Khảo sát ý nghĩa và cách dùng các quán ngữ biểu thị tình thái trong tiếng Việt

DAI HOC QUOC
GIA HA
NOI
TRUONG
DAI HOC KHOA HOC XA HOI VA NHAN VAN
DOAN
THITHU
HA
KHAO SAT Y
NGHIA
VA CACH DUNG CAC
QUAN
NGtr BIEU
THI
TINH
THAI TRONG
TIENG
VIET
CHUYEN
NGANH LY
LUAN NGON
NGC
MA
SO:
50408
LUAN VAN THAC SI KHOA HOC NGON
NGC
NGuOi
HUONG
DAN
KIIOA

HOC
PGS.TS
HOANG
TRONG
PHIEN
PAI
HOC
v;
L.OC
C;M
i~ '\
'n '.'I !
TRliNG[i^f«r;;iOf^iTi:^'.TiiL;v,ii.i!
HA NOI - 2000
Ludn van tot nghiep
QUY
l/OC
VIET TAT
l.BKN:Bikichnh6.
2.
CN : Chu
ngfr.
3.
C.n : Cling
noi
.
4.
CSMD : Cay
soi
mua

dong
.
5.
KN :
Kiep nguoi
.
6. ND va TN :
Niii doi
va thao
nguyen
.
7.
PT :
PhCi
thuy .
8. TDGTHTTV :
TCr
dien giai
thich hir tir
tieng Viet
9. TDTV :
TCr
dien tieng
Viet.
10.
TTNC : Tuyen tap Nam Cao .
11.
TTTL : Tuyen tap Thach Lam .
12.
TTTN

1:
Tuyen tap truyen
ng^n
Tap
1.
13.
TTTN 2: Tuyen tap truyen
ngdn
Tap 2.
14.
VN:
VingCr.
15.
VNQD : Van nghe quan doi .
Ludn van tot nghiep
MUG LUC
Trang
Mo
dau
1
L
Datva'nde
1
2.
Muc
dich,
nhiem vu cua
luan
van 8
3.

Y
nghla
cua luan van 9
4.
Tu"
lieu va
phuong
phap nghien
cuu
9
5.
Ket cau cua
luan
van 10
Chuang
1.
Cosa ly
luan ve
tinh
tinh thai. Khai
niem
quan
ngu
bieu thi tinh thai 12
1.
Khai niem
tinh
thai trong ngon
ngu"
12

2.
Cac
phucfng
tien bieu hien
tinh
thai trong ngon
ngiJ
21
3.
Khai niem quan ngir bieu thi
tinh
thai 24
Chuong
2.
Dae
diem cua quan
ngfir
bieu thi
tinh
thai trong
tieng Viet 27
1.
Dae
diem
v6
ngu"
nghla -
chiic
nang 27
2.

Dae
diem ve
hinh thirc
cua quan
ngiJ
bieu thi
tinh
thai 42
3.
Phan biet quan ngir bieu thj
tinh
thai
vai
cac thanh phan
tij"
ngQkhac
cua cau 46
4.
Dae
diem ve ngii nghla -
chu'c
nang cua quan
ngG
bieu thi
tinh
thai trong quan he vai noi dung menh de di kem 52
Chuong 3. Phan
loai
quan
nguf

bieu thi tinh thai theo cac
pham tru noi dung cua tinh thai nhan
thuc
63
1.
Khai niem
tinh
thai nhan
thiic
65
2.
Cac quan ngu bieu thi
tinh
thai nhan
thirc thirc hCru
66
2.1.
Cach hieu khai niem
tinh
thai nhan
thu'c thyc hiJu
66
2.2.
Dae
diem cua quan
ngG
bieu thi
tinh
thai nhan
thu-e thiie

hiJu
67
Ludn van tot nghiep
2.3.
Di6u kien sir
dung quan ngu bieu thi
tinh
thai nhan
thiic
thuchuu
74
3.
Cac quan ngii bieu thi
tinh
thai nhan
thiJc khong
thirc
hiru
74
3.1.
Cach hieu khai niem
tinh
thai nhan
thiic
khong
thirc huu
74
3.2.
Dae
diem cua quan

ngiJ
bieu thi
tinh
thai nhan
thiic
khong
thuc huu 74
3.3.
Dieu
kiSn
su dung quan ngu
bi^u
thi
tinh
thai nhan
thiic
khong thuc huu 82
4.
Cac quan ngu bieu thi
tinh
thai nhan
thu*c
phan thuc
hiJu
83
4.1.
Cach
hi^u
khai niem
tinh

thai nhan
thiic
phan thuc huu 83
4.2.
Dae
diem cua quan ngU bieu thi
tinh
thai nhan
thiJc
phan
thuc
huu 83
4.3.
Di6u
kien su dung quan ngii bieu thi
tinh
thai nhan
thiic
phan thuc huu 86
Ket luan
89
Phuluc
94
Nguon
tir
lieu cua luan van 207
Tai lieu tham khao va trich
d^n
208
Ludn van tot nghiep

MO
DAU
1.
Dat van de.
Trong thuc te su dung ngon ngu, chung ta
van thucmg
hay gap nhung
loi
noi
CO chira
cac to hop tu' mang
tinh
on djnh duac tai sinh
nhidu Ian
kieu:
1) Ai
dai
P baa
gia,
ai
Iqi
P
thebao
gia,
ai bdo P
,
ay the ma P
,
da
ddnh

Id Py
da bdo ma
P,
lam gi ma P the] hod ra
P,
thera
P,
thi ra
P,
thdo ndo
P,
te ra
P,
dii
the ndo cung
P,
gi thi gi
cilng /^ ,
2) Duong nhien (la) P, tat nhien (la) P
,
co nhien (la)
P,
qua nhien la
P,
biet dau
(chitng)
P,
P cung
nen,
biet ddu

day,
co
leP,
co khi
P,
chdng
le
P,
ducmg nhu
P, de
thuang
P,
le ndo
P,
nghe ddu
P,
nghe don
P,
xem ra
P,
theo tdi thi
P,
nhuy
toi thi
P ,
3) Cu
Idm
nhu
Id
P,

co
hog
la P, ddng le
P,
le ra P ,
lam
nhu P khong
bang ,
udc
gi
P,
suyt
niia
thi
P,
phdi chi
P

4) P cho
roi,
P co
khdc,
P md
Iqi,
P ay ma, P
Id
cung, P thi co,
5) Han
nua
P, huong chi P, song le P, tuy nhien P, va

Igi
P, thoi thi P,
rot cugc P, torn
Igi
P,
6) (Noi) cua ddng toi
P,
cUc
chdng
da P, (noi)
ditng
chap
P,
(noi I hoi)
khi khong phdi P, (hoi/noi) khi vo phep
P,
noi
trgm
via P ,
De nhan thay day la mot
hidn tuong
ngon ngu
ra't
pho bien
ciia
tieng
Viet. Tuy nhien, trong mot thai gian dai su quan tarn cua cac nha ngon
ngu hoc danh cho cac kieu ket cau nay con qua
it
6i. Cho den nay,

nhln
chung,
chiing van
chua
dugc
nghien
cim,
mieu ta mot
each
can than, co
h6
thong.
Qua tham khao tai
Heu,
chung t6i thay trong cac sach ngu phap cac
don
vj
nay
neu
co
dugc
de
cap
den
thi
chii yeu cung
chi
tap
tmng
vao hai

huong sau:
Ludn van tot nghiep
* Hu6ng thir
nhat:
Dua vao dac
tiimg ciia each
bieu dat
ciia nhiing
don
vj
nay ma
gSn
chung vao nhiing tii loai nhat
djnh.
* Hu6ng thuf
hai: Dua vao y
nghia
-
chiic
nang ma nhiing don vj nay dam
nhi6m
trong
cau
de quy chung vao cac nhom thanh
phSn
phu khac nhau
ciia
cau.
Theo hu6ng
thii

nha't,
cac tac gia Viet Nam van phgm (1940) cho
nhung don vj nhu .' Biet
ddu,
ngd ddu, co le, de thuang, vi tat, hay ddu,
khong biet
chiXng
dung dat
a
dau cau la trang tu chi su hoai nghi to y
noi khong
chac.
[26,126 - 128].
Vi
du:
1)
Ngd
ddu no bac ac nhu
th6'.
2) Biet ddu cuoc dori nay kh6ng phai la mot
gia'c
mdng.
Con at
Id,
at
han,
tat
Id,
du'ng tru6c dong tu hoac
tinh

tu; tat nhien
,quyet
nhien,
qua nhien, qua thuc
,
diing dat
b
dau
cau
la trang tu chi v
ki6h
didn
dat y noi quyet chac [26,128]. Cung
v6i
tinh than nay, cac tac gia
Viet Nam vdn phgm gido khoa thu (1942) da xep cac don vj nhu: co le,
de
thudng
, vi tat chung
vdfi
nhom cac tii : khong, chua , chdng ,
diXng,
quyet, at, dg,
vdng.,,
thanh mot nhom goi la trang tu
chi
v ki6h - lam
ro
y
ki6h

phii
djnh, xac djnh hay hoai nghi [28,112]. Con nhung ket cau
ki^u:
huong chi, hay
Id,
song le dugc xep vao nhom cac lien tu
ciing
v6i md,
thi,
vd,
hoac
[28,118].
Dl
nhan
tha'y
rang
hucfng
nghien
ciiu
nay con co nhieu
ba't
cap.
Tmdc
h6't
la pham vi doi tugng dugc khao sat se rat han che. No chi co the la
mot so
it
trong
s6
cac su kien ngon ngii chung t6i neu tren kia

(chii
yeu
thugc nhom hai, mot phan nhom mot va nam). Con nhieu don vj bj bo
qua cho du chung co the co ciing ban chat
v6i
nhiing dan vj da dugc cac
tac gia nay noi den.
Diiu
nay thuc ra cung
dd
hieu,
bofi
le doi
v6i
cac ket
cau CO
to
chiic *'phiic
tap"
nhu: biet ddu
chiCng,
chdng
co le P, theo tdi thi
P
, nhUy
toi thi
P,
gi thi gi
P,
du

co the ndo di
nCta
P,
du the ndo mac
Ludn
vdn tot nghiep
Idng
P,
P
dia
dudi di
roi,
cut Idm
nhu la
P,
cdng bang md noi
P,
noi sai
diMg
chap P, noi khi khong phdi P, noi trgm via
P
thi
kho ma phan
chung vao
m6t
6 tii loai nao cho thoa dang, neu khong muon noi la
khong the. Them
nifa,
neu xem xet ky
thi

viec xep cac tii khong, chua,
chdng, dg,
vdng ,
vao chung nhom
v6i
cac don vj dang xet nhu cac tac
gia Viet
Nam vdn phgm
gido khoa thu da lam ciing la khong
chinh
xac
neu khong muon noi la sai
1dm.
Tom
lai,
theo
hu6ng
nghien
ciiu
nay,
nhung ket qua thu dugc thuc su con qua ngheo nan. Vai tro tac
tir tinh
thai
ciia
nhiing dan vj nay hau nhu hoan toan bj bo qua. Khac phuc han
ch6'
nay, b
hudng nghi6n ciiu thii
hai, cac nha Viet ngii hoc da bat dau
chu y den kha nang

bi^u
thj nhiing y nghTa
tinh
thai
ciia
cac dan vj nay
trong cau,va tuy vao he thong quan diem
ciia
tiing tac gia ma chung dugc
gan
cac ten goi khac nhau. Chang han Nguyen Kim Than (1964) coi
nhiing to hgp kieu
.•
co le, noi trgm bong via, ke
ra
la nhiing phu chu
ngii
CO
tac dung giai
thich
them cho mot tii nao do hoac de to thai do
chii
quan cua ngu5i noi doi
v6i
su viec, boat dong hay trang thai neu
trong cau.
Vi
du;
\)Cd
leong cQng

n6n chu y den dieu ay.
2) Ke ra ve day ma
cii
nhu b riing buon that.
3) Noi trgm bong via tii ngay no
len
bon, no hom dao de [35,225].
Doi
v6i
mot
loat
cac to hgp ma nhom cac tac gia Viet nam vdn phgm
gido khoa thu goi la lien tu nhu: tdm
Igi,
hafi
nUa,
do do, trdi
Igi,
noi
cdch
khdc \\\i Nguy6n
Kim Than cho do la thanh phan co tac dung
bi^u
thj su chuyen tiep doan van [35,225] va trong cong
trinh xua't
ban nam
1981,
6ng goi chung la trang ngii chuyen tiep [dan theo 37,49].
ISIhom
I.S.

Bystrov,
Nguydn
Tai Can, N.V.Stankevich (1975) dua ra khai niem
thanh
phdn
xen ke duac hieu la nhiing tu: ngii bieu thj moi quan he giiia
Ludn vdn lot nghiep
nguori
noi
v6i
noi dung phat ngon, thucmg
diing of
ddu cau hoac
tmdrc
chu
ngu va vj ngii.
Vi
du:
1)
l/dc
gi toi thay dugc dong chi tieu doi
tiirong
cua toi nhi.
2) Don vj
CO lesip
vao
liing
lay
niia.
Theo ho, nhiing tu: ngu nay kh6ng tham gia vao

cau true
cau,
nghia
la
khong
CO
quan he ngu phap
v6i
mot thanh phdn nao ciia cau
[ddn
theo
38,38].
Khi nghien
ciiu ca'u
true cu phap
cau
tieng Viet, Diep Quang Ban
(1987) ciing diing ten goi phu ngii cau chi do tin
cay
de chi nhiing to hgp
kieu: co
leld,
chdc hdn la, tat nhien
ld \i
du:
1) Co
leld
chieu nay mua.
2) Tat nhien la ong ay se den.
3) Chdc hdn

Id
ong ay ban.
Con thugc vao nhom phu ngu cau chii y ki6h la nhiing to hgp ma theo
ong phdn 16n dugc lam thanh tii nhiing quan ngii, chung co the diing
tni6c
nong cot cau hoac sau chu ngii va
tnidc
vj ngu [1,197]. Vi du:
1) Noi trgm bong , tii ngay no len bon, no hom dao de.
2) Noi cua ddng toi, me con toi ciing chang muon di.
3)
Citnhuy
ong ay
thi
lam nhu
vay
la dugc roi.
4) Theo chd toi biet
thi
anh
a'y
dang ban mot viec khac.
Ong cho rang
noi
dung y nghla chung cua hai loai phu ngii
cau
nay la
cung bieu thj y nghia
tinh
thai chii quan dugc hieu la moi quan he thai do

cua
ngudi
noi doi v6i noi dung ciia phdn con lai trong cau [1;194].
Theo
each nhin
nhan cua Luu Van Lang ve
ca'u tiiic cau ti^hg
Viet
thi
nhiing ket cau
ddn
tren dugc xep vao nhom cac gia i6 h6 tra (thanh to
th6m vao ngoai phdn nong
cot).
Vi du:
1) Vd
Igi nguc/i
ta thue nha ciia t6i,
ngu5i
ta co the trach
cii
toi (ong goi
la
chuyen
ngii).
2) Thuc ra ong
lao
chi noi cho
sudrng
mieng (ong goi la trg ngii).

Ludn vdn tot nghiep
3) No lai uong
mgu
nua mdi chet
chu:
(ong goi la cam ngii) [ddn theo
38,41].
Theo he thong thanh phdn cau ma Nguyen Minh Thuyet va Nguyen
Van Hiep ap dung de mieu ta
cau
true
cau
tieng Viet
thi
mot so to hgp
ma chiing toi ddn tren kia dugc xep vao hai loai thanh phdn phu, do la
dinh ngu
cau
va
tinh
thai ngu . Theo quan niem ciia hai tac gia nay, djnh
ngu cau
CO
the diing b tru6c nong cot
cau
hoac chen vao giiia chu ngii va
vj ngii
CO
nhiem vu bieu thj nhiing y nghia han djnh ve
tinh

thai cho su
tinh
dugc neu trong cau (cho biet su
tinh
dugc neu co tinh chan ly tuang
doi hay
tuyet
doi, la duang nhien hay khong duang nhien, chdc
chdn
hay
chi la phong doan,
binh
thuang hay ciing
cue,
hien thuc hay phi hien
thuc.) hoac
each thiic diln
ra su
tinh
dugc mieu ta trong cau (nhanh hay
cham , dot ngot hay khong dot nggt, bat
ng5
hay co tien lieu
tmdc )
Vi
du :
1) Co
lehom
nay da la mung hai, miing ba Tay roi
minh

nhi. (Nam Cao)
2) That ra
thi
thj biet khong nguoi khong dugc. (Nam Cao)
3) Khong
letoi
lai vui khi duge mot cai tin nhu
the'.
(Nam Cao)
4) Nhdy
mat,
nhai ben nhay den
tru6c
mat noi. (To Hoai)
5)
Bdng
dung anh thay
tr5i da't
toi
sdm
lai.
6) Dot
nhien,
thj thay hien ra mot cai
15
gach
cG
bo khong (Nam Cao)
Tu:
1

deh 3 la vi du ve djnh ngii cau bieu thj y nghla han djnh
tinh
thai, tii
4
den 6 la vi du ve djnh ngii
cau
bieu thj y nghTa han djnh each
thiic didn
ra su
tinh.
Ciing lam nhiem vu bo sung y nghia
tinh
thai cho cau, khai
niem
tinh
thai ngii duac cac tac gia nay de xuat nhu mot loai thanh phan
phu chuyen biet. Theo ho, thanh phdn nay trong mo
hinh cau tiiic tiiiu
tugng ciia cau
luon luon
diing sau nong cot ( ) khong tham gia vao phan
doan thuc tai cau. Vi du:
1) Dugc vao day
hat,
ho thich me roi cdn gi.
(Nha't
Linh)
Ludn vdn tot nghiep
2) Co vao trong nha toi thi han. (Nhat Linh)
3) Cha An Nam

thi
chi quen den An Nam , nhu lao huyen
Ydn
Mo, lao
thuang ta
Id
cung
[38,133].
4) No lai
la'y
ca qudn ao mang di mdi chet.
5) Kia
kia,
may trong
ngucfi
ta di chan con dugc
nRa Id
[38,139].
6
cau
CO
nong cot kep dan gian hay
phiic
tap,
tinh
thai ngii co the chiem
vj tri cuoi m6i ve cau. Vi du:
-
Nhiing
liic ay

dang le kheu ggi lam thi phdi song
tiic
thay no chi la
nhung
biic
tranh mau, pho tugng
trdng
ddy bui bam. (Nguyen Cong
Hoan) [38,133].
De
nhan thay la mac dii day do co nhiing diem chua thong
nha't
trong
each
phan loai ciing nhu dan nhan cho cac kieu to hgp da
neu
tren kia
giiia cac tac gia viia trich ddn, song ho co mot diem chung la da phat hien
ra chiic nang bo sung y nghia
tinh
thai cho
cau
cua cac
ke't
cau nay. Tuy
nhien, trong khuon kho mieu ta ciia
minh,
tdm quan trong cua
va'n
d^

nay
chua dugc cac tac gia danh gia diing
miic.
Cac to hgp nay chii
yeu m6i
dugc xem xet trong su gi6i han a pham vi ca'u tnic noi tai ciia
cau titn
binh
dien
tinh
tai, tach
xb'x
khoi
ngir
canh giao tiep hien thuc. Nhiing nhan
to thugc pham vi ngii dung nhu
ngucfi
noi,
ngu5i
nghe, y do,
tinh
cam, y
chi,
thai do danh gia cua nhung nguai tham gia giao tiep doi
vdri
hien
thuc khach quan cung nhu voi noi dung ma cau
bi^u
thj hdu nhu chi dugc
nhdc

den mot
each
sa
luge.
Trong khi tren thuc te, day m6i chinh thuc la
nhiing yeu to cdn
yeu
phai dugc
chii
trong khi ban den
vaii
de
tinh
thai.
Dieu nay ddn den viec giai thuyet cac hien tugng ngon ngu
tiiJc
tiep lien
quan den cac to hgp nay khong tranh khoi su phieh dien hoac co phdn
don gian hoa.
Nliung
ket qua dem lai chi la nhirng chi ddn chung chung.
May chuc nam gdn day, ciing
v6i
su phat trien manh me ciia ngii phap
chiic nang,
ngif
nghia - ngii' dung, khoa hoc ngon ngii da co
nhimg bu6c
n
Ludn

vdn
tot nghiep
tien dang ke.
Dudi
anh sang cua
huong
nghien
cu-u
tong
hgp,
nhieu hien
tuang, nhieu van de ngon ngu da dugc
nhin
nhan, danh gia lai mot each
day du, thoa dang han trong do co van
de tinh
thai. Nghien
CLIU
noi dung
cua
tinh tiiih
thai
cCing
nhung kieu loai phuang tien bieu thi noi dung ay
trd
thanh mot van
de
co
sue
hap

dan 16n
cua ngon ngu hoc hien dai.
Nhanh
chong nam bdt
va hoi nhap
v6i
xu huorng chung nay, a Viet Nam,
trong
nhCmg
nam
g^n
day, van de nghien
cuii tinh
thai theo
hudmg
ngu
nghia - ngu dung cung da va dang ngay cang thu hut dugc su quan tam
chu y
ciia
cac nha ngon ngu hoc
tir
i-ihieu
goe do va pham vi khac nhau.
Dang chu y nhat la nhung cong trinh :
1) Logic ngon
ngii
hoc qua
cii
lieu tieng Viet. (Hoang
Phe.1989)

2) Tieng Viet
sathdo ngCf
phap chirc nang. (Cao Xuan Hao . 1991)
3)
Ngii
phap chirc nang tieng
Viet.
Quy
en L Cau trong tieng
Viet
- Cau
triic
- Ngu: nghia - Cong dung. (Hoang Xuan Tam. Nguyen Van
Bang.
Nguyen Tat Tuam. Cao Xuan Hao chu bien. 1996).
4) Logic va tieng Viet.
(NguySn Diic
Dan. 1996).
Ngoai ra con hang loat bai viet
v6
cac van de co lien quan den pham
trii tinh
thai
of khia
canh nay hay
khia
canh khac v6i nhung
mUc
do nong
sau khac nhau cua cac tac gia Nguyen Ngoe Tram, Hoang Tue, Hoang

Minh, Le Dong, Pham
Hi!ing
Viet,
Nguy6n
Van Hiep, Nguyen Thi Thuan
v.v dang rai rac
titn
cac tap
chi
ngon ngu.
Tham khao cac cong trinh va bai viet
ciia
cac tac gia neu tren, chung
toi nhan thay y nghTa
tinh
thai va cac phuang tien bieu thi y nghla
tinh
thai trong do co mot so to hgp ma chung toi da dan a phan tren buoc dau
da dugc chu y nghien
cihi
theo huofng hoat dong chiic nang gdn lien v6i
cac
tinh
huong va ngu canh hien thuc, v6i muc
dich
y do cua nguoi noi
va su tac dong lien
chia
the
giii'a nguofi

tham gia giao tiep. Nhung ket qua
nghien
cu'u
theo xu hu6ng nay la su bo sung het
siic
quan trong va co gia
Ludn vdn tot nghiep
8
trj cho cac nghien
ciiu
co
tm6c
theo
hu6ng
ngu* phap
hinh
thiic nhu da
trinh bay, khdc phuc dugc tinh phien dien va dan gian hoa trong nghien
ciiu tinh
thai ciia tiehg Viet.
Mac dii da co nhiing thanh tuu dang ke
nha't
djnh trong viec nghien
ciiu
chi ra cac kieu loai y nghla
tinh
thai nhu vay, song a cac cong trinh
nay, pham vi doi tugng bieu thi tinh thai dugc ban den
nhin
chung con

han hep, thucmg chi la mot nhom phuang tien gdn lien
v6i
dac diem tii
loai hoac mot kieu cau tnic nhat djnh. Do vay nhirng nghien
ciiu m6i
chi
diing lai b nhiing quan sat dan le. Tren thuc te, chua co cong trinh nao
tap tmng di sau nghien
ciiu
mot
each
ddy du, co he thong dac diem cau
tiiic,
ngir nghia - chiic nang, dieu kien
sir
dung cac to hgp ma chung toi
da ddn
v6i
tu each tac tu bieu thj y nghTa
tinh
thai. Day thuc su la mot dia
hat cdn dugc tiep tue nghien
ciiu,
nhan thiic day dii va
sau
han va toan
dien han nira de di den nhirng ket luan thoa dang, gop phdn hoan thien
tiing
bu6c biic
tranh toan canh ve vah de

tinh
thai ciia tieng Viet.
Tiif
nhiing dieu da trinh bay b
titn
chung toi chon phuang tien nay
lam doi tugng nghien
ciiu
cua luan van. Va de tien lam viec chiing toi
tam qui
u6c
ggi chiing la cac quan ngir bieu thi nghia
tinh
thai viet tat la
quan
ngir tinh
thai.
2.
Muc
dich,
nhiem vu cua luan van.
Khi chon thuc hien de tai nay, chiing toi dat ra nhiing nhiem vu sau:
2.1.
Xac lap mot danh sach cac quan ngii bieu thj
tinh
thai thu thap dugc
(xep theo
thii
tu chir cai) kem theo su giai thich
ngdn

gon y nghTa tinh
thai ma chung bieu thi va dieu kien dung (trong truorng hgp cdn thiet)
nham cung cap tu lieu cho nhirng
ngu5i
co quan tam den vah de.
2.2.
Bu6c
ddu phan tich, mieu ta nhirng dac diem ca ban ciia chiing ve
hinh
thiic cung nhu ve y nghTa
-
chiic nang xet trong moi quan he v6i noi
dung menh de va
tinh
huong giao tiep.
Titn
ca sa do, tien hanh phan
Ludn vdn tot nghiep
loai,
xep
nhom cac quan ngu bieu thi
tinh
thai dong thai chi ra su che
djnh ciia khung
tinh
thai
v6i
noi dung menh de.
3.
Y nghia

ciia
luan van.
Luan van co
th^
noi la cong trinh ddu tien di
sau
vao nghien
ciiu
chiic
nang
ngif
nghTa ciia cac quan ngif bieu thj
tinh
thai trong tieng Viet. Vori
sir
mieu ta mot
each
ca ban co he thong cac quan ngii, chiing toi hy vong
luan van se co nhiing dong gop nhat djnh vao viec nghien
ciiu
tinh
tinh
thai ciing nhu cac phuang tien bieu thj
tinh
thai ciia tiehg Viet, lam cho
vah de
phiic
tap va con tuang doi m6i me nay tra
nen
sang ro va ddy dii

han.
Viec chi ra dac diem
hinh
thiic, ngii nghTa - chiic nang, canh huong
sir dung cac quan ngii bieu thj tinh thai, trong mot chiing muc nao do,
ciing
giiip
ich trong viec day ngif phap trong nha
tiirdng,
dac biet cho
ngudi nu6c
ngoai hoc tiehg Viet.
Ket qua nghien
ciiu ciia
luan van con la nguon tu lieu co gia trj nhat
djnh lam tien de cho viec tien hanh nghien
ciiu,
so sanh, doi chieu he
thong quan ngif bieu thj
tinh
thai tieng Viet
v^i
cac ngon ngif khac.
Tii*
do,
iiit
ra cac nhan xet cu the ve cai chung va cai rieng trong each con
nguori thuoc cac dan tgc khac nhau nhan thiic va cam thu the giai, gop
phdn soi sang moi quan he giiia ngon ngu va cac dac trung van hoa dan
tgc.

4.
Tir
lieu va phuang phap nghien cufu.
De thuc hien nhiem vu, muc dich
ciia
luan van, chiing toi chii truang
tieh hanh cong viec theo cac
bu6c
sau:
- Ghi chep cac to hgp tii, cac loi noi ma chiing toi cho la quan ngif bieu
thj
tinh
thai co trong cac sach bao, tap chi, tac
phdm
van hoc hien dai
ciing nhu trong
Titdien
tieng Viet.
Ludn vdn tot nghiep
10
-
Thd'ng
ke, xac lap mot danh sach cac quan ngif bieu thj
tinh
thai thu
dugc theo
thii
tu chif cai.
- Ldn
lugt

phan tich cac quan ngii
tinh
thai thu dugc. Trong khau doan
nay, chiing toi chu yeu su dung phuang phap phan tich ngif canh, nghTa
la dat cac phuang tien cdn xet vao phat ngon trong moi quan he gdn bo
v6i noi dung menh de va nhieu nhan to ngii dung khac. Dong thai cac thii
phap nhu so sanh, cai bien ciing dugc
sir
dung khi cdn thiet.
S.Ket
cau
ciia
luan van.
Ngoai phdn ma ddu va ket luan, luan van gom co ba chuang. Cu the
nhu sau:
Chuang 1: Co sa ly luan ve tinh tinh thai khai niem quan
ngif
tinh
thai.
Trong chuang nay, chiing toi trinh bay:
1.
Cach hieu ve khai niem
tinh
thai trong ng6n ngii.
2.
Cac phuang tien bieu thj y nghTa
tinh
thai chu yeu thucmg gap trong
tiehg Viet.
3.

Cach hieu khai niem quan ngii
tinh
thai.
Chuong 2: Dac diem ciia cac quan
ngiir
bieu thi
tinh
thai trong tieng
Viet.
Chuang nay gom co cac noi dung sau:
1.
Dac diem ngif nghTa
-
chiic nang ciia quan ngif bieu thj
tinh
thai.
2.
Dac diem
cau
tao
hinh
thiic ciia cac quan ngif bieu thj tinh thai.
3.
Phan biet quan
ngif
bieu thj
tinh
thai
v6i
cac thanh phdn tii' ngif khac

ciia cau.
4.
Cac kieu quan he thucmg gap ve ngif nghTa - chiic nang ciia quan ngif
bieu thj
tinh
thai v6i noi dung menh de cua cau.
Ludn vdn tot nghiep
11
Chuong 3: Phan loai cac quan ngur bieu thj
tinh
thai theo cac pham
tru noi dung cua tinh thai nhan thiic.
1.
Khai niem
tinh
thai nhan thiic.
2.
Cac quan ngii bieu thj
tinh
thai nhan thiic thuc hifu (factive).
3.
Cac quan ngii bieu thj
tinh
thai nhan thiic khong thuc
hii'u
(non-
factive).
4.
Cac quan ngii bieu thj
tinh

thai nhan thiic phan thuc hiiu (contra-
factive).
Ludn vdn tot nghiep
12
CHUONG I. CO
S6
LY LUAN VE TINH TINH THAI
KHAI NIEM QUAN
NGC
BIEU THI TINH
THAI
1.
Khai niem tinh thai trong ngon ngu.
1.1.
Truo'c
nay, trong
gidi
ngon ngii hoc ton tai pho bien
each
hieu
"tinh
thai la
thih
cam, thai do cua nguai noi doi
v6i
dieu dugc noi ra". Cach
hieu nay de nhan thay la con mang tinh chu quan, chung chung va phien
dien. No chi
diiiig
ve phia nguai tao phat ngon va chi gio'i han a pham vi

quan he giifa
ngUoT
noi
vdi
cai dugc noi ra trong cau.
Hieu nhu
vay
v6 hinh chung chiing ta da lam thu hep neu
kliong
muon noi la sai lech noi ham cua khai niem nay. Vay khai niem tinh thai
cdn dugc hieu nhu the' nao?
Nhu moi
ngucri
deu biet, khai niem tinh thai
vdn
xuat phat tii logic
hoc.
Do do, nhirng nguai ddu tien quan tam nghien
ciiu
van de
tinh
thai
phai ke deh la cac nha logic. Trong bat ky cong trinh nghien
ciiii
logic
nao,
logic tinh thai ciing dugc
nhdc
den nhu mot phuang dien quan trong
khong the thieu cua he thong logic ben canh

nhiilig
logic vi tii*, logic
menh de, logic thai gian v.v Do su han che ve trinh do cung nhu khuon
kho cua luan van, a day, chiing toi khong di sau mieu ta
tinh
thai logic
ma chi xin tom
luge nhiilig
dac diem ca ban noi bat nhat
ciia
loai
tinh
thai nay. Tren ca sa do, xem
rdng
khi chuyen dich sang khoa hoc ngon
ngii
each
hieu thuat ngii nay co nhiilig bien doi ra sao.
Trong logic hoc, noi dung cua menh de dugc chia lam hai phan: ngon
lieu va
tinh
thai. Ngon lieu la cai tap hgp gom vi
ngii
logic va cac tham to
ciia no dugc xet nhu moi lien he tiem nang, con
tinh
thai la each thuc
hien mdi lien he tiem nang ay, cho biet mdi lien he
a'y
la:

- Hien thuc hay phi hien thuc.
-
Ta\
yeu hay khong
ta't
yeu.
Ludn vdn tot nghiep
13
- Co kha nang hay
khdng
co kha nang.
T.Givon (1989) da chi ra
rdng:
"
Trong logic truyen thdng, tinh
tinh
thai gdn
li6n
v6i cac menh de va chi
v6i
menh de ma th6i.( ) No dugc
xem xet
tif
goe do thuan
tiiy
nhan thiic nghTa la chi lien quan deh tinh
chan thuc cua noi dung menh de." Cach hieu nay, ciing theo T.Givon,
neii
tmy ngugc lai co the
tlm tha'y

dugc it nhat tii thai Aristot. O do, bdn
loai
tinh
thai sau dugc cong nhan:
a. Chan ly cdn thiet hien nhien (Necessary
tmth):
Chan ly theo djnh
nghTa
(Tme
by definition)
b.
Chan ly thuc te (Factual tmth): Chan ly nhu thuc te (Tme as fact)
c. Chan ly co the (Possibly tmth): Chan ly theo gia thuyet (Tme by
hepothesis)
d. Phi chan ly (Non tmth): Gia hieu (False). [45,128].
Do chd chi quan tam den gia trj chan - nguy ciia menh de gat bo vai
tro chu quan cua ngudi noi cung nhieu nhan td khac
nen
"cai
am
giai
tinh
thai logic chi
gidi
han trong tinh hien thuc, tinh tat yeu va tinh kha nang
vdi nhirng
miic
do khac nhau ciia tinh chat ay va su phdi hgp giifa cac
tinh chat
ay"

[24,50]. Noi
each
khac,
tinh
thai trong logic chi duy
nha't
lien quan den pham
tiii tinh
thai khach quan. Cac y nghTa
tinh
thai dugc
mieu ta ciing chi duy nhat xoay quanh mdi quan he giiia noi dung ciia
di6u
dugc thong bao vdi thuc te.
Trong ngon
ngif,
cac
tinh
thai mac
dii
phdn ldn deu tme tiep hoac
gian tiep cd lien quan den tinh hien thuc, tinh
ta't
yeu va tinh kha nang
(vdn la ba pham trii da dugc
tinh
thai logic quan tam nghien
ciiu
tii
lau)

nhung khong the phu nhan la chiing vdn lam thanh mot pho da dang
vi
mau sdc, phong
phii
ve
each
bieu hien han nhieu so vdi
tinh
thai trong
logic.
Ly giai dieu nay, T.Givon da chi ra
ling
dd la bdi " trong ngon
ngif ciia con ngudi, tinh
tinh
thai da dugc nhln nhan va ly giai tii gdc do
Ludn vdn tot nghiep
14
dung hoc
v6i nhiiiig scf chi
ro rang ve
ngirofi
noi,
ngiiofi
nghe, v6i
sir
quan
tam den y do muc
dich,
giao tiep

ciia
ho" [45,129]. Chinh
goe
do
nhin
nhan, ly giai nay lam nen diem khac biet can ban
giua tinh
thai trong
logic va
tinh
thai trong ngon ngir, la ca so cdn yeu cho
sir
phan
bi6t tinh
thai khach quan
vdi tinh
thai chu quan.
Tuy nhien, cung can phai noi ngay rang khong phai ngay
tir
dau cac
nha ngon ngu hoc da y
thu'c
duoc nhu vay. Tren thuc te, trong mot
thdi
gian tuong doi dai, viec xac lap mot duang gianh gi6i
dut
khoat giua
ngon
ngG
va

15i
noi
ciia
F.D. Saussure da co anh
hucmg
kha sau sac den
khoa hoc ngon
ngir
noi chung, nghien
ciru tinh
thai noi rieng. Theo quan
niem nay, tinh
tinh
thai bi day ve
phia Idi
noi va bi coi la
thii
yeu. Ngon
ngir
thucmg duoc nghien
ciru
thien ve mat cau tnic
hinh
thiic, mat noi
dung noi chung va nhat la cac noi dung lien quan den cac nhan to giao
tiep nhu ngu canh,
ngu5i
noi,
nguofi
nghe hau nhu khong

dugc
quan tam.
Tinh hinh
nay dan den thuc trang nghien
ciiu tinh
thai ra't ma nhat, con
nhieu ba't cap. Diing nhu Cao Xuan Hao da nhan xet: " Ngii phap
tmydn
thong,
vdfi
su thien vi co hiru doi v6i
hinh
thiic bieu dat, ra't
it
khi mieu ta
cac phuang tien
tinh
thai mot
each
co he thong. Cac loai
tinh
thai dugc
mieu ta va ggi ten theo nhung dac trung
ciia each
bieu dat
("khdi
ngO",
"pho tir phu dinh",
"ngir khi
tir", "pham

tm
thi",
"pham tru the", "pho tir",
"pho dong til'", "trg tir", "tieu to", v.v ) va nhieu khi nhiing
tir
bieu dat
tinh
thai dugc
liet
vao loai hu tii, nghla la nhiing tir cong cu khong co
nghTa tiif
vung
mac dau nghla ciia cac tii
tinh
thai, neu khong muon dung
cac tii nay, phai dugc
di6n
dat bang ca mot cau hay mot
ti^u cii
gom
nhieu thuc tir." [24,52].
Ma'y
chuc nam
trd
lai day, va'n di
tinh tinh
thai
ciia
ngon
ngu"

tu nhien
da dugc
nhin
nhan lai, tra ve diing v6i vi the
xiing
dang cua no, dong
thcfi
trd
thanh van de tmng tam ca ban va ciing la phiic tap
nha't
ciia ngon ngii
Ludn vdn tot nghiep
15
hgc hien dai. Ngudi ta nghien
ciiu
chiing trong ngii nghTa,
cii
phap, ngii
phap chiic nang va trong ly thuyet hanh vi
ngdn
ngii.
0 nhirng khuynh
hudng,
tmdng
phai ngon
ngii*
khac nhau, khai niem
tinh
thai dugc hieu
khong gidng nhau. Do

vay
ma xung quanh vah de
tinh
thai trong ngon
ngii cho den nay vdn da va dang cdn ton tai nhieu y kien, quan diem each
hi^u
chua hoan toan thdng nhat giiia cac nha nghien
cihi.
Ve dieu nay,
V.Z Panfilov da
tifng
cd nhan xet rang "khong cd pham
trii
nao ma ban
cha't
ngon ngii hoc va thanh phdn cac y nghTa bg phan lai gay ra nhieu y
kieh khac biet va ddi lap nhau nhu pham tm tinh
tinh
thai" [ddn theo
38,215].
Trong khuon kho luan van nay, chiing toi xin trinh bay mot sd quan
niem pho
bieii
da dugc nhieu ngudi chap nhan va lay dd lam ca sd ly
thuyet cho viec giai quyet
nhimg
vah de tiep theo.
Anh huong sau sac nha't den ly thuyet
tinh
thai

tnrdrc
het phai
kd d6'n
nha ngon
ngii'
hoc noi tieng ngudi Phap Ch.Bally. Theo ong, trong noi
dung ngii nghia
ciia
cau, can thiet phai phan biet hai yeu to khac nhau do
la Dictum va Modus. Dictum dugc hieu la noi dung bieu hien lam thanh
cot loi ngir nghia
ciia
cau mieu ta mot su
tinh
nao do
ciia
the
gi6i,
con
Modus la
nhii'ng
thai do,
each
danh gia khac nhau cua ngudi noi doi
v6i
n6i
dung dugc bieu hien ciing nhu moi quan he giiia noi dung a'y
v6i
hien
thuc trong

each iihin
nhan cua
chii
th^
phat ngon rang do la cai mong
muon hay khong mong muon, cai hien thuc hay phi hien thuc, gdn
v6i
muc
dich
phat ngon nao va ong cho rang chinh day
m6i
la "linh hon
ciia
cau".
Tu
tuomg
cua Ch.Bally ve co ban da dugc thira nhan
r6ng
rai va phat
tri^n
trong ngon
ngif
hgc. Tuy
ling
ve sau
sir
doi lap ma ong de xuat co
th^
dugc thay bang nhung cap thuat ngir khac tuy theo he thong quan
diem

ciia tiiiig
tac gia v6i nhimg ngu y rieng. Chang han, Ch.Phillmore
Ludn vdn tot nghiep
16
trong bai
Ngii:
phdp cdch (1968) xuat phat tii viec nghien
ciiu
cau tnic
cau ciing chia cau ra hai phdn Menh de (Proposion-P) va Tmh thai
(Modus-M). Theo dd, ong quan niem ca'u tnic ngif nghTa cua cau
(Sentence-S) se bang khung
tinh
thai cong vdi loi menh de phan anh mot
noi dung su
tinh
nao dd: S
=
M + P. Ciing chia
cau
thanh hai phdn, N.
Chomsky - dai dien tieu bieu ciia
ngii
phap tao sinh lai dung cap thuat
ngif
Tinh
thai va Hat nhan. Ong cho ling day la hai yeu td cdn yeu, quan
trong tao ra cau ca sd - la dan vj thugc ca'u tnic be sau, ton tai trong tu
duy con ngudi mot each triiu tugng.
Tif

ca'u tnic be
sau
chuyen thanh ca'u
tnic be mat
(nhu'ng
phat ngon cu the),
cau
ca sd phai trai qua nhiing phep
cai bie'n nha't djnh.
Cd
ciing
quan diem coi
tinh
thai
tnJdc
he't la mot bg phan quan trgng
thugc
binh
dien ca'u
true
ngu nghTa ciia cau nhu Ch. Phillmore, J. Lyons
(1977) da nhan djnh:
"tinh
thai la thai do ciia ngudi noi ddi vdi noi dung
menh de ma cau bieu thj hay
tinh
trang ma menh de dd mieu ta."
[44,452].
F.P Palmer (1986) cung cho
rdng "tinh

thai la thong tin ngif
nghTa cua cau the hien thai do hoac y kie'n ciia ngudi noi ddi vdi dieu
dugc ndi ra" va chii truang phan biet nhiing
ye'u
td bieu thj
tinh
thai vdi
nhirng ye'u td bieu thj menh de [ddn theo 38,216]. Ciing coi
tinh
thai la
mot dac tnmg ca ban cua cau tao cau, V.V Vinogradov da phat bieu "tinh
tinh
thai dugc xac lap theo quan diem ciia ngudi ndi song ban than quan
diem dd lai dugc xac djnh bdi vj tri cua ngudi ndi vao
liie
ndi ddi vdi
ngudi ddi thoai va ddi vdi cai phan doan thuc te' duge phan anh trong
cau." [ddn theo 17,18]. Tinh thdn nay dugc A.V.Bondarko (1977) dien
dat mot each khac nhu sau
"tinh
thai la mot pham tm ngon ngif chi ra dac
diem ciia cac mdi quan he khach quan dugc phan anh trong noi dung ciia
cau
va chi ra
miic
do ciia tinh xac thuc ve noi dung ciia chinh cau dd theo
quan niem ciia ngudi ndi" [ddn theo 43, 48].
Ludn vdn tot nghiep
______^^ ^^
Mot each cu the han, M.V Liapon (1990) trong muc viet ve

tinh
thai da
khang djnh
"tinh
thai la mot pham tm cua chiic nang ngii nghTa the hien
cac dang quan he giua ngudi ndi vdi mdi quan he khac nhau cua phat
ngon ddi vdi thuc
te'
ciing nhu cac dang danh gia chii quan khac nhau cua
dieu dugc thong bao" [dan theo 43,48]. Ong cdn ndi them rang: hudng di
dugc nhieu ngudi cong nhan nha't la phan chia pham tm
tinh
thai thanh
pham tm
tinh
thai khach quan va
tinh
thai chii quan. Theo ong,
tinh
thai
khach quan the hien mdi quan he giiia cai dugc thong bao vdi thuc te' d
binh
dien hien thuc tinh; cdn
tinh
thai chii quan la da'u hieu ta't ye'u d mot
phat ngon ba't ky (pham trii thiic ciia dong tiif la phuang tien chinh de hien
tinh
thai d chiic nang nay).
Tinh
thai chu quan la quan he ciia ngudi ndi

vdi
dilu
dugc thong bao la da'u hieu khong bat huge cua phat ngon. Dung
lugng
ngif nghTa cua
tinh
thai chii quan rgng han dung
lugng
ngif nghTa
cua
tinh
thai khach quan va khong ddng loai. Khai niem danh gia lam
nen
ca sd ngu nghTa cho
tinh
thai chu quan. Khai niem nay khong chi
bao gom cac danh gia logic (ly tinh, duy ly) ve dieu dugc thong bao ma
cdn gom ta't ca cac dang khac nhau ve phan
ling
cd tinh cam
xiic
(phi ly
tinh)
[ddn
theo 43,48-49].
O Viet Nam, va'n de
tiiih
tinh thai ciing dang la mot va'n de ma
vcfi
su

ton tai nhieu quan diem, y kien khac nhau giiia cac nha nghien
ciiu.
Chang han, Hoang Trong Phien, de cap den van de
tinh
thai, trong cuon
Ngic
phap tieng Viet - Cau (1980) cho ling
tinh
thai la pham tru ngir
phap
ciia
cau
6'
dang tiem tang.
Tinh
thai co mat trong ta't ca cac kieu
cau.
Di6u
nay the hien
a
ch5 cau co gia tri
thofi
su, no co tac dung thong
bao mot dieu moi me. Qua do,
ngub'i
nghe hieu
ling
ngudi noi co thai do
the nao
vdfi

hien thuc.
D6
Huu Chau (1983) lai quan niem
"tinh
thai se
bao gom toan bg nhiilig y nghia thugc
phcim
vi dung hgc va se tap hgp lai
thanh thong diep bgc 16 kem
vofi
loi P cua cau
[3,16].
Chia se quan diem
Ludn vdn tot nghiep
18
nay, trong mot bai viet ban
vl
khai niem
tinh
thai (1988), Hoang Tue da
nhan xet
"tinh
thai la mot khai niem trong su phan tich theo each nhln
tim
deh thai do ciia ngudi ndi trong hoat dong phat ngon
tiic
ciing la tlm
de'n tac dong
ngii*
dung, tac dong ma ngudi ndi muon tao ra d ngudi nghe

trong thuc
te'
hoat dong ngon
ngif."
Mac dii each dien dat ciia cac tac gia la khong gidng nhau song nhln
chung, each hieu
tinh
thai la mot pham tm ngii nghTa - chiic nang phan
anh mdi quan he, thai do, each danh gia cua ngudi ndi ddi vdi noi dung
ciia phdn cdn lai trong
cau
la each hieu dugc nhieu nha nghien
ciiu thifa
nhan nha't. Cung nhu vay, mac
dii
chua thdng nha't dugc vdi nhau ve quan
he giifa pham trii
tinh
thai va cac pham tm khac ciia cau, song cac nha
nghien
ciiu
deu nhat tri cho rdng cd hai loai
tinh
thai:
tinh
thai khach
quan va
tinh
thai chu quan. Trong dd
tinh

thai chu quan la kieu
tinh
thai
ma ngon ngu hgc dac biet quan tam.
1.2,
Tii cac each quan niem ve pham tm
tinh
thai nhu
titn
khi di vao
phan tich cu the noi dung cac y nghTa
tinh
thai bg phan, each giai quyet
ciia cac tac gia duang nhien ciing cd nhifng diem khac biet. Chang han,
A.V.Bondarko khang djnh rdng chi cd hai nhom y nghTa dudi day mdi
diing la cac y nghTa
tinh
thai dugc cac nha nghien
ciiu
cong nhan:
- Tinh kha nang, tinh thuc te va tinh cdn yeu. Nhdm y nghTa nay la ca sd
cho
tinh
thai khach quan.
- Su nghi ngd, tinh khong chdc chdn (gia djnh kha nang) va tinh
diit
khoat. Nhdm y nghTa nay la ca sd cho
tinh
thai chu quan [ddn theo
43,18].

E.M.Volf
lai cho rdng cd nhieu kieu y nghTa
tinh
thai. Trong dd, su
danh gia cd the coi nhu mot trong nhirng kieu
tinh
thai
tiiim
len
titn
noi
dung duge mieu ta ciia su bieu thj
ngdn
ngii. Ngoai ra cdn cd cac y nghTa
khac:
tinh
thai cdn yeu,
tinh
thai mong mudn (nguyen vgng),
tinh
thai
L.uan
van tot nghiep
19
khuyen
nhii,
tinh
thai ngan cam va canh cao
tmdc,
tinh

thai ran
de [dan
theo 43,49].
6
mot
mii'c
khai quat han, J. Lyons cho rdng
tinh
thai chii quan cd
the dugc chia lam hai tieu loai:
tinh
thai nhan thifc (Epistemic modality)
va
tinh
thai dao ly (Deontic modality). Mot each dai the,
tinh
thai nhan
thiic dugc
hi^u
la su cam
ke't
d mot
miic
do nao dd ciia ngudi ndi ddi vdi
tinh chan thuc
ciia
dieu dugc ndi ra;
tinh
thai dao ly bieu thj thai do cua
ngudi ndi ddi vdi hanh dong ma menh de bieu thj chiing dugc xem xet

theo cac noi dung ve tinh nghTa vu, su
ca'm
doan va su mien
tiir
[ddn theo
38,217].
Tan ddng quan niem nay, F. R Palmer (1986) cd nhan xet "khai
niem
tinh
thai nhan
thii'c
khong chi lien quan den tinh kha nang hay tinh
ta't
ye'u ma cdn lien quan de'n
miic
do cam ket ciia ngudi ndi ddi vdi dieu
ma anh ta ndi ra ( ) nd bao gom ca su xac nhan ca nhan ciing nhu nhifng
bao dam ciia ngudi ndi ddi vdi dieu ma anh ta ndi ra. Cdn
tinh
thai dao ly
thi
lien quan de'n tinh hgp thiic
v6
dao ly cua hanh dong do mot ngudi
nao dd hay do chinh ngudi ndi thuc hien" [ddn theo 38,217].
Su phong phii ve cac
ki^u
y nghTa
tinh
thai cilng cd the tha'y ro trong

cac cong trinh nghien
ciiu
ve tie'ng Viet. Chang han trong cac bai vie't
hoac cong
tiTnh
ciia cac tac gia
D6
Hiiu Chau [xem 3], Nguyen
Diic
Dan
[xem [9], [10],
[12]],
Le Dong [xem [14], [15],
[18]],
Hoang Phe [xem
[30],
[31]],
Nguyen Thj Thuan [xem [36], [37]] , Nguyen
Ngge
Tram
7,
[xem
[40]].
0 mot
mu"c
khai quat cao, Cao Xuan Hao cho
ling tinh
thai
ciia
cau dugc bieu thi trong ca'u

tnic
cu phap ca ban (ma tac gia ggi la
ca'u
tme
De - Thuyet) gom co:
- Nhan dinh cua nguai noi ve gia tri chan nguy
ciia
dieu dugc noi ra trong
cau
(khang dinh,
phii
dinh, ngd vuc, neu ro pham vi gi6i han va dieu kien
ciia
tinh
chan ly).
M^uun
yuii lui ngiiiep
20
-
W6
tinh kha nang hay ta't yeu ciia dieu dd (cd the hay khdng cd the,
ta^t
nhien hay khong tat nhien,
miic
do cao hay thap ciia tinh kha nang tinh
ta't ye'u.
"
Cach danh gia ciia ngudi ndi ddi vdi su
tinh
dugc

tmy6n
dat (dang
miing hay dang tie'c, dang hy vgng hay e ngai
nen
cd hay khong
nen
cd ).
- Su gidi thieu cua ngudi ndi
v^
tinh cha't ciia cau ndi (tinh thanh thuc ,
dan gian, ang
chi^rng
hay chinh xac ).
- Mdi quan he giiia
cau
ndi vdi
tinh
hudng ddi thoai hay ddi vdi ngon
canh va nhieu noi dung khac thugc
ITnh
vuc logic va sieu ngon ngii
[24,175].
Tdm lai, tren ca sd nghien
ciiu
ciia nhirng ngudi di trudc chiing toi
xin tong ke't thanh ma'y diem chinh nhu sau ve va'n de tmh thai:
- Tinh thai
citing
vdi noi dung menh de la hai thanh phdn cdn ye'u tao
nen

cau tnic ngii nghTa ciia cau, gop phdn thuc tai hoa cau, gdn
cau
vdi dieu
kien giao tiep hien thuc.
- Tinh thai la mot pham tm rgng ldn
th^
hien thai do,
nhihig
dang danh
gia khac nhau
ciia
ngudi ndi ddi vdi noi dung menh de, vdi ngudi ddi
thoai va vdi cac nhan td khac ciia ngii canh lien quan de'n su
tinh
dugc
phan anh.
-
Tinh
thai can dugc nhln nhan, xem xet, nghien
cihi
nhu
mdt
pham trii
mang tinh phiic the, nhieu phuang dien tac dong ldn nhau mot each tieh
cue va lien he mot
each
chat che vdi cac pham
trii
ngii nghTa -
chiie

nang
cQng
nhu vdi cac pham trii ciia
ngir
dung hgc. Theo each nhln nay, khi
nghien
ciiu
tinh
tinh
thai, chiing ta phai tinh den su tuong tac phiic tap
giira bdn nhan td ciia qua trinh giao tiep : ngudi ndi, ngudi ddi thoai, noi
dung ciia phat ngon va thuc te.
91
- Noi dung, y nghia cu the
ciia
tinh
tinh
thai ra't da dang nhung
phin Ion
deu
tiTTc
tiep hoac gian tiep lien quan d6n cac nhan to nhu ta't
y6u
va kha
nang, hien thuc va phi hien thuc, trang thai nhan thiic cua
nguofi
noi va
nhiing quy tac dao ly
ciia
xa hoi.

2.
Cac
phuoTig
tien bieu hien
tinh tinh
thai trong ngon ngfir.
Ciing voi su phong
phii
cua cac kieu y nghTa
tinh
thai, cac phuang
tien
diing
de bieu thi y nghTa
tinh
thai cung v6 ciing da dang.
V6
dieu
nay, Cao Xuan Hao da co nhan xet ra't xac dang
ling:
"cac y nghia (noi
dung)
tinh
thai co the dugc dien dat bang ra't nhieu
each,
bang nhung yeu
to da dang co
cuoiig
vi ngon ngu hgc ra't khac nhau, dam duong nhirng
chiic nang

ngir
phap khac nhau va dugc dat
6
nhiing vi
tri
khac
nhau"
[24,175].
Tuy nhien, cac
phirong
tien sau day
van
thucmg dugc xem la
nhiing
phuoiig
tien
di6n
dat
tinh
thai ca ban nha't:
2.1.
Cac
phifong
tien
ngil
anr.
diing ngii dieu de the hien thai do hoac
each
nhln nhan
ci!ia

nguai noi doi v6i dieu dugc noi den trong cau. Chang
han, xet
vi
du: No se di Ha Noi. Trong vi du nay, neu nguai noi nha'n
manh vao pho
tu'
^'^thi
day la
chi
to danh da'u
tinh
thai chii quan, bieu thi
rang viec no di Ha Noi la co kha nang xay ra theo suy nghT, danh gia cua
chu quan nguai noi
iihuiig
neu khong nha'n gigng a
^e'ma
chi doc
luot
va
gan se
vdri
dong tu' di (se di)
thi
a day y nghia
tinh
thai chu quan khong
con. Phat ngon nay dan gian la
sir
tuang thuat lai

ciia
nguai noi
v6
khd
nang di
Ha
Noi cua no ma thoi.
2.2.
Cac phifong tien
ngii
phdp: Co the la thofi hoac thiic ciia dong tii,
phuang thii'c dao trat tu tii hay thay doi ca'u tnic ciia cau
d6
the hien y
dinh ciia
ngucyi
noi nham tap tmng vao tieu diem can nha'n manh (focus)
trong phat ngon.
2.3.
Cac phuang tien
tifvifng (lexico
-modal markers):
*
Cac dong tu'
tinh
thai: muon, toan, dinh, dam, hdng
Vi
du: