NO!
DT
/^z4
18
Thkah
ngii co
mPt y
nghla tir vung chiem
81
%, thanh ngu co hai y nghla tir vung chiem 19 %
trong t6ng
s6
cac thanh ngfi
dupe
khao sat.
N^u

nhin tir goc dp y nghla
tir
vung cua thanh ngir, co the tha'y mpt so thanh ngfl
maiig
nhihig y nghia tir vung ma thanh ngu tie'ng Viet khong co. Vf du,
5H^-
nekokke
(="t6c meo"=
toe m6m
va
muot),
^(C:^
- tonikaku
("cai goc tren con th6"= du sao chang nua). Nhung cung co
khdng it thanh ngfl co y nghla tir vung tuong duong
vdi
thanh ngu tie'ng
Viat,
vf du:
^(D/\^iM-
ushi
no
shooben
("nu6c dai
b6"=
lau nhu
trau
ddi);
MM-
umazura ("mat

ngira"=
mat ngua);
it
m^-
inu shi ni ("thanh cai che't cua ch6"= chet nhuc nhu cho);
M(OZ—&J:^'-
neko no ko
ippiki
nai
("khPng
c6 la'y mot con meo con"= vdng nhu
chiia
ba danh) ;
511(7)11 W
J:
9
- neko no
hitai no
yoo ("nhu tran meo"= hep nhu
16
mfli/
be nhu mat muPi).
Trong nhom
thinh
ngu tie'ng Nhat co thanh ngu tie'ng Viet tuong duong
ve
y nghla tir
vung,
CO
tha tha'y ba tieu loai, g6m 1) thanh ngu tie'ng Nhat diing cac tir chi dpng vat, nhung thanh ngu

tuong duong trong tieng Viet khdng dimg tir chi dpng vat (vf du:
5SO U(DX.O {Z^i^^-neko
no me no yooni kawaru ="thayd6i nhu
mdt
meo" va thanh ngu tieng Viet tuong duong thay nhu
thay
do); 2) thanh ngfl tie'ng Nhat va thanh ngir tie'ng Viet tuPng
ducmg"
deu diing tir chi dpng vat,
nhung cac con vat
dupe sir
dung khac nhau (vf du, thanh ngir ffi(-®B?i- neko ni
katsuobushi=
"giri ca tiing khP cho meo" va thanh ngu tie'ng Viet tuong duong
gin
trung cho
dc);
3) thanh ngu
tie'ng Nhat va thanh ngu tie'ng Viet tucfng ducmg deu dung tir chi mot dpng vat giP'ng nhau (vf du,
thanh ngu
IV ^(75
J;
9
IC-
kai no yoo ni
=
"nhu he'n" va thanh ngfl tieng Viet tuong duong cdm
nhu
hen).
Trong s6' 316 thanh ngu tieng Nhat co tir chi dpng vat

dupe
khao sat, co 99 thanh ngfl co
thanh ngfl tieng Viet tuong duong. Trong so 99 thanh ngfl nay, co 28 trucmg hop thanh ngfl trong
hai
ng6n ngfl
sir
dung tfl chi cflng mpt dpng vat. 38 trucmg hpp su dung tfl chi cac dpng vat khac
nhau va 33 trucmg hop thanh ngfl tieng Nhat su dung tfl chi dpng vat nhung thanh ngfl tieng Viet
tuong duong thi khong su
dung.
(Xem
chi
tiet
a
bang trong cuP'n toan van cua de
tai.)
Tl£u K]^T
La mpt nhom thanh ngfl cua tieng Nhat, duong nhien thanh ngu co tfl
chi
dpng vat mang dac
trung chung cua thanh ngfl tieng Nhat. Do la nhflng dac trung ma chiing tPi da phan tfch ky va
trinh bay torn tat lai trong phan tieu ket cua chuong 2. Tuy vay, voi dac diem rieng la trong thanh
pha'n ca'u tao co cac tfl chi dpng vat, nhom thanh ngfl nay cflng mang mpt so dac trung khac nfla
v6
mat ngfl
nghia.
Nhflng dac trung do co the torn tdt nhu sau.
(1) Thanh ngfl tieng Nhat su dung cac tfl chi 74 con vat thupc cac nhom dpng vat khac nhau,
trong do chie'm ti le nhieu nhat
la

nhflng con vat gan gui
vcri
cupc song
sinh
hpat
ciia ngudi
Nhat.
(2) Cac con vat duoc ngucri Nhat sir dung de tao nghia cho thanh ngfl theo ba
each
la 1) don
thudn muon ten con vat de dung thay con nguoi; 2) dua vao cac dac diem sdn co cua con vat; 3)
dua vao hinh dung hay quan mem
ciia
con
ngucri
ve con vat do.
(3) Thanh ngfl tieng Nhat co tfl chi dong vat, cung giong nhu cac thanh ngfl tieng Nhat khac, co
the chia thanh
hai
nhom' la thanh ngfl co mpt y nghla tfl vung (thanh ngfl don nghla) va thanh ngfl
CO hai
hay nhieu y nghla tfl vung (thanh ngfl da nghia).Thanh ngfl don nghia chiem
ti
le nhieu
hon
(4) Xet ve y nghia tfl vung cua thanh ngfl trong su lien he vcri tieng Viet cho thdy thanh ngfl tieng
Nhat
CO
tfl chi dpng vat duoc
chia

thanh hai nhom la thanh ngfl khong
c6
thanh ngfl tieng Viet
tuong duong va thanh ngfl co thanh ngfl tieng
Viet
tuong duong. Nhom thfl
hai lai
co the
chia
thanh ba
tieu
nhom la 1) thanh ngfl tuong duong trong
hai
ngon ngfl deu dung tfl
chi
cung mPt
dPng
vat-
2) thanh ngfl tuuong
duona
trong
hai
ngon ngfl su dung tu
chi
cac dong vat khac nhau
va 3) thanh
n^fl
tieng Nhat su dung tfl chi dong vat nhung thanh ngfl tieng
Viet
tuong duong

khCng
dun<'
tfl chi dong vat.
So'
luons
thanh ngfl tieng Nhat co thanh ngfl tuong duong trong tieng
19
Viet chidm ti
le
khdng eao (33 thanh ngu trong tdng sd 316 thanh ngu dupe khao sat, tuang duang
vdi 31,3
%).
S6 luong thanh
ngQ
tidng Nhat cd thanh ngu tuang duong trong tidng Viet ma trong
thanh phin thinh ngu cua ca hai ngdn
ngQ d6u
dung
tQ
chi cung mdt ddng vat la rit thip, chidm
28,
3%
trong nhdm thanh
ngQ
cd thanh
ngQ
tuang duang (28/ 99), va chi chidm 0,86 % trong tdng
sd
316
thanh

ngQ dupe
khao sat.
20
CHUONG 4
MOT
SO
DAC
TRITNG vt
VAN HOA NHAT BAN
TUi HlfiN
QUA THANH NGU
Qua nhQng dac trung vd hinh thai, ciu tnic eua thanh
ngQ
tidng Nhat ndi chung va thanh ngQ
tidng Nhat ed tQ chi ddng vat ndi rieng da phan tich d chuang 2 va chuang 3 cd the nit ra mdt sd
nhan xet vd van hda
eiia
ngudi Nhat nhu sau.
1) Tu duy dan gidn, ngdn
gpn,
cdi gi khong cdn thiet thi khong noi
(Phin phan tfch cu the xem trong cudn tdan van
ciia
dd tai)
2) It neu ra ddc trung, tinh chdt cua con ngudi, su vat, hien tuang,
(Phin phan tich cu the xem trong cudn tdan van
ciia
di tai)
3) Tinh khong noi thdng
(Phin phan tich cu the xem trong cudn tdan van

ciia
de tai)
4) Khong ua cdch noi vi von, dua ddy
(Phin phan tich cu the xem trong cudn tdan van cua de tai)
5) Khong coi trong vdn, dieu trong loi noi
(Phin phan tfch cu the xem trong cud'n tdan van cua de tai)
6)
Sic
ket hap hdi hda giiia vdn hoa
ngogi
lai vd vdn hoa ddn
tqc
(Phin phan
tich
cu the xem trong cud'n tdan van
ciia
de tai)
7) Ldng
yeu thien nhien vd
six
gdn giii vdi thien nhien
(Phin phan
tich
cu the xem trong cudn tdan van
ciia
de tai)
8)
Cupc
sdng gdn lien vdi nen vdn hda nong ngu nghiep
(Phin phan

tich
cu the xem trong cudn tdan van
ciia
de tai)
9) Nhieu ddc trung vdn hda khdc vdi vdn hoa Viet Nam
(Phin phan tfch cu the xem trong cudn tdan van
ciia
de tai)
21
K^TLUAN
1.
Tidng Nhat cd mdt sd lupng thanh ngQ tuong ddi
Idn.
Cung nhu thanh ngQ
ciia
cac ngdn
ngQ
khac, thanh ngu tidng Nhat la mdt dan vi ngdn ngu quan trpng, khdng the thidu dupe trong he
thdng cac dan vi ngdn ngQ
ciia
tidng Nhat, va khdng the khdng bidt dd'i vdi ngudi sir dung tidng
Nhat. Viec nghien cQu thanh ngQ tidng Nhat la cin thidt. Tuy
nhidn,
d Viet Nam
cho
den nay
nhQng
cdng trinh nghien cQu tidng Nhat ndi chung va nghien
cihi
thanh ngu tidng Nhat ndi rieng

cdn rit it di, mac du trong nhung nam gin day, cung vdi
sir
phat trien manh me cua md'i quan he
hai nudc Nhat- Viet, tidng Nhat ngay cang chidm mdt vi tri quan trpng d Viet Nam. Vdi ly do nhu
vay, mdt cdng trinh nghien
ciiu
ve dac diem
ciia
thanh ngQ tidng Nhat la bd fch va cd gia tri thidt
thuc.
2.
Cung nhu thanh ngQ cua cac ngdn ngu khac, thanh ngu tidng Nhat chua dung rit nhieu
dac trung van hda cua dan tdc Nhat Ban. NhQng dac trung van hda dd khdng chi the hien d
phuang dien ngQ nghla cua thanh ngQ, ma cdn the
hien
ngay trong ban than cac dac didm vi hinh
thai ciu true cua thanh ngQ. De tai cua chiing tdi khao sat dac didm cua thanh ngQ tidng Nhat tQ
ca hai phuang dien la
hinh
thai ciu true va ngu nghla, tu dd
tim
ra nhQng dac trung ngdn ngQ va
van hda
ciia
Nhat Ban the hien qua dan vi ngdn ngu dac biet nay. Ddng thdi, vdi tu each la mdt
trong nhQng cdng tnnh nghien cuu di trudc ve thanh ngQ tidng Nhat, di tai cung gidi thieu quan
diem cua mdt sd nha Nhat ngu hpc ve thanh ngu, nhung thanh tuu cung nhu nhung diem cdn bd
ngd trong cac cdng trinh nghien cuu di trudc
ciia gidi
thanh ngu hpc Nhat Ban, nhim

gidi
thieu
mdt bQc tranh chung ve thanh ngQ tidng Nhat va xac dinh vi tri
ciia
dan vi dupe gpi la
''kanyoo
ku''
cua tidng Nhat trong mdi tuang quan ddi vdi don vi
"thanh
ngii:"
ciia
tidng Viet.
3.
Khao sat cac cdng trinh nghien cuu di trudc
ciia
cac nha Nhat ngu hpc Nhat Ban va phan
tfch cac quan diem dupe the
hien
trong cac cdng trinh nghien cuu nay cho thiy, mac
dii
viec
nghien cuu thanh ngQ tidng Nhat d Nhat Ban dupe
tidn
hanh cham hon nhieu so vdi thd gidi, cac
nha nghien cuu thanh ngQ d Nhat Ban vin khdng tranh khdi nhung vin de thudng gay tranh cai
trong gidi thanh ngQ hpc
ciia
cac thu tidng khac nhu dinh nghla, ten
gpi
va phan

loai
thanh ngu
hay phan biet giua thanh ngQ vdi cac dan vi giap ranh. Di tai da de xuit mdt hudng phan loai cac
dan vi mang tfnh thanh ngu dung hda dupe quan didm
ciia
cac nha thanh ngu hpc Nhat Ban nhu d
sa dd 1.4 Trong so dd phan loai nay, don vi tuong duong vdi dan vi
dupe
gpi la "thanh
ngu"
trong
tidng Viet la
'tW^"^
kanyoo ku.
4.
Khao sat thanh ngu tidng Nhat ve phuong dien hinh thai ciu true cho thiy thanh ngQ tidng
Nhat cd hai dang ciu triic: cau (cum
chii
vi) va cum tu. Ti le cua nhdm thanh ngu cd ciu tnic la
cau trong tidng Nhat rit
Idn.Tuy
vay, nhdm thanh ngu nay khdng gay khd khan cho cac nha
nghien cuu ndi rieng va ngudi su dung tidng Nhat ndi chung trong
viec
xac dinh dd la thanh ngu
hay tuc ngu.
Nhdm thanh ngu cd ciu true la cum tQ cd the chia lam ba nhdm nhd la thanh ngu cd ciu
tnic la cum danh tQ (thanh ngu- danh ngu), thanh ngu cd cau true la cum tfnh tQ (thanh ngu- tinh
ngQ),
thanh ngu cd ciu triic

la
cum ddng tQ (thanh ngu- ddng ngu). Ngdai ra cdn cd mdt sd thanh
ngu cd ciu tao khac, trong dd nhieu nhit la thanh ngu dang so sanh khdng xuat
hien
ye'u td so
sanh (thannh ngu dang
-nhu
B).
Die'm ndi bat trong nhdm nay la thanh ngu tieng Nhat hiu nhu
khdng cd ciu triic la tfnh ngu, hay ndi chinh xac hon la ti le thanh ngu cd cau tnic la
ciim
tfnh tu
trong tidng Nhat rat nhd so vdi tidng Viet: 0,1
%
so vdi 8,7
%
trong sd thanh ngu
dupe
khao sat,
tuc la tl le xuit hien
ciia
nhdm thanh ngu nay trong tieng Viet gap 87 lan so
vdi
tieng Nhat.
Xet tdng hop ca hai nhdm thanh ngu neu tren cho thay ba dauc die'm Idn
ciia
thanh ngu tieng
Nhat la tfnh tQ xuat
hien
rit ft, cau tao

ciia
thanh ngu dan
gian
(thudng chi cd nhung thanh phan
tdi thidu
du
cho ciu
true
ay trd thanh mdt cum
chii vi
hay mpt ddng ngu. mdt danh
nguj,
va rat
22
hidm thanh ngQ cd ciu tnic ddi xung. Dd cung la ba dauc didm trai nguoc vdi thanh ngQ tidng
Viet.
5.
Khao sat nhdm thanh ngQ tidng Nhat ed tQ chi ddng vat cho thiy trong thanh ngQ tidng
Nhat cd 74 ddng vat
dupe
sir dung. Dd la nhung con vat gin gui vdi cude sdng
ciia
ngudi dan
Nh$t
Ban. NhQng con
v|t
nay
dupe
ngudi Nhat su dung trong thanh ngQ theo ba each: 1) don
thuin muon ten eon vt dd ndi vd cac dac trung, hien tupng trong xa hdi eua con ngudi; 1) dua vao

cac dac didm sin cd eua con vat; 3) Dua vao hinh dung hay quan niem
ciia
con ngudi
v^
con vat.
6. Xet
tQ
gdc dd thanh ngQ tuang duang trong tidng Viet cho thiy thanh ngu tidng Nhat cd su
dung
tQ
chi ddng vat
dupe
chia thanh hai nhdm: thanh ngQ cd thanh ngQ tuong duong trong tidng
Viet va thanh ngQ khdng cd thanh ngu tuong duong trong tidng Viet. Nhdm thanh ngu khdng cd
thanh
ngQ
tuang duang trong tidng Viet chidm ti le 78,7 % trong tdng sd thanh ngu
dupe
khao sat.
Nhdm thanh ngQ cd thanh ngu tuong duang trong tidng Viet chidm
3i,3 %,
nhung trong nhdm
nay chi cd mdt sd
it
thanh ngu ma tQ chi ddng vat gid'ng nhau trong ca thanh ngQ tidng Nhat va
thanh ngQ tidng Viet tuang duong (chidm 28,3 % trong sd thanh ngu cd tuong duong va 0,86 %
trong sd thanh ngQ
dupe
khao sat). Didu dd cd nghla la neu xet ve y nghla tu vung
ciia

thanh ngQ
thi sd lupng thanh
ngQ
tidng Nhat trung vdi thanh ngQ tieng Viet khdng nhieu.
7.
TQ nhung dac trung
v^
hinh thai cau tnic va ngQ nghla cua thanh ngu tidng Nhat trog su so
sanh vdi thanh ngu tidng Viet, rut ra dupe nhung net dac tnmg
ciia
van hda Nhat Ban nhu sau:
- Tu duy ngin gpn, cai gi khdng cin thiet thi khdng ndi
- It neu ra dac trung, tinh chit
ciia
con ngudi, su vat, hien tuong mdt
each
thing thin,
true
tidp.
- Tranh de cap thing ddn vin de dinh ndi
- Khdng ua each ndi vf von, dua day
- Khdng coi trpng vin, dieu trong ldi ndi
- Yeu thien nhien va gin gui vdi thien nhien
- Cude sdng gin hen vdi van hda ndng nghiep va ngu nghiep
- Cach tu duy va thd hien ngdn ngu dua vao tu chi ddng vat mac du cd mdt sd die'm tuang
ddng vdi ngudi Viet, nhung nhung didm bat tuang ddng la rat
Idn.
Dieu dd the
hien
qua bang

thd'ng ke nhung thanh ngu tidng Nhat cd va khdng cd thanh ngu tuong duong trong tidng Viet.
Dd la nhung dac diem chu yeu ve van hda Nhat Ban nit ra dupe qua nhihig dac trung vi
hinh
thai-
ciu
true
va ngQ nghia
ciia
thanh ngQ tidng Nhat.
Nhin
chung thi qua thanh ngQ cd the thiy
ring van hda Nhat Ban va van hda Viet Nam cd mdt sd diem tuong ddng, nhung nhimg diem bit
tuang d6ng thi nhieu han.
Vdi nhtmg kdt qua nghien cQu neu tren, chung tdi hi vpng de tai se giup fch dupe cho nhtrng
ai hpc tap, nghien
cihi
tidng Nhat ndi chung va thanh ngu tieng Nhat ndi rieng. Tuy nhien, thanh
ngQ li mdt dd tai rit rdng. Vdi bdi canh cdn rit ft cdng trinh nghien cuu vd tidng Nhat ndi chung
va thanh ngQ tidng Nhat ndi rieng nhu hien nay, cdng trinh nghien cuu nay mac du da khic hpa
dupe
nhOtig
net quan
U-png
ve thanh ngu tidng Nhat nhung vin chua day du. Con nhung vin dd
khac nhu ngudn gdc cua thanh ngu tie'ng Nhat,
each
sir dung
ciia
thanh ngu tidng Nhat, cac bie'n
the

ciia
thanh ngQ
ciia
tidng Nhat chiing
tdi
chua de cap den do khudn khd
ciia
mdt de tai cd han.
Nhtmg vin dd nay chiing tdi se tidp tuc nghien cuu trong cac cdng trinh sau.