Lịch sử di dân từ Anh sang Bắc Mỹ thế kỷ XVII - XVIII

DAI HOC
QUOC GIA
HA
NOI
TRaONG DAI
HOC KHOA HOC XA
HOI
VA NHAN VAN
TRAN
THIEN
THANH
LICH SLT DI
DAN
TlJ
ANH SANG BAG
MY
THE KY XVII
-
XVIII
Chuyen nganh :
Ljch su The giol
Ma
so
: 50801
LUAN VAN THAC
SI
KHOA HOC
LjCH SU
Nguoi hUOTig
dan
khoa

hoc:
TS.
NGUYIN
NGOC
DAO
V__-_
HA NOI
-
2002
MUC LUC
Trang
DANH
MUC CAC BANG
BIEU
. -
1
PHAN MO DAU
Chuoiig L
TIEN DE
THOC
DAY
NL/6C
ANH TRONG QUA
TRINH
8
VHUQC
OjAHOABACMY
1.
L Sir

\dn manh
v6
cong,
thuong nghiep
va
chfnh
tri
doi
ngoai.
^
1.2.
Cach
mang
ruong dat va yeu cau giai quyet
luc luung lao
dong
18
du
ihi^a
!
.3.
Chii nghla trgng ihuang
va nhu cau
tim
kiem
Ihi
truong 23
1.4.
Cai
each

ton giao va nhu cau
llm noi nuong
nau cua
nhCrng
nguoi 27
chong doi giao hoi Anh
Chuong 2. QUA TRINH DI DAN
TC/ANH
SANG
BAC
MY
THE KY
XVII-XVIII 33
2.1.
Nhung cong dong cu dan dau lien '
^^
2.LL
Hocit
dong kinh
teva
cdc wo hinh
qudn ly \dhoi
34
2.1.2.
Van
hoa tinh than
3^
2.2.
Qua
Irinh

thuoc dia hc5a Bac My
42
2.2.1.
NhUng CO
gang
ddu ficn ciia ngU()'i
Anh
nhdni .\chn
nhap
42
Bac My
2.2.2. Thuoc dia hoa
nguiri
ban dia 46
2.2.3.
Cgnh
tranh
vol ccic qiidc
gia
chdii
Au 49
2.3.
Qua
Irinh
di dan
lu
Anh sang
Bdc
My the ky
XVII

- XVIII
-"^4
2.3.1.
Nhilng
nguyen nhdn di
cw -
36
2.3.2.
Quy
mo,
loc
do nhap
cU
va dac diem
xd
hoi cua dan nhap cU
39
Chuong 3. TAG DONG CUA QUA TRINH NHAP
CUDEN SU
HINH THANH 74
NLfdC
MY
3.1.
Nhung
Ihay
doi ve thanh phan dan cu
75
3.2. Chuyen bien ve kinh te - van hoa - xa hoi
81
3.2J.Vekinhte

^^
3.2.2. Ve van hoa- xd hoi 9
[
3.2.2.1.
Tren phi/dng
dien
ngon
ngU
9 [
3.2.2.2. Tren phUdng dien ton giao 96
3.3.
Tac dong
cua
qua
trinh nhap cu den suhinh Ihiinh
che do chfnh
lii
My
109
3.3.1.
Tren phuang dien
tutudng
chinh tri
109
3.3.1.1.
Tutudngphaply 109
3.3.1.2.
TUtUdng
ve quyen cong dan va ve che do cong hoa
' *^

3.3.1.3.
TLrtUdng"phaplytu'nhien"
'
'^
3.3.1.4.
TU tudng
kinh te
chinh
tri hoc va
tutudng
ve
siitien
bo
^ '6
3.3.2.
Sura
ddi cua chinh quyen vd phdp
luqt
thuoc dia I
18
KETLUAN
125
PHU
LUC
Phu luc
1.
Cac
vijng
di
dAn

cua Anh
a Bric
My
128
Phu luc 2. Khe
u6c Mayfiower
(ngay
11/11/1620) 130
Phu luc 3. Nhung sac
lenh
can ban cua
Ticu
bang
Connecticut
(ngay
i
32
14/01/1639)
Phu luc 4.
Lien
minh cac ticu bang New England (ngay
19/5/1643) 1 38
Phu luc 5.
Sk luat
khoan dung Maryland (21/4/1649)
'48
TAI
LIEU THAM KHAO
DANH MUC CAC BANG BIEU
Trang

Bang
2.L
Thong ke nghe nghiep
ngudi hSu
nam di cu sang
B^c
My
tir
67
Bristol (1654- 1686)
Bang 2.2: Thong ke
ngh^
nghiep
ciia
3553 nguoi dang ky di cu
dudi
67
dang
ngudi
hau
iheo
giao keo 1773 -
1776
Bang 2.3: So
luong
nguoi
hSu
nam trong tung nganh nghe di cu
tir 71
London 1683 -

1684,
1718 -
1759, 1773 - 1775
Bang 3.1: Thanh phan
chiing
toe trong dan cu My nam
1790 81
Bang 3.2: Hang xuat khau
cija
cac
ihuoc
dia Anh tai
Bfic
My nam 89
1770va
1768- 1772
Bang 3.3: Thu nhap
ciia 13
bang thuoc dia
B^c
My tu 1650 den
1774
90
Bang 3.4: So luong
ifn
do cua cac
Ion
giao 6 13 thuoc dia
B^ic
My 108

nam
1775
(u6c
tmh)
PHAN MO DAU
1.
MUC
OfCH
VA Y
NGHIA
CUA
OE
TAI
Di dan quoc te la hien
luong
mang tmh
ph6
bien
trtMig
ljch
sir
phat
Irien
cua xa hoi
loai
ngu5i.
Qua
Irlnh
nay
diSn

ra
lhu5ng
xuyen giua quoc gia nay
v6i
mot hay nhieu quoc gia khac
dudi
tac dong
ciia
nhung nguyen nhan kinh
te,
chfnh tri, xa hoi. Dan di cu
v6i
nhung
trinh
do khac nhau ve van hoa,
truyen thong, kinh nghiem san
xu^'t
la mot trong
nhOng nhAn
to anh
huong
\dn den qua trinh bien doi co
cA'u
kinh te - xa hoi, dong
th^^fi
cung anh
huong
den
ca
c^'u

dan so neu
ngudi
di cu c6 dac
di^m
khac so v6i
ngudi dSn
noi cU
trtJ.
Duong nhien, anh
hudng
nay tac dong den m6i
viing,
quoc gia, khu
virc a
nhirng miic
do, hieu qua khac nhau.
Hien
tuong
di
c\x
von c6
i\jf
rat xua trong
lich sir
loai
ngudi,
nhUng c6 the
noi,
chua bao
gid

quy mo ciia no
lai Idn
nhu ngay nay.
Hien
c6
tr6n
120 trieu
ngudi
dang song ngoai
xiir sO ctja
ho. Nhirng cuoc di cu quoc tc da
vuot
qua
pham vi cac
vii
viec ricng
le
va noi ket
v6i
nhau mang
tinh
he thong
voi
dac
diem da dang, da
chi^u
va da thanh
ph^n.
Tning
tdm quoc

tevi
su phat Irien
cdc chiidi
sdch di cU
dir
bao
Ian
song di cu se con
Icfn
hon trong cac
thSp
ky
tdi.
Trong boi canh toan cau hoa kinh le dang
trd
thanh mot tat yeu khach
quan, v6i quy mo rong
16n
va
tinh chat phiJc
tap khac
hAn tiir6c
d^y,
di cu da
trd thanh mot thach
thii'c 16n
doi
v6\
sir
phat trien

ciia tirng
quoc gia cung nhu
loan the
gidi
vao the ky XXI.
Vi
vSy,
viec nghien
ciiu
qua
Irinh
di dan quoc te,
tu do xac djnh anh
hudng
cua qua Irlnh
^'y
doi
v6i
cac quoc gia c6 lien
([uan
la
mot viec lam
c^n
thiet,
c6 y nghla ly
luan
va
thirc
tifin.
D&

lam sang to van de neu tren, c6 the
lim
mot minh churng dien
hlnh -
minh
chiJng c6
lien quan chat che
tdi
lich
sir
Lien bang My duong dai.
Lien bang My
dudc
coi la "mot quoc gia cua
dSn nhap
cu". Dieu do
khong ai c6
th^
phii
nhan. Co hai ly do xac dang giai
thich
cho
each
goi do.
Tliii
nlidt,
da^t nu6c
nay
dudc
thanh lap, xay

dirng
va phat
tri^'n bdi
cac the he
ngU&i
nhap cU va con chau ho.
Thii'
hai,
hien nay,
nude
My van tiep luc nhan
dan
nhap cU nhieu hon
ba't
cu*
quo'c gia nao tren the
gi6i.
Nhieu truyen thong
van hoa, nguon goc chung loc va cac ton giao khac nhau cung nhu
sir
hoa
dong, cam thong hoan canh hop nhau lai tao nen mot cum
lir ph6
bien:
"Chiing toi la nhan dan
nu6c
My".
Trong so
nhi6u
nhom dan

toe
va bo
toe
hoa nhap voi nhau tao nen
nu6c
My
thdi
ky
ihuoc
dia,
nhUng
di dan Anh dong vai tro dac biet quan trong.
Vcfi
tu
each
la cong dan cua "chinh quoc", lai c6
uu
the troi hon ve dan so, do vay
kliong CO gi
ngac nhien ve
sir
thong tri cua ngon ngU, luat phap, kinh te, ton
giao
CLia
di dan Anh lai day. Mac
dii
hien nay,
"ngudi
My noi chung" kliong
con la mot WASP (While Anglo-Saxon Protestant) (Da

trSng,
goc Anh, theo
dao Tin Lanh)
tha'm
nhuan cac gia tri
ciia
Thanh giao
thl
cung khong the
phii
nhan "nhung di san Anh" tren
da'l nude
nay. Ho da mang den nhiing phong
tuc,
tap quan va niem tin cua que
hucfng,
nhung hoc thuyet ve xa hoi, chfnh tri,
ton giao,
nhOng
truyen thong ve giao
diic,
1§
hoi, the
ihao,
nghe
Ihuai,
so
ihfch,
mon an va
cuf

the ho lam phong phu them va gop phan tao lap nen van
hoa My.
(Hiinh
ho,
vdi
nhung n6 luc dinh cu
lau
dai, da gop phan tao lap
nhiJng
co
sd
kinh te, chfnh tri ma
nude
My sau nay
thira
hudng.
Tuy nhien, viec nghien cuu
va'n
de nay
vSn
con ra't mdi me d Viet Nam.
Vi
vay, de
chirng
minh anh hudng cua hien
iuang
di cu ddi vdi ddi song chfnh
tri - kinh te - van hoa cua nude My thdi ky thuoc dia, lich su di dan
lir
Anh

sang Bac My the ky XVII - XVIII
dudc
chon lam de tai cho ban luan van nay.
2.
LjCH SLT NGHIEN
CQU
VAN OE
Lich
sir
di dan sang My la mot de tai thu
hiil duc^c
kha nhieu
sir
quan
tarn
ciia
cac hoc gia tren the gidi. Trong sd
ra't
nhieu cong irinh nghien
ciiu
do,
chung
I6i
da
ti^^p can dudc mdt s6
tac
ph^m
sau: "The American Almanac"
cua Calvin D.Linton (Thomas Nelson
Inc,

Nashville, Tennesse, NY, 1975);
"The free and unfree - A new history of the United Stales"
ciia
Peter N.Carroll,
David W.Noble (Penguin Books Ltd, 1977);
"American
history - A Survey"
cua Richard N.Cunent,
T.Hairy
Williams, Frank Freidel, Alan Brinkley
(Alfred
A.Knoff,
New York, 1983); "Voyagers to the West
-
A Passage in the
Peopling of America on the Eve of the Revolution" cua Bernard Bailyn
(Vintage Books, New York, 1988); "Population - An Introduction to Concepts
and Issues" cua John R. Weeks (Wadsworth Publishing Company,
Califomia,
1989);
"Coming to America - A history of Immigration & Ethnicity in
American Life"
cm
Roger Daniels (Harper Perennial, New York, 1991);
"A
Nation of Strangers, Prejudice, Politics, & the Populating of America" cua
Ellis Cose ( William MOITOW & Company, Inc, New York, 1992); "The Age of
Migration - International population movements in the Modern
World"
cua

Stephen Castles, Mark J.Miller (Macmillan, 1993); "Immigrants and the
American city" cua Thomas Muller (New York University Press, New York &
London, 1993); "Encyclopedia of the North American Colonies" do Jacob
Ernest Cook & Lafayette College chu bien (Charles Scribner's Sons, 1993)
Nhung tac pham nay hoac
chi
gidi han d viec
tim
hieu mot
Ihdi
ky di
dan
ngdn (1773
-
1776
- "Voyagers to the West - A Passage in the Peopling of
America on the Eve of the Revolution") hoac de
cap
so
luoc
qua trinh nhap cu
cua
liing
thanh phan dan loc trong thdi ky thuoc dia ("Coming to America - A
history of Immigration & Ethnicity in American
Life"),
Viec dua ra nhung
net khai quat ve qua trinh di dan
tir
Anh sang

Bile
My the ky
XVII
- XVIII,
cung nhu lac dong cua qua Irlnh nay ddi vdi
sir hlnh
thanh dan loc
Bac
My
chua duoc lien hanh mot
each
he thong va day du.
Ben canh nguon lai lieu tren, nhung tac
ph^m
de cap cong cuoc banh
ti-udng
thuoc dja cua Anh (
gan
lien vdi qua
trmh
di dan) cung la nguon
iham
khao quan trong trong qua trinh
ihuc
hien luan van:
"A
history of English -
speaking peoples" (Bon tap) cua Winston S.Churchill: xua't ban nam 1957;
"England in the 18th
cetuury

(1714 -
1815)"
xua't ban nam 1969
ciia
J.H.Plumb;
"The Queen's Government" viet nam 1972 cua Ivor Jennings; "The
Tudor Age and Beyond (England from the
Black
Death to the End of the Age
of Elizabeth)" cua Arthur J.Salvin do Cong ty In E.Krieger phat hanh nam
1987;
"Reformation to Revolution (Politics and Religion in Early Modem
England)"
cua Margo
Todd,
1995; 'The London Encyclopedia"
ciia
Ben Weinreb,
Christopher Hibbert 1993; "Britain" ciia James
O'Driscoll
xuat ban nam 1999
Tai Viet Nam, cho den nay, chua cd tac pham hay bai viet nao nao
nghien
ciJu
mot
each
he
ihdng
ve lich su di dan va ddng gdp
ciia

dan nhap cu
trong viec xay dung da'l nude va gdp
phdn
lao nen nhung budc lien hoa mdi
trong cuoc song cua ngudi My,
Tuy nguon tu lieu con rat han che, nhung chiing toi da
tim
duoc
sir hd
trd
lir
nhieu cong trinh nghien
ciJu
khac nhu: "Hap chung quoc Hoa Ky" do
Dao Huy Ngoc chu bien (Nxb CTQG, H,
1994);
"H6 sa van hoa My" cua Huu
Ngoc (Nxb The gidi, Ha Noi, 1995); "Van minh Hoa Ky" cua Jaen Pierae
Fichou (Nxb TG, H, 1998); "Hoa Ky - Tien trinh van
Iwa-chinh
tri" cua D6
Loc Diep (Nxb KHXH, H, 1999); "Cuoc song va cdc
die
che a My'
ciia
Douglas K.Stevenson (Nxb CTQG, H, 2000); "Khai quat ve lich sit
nude
My"
cua Howard Cincolta (Nxb CTQG, H, 2000); "Su giau vd ngheo cua cdc dan
toe"

ciia
David S. Landers (Nxb Thong ke,
H,
2001); "Lich su the' gidi can
dai"
ciia
Giao su Vu Duong Ninh va Phd Giao sU
Nguyen
Van Hong; "Lich sU
kinh te cdc
nude
(ngoai Lien
Xd)",
3 tap, Nxb KHXH, H, 1978 (Ban djch
ciia
Giao su
TrUdng
Huu Quynh va Giao su
Ludng
Ninh)
3.
OOI laONG
VA PHAM VI NGHIEN
ClfU
Doi tuong
nghien ciiu
ciia
luan
van la qua trinh di dan
tir

Anh sang
Bac
My the'ky
XVII-XVIII.
Pham vi nghien
cu*u
cua
d(§
tai
dudc
xac dinh tren mot sd phuong dien nhu
sau:
Vi khong
gian,
de tai nghien
ciiu
qua trinh di dan
{\i
Anh sang Bac My.
Tir
Anh
dudc sir
dung trong luan van duoc hieu la nudc Anh (England).
Do dac
thij
cua de tai la nghien
ciiu
qua trinh di dan va anh hudng cua
qua trinh nay ddi vdi ddi song chfnh tri - kinh te - van hoa cua nudc My thdi
ky thuoc dja, nen cum

tir
Bac My
ducfc sir
dung trong luan van dung de
chi
khu vuc dia ly sau nay trd thanh lanh
Ihd
Lien bang My
(tiic
la 13 bang thuoc
dia cua Anh tai Bac My).
Ve thdi
gian,
viec xac dinh pham vi nghien
ciiu
ve mat thdi gian ciia de
tai
tir
nam 1607 va diem ket
thiic
la nam 1776 boi nhirng ly do sau: Nam
1607
la thdi
di^m
khu djnh cU lau dai dau lien cua Anh lai Bac My
6ugc
thanh lap,
md
d^u
cho

Ian
sdng di cu
ti^
Anh sang Bac My. Nam
1776,
ban Tuyen ngon
Doc lap cua nudc My ra ddi. Mudi ba
vijng
di dan ban dau
Ird
thanh 13 bang
ca
sd
ciia
Lien bang My. Chua phai la diem ket
thiic,
nhung lii day qua
Irinh
di
dan sang My da mang
nhGng
dac diem khac trudc - di dan tdi mot quoc gia doc
lap.
Vi ly do
tien,
chiing
toi gidi han mdc cudi cua de tai vao nam 1776.
4.
PHl/ONG
PHAP NGHIEN

CQU
Cac phuong phap nghien
ciJu
duoc su dung d day chu yeu dua tren cd
sd chu nghla duy vat bien
chiifng
va duy vat lich su cua hoc thuyet Mac-Lenin,
"Lich su di dan lii' Anh sang Bac My the ky XVII
-
XVIII" la mot de lai
lich
su, mac nhien phuong phap lich dai, ddng dai
luon
la phuong phap chfnh
trong qua trinh
thuc
hien luan van. Tuy nhien, qua Irlnh nay chiu lac dong
khong nhd ciia cac su kien, chfnh sach
ciia
Chfnh phu Anh,
vi
vay, trong mot
chiing
mUc nha't djnh phuang phap phan tfch, t6ng hop cung
duc^c
van dung.
6
5. DONG GOP CUA LUAN VAN
Qua trinh di dan
tir

Anh sang Bac My the ky XVII - XVIII gan lien vdi
cong cuoc ihuoc dja hoa Bac My cua nudc Anh do dd tat yeu chiu lac dong
ciia cac chfnh sach cua Chfnh phu Anh. Hon the nua, cd ra't nhieu nguyen
nhan - d
ca'p
dd qudc gia,
viing,
dia phuOng
vS
ca nhan - dang sau
nhiJng
dot
di cu vao the ky XVII, XVIII. Va,
ciing
chfnh nhung ngudi dan di cu vdi qua
trinh dinh cu lau dai da lac dong manh me tdi
viing
dat mdi tren moi phuong
dien.
Ta'l
ca
nhOng
dieu dd da tao ra
sir phiic
tap cua ddi tUOng nghien
cufu
va
dat ra cho ban luan van nay
nhOng
nhicm vu

cy
th^
sau:
- Tap
hgfp,
xir
ly va he thong hda tu lieu nham lai hien mot
each
khach
quan qua trinh di dan
tir Anli
sang 13 bang thuoc dia Bac My the ky XVII-
XVIII.
- Tim
hi^u
va phan tfch
nhCJng
tien de thiic
d^y
qua
Irinh
thuoc dja hda
Bac My ciia nudc Anh;
nhiJng
nhan to cd anh hudng, chi phdi qua trinh di dan.
-
Riit
ra
nhiJtig
nhan

xel
ve lac dong cua qua trinh nhap cu va dinh cu cua
di dan Anh trong viec
xay
dung mot nen van minh mdi d vung da'l Bac My-
6. CAU
TRIJC
CUA LUAN
VAN
Ngoai
phSn
md dau va ket luan, phu luc va lai lieu
iham
khao, luan van
bao gdm 3 chuong
duac
bd
cue
nhu sau:
Chuang
1:
TIEN
DE
THGC
DAY
Nl/dC
ANH
TRONG QUA
TRJNH
THUOC DIA HOA

BACM?
1.1.
Su
Idn
manh ve cong,
Ihuong
nghiep va chfnh
Iri
ddi ngoai.
1.2.
Cach mang
laipng
da'l va yeu cau giai quyet luc luong lao dong du
ihiia
1.3.
Chu nghla trong
ihuong
va nhu cau llm kiem
Ihi imdng
1.4. Cai
each Ion
giao va nhu cau llm noi
nudng
nau cua nhiing ngudi
chdng ddi giao hoi Anh
Chirang
2:
QUA TRiNH DI
DAN
TIT ANH SANG

BAC
MY
THE'
KY XVII - XVill
2.1.
NhiJng
cong ddng cu dan
ddu
lien
2.2.
Qua trinh thuoc dja hda Bac My
2.3.
Qua trinh di dan
lis
Anh sang Bac My the ky XVII - XVIII
Chuang
3. TAC
DONG
COA
QUA
TRINH
NHAP
CU
D^N
SU HlNH
THANH
NUOC
MY
3.1.
NhOng thay

d6i
ve thanh phan dan cu
3.2.
Chuydn
bien ve kinh te - van hda - xa hoi
3.3.
Tac ddng cua qua trinh nhap cu den
sir
hlnh thanh che do chfnh tri My
*
Tdi xin chan thanh cam on TS.
NguySn
Ngoc Dao, ngudi da
nhiel llnh
hudng dan va
giiip
dd tdi hoan thanh ban luan van nay. Xin duoc bay
id Idng
biet On
sau
sac tdi Giao su Vu Duong Ninh, ngudi
IhSy
da
giiip
dd tdi tren con
dudng nghien
ciJu
khoa hoc. Tdi cung xin
dudc
gui

Idi
cam on tdi cac Thay Cd
giao trong khoa Lich
sir,
Bd mdn Lich su The gidi -
Tiordng
Dai hoc Khoa hoc
Xa hoi va Nhan van, Dai hoc Qudc gia Ha Noi vi ta't ca
sir
giiip dd nhiel thanh
va
chi
dan quy bau.
Ngudi viet
Trdn Thien Thanh
8
CHUONG
1.
TI^N
D£
THOC
DAY
NUOC
ANH
TRONG
QUA
TRlNH THUOC OjA
HOA BAC
M?
Nam 1607, thuoc dja

dSu
tien trong sd
cac
thuoc dia cua Anh d Bac My
duoc thanh lap.
Tir
dd, da'l Bac My da chiing kien su md dau con sdng nhap cu
tir
Anh. Keo dai
sud'l
hai the ky, ddng nhap cU nay
lir
nhd giot chiing vai tram
ngudi lap nghiep den hang van ngudi mdi
Idi.
Bj thiic ep, bj bat budc bdi nhieu
ddng CO, ly do manh me va khac nhau, ho tdi Tan The gidi va gdp
phdn
xay
dung mot nen van minh mdi d
phSn phia
Bac cua luc dia nay.
Nhung,
nhOng
tien de thiic day qua trinh thuoc dia hda Bac My thuc su
da hlnh thanh d Anh hon mot the ky
imdc
dd. Giai doan chuan bi nay cung se
giiip giai Ihfch lai sao cac thuoc dja Anh d Bac My lai khong phai la ban sao
dan

thuSn
nhu thuoc dia cua Bd Dao Nha, Tay Ban Nha, Ha Lan, Phap, ma
con mang nhieu diem khac biet.
1.1.
SU
L6N
MANH VE CONG IHUONG NGHIEP VA CHINH
TRj
DO!
NGOAI
Cho tdi
d^u
the ky XVI, nen kinh tc ciia Anh hau nhu khong cd budc
phat
iri^'n
nao dang
k^'.
Nhung den
giii'a
the ky XVI, Anh da cd nhiing budc
lien vuot bac ve nhieu mat, dac biet ve kinh te. Budc chuyen
minh
dd
duac
danh da'u bang nen san xua't cong xudng
ihu
cong rong
Idn,
mot nen
mau

djch
hang hai thjnh vuong, mot
sir chuydn
bien sau sac trong ndng
ihdn
va
sir
bien
ddi han bo mat ndng
ihdn
gan lien vdi san xuat cong ihuong nghiep. Sd dT cd
dUdc
nhu vay la do:
Thu
nha't,
lire ludng
quy loc phong kien Anh da suy yeu sau cuoc chicn
Hai hoa hong (1453 - 1485); quan he ndng no bi pha vo (vao cudi the ky XIV)
md dudng cho quan he
lU
ban chu nghla
phai
trien.
Thu hai, sang dau the ky XVI, sau nhung phat kien Idn ve dja ly va
vice
di chuyen nhung con dudng budn ban sang Dai Tay
Duong,
nudc Anh vdi vi
Irf la
mot hon dao d phfa tay chau Au da trd thanh mot

irong
nhirng dau mdi
quan trong
nhSft
cua giao thong va
mau
djch hang hai. Chfnh nhd tien de dja ly
dd, nudc Anh da thoat khdi tinh trang bj cd lap tuong ddi vdi ddi sdng kinh
16'
ciia chau Au va phat huy duoc
loi
th6'
cua mdt qudc gia bdn be la
bi^n
ca.
Thii
ba, nudc Anh thdi ky nay khdng phai chju su tan pha
ciia
nhiing
cudc
chi^'n
tranh
Idn
diin ra trong
nhi^u
nam ciia luc dia chau Au.
Thiitu,
chmh
sdch kinh te cua cac vua trieu Tudor, ve cd ban,
phii hcfp

vdi loi
fch giai ca'p ciia tang
Idp
quy toe tu san hda, mot
tdng Idp
dang hudng ve viec lam
giau theo
ki^u tU
san.
Nhd dd, nen cong
thuang
nghiep nudc Anh da lien bo nhanh chdng
theo hudng tu ban chu
nghia.
Dac
trimg
lieu
bi^u
nha't cua
sir
phat
Iridn
nay la
su xua't hien cong
trudng thii
cong.
Cdng
Irudng thii edng
ra ddi trudc tien d
nhGng

nganh cd truyen va
gan
lien vdi nhiing nhu
cdu
sinh hoat cua dan chiing. Cho nen, cd ihi ndi nganh
det
len
da la nganh cdng nghiep
d^u
tien, md dudng cho chu nghla
lu
ban.
Nhd cd nguon nguyen lieu va nhan cdng gia re (do cuoc each mang ve
ruong da'l
diln
ra tii cudi the ky XIV tao ra), nganh del len da dd truang thanh
nhanh chdng. Nghe thu cdng truyen thong cua
Aoih
nay da ha thanh nganh
"cdng nghiep dan
toe"
cd gia
til
tren thj
liirdng.
Ngdnh
cong nghiep nay vao the'ky
Wl
khdng
nhiTng

quy mo san xuat tang len chua
tiiiig
thay, md con budc vao giai
doan cong trudng
thii
cdng
tubdn chii
nghia.
Trong thdi ky nay, hinh thiic cdng
tmdng
thii cdng phan tan
l6 chiic
theo ho gia
dinh
chiem vj trf chu dao. Nguyen lieu duoc cac
chi!i
cong tmdng
ihii
cdng (kiem chu bao
th^u)
ban cho nhiing ngudi san xua't nhd hoac phan
phdi cho cac gia dinh rdi thu mua lai
lirng ph^n
hoac mua ca san pham. Nhu
vay, hlnh thiic kinh le - xa hoi cua viec td
chiic
del da da thay ddi.
Tiardc
day,
sai

vai, len thd deu nam trong tay mdi gia dinh, duoc ho keo va del
chii yeu
dung cho ban than thl nay da bien thanh hang hda
ciia
cdng Irudng thu cdng.
Vo sd khach hang phan lan
liirdc
kia nay tap
Irung
lai thanh
mol ihi
Irudng
Idn
10
do tu ban cdng
nghidp
cung ca'p.
Ngh^
phu gia dinh, d nhieu noi,
cha'm diil sir
ton tai theo
Idi
san xua't ca
th^
tu phuc vu va trd thanh mot mat xfch quan
trong cho sU
tdn
tai cua cdng tmdng thu cdng tu ban chu nghla.
Den the ky XVI, ben canh hlnh
Ihiic

cdng Irudng thu cdng phan tan
cung da xua't
hidn
nhiing cdng Irudng thu cdng dai quy md. Trong dd, khdng
ihi
khdng nhac tdi ten lu6i cua mot nha lam da n6i danh: John Winchcombe d
Newberry^
Trong nghe del da, ngudi ta da dung may keo soi tu ddng cd ban dap,
may chai long di
lam
da sach, va khung det ta'l do William Lee sang che.
Khung may nay cd ihi dat
duac
lis 1000 -
1500
mat
ludi
trong mot
phtil,
liic
la
tang
ga'p
10-15
Ifo
so vdi
imdc
day. Nhd cd chuyen mdn hda va ting dung
nhiing cai tien ky thuat, nang
sua'l

cac mat hang del da tang
len
ga'p boi va san
ph^m
lam ra cung hoan hao hOn so vdi cac
phuong
phap del truyen Ihdng. Vdi
sir
vuon len khang dinh uu the cua hang len se thl lan dau lien, mot sd mat
hang mdi nhu vai bong,
lua,
lanh da xua't hien tren
ihi
trudng nudc Anh.
Tlianh
phd Manchester, Boston, Newberry, Norwich nhd dd dat duoc budc
phat trien dang
ki.
Cling vdi nganh del, mot so nganh cong nghiep mdi, dp dung ky thuat
hien dai cung duac thiet lap a Anh. Trong dd, cac nganh khai md,
luyen
kim
' M6t
b^i
dan
ca Anh
clio
ta
hinh
dung

\i
c6ng
xuang tliu c6ng
do:
"Mot can phong
l&n
rong va dai
CO
200 may det, voi
the/200 ngirdi
Ta hay
nhin
xcni,
ho tao dong
tCrngay
nay sang ngay khac.
Canh mdi ngirdi, lai mot
dt'/a
Ire
lang
le ngoi sap san
nhCfng
con thai.
Va
ngUc/i
doc cong
tin
noi gian.
O
phong ben, WO ngirdi phu

nu trdi
len;
Ngirdi ta da de ho
add,
Irong
khong khi hni
inii,
Phong tiep
nCra
ta hay xem di
200 ngirdi
thcf -
phu
nCr,
Ire
em.
Ho keo sai
hion
tay, khong
dirge nghi
Vd
niieng
cat len
nhi'rng
bdi ca do nao.
U
gan do, tren san ban
th\u
50
di'Ca

tre song Irong dia
ngnc
ay
de kiem I hdo mdi ngay
Chiing phdi
nhd nhCrng sg'i
len thd
Vd
giCr
(ay nhi'rng
sgi
len tot
niiii "
11
deu cho
tha'y bi^u hidn
phat
Iri^n
ro ret. Thd md, tho luyen quang tii
Diic
va
mot sd nudc khac da sang Anh.
Thiiy
tinh, sat, thep, ddng da
dudc
san xua't tai
chfnh cac cong xudng ciia Anh. Trong khi d
Bi,
cac md than
vSn

nam im dudi
cac bai chien Irudng, thi nganh khai md Anh da lien ra't xa va trd thanh nudc
san xua't than da
Idn
nha't chau Au. Trong vdng hOn 1 the ky tii 1560 den
1700,
san luong khai thac than da tang trung
blnh
1400% d ta'l ca cac vung,
rieng Ddng Bac nudc Anh tang tren 2000%. Than da trd thanh nguon nguyen
lieu chfnh cho cac nganh cdng
nghidp
mdi nhu san xua't
gia'y,
san xua't vu khf,
tinh luyen dudng va cac ky thuat mdi
ling
dung trong cac nganh san
xual
cu
nhu gach, thuy tinh, mudi, na'u bia.
Ben canh dd, viec lien hanh san xua't tren quy md
Idn
cung xua't hien
trong nganh luyen sat. Vdi cac loai
Id
Cao cao 30
phfl
(khoang 9 m) ciing
nhiing

dng be da dai 20 phfl
dudc
cho tii luc dia sang, mdi nam da cd 100 den
500
la'n
kim loai
duofc
san xua't - mot nang sua't
vuoi
xa ra't nhieu con sd
Iren
20
la'n
neu viec nay duoc tien hanh theo phuOng phap truyen thdng. Do vay,
Anh da trd thanh nudc san xua't
ihiec Idn
d chau Au thdi ba'y gid.
Mdi nganh nay,
IrSn
thuc te,
chi
ddng gdp mol
phfo
nhd vao hieu nang
san xuat cua nudc Anh, nhung
hcfp
nha't lai thi da
Ird
thanh mol
sir

tfch tu dang
ki.
Sir
phat trien nhanh chdng a'y ciia cac nganh san xuat thu cdng nghiep va
sir Idn
manh khdng
ngirng
cua luc
ludng
hai quan, ddi ihuong
Ihuyen
da
chuan bi cho mol
sir
banh Irudng manh me cua ihuong nghiep xua't cang. Tat
nhien viec xua't cang len da van chiem dia vj hang dau. Bieu hien rd
rel
nha't
cua su phat
tri^n
nay la sd thue nha nudc thu duoc. Trong 10 nam dau dudi
Ihdi
vua Henry VII, nha nudc thu
dudc
32.951 bang, dau thdi Henry
VIII
mdi
nam thu
dudc
42.643 bang, trong nhiing nam dau thdi Elizabeth la 82.797

bang va cudi the ky XVI (1595) la 120.593 bang. Cac
chii
cdng trudng
thii
cdng va
ihudng
nhan giau len nhanh chdng.
Tliuong
nhan Anh ngay cang
12
ddng va nam
la'y
ngoai ihuong va dieu nay bieu hien rd
sir
phat trien kinh le'
ciia nudc Anh. Neu nhu vao giua the ky XIV, d Anh
chi
cd 169
phii
thuong,
thi den the ky XVI da cd 3000 ngudi. Den cudi thdi Elizabeth, va ca thdi
James I sau dd, mot he qua yi mat xa hoi cua qua trinh nay da
di^n
ra. Mot
giai tang mdi - hay ndi
diing
han mot
t^ng
Idp
da

timg
ton lai trong mot thdi
gian dai nhung
ludn
d trong dien
"did
dpi" duoc "tuyen" vao hang
ngii
quy
loc,
thi nay qua trinh a'y
di^n
ra nhanh hon va hieu qua hon - da dan
vuo^n Idi
quyen luc. Mot so thuong nhan giau cd da gia nhap vao hang
ngij
quy toe. Tfnh
Cling nhac trong
ihang
bac xa hoi da cd mot so thay ddi.
Cung trong thdi gian nay,
che'dp
qudn
chii
chuyen
che'
Anh duac ciing
covd
phat trien manh me.
Thuc ra, ngay

tir
trung ky trung dai, so vdi mot sd nudc chau Au, vuong
quyen d Anh da tuong ddi lap Irung. Tren cd sd dd, che do quan chu chuyen
che tiep luc dUdc tang cudng dudi thdi cai
Irj
ciia cac vi vua trieu dai Tudor.
Bang
each
dua vao giai ca'p quy loc mdi va giai ca'p tu san, Irong khi the
luc cua
t^ng
Idp
phong kien quy loc da suy yeu sau cuoc chien tranh Hai hoa
Hong, Vuong trieu Anh, khdi dau
tir
Henry VII (1485 -
1509)
da dat duoc mot
miic
do
lu
chu nao dd va dat nen mdng cho su
Ion
lai cua che do quan chu
chuyen che Anh.
Den
ihdi
vua Tudor
thii
hai, Henry VIII, vdi cuoc "cdi

each
ton giao"
tach Giao hoi Anh ra khdi Rome, ddng thdi
ihuc
thi nhiing
bien
phap cai
each
cua Thomas Wolsey va Thomas
CromwelP,
nha vua da nam trong lay ca
vuOng quyen lan than
quy^n.
Vdi cd che hanh chfnh
diing
dau
la
Hoi ddng Co
mat d trung Udng; hoi ddng hat, hoi ddng thj
Iran,
cac hoi ddng d
vising
Marches
xii
Wales, d mien Bac nudc Anh va he thdng cac
Ida
an (Tda an
idi
cao,
Tda an Star Chamber, Tda dai phap quan, Tda an Request d Trung uong

^ Ihonias
Wolsey (1473 - 1530):
long iiircrng diicfi
trieu
Heniy Vill
tu
I3I4
- 1529,
Thomas Oonnvell
(1485-
1540):
Tong
tnrong duc'yi iriCu Ilcnry VUI (ir
1529 -
1540.
13
va cac tda an hoa giai) d dja phudng, chfnh quyen nha vua cd the quan ly
tUdng ddi chat che den tvmg quan,
tiing
viing.
Song, vai trd ciia nha vua khdng
chi dirng
lai d viec
nam
quyen hanh
phap,
kiim
tra cac hoat ddng lu phap va cac cdng
vice
cua nha thd ma cdn

tham gia vao hoat ddng lap phap cua Nghj vien. Nghj vien thdi Elizabeth d
mot vai
khia
canh tuong tu nghj vien thdi Trung cd.
Mai
khac, Nghj vien da
trai qua
nhihig chuyen
ddi manh me trong giai doan 1484 -
1540,
trong dd hai
vien - Vien Nguyen lao va Vien Dan
bi^u
-
chuyen
tir the manh/yeu sang the
quan blnh , trieu dinh lir chd la ngUdi diing
dSu
Tda an tdi cao lai Nghj vien
sang la mot thanh vien cua Nghj vien bo ba (Trieu dinh, Vien Nguyen lao,
Vien Dan
bi^u).
Thu tuc lap phap djnh
id
cac dao luat
chi
cd hieu
lire
sau khi
da

dude
vua phe chuan. Nam 1539, Nghj vien
iham
chf chfnh thiic luyen bd:
c^n
phai xem nhung Idi bd cao cua Nha vua la nhiing dieu luat, gidng nhu
nhiing quyet dinh cua Nghj vien. Do dd, khi
kliai
mac nghj vien dau lien cua
minh vao
nam
1559, Elizabeth I da cd the nha'n manh rang, ba trieu lap cudc
hop hoan loan theo y mudn rieng cua minh
d^'
tham dd y kien cua ca hai vien.
Cung trong thdi ky nay, vdi cuoc cai each tdn giao thiet lap Nha thd Anh
mang tfnh
cha'l Ion
giao qudc gia va nhiing ddi sach ngoai giao thanh cdng vdi
Scotland, Ireland, Elizabeth I khdng nhiing thiet lap duoc
sir
thdng nha't va on
djnh tUdng ddi d trong nudc, ma cdn gat bd ke
ihti
ben ngoai nhd eo bien La
Manche va nen hoa blnh tai bien gidi phfa bac.
Tren co sd vudng quyen dudc cung cd va phat Irien manh me, chfnh phu
ciia Nii hoang Elizabelh da
tit:'n
hanh mol chfnh sach het

siic nha'l
quan - de
cao lai ich qudc gia - tai cac trieu dinh vua chua chau Au. Tfnh nha't quan nay
chiing td giai ca'p thdng
Iri
nhan thiic rat rd nhiing muc tieu cua
minh,
dieu ma
chi
cd mot giai ca'p thdng
Irj
manh, dang d the di len mdi cd duoc.
De hieu dUdc dieu nay, nha't thiet phai xem xel chfnh
phii
Anh phai
duong dau vdi dieu
gl.
14
Tai Ha Lan va
Bi,
sau dd sap nhap va dudc goi la Netherlands, vua
Philip II cua Tay ban Nha (1556
-
1598) - ngudi ludn tin tudng vao tfnh ben
viing khdng
th^
lay
chuyen
ciia quyen luc ciia minh ciing
nhiing

cd sd cua nd
la che do chuyen che va giao hoi Thien
chiia
giao - dang muu toan ap dat
Thien
chiia
giao cung nhiing loai thud' nang ne. Ngoai viec ung ho nhiing dac
quyen cua nha thd
v^
ruong dat va dja vj xa hoi, bien phap bao ve tdn giao
hang hai nha't cua Philip II la lap nhiing
"Toa
an tdn giao". Tda an nay duoc
lap nen khap moi noi, bat va xu
lir
ta'l ca nhiing ai cd xu hudng hoac da theo
tdn giao cai
each.
Chfnh sach ciing nhac va cudng
tin
dd da gieo
mdm
thiic
day nhirng cuoc khdi nghla le te d day dudi su lanh dao cua William Orange.
NhCtng
cudc khdi nghla nay
ihudng
khdng thanh cdng, nhung vdi tai nang va
quyet tam, William Orange vSn duy tri
nhiJng

dot danh tra va
ddn
d^n
tap
trung loan bd quyen lanh dao vao tay.
Nhitng
quy
toe
ndi loan,
nhihig
nha
cdng thuong nghiep Flander, Ha Lan, nhiing ten "mia cu'dp bien" (semipirales)
lieu mang
din tap
hop lai dudi su chi huy ciia William Orange. Trong khi dd,
vdi nudc Anh dang
chuy^'n
bien theo con dudng
lu
ban chu nghla va ft nhieu
dung hda vdi nhiing xu hudng cai each tdn giao, rd rang Tay Ban Nha la ke
thii
nguy
hi^m.
La mol chfnh
Irj
gia
khdn
ngoan, Elizabelh da
id

thai do "dong
cam"
vdi ngudi Ha Lan, cho ho
Idi
khuyen,
kliuyen
khfch,
va ca mot
chiil
giiip
dd cu ihi. Ban ron ddi phd vdi nhirng cudc ndi loan d Ha Lan, Phillip II se ft
hoac khdng cd cd hdi can thiep vao nUdc Anh, va nhirng gi nudc Anh cdn
liic
dd chfnh la su yen
dn.
Vdi Phap, tinh hinh lai khac, Ndi day, tdn lai 3 phe canh. Phe trung lam
gdm Francis
II
- chdng Nii hoang Mary
ciia
Scotland
-
va hai ngudi anh cm
Charles IX va Henry III. Ho
d^u
cai trj nhan danh ngudi me
ciia
ho
la
Catherine de Medicis. Ben canh dd la Lien minh Thien chiia giao {Catholic

League) diing
ddu
la nhiing cdng tudc
vting
Loraine va mot gia
toe hiding
manh
viing Guise - thuoc quyen
ciia
me Nii hoang Scotland va Cdng
ludc
viing
15
Calais. Phai nay
dude sir
ung ho
ciia
thj dan Paris. Phe phai cdn lai la nhirng
ngudi Tin lanh Huguenots, chu yeu gdm cac nha quy toe va thj dan,
dii^ng
ddu
la nha quy toe La Rochelle, ngudi ludn hy vong khi cac vi vua ddng Valois
ma't ma khdng cd ngudi ke vj thi vi vua Tin lanh viing Navarre se ke vj ngai
vang. Ca hai phe: Lien minh
Tliien
chiia giao va Lien hop Tan giao deu lang
cudng luc
ludng
quan doi, ciing cd
id

chii'c.
Phe Lien hop
cdu ciiu
Nii hoang
Elizabeth cua nudc Anh.
NgUofc
lai, phe Lien minh
cdu
vien Tay Ban Nha,
dinh
luy
cua thien chiia giao. Trong tinh hlnh dd, Nii hoang Anh dua ra
Idi
khuyen va
d^
nhGng
ngudi Huguenots gian
liep
phuc vu loi fch vuong trieu
Anh. Hai
am
muu bao loan cua ngudi Huguenots chdng lai Catherine de
Medicis d Norfolk nam 1569 va
Ridolfi
1570 cd ddng gdp
Idn ciia
nudc Anh la vi
vay.
Nhd
nhitng

chfnh sach ngoai giao dd,
NiJ
hoang Anh da duy tri dudc su
yen dn da'l nudc -
mdi
viec khdng he di dang va vudt qua nhieu
khiing
hoang.
Nhung, nam
1572,
vua Tay Ban Nha tao ap
luc
budc Anh phai
true
xua't
nhirng "ke dn xin tren bien" (Sea Beggars) Ha lan - ten lu goi cua
nhifng
ngUdi
"mh
cudp bien"
iing
ho William Orange - khdi nUdc Anh. Elizabeth da giiip
dd nhiing ngudi nay quay trd lai viing cang hiin Brill
ciia
Ha Lan va duy tri
vung nay nhu mol viing da'l doc lap dau lien cua Ha Lan. Ciing nam dd,
Catherine de Medicis tan sal
nhu"ng
ngudi Huguenots. Elizabeth khdng can
thiep nhung cung khdng tir bd hy vong ve mot ngay phuc hdi

ciia
phai nay.
Vdi Tay Ban Nha, ke
thii
dang
gi^m
nhat
ciia
nudc Anh, cudc dau tranh
quye't
liet
lai
true
tiep do
nhu"ng
ten cudp bien gay ra. Nhung hai lac lirng danh
sau nay trd thanh nhiing dd ddc ham ddi
ciia
Nir hoang nhu Francis Drake,
John Hawkins da danh cudp nhirng hai doan Tay Ban Nha chd nang kim loai
quy tir chau My trd ve, dot kfch cac hai cang Tay Ban Nha va
due
pha lau
thuyen Tay Ban Nha ngay trudc mat dan chiing. Khi Francis Drake trd ve
nudc Anh mang theo vd sd cua cai cudp dudc, Elizabeth da phong cho dng ta
16
tudc hiep
si
d^
ddi lai viec ciing chia se chien

Igfi
phdm;
ddng thdi cung xoa
diu vua Tay Ban Nha bang each
khiin
trach nghiem khac dng ta.
Khi nhan ra rang Tay Ban nha thuc su cd mot luc
ludng
quan
sir hiing
manh, ma nhiing ngudi Anh vdn chua qua dao tao
dii
dung cam
d6^n ma'y
ciing
khdng
Ihi
danh bai duoc mot doi quan nhu vay, Elizabeth chua thanh lap va
huan luyen quan ddi nhung cung khdng bd
Id
thdi gian. Bang each giri lien
Idi
Ha Lan,
d^
Ba tudc viing Leicester tham gia
chi
huy luc luong quan ddi Ha
Lan, lao
di^u
kien cho nhiing ngudi Anh tinh nguyen sang day hoe tap nudc

Anh da cd budc
chudn
bj cho viec chien da'u va lam suy yeu Tay Ban Nha
trong tuong lai.
Cudi cung, vu xu tir Mary
Stuart^
da loai bd mol ddng minh
ciia
Tay
Ban Nha. Mdi hiem khfch Tay Ban Nha - Anh ngay cang sau sac. Sau khi
iha'y
Elizabelh cdng
kliai
ung ho cudc chien tranh giai phdng
ciia
Ha Lan, Philip II
quyet dinh luyen bd chien tranh, nhung nude Anh da
sSn
sang.
Vdi luc
ludng
quan ddi ma ndng cot la nhiing ngirdi tinh nguyen sang
Ha Lan thdi gian trUdc dd, ngudi Anh cd the tu tin hon vao kha nang danh
dudi quan doi Tay Ban Nha ra khdi bd coi neu bj
xam
chiem. Nhung
Iren lai
ca, ham doi cua nudc Anh - vdn dUdc thanh lap tir thdi vua Hery VIII - da
Idn
manh, trong lai ciia nd ciing ngay cang tang len. Nam

1545,
Anh mdi cd 35
thuyen budm Irong lai tren 100 ta'n, den nam 1588 da cd 183 chiec. John
Hawkins
dude
giao nhiem vu to chiic viec ddng lau. Ciing gidng nhu cac con
•'
Mary
Stuart,
sau
klii
bi
than dAn (rue
xua't
khoi
Scotland da chay sang
nu"dng nlicf
su bao
IrO ciia
Nu hoang
niizabeth.
Tai
day.
Mary Stuart nhanh chong
ti6
thanh irung
tAm
cho nhung
Am mUii
va toan

tinh cfia
T^y
Ban
Nha
ch(5ng
lai
EUzabeth
v^
dao Tin lanh
nirdc
Anh.
Lo
so
truofc
nhhung
Am mini ciia
phe Thien chua giao,
ngudi Anh cung Nghi
vifin nlii^u
l;1ii
ra nhung nghi
quyS't
ma theo do
Elizabeth
co the
ihu ti6u
d6\
thu cua ba,
Nhung, Elizabeth
chi

han
chS'
d muc quan
ch6'
Maiy
dai han. Elizabeth
chi quye't
dinh dua Mary ra truy
t(5
nHni
1587.
sau khi co bang chung cho
thiVy
Mary la
inOt
ke muu
mO kh6ng niCi
moi nham
lAt (lo
Nu
hoAiig
nUcrc
Anh.
NhiSm
vu phai chung
minh dudc
rang Mary co tham gia
vno
Am
mini st\p icVi

nham am
s^t
Elizabeth
duOc
giao cho su
thAn
Anh tai Phap dam
nliAn.
'llm
c^ch
tiling d6ng
vdi
vifin si
quan
chi
huy
dOi
li'nh
canh gac
lAu dhi
Sac ti
liic
do dang giam giu Mary
Stuaii,
vien
sir ihAn
nay da gai
m6t
nguoi cua
minh

mang
ruou
vang
v5
bia vao
lAu
dai cho ba ta. Dong gia
la niOt thi
d^'I'hifen
chua giao
nhiCl thi^nh vh bnn
huu
ciia
Mary,
6ng nhy nliAn
chuyen
h6
thU
thi ciia bA
ta cho nhung
nguc/i
dang tin cay.
Rue
thu nay sau do da
lio
thanh bang chiing
ch6ng
lai Mary. Ca hai
vi^n khAn cAu
Nu hoang sao cho

"lot
tuyen an c6ng minh
phai
co sU
trung phat
cOng
minh"
Kfi't
qua Mary
SiuaH
bi xu
ur.
17
tau thdi vua Henry VIII, ham ddi hai quan hoang gia bao gdm nhung lau
iha'p
va cd bd
tri
phao hai ben man tau. Chinh sach ve hai quan
ciing
dUdc dua ra.
Chinh sach nay cd ddng gdp
Idn
cua Francis Drake. Ong mudn
"lam clidy
xem
ran
ciia
vua Tay Ban Nha" -
liic
la ta'n cdng ham ddi vd dich Armada trudc

klii
ham doi nay cd mat tai bd
bidn
nUdc Anh. Nhung
vl
nhieu ly do,
Iran Ihiiy
chien nay cudi ciing xay ra
Iren
eo bien La Manche. Ket qua, ham ddi Armada
dai bai. Trong sd 130 lau khi xua't phat
chi
cdn 60 lau Irong tmh trang tham
bai nha't quay ve.
Cudc xung dot Anh - Tay Ban Nha phan anh
mau IhuSn
gay gat ve
nhieu mat
giita
hai nudc, dac
biel
la phan anh su
kmh
djch the
lire
tren mat
bien. Sau
Iran
nay, uy
ifn

va dia vi ba chii cua Tay Ban Nha da
"chim"
theo
ham ddi
Aimada.
Tijf
day, Tay Ban Nha bd han ke hoach
xam
nhap nudc Anh.
Chfnh sach quan su dac biet cua luc
lUdng
hai quan Anh,
iham chi
da
dUdc Liddell Hart
tdng
ket thanh "phuong phap chien tranh cua ngudi Anh",
gdm hai budc:
thii
nhal,
lam rdi loan ham ddi ddi phUdng, sau dd cho mol ddi
quan nhd nhung
ihiCn
chien tdi ddng d mol vi trf chien luoc irong khi
vAn
liep
luc
sir
dung cac lien minh, hoac ham doi
thii

5 hoac
lire
luong
bi"
mat quay pha
ddi phuong.
Vi
vay, cd
th^
ndi, tdm quan trong cua
Irieu
dai Elizabelh trong
lich su nudc Anh khdng
chi
d chd da giai quyc'l van de tdn giao - thiet lap
dudc Giao hoi Anh theo dao Tin lanh - giup tranh duoc cudc ndi chien va
danh bai Tay Ban Nha ma cdn d chd da vach ra mot
hinh mSu
chfnh sach quan
sir
ke't hdp vdi chfnh sach ngoai giao.
Tat nhien, dieu dd khdng cd
ngliTa
la su yen on da dudc xac lap
lien
dat
Anh. Nudc Anh, mot qudc gia ludn cd nhung xao ddng trong qua
khii,
lai
khdng cd quan doi ihudng

liirc,
ludn nam ben le cua
sir
mat 6n dinh. Nhung,
nen hoa blnh dudc tao lap Irong
ihdi
gian nay cung lao dieu kien cho con
ngudi phat huy nang luc ca nhan.
^A/'
Nc
18
Bang
each
tranh cho nudc Anh nhiing cudc chien tranh vd nghla,
Elizabeth da giiip cho mot the he ngudi dan Anh phat trien qua dd lam giau
cho qudc gia. Cd ihi ki tdi mol sd quan nhan tieu
bi^'u
nhu Walter Raleigh;
nha
klioa
hoc
Idn
nhu Francis Bacon; nha lanh dao tdn giao nhu Bernard
Gilpin, Robert Browne; thuong nhan
Idn
nhu gia
dinh Tliomas
Smith, gia
dinh
Smythes

Dudi thdi Elizabeth, cac mat van hoc, nghe thuat deu cd nhirng budc
phat
tri^n,
vdi
t^n
tudi ciia mot sd ngudi nhu William Shakespeare, Thomas
More, Marlowe, Johnson,
Elyot,
Slarkley, Crammer, Tliomas
Wyalt,
Henry
Howard
Ht
thdng giao
due
dUdc md rong cho nhieu ddi tuong hon. Nganh
"cdng nghiep gidi tri" lan dau tien xua't hien d Anh. Ba hoac bdn nha hat da
dude thanh lap trong thdi gian nay
Cd the ndi, su
phai
trien kinh te cdng thudng
nghiep,
sU ton lai mot nen
hoa
binh,
giao hoi qudc gia thdng nha't dat dudi quyen kiem soat cua nha
nudc,
lire ludng
hai quan, cac nganh dan chfnh bao gdm ca ngoai giao va
linh

bao
dudi thdi
Elizabeth,
ta't ca nhirng dieu dd da gdp
phrin
nang cao vi the cua
nude Anh ddng thdi tao lien di quan trong cho cdng cudc banh tmdng sau nay.
1.2. CACH MANG RUONG DAT VA YEU CAU GIAI QUYET
LL/C Ll/ONG
LAO
DONG
DaTHlTA
La mot nudc ma da phan dan cU tham gia hoat dong ndng nghiep, Irong
tien
trinh
phat trien cua nUdc Anh hau ky Trung dai, ruong da'l va quyen sd
hiru ruong dat bao gid
ciing
la mol va'n de kinh le cd't yeu nha'l cua moi chinh
quyen. Hon niia,
kliac
vdi cac nude Tay Au, ruong da'l d Anh khdng chi
dirge
khai
Ihac
vao muc dfch
ihuan
tuy ndng nghiep ma cdn gan bd chat vdi sU
phai
trien cua nganh cdng nghiep chfnh va la nganh lien bo nhal

liic
duong thdi -
cdng nghiep del da - nhan
id
hang dau trong sU lien len cua loan bd nen kinh
le qudc dan.
19
Dac
di^m
cd ban cua nen ndng
nghidp
d Anh la: tii lau nghe nudi
ciru
da ddng vai trd dac biet quan Irong. Khf hau
phii
hdp, vi trf giap ranh vdi cac
viing
lam da
ciia
chau Au, nhu
clu
ve da, va ca
Ifnh
cha'l cdng xa trong viec
sir
dung rudng da'l d Anh da tao dieu kien thuan loi cho
sir
phat
tridn
nghe nudi

cinj.
Hon niia, san
phdm ciia
nghe nudi
ciru
chi duoc su dung trong cdng
nghiep nen ta't yeu phai trd thanh mdt ddi tUdng mua ban.
Vi
vay, sU thudng
mai hoa ndng
nghidp
nudc Anh da
diSn
ra sdm va
sau
sac ngay tii
th6'
ky XIV
- XV.
Nhii'ng
khoan
Idi
nhuan rat cao do viec kinh doanh
eCru
dem lai
ciing
yeu
c^u
ky thuat het
siic

nguyen thuy cua nghe nay da thiic
d^y
qua trinh
"chqy theo len
citu"
ciia cac
chii
da'l Anh.
Trudc tien, de cd them bai nudi ciiu, gidi chu da'l rdo cudp dat cong.
Dac diem quan trong
ciia
hlnh thiic sii dung ruong da'l cdng xa la luan canh
cudng
biic.
Theo che do nay, ndng dan
chi
dudc rao dat vao
miia
xuan va phai
bd rao sau khi gat xong
liia.
Khi dd, da'l cay bi bien thanh bai chan sue vat cua
cdng xa. Che do su dung ruong da'l cdng vdn cd loi cho ndng dan, dac biet la
ban ndng- NhUng, khi nghe nudi
ciru
thuong mai phat trien, he thdng nay trd
nen ngay cang chat hep vdi cac chu dat. Mudn nudi dan ciru Idn
can
phai cd
bai chan rong va biet lap.

D^
lam
viec nay, cac chu dat da
Idi
dung che do
ndng nd va doc quyen ruong da'l ciia
minh
bang each ndi lien ranh gidi bai
chan ciia cdng xa vdi viing da'l rieng ciia
minh.
Bat
d^u
lir the ky XIII, den the
ky XIV - XV, cac chiia da'l Anh da bao chiem mot each trang
Iron
nhirng bai
cd, bai chan va da'l
lirng
cua cdng xa. Ve mat kinh le, rd rang
sir
chiem
doal
nay giiip nghe nudi ciiu phat
Iridn
manh me, nhung lai khdng dam bao cho cac
ban ndng mol
chiil
quyen chan gia
siic
nao. Nhu vay, ddi vdi ndng

Ihdn
Anh
the ky XVI, viec rao da'l cdng xa hoan loan khdng phai la hien
lUdng
mdi,
nhung
miic
do pho cap lai Idn hOn nhieu va da ddng cham den ddng dao ndng
dan. Qua
Irinh
rao dat dat den quy md
Idn
nhal d cac ap ba ludc mien Trung
va mien Nam nudc Anh.
Vice
md rong pham vi rao da'l lii cac ddng cd, rtrng,
20
bai chan ciia cdng xa sang rao ludn ca da'l cay va sau dd bien da'l cay thanh bai
chan, ddng thdi giai tan nen kinh
l€
lanh dia cii chuyen trdng
liia
my, bien
thanh dat nudi ciru hay cho cac trai chii, cac nha kinh doanh nghe nudi ciru
thue da dong cham den cd sd chii yeu nha't ciia su tdn lai
ciia
ndng dan. Do dd,
viec rao da'l trd thanh mdt bien cd cd y nghla thdi dai, mol cudc
"each
mang

thuc su" vl nd lam lung lay ban than cudc sdng cua ndng dan.
Cudc Cai each tdn giao va su thii tieu
che'
dp chiem
hull
ruong dat
ciia
nhd thd - che dp vdn dd tra thanh yeu to bdn chat
ciia
che dp phong kien - tiep
sau dd da dem lai
sir
thiic day manh me qua trinh ludc doal rudng dat
ciia
ndng dan bang bao luc. Trong nhiing dieu kien cua the ky XVI, cudc da'u
tranh giira quy
toe
the tuc va quy toe tang lir mang mdt y nghla hoan loan mdi
va trd
ihanh
nhan
id
quan trong thiic day
sir
phat trien
ciia
chu nghla lu ban
trong ndng nghiep.
Chfnh su ket hdp chat che va ca'p thiet ca ddng co chfnh tri (han che anh
hudng ciia quy toe lang lir, da'u tranh gianh quyen tu

Irj
cho Nha thd Anh) va
dong cd kinh le (che do chuyen che can cac khoan
Ihu
nhap cua nha thd; giai
ca'p tu san, tang
Idp
quy toe mdi them
khai
ruong da'l cua tu vien) Irong viec
thuc hien nhiing chfnh sach ve
Iinh
vuc nay cua Henry VIII va Edward II da
thu lieu che' do chiem hiiu ruong da'l cua tu vien va trd thanh mot mat xfch
quan trong cua cudc each mang rudng dat.
Ke'l
qua la, dat dai, cua cai cua 645
tu
vidn,
90 chiing vien va
110
benh xa cua nha thd bi lich
ihu
dudi thdi Henry
VIII va 46.249 bang la tdng gia tri tai san ljch thu dudc cua 3000 nha thd nhd
trong nam 1548 dudi thdi Edward II. Ngoai viec dem lai mol nguon thu nhap
dang ke cho ngan khd qudc gia, lao kha nang
sir
dung da'l dai
Iheo

kieu TBCN,
ihi
viec
chuyen
da'l dai lu vien sang tay
nhiing
ke
ddu
cO la mot trong nhung
yeu td quye't dinh so phan cua ndng
ihdn
Anh the ky XVI. Cac vi
chii
mdi nay,
kliong bi rang budc bdi
nhiing
"luc
le"
va vl muc dfch kiem
Idi,
da
cmtng
quyet hanh ddng -
duoi
ndng dan, tudc la'y rudng dat ma ho dang llnh canh