Tìm hiểu nhu cầu giáo dục tiếng mẹ đẻ của các dân tộc thiểu số ở Malaysia

BO
GIAO
DUG VA DAO TAO
DAI HOC QUOC
GIA
HA
NOI
TRL/CJNG
DAI HOC KHOA HOC XA
HOI
VA NHAN VAN
LE
MINH
HA
TIM fflEU NHU CAU GIAO
DUC
TIENG
ME DE CUA CAC DAN TOC
THIEU
SO
d
MALAYSIA
LUAN
VAN THAC
SI NGON NGlT
HOC
Chuydn
nganh:
Ngon ngff
cac dan toe Dong Nam A
Ma so: 5.04.25

NGUCJI
Hl/CfNG
DAN
KHOA HOC
Pho
Gido
sii-Tien si
TRAN
TRI
DOT
r:
1
i!-'.
i/
\i-vL\An
HA NOI, 2003
Ldl
CAM ON
Toi
xin bay to long cam an sdu sac tdi Pho Gido
sK-Tien sT Trdn
Tri Doi da
tan
tinh giiip
dd vd dong gop nhieu y kien quy bdu cho ban
ludn
van cua toi. Toi
Cling
xin chdn thdnh cam
cfn

gia dinh vd be ban
dd
dong vien, giup dd vd
tqo mgi
dieu kien de toi hodn thdnh ban ludn van ndy.
Ban ludn van ndy chdc chdn khong trdnh khoi khiem
khuyet,
kinh mong quy
thdy
CO
vd doc gia
lUdng
thii,
dong thdi
chi
ra
nhQng
thieu sot can khac phuc de
nhOng
cong trinh nghien
cvtu
sau ndy
dKcfc thUc
hien tot
hcfn.
MUC
LUC
Trang
MUC LUC
BANG

KE
NHCNG
CHO
VIET
TAT
PHAN
Md
DAU
1
Chtfdng
I:
NHLfNG
VAN DE CHUNG VE
CHINH
SACH NGON
NGO
CUA MALAYSIA 5
I. Khai quat ve tinh
hinh
kinh
te-xa
hoi d Malaysia sau khi gianh doc lap
(1957)
den
nay
5
1) Malaysia la quoc gia da dan
toe,
da ngon ngff 5
2)

Tinh
hinh kinh te-xa hoi d Malaysia
tff
1957 den nay 9
II.
Chinh sach Ngon ngff cua Malaysia 12
1) Tieng Melayu
trS
thanh Ngon ngff Quoc gia 13
a) Chinh sach Giao
due
Quoc gia va mot so chinh sach xa hoi
khac h5
trd
cho ngon ngff
quo^c
gia 14
b) Chinh sach Ngon ngff Quoc gia
difdc
tien hanh
tffng
bffcfe,
than trong va khon kheo 16
c) Tieng Melayu
diTdc
md rong
chffc
nang xa hoi va pham vi
siJ
dung 18

2) Moi quan he giffa Ngon ngff Quoc gia va ngon ngff cac dan toe khac 19
3) Moi quan he giffa Ngon ngff Quoc gia va tieng Anh 22
Chrftfng
II: TINH HINH
GIANG
DAY
NHONG
NGON
NGO
DA SO
Cf
MALAYSIA 26
I.
Tie'ng
Melayu vdi
tuf
each la ngon ngff quoc gia 26
1) Ngon ngff
siJ
dung trong cac
ITnh viTc
kiem soat cua dat
nifde
va
su*
dung cf
ca'p
do chinh
thffc
26

2) Ngon ngff giao tie'p giffa cac dan
toe
va
cl
cap do khong
chinh
thffe 29
II.
Tieng Hoa 33
III.
Tieng Tamil 38
IV. Tieng Anh
^
44
Chi/(/ng
HI: TINH HINH GIANG DAY MOT
VAI
NGON
NG0
THIEU
SO
6 MALAYSIA 52
L Kadazandusun 52
1) Cong dong Kadazandusun 52
2) Tieng Kadazandusun va tinh
hinh
giang day 53
3) Chuan hoa ngon ngff Kadazandusun 54
4) Cac van de va
tu'dng lai

cua giao due ngon ngff Kadazandusun 55
11.
Iban
57
1) Cong dong Iban 57
2)
Tie'ng
Iban va tinh hinh giang day 57
3) Vai tro cua cac to chffc phi chinh phu trong viee phat trien tieng
Iban
59
4) Cac van de va
tufdng
lai cua giao due ngon ngff Iban 60
IIl.Bidayuh 61
1) Cong dong Bidayuh 61
2) Tieng Bidayuh va tinh
hinh
giang day 62
3) Cac van de va
tiTcfng
lai cua giao
due
ngon ngff Bidayuh 64
IV.Murut
65
1) Cong dong Murut 65
2) Tieng Murut va tinh hinh giang day 66
V.
OrangAsU

70
1)
Ngifdi
Orang
Asli
(tho dan) 70
2) Ngon ngff cua
ngffdi
Orang Asli va tinh hinh giang day 71
PHAN KET LUAN 75
TAI
LIEU THAM
KHAO
CHINH
81
Phu
luc
1: Dan
so^theo
toe
ngiTdi
- nam 2000 - Lien bang Malaysia 85
Phu luc 2: Thanh phan dan toe - Lien bang Malaysia 87
Phu luc 3: Cac ngon ngff d Malaysia 89
Phan Ban dao 89
Phan Sabah 92
Phan Sarawak 97
Phu luc 4: He
tho^ng
giao due

quo'c
gia Malaysia 102
BANG
KE NHLfNG
CHO
VIET TAT
POL : Pupils' Own Languages - ngon ngff cua hoe sinh
H : Bien the
phu'dng
ngff cao
L :
Bie'n
the
phu'dng
ngff thap
SNN :
Songirdinoi
DB
Diabancfftru
TGK : Ten goi khac
PN : Phu'dng ngff
SIL
: Vien Ngon ngff hoc Mua he
DTDS : Dieu tra dan
so'
77m
hieu nhu cdu
gido
due
tieng

me de
cita
cac
dan
toe
thieu
so
d
Malaysia
PHAN
Md DAU
L
Tinh
cap
thie't
cua de tai
Ngay
nay, cac
quo'c
gia ddn ngff, ddn dan toe da trd
thanh hien tu'dng hie'm
hoi
tren
the
gidi.
Qua
trinh
phan
ra va sat
nhap

cac bo
toe
cung
nhff lanh thd
trong
lich
sff,
ehu
nghia
de
quoc,
Ian
song
di
cU 6
at
da
khien
hau he't cac
quoc
gia
tren
the
gidi trcf
thanh
da ngff, da sac toe. Co
chang
sff
khac nhau
chi

ve
tinh
chat
va
mffe
do.
Trong
do,
Dong
Nam A la khu
vifc
da
ngff
d mffe
do cao.
Ngon
ngff,
nhff
chung
ta da
biet, giff
mot vi tri
trung
tam
trong viee
xac
dinh
va
nhan dien
mot dan toe. No ra ddi

eiing
vdi
viee hinh thanh
dan toe va
chi
mat di
khi
dan toe do bi
diet vong
hay bi
dong
hoa vao dan toe
khac, danh
mat di ban
sac
cua
minh.
No
luon luon
la
bieu
tu'dng,
niem
tff hao va la
"effu
canh cuoi
Cling" trong viee
eo
gang giff
gin ban sac cua mot dan toe. Bat ky

hanh dong
nao
lam
phffdng
hai den
ngon ngff
deu lam ton
thffdng
long
i\X
ai dan
toe,
va do la mot
trong nhieu
ly
do dan den
nhffng xung
dot sac toe dam mau
trong
Ijch suf
ma ta da
tffng dffde
biet. Ngon
ngff, do do,
luon luon
la van de
nhay
cam d cac
quoc
gia da

dan
toe.
Trong
van de nay,
viee giai quyet
to't moi
quan
he
giffa ngon ngff quoc
gia,
ngon ngff
nffdc
ngoai
(neu c6) va cac
ngon ngff khac
la
tieng
me de
ciia
nhffng
toe
ngffdi dffde
goi la
thieu so'
trd
thanh nhiem
vu v6
cung quan trong,
can
phai

dffde
giai quyet
mot
each
kheo
leo,
uyen chuyen
vdi mue
dich
phat trien quoc
gia
mot each toan dien
va ben
vffng. Dieu
do
dffde
the
hien
d
chinh sach ngon ngff
cua quoc
gia, ma
hien than
cua no, cu the
nha't
d mot
linh
vffe,
la
chinh sach giao

due
tieng
me de cho cac dan toe
thieu
so.
Viet
Nam va
Malaysia khong
nam
ngoai tien trinh tren.
Tuy
khac nhau
ve
hoan canh
va
each giai quyet
van de,
nhffng
hai
nffdc
eiing
cd
chung
mue
dich
cung
c6'
khoi doan
ke't
toan

dan va
phat trien quoc
gia
vffng manh. Trong
qua
trinh thffe hien,
ben
canh nhffng thanh cong,
hai
nffdc cung khong
the
tranh khoi
nhffng thieu
sot
nhat dinh. Malaysia
la
quoc
gia da dan toe
nhffng
tinh
chat phffc
tap
hdn
nhieu
so vdi
Viet Nam. Viee nghien
cffu
chinh sach ngon ngff
do'i vdi cac
dan

toe
thieu
so cua
Malaysia
vdi
tinh each nffdc
lang
gieng
gan gui ve mat dia ly
va lich
sur
se
giiip
cho
Viet
Nam cd mot
kinh nghiem
khu
vffc,
tff dd rut ra
dffdc
nhffng
bai hoc
bd
ich.
77m hieu nhu
cdu
gido
due
tieng

me de cua cdc
ddn
iQc
thieu
so d
Malaysia
H.
Mue dich
nghien
cufu
Bdi canh, hien trang ngon ngff
cua cac dan toe
thieu
so
trong
mot
quo'c
gia da
dan
toe
phong
phu va da
dang
tuy
thuoe
vao vi
tri
dia ly, so
Iffdng
ngffdi

ndi,
tinh
hinh phat trien kinh
te'-xa
hoi va y
thffe giff
gin ban sac van hoa
ciia
dan toe do.
Dffng
trffdc
mue
dich phat trien
da't
nffdc
ben
vffng nham nang
cao ddi
song kinh
te'-van
hda cho cac dan toe
thieu so'
va xu
the' phat trien
da
dang
van hoa
(trong
dd
CO

ngon ngff)
cua the
gidi,
mdi
quo'c
gia
phai
dam bao
quyen ngon ngff
cua cac
cong dong
va ca
nhan cung nhff dieu kien kinh
te'
de
thffe
thi
chung. Viee
de ra
mot chinh sach ngon ngff
thich
hdp se la rat khd neu
khong nghien cffu
ky
thffe
cha't
nhu cau
giao
due
tieng

me de cua cac dan toe. Moi cd
gang
deu trd nen
that
bai
hay
lang
phi
neu
khong
dap
ffng
nhu cau
thffe te'
cua
nhffng
dan toe thu
hffdng
chinh sach.
Dd chinh
la ly do de
ngffdi viet chon
de tai: "Tim
hieu
nhu cau
giao
due
tieng
me
de cua cac dan toe

thieu
so d
Malaysia"
cho
luan
van cao hoc cua
minh.
Malaysia khong nhffng
chi cd "dan toe
thieu
so it
ngffdi" nhff
d
Viet
Nam ma eon
cd
ca "dan toe
thieu
so
dong ngffdi" (Trung
Hoa, A'n Do). Do dd,
nhffng thanh
cong
va
that bai,
cai
tot va
ehffa
to't
trong viee thffe hien chinh sach giao

due
ngon
ngff
do'i vdi cac dan toe
thieu
so' d
Malaysia
se la mot
kinh nghiem
khu
vffc
cho
Viet Nam,
tff dd gdp
phan
vao
viee danh
gia lai
chinh sach giao
due
ngon ngff
cua
Viet
Nam do'i vdi
vung
dan toe
thieu
so^
von
con

dang
gay
nhieu
bffe
xuc.
III.
DPI
ttfrfng.
pham
vi
nghien
cuTu
1.
Chinh sach ngon ngff
cua
quo'c
gia bao gom
nhieu
bp
phan
hdp
thanh nhff
hoach dinh
dia vi, xay
dffng ngon
ngff,
chinh sach giao
due
ngon
ngff,

chinh sach
truyen
ba
ngon
ngff Tuy
nhien,
do
tinh chat
cua de tai,
chiing
toi se
chi
tim
hieu
sau
ve
chinh sach giao
due
ngon ngff
cua nha
nffdc Malaysia
ddi vdi cac dan toe
thieu
so. Qua dd,
chung
ta se
hieu
ro ve nhu cau
giao
due

tieng
me de cua
chinh
cac
dan
toe
ay.
2.
Khai niem
dan toe
thieu
so d day
khong phai
chi la
it
ngffdi
ma
dffdc
diing
vdi
y
nghia
do'i lap vdi dan toe chu the ndi
ngon ngff quo'c
gia. Do dd,
khai niem
dan
toe
thieu
so

dffdc dung trong luan
van cd the la dan toe
thieu so' thffe
sff
thieu
so,
tffc
la
"thieu
so it
ngffdi"
va
cung
cd the la dan
toe
thieu
so cd so dan
dong
dao dffdc
xep vao
loai
da so
(Trung
Hoa, An Do),
tffc
la
"thieu
sd
dong ngffdi".
Chung

toi
dffa
vao
tieu
chi
phan loai
cua A. H.
Omar
(tac
gia nay lai
dffa
vao
tieu
77m hieu nhu
cdu
gido
due
tieng
me de cua cdc
ddn
toe
thieu
so
or
Malaysia
chi
cua
Ferguson
1971) de
phan chia "thieu

sd da sd" va
"thieu
sd
thieu
sd".
Theo
tac gia
[23;15],
d
Malaysia, nhffng ngon ngff
cd it
nha't
mot
trieu ngffdi
ndi
cd
the
dffdc
coi la
ngon ngff chinh
cua da't
nffdc,
eon it hdn sd dd
dffdc
coi la
ngon
ngff thieu
sd.
CJ
day,

tieng
Anh
cung dffdc
xep vao
loai
da sd, tuy no
khong
cd
cong dong
ndi
nang nhff
mot dan toe
nhffng
lai
dffdc
sff
dung
rat
rong
rai.
Viee
tdng
hdp va
phan
tieh
nhu cau
giao
due
ngon ngff
cua cac dan toe da sd

chii
ye'u
dffa
vao
ngudn
tff
lieu
da
cong
bo' va mot sd
quan
sat cua
chung
toi. Tff
lieu
ve
cac
dan toe
thieu
sd rat han
che,
nen
chung
toi chi cd the tim
hieu dffdc
5 dan toe
lam
dai
dien
la

Kadazandusun, Iban, Bidayuh, Murut
va
Orang Asli.
3.
Ddi vdi
cong dong ngffdi
Hoa, tuy
tieng
me de
thuoe nhieu phffdng ngff
khac nhau
cua
Trung Qudc, nhffng
ho deu coi
tieng
pho
thong Trung Qudc nhff
tieng
me de va
"mu
chff
Hoa cd
nghia
la mat
gdc" [12;162].
Do dd,
viee giao
due
tieng
pho

thong Trung Quo'c dffdc chung
toi xem la
viee giao
due
tie'ng
me de ddi
vdi cong dong ngffdi
Hoa d
Malaysia.
4.
Tuy mue
dich
cua
luan
van la tim
hieu
nhu cau
giao
due
tie'ng
me de cua
cac
dan toe
thieu
so',
nhffng
nhu cau dd
khong
the ton tai ben
ngoai

mdi
lien
he
vdi
cac nhu cau
khac
va
chiu
sif
tac
dong
cua cac
chinh sach khac.
Do dd, tim
hieu
ve vai trd va nhu cau
tie'p nhan tie'ng Malay
vdi tff
each ngon ngff quo'c
gia
va tie'ng
Anh
(ngon ngff thff
hai
quan trong nha't) cung
la mot noi
dung
cua
luan
van

nay.
5.
La mot bo
phan quan trong
cua
ngon ngff
hoc xa hoi,
chinh sach ngon ngff
vffa mang tinh ngon
ngff,
vffa mang tinh
xa hoi. Nhu cau
tie'p nhan giao
due
ngon
ngff
lai
cang mang tinh
xa hoi
nhieu
hdn.
Chung khong
the ton tai ben
ngoai
mdi
lien
he vdi cac van de xa hoi
khac.
Do dd,
chung

toi
danh
ra mot
phan chffdng
dau
de ndi ve
tinh hinh kinh te'-xa
hoi cua
Malaysia
va d
nhffng chffdng tie'p theo,
chiing
toi
cung
tap
trung phan tich
mot so'
khia canh chinh tri-xa
hoi de
tha'y
ro
hdn
tac
dong
cua cac
nhan to'
xa hoi
khac
do'i vdi
ngon

ngff, ma
theo chiing
toi, la
rat quan trong.
6. Dffa tren nhffng phan
tieh
ve
chinh sach giao
due
ngon ngff
va qua
nhan
biet tinh hinh giao
due
ngon
ngff,
chung
toi se rut ra ke't
luan
ve sff
tffdng thich
giffa
nhu cau
giao
due
tie'ng
me de cua cac dan toe
thieu
so' so vdi
chinh sach

ngon ngff
da de ra va
danh
gia
tinh hieu
qua cua
chinh sach
dd. Tff dd, so
sanh
sd
bo
vdi
chinh sach ngon ngff
cua
Viet
Nam de nit ra bai hoe
kinh nghiem.
7.
Chiing
toi se
tien hanh nghien cffu
nhu cau
giao
due
tie'ng
me de cua cac
dan
toe
thieu
sd d

Malaysia trong vong
hai
thap
ky trd lai day, bat dau tff nam
1982.
Sd
di
chiing
toi
chon
mdc
thdi gian
nay vi 1982 la nam he
thdng giao
due
-3-
77m hieu nhu
cdu
gido
due
tieng
me de
ciia
cdc
ddn
tQc
thieu
so d
Malaysia
Malaysia

da
hoan toan dffdc tien hanh bang tieng Malaysia.
Dd la ke't qua dau
tien
cua
Chinh sach Ngon
ngff, va tff
day, nhffng
van de mdi bat dau nay
sinh.
IV.
Phrfdng
phap nghien
ciiTu
Chiing
toi ap
dung phffdng phap phan tich
cua
ngon ngff
hoc xa hoi,
thong
qua
nhffng
van de xa hoi
ngon ngff
de
phan tich
va
danh
gia

chinh sach ngon
ngff.
Cach
lam
nhff the thffe chat
la
dung phffdng phap
quy nap.
V.
Bo
cue
cua
luan
van
Ngoai phan
Md dau va Ket
luan,
noi
dung
cua
luan
van
dffdc chia thanh
3
chffdng nhff
sau:
Chffdng
I:
Nhffng
van de

chung
ve
chinh sach ngon ngff
cua
Malaysia.
I. Khai quat
ve
tinh hinh kinh te'-xa
hoi cua
Malaysia
sau khi
gianh
doe
lap
(1957)
den nay.
II.
Chinh sach ngon ngff
cua
Malaysia: chinh sach giao
due
ngon
ngff.
Chffdng II:
Tinh
hinh giang
day
nhffng ngon ngff
da sd d
Malaysia.

I.
Tie'ng Malay
vdi tff
each
la
ngon ngff quo'c
gia
II.
Tieng
Anh vdi tff
each
la
ngon ngff thff
hai
quan trong nha't
III.
Tie'ng
Hoa
IV. Tie'ng Tamil
Chffdng III: Tinh hinh giang
day mot vai
ngon ngff thieu
sd d
Malaysia.
I.
Kadazandusun
II.
Iban
III.
Bidayuh

IV. Murut
V. Orang Asli
77m hieu nhu cdu gido due tieng me de cua cdc ddn tQC thieu so d Malaysia
ChiTcfng I
NHCNG
VAN
DE
CHUNG VE
CHINH SACH NGON NG0 CUA MALAYSIA
I. Khai quat ve tinh hinh kinh te-xa hpi cf Malaysia sau khi gianh
doc lap (1957)
d^'n
nay
1) Malaysia
Id
quoc gia da ddn
toe,
da ngon
ngit
Malaysia la qudc gia tre d khu vffc Dong Nam A, dffdc thanh lap vao ngay
16/9/1963.
Nam d vi
tri
trung tam cua Dong Nam A, gan xich dao, giffa
1*^
va
7^
vT
bac,
100*^

va
119^
kinh dong, Malaysia cd tdng dien tich 329.847
km^
va gan
5.000
km bd bien, bao gdm hai phan lanh thd rieng biet bi chia cat bdi vung bien Dong
rong khoang 750 km, la:
- Tay Malaysia (hay Ban dao Ma Lai), cd dien tich 131.778
km^
gdm 11 bang
la Perlis, Kedah, Perak, Kelantan, Terengganu, Pahang, Selangor, Negeri
Sembilan, Johor,
Pulau
Pinang, Melaka va hai Vung lanh thd Lien bang la Kuala
Lumpur (tff nam 1973) va Labuan (tff nam 1984).
- Dong Malaysia (nam d phia bac dao Borneo) cd dien tich 198.069
km^
gdm
hai bang Sabah va Sarawak. Hai bang nay mdi
chi
sat nhap vao Malaysia nam
1963.
Mot ngan nam trffdc Cong nguyen, ca Ban dao Ma Lai va bd bien bac Borneo
deu la ndi cap ben quan trong cho cac tau buon trong he thong thffdng mai dffdng
bien no'i Dong Nam A vdi chau Phi, Trung Dong, An Do va Trung Hoa. Malaysia
da trd thanh ndi
lui
tdi cua cac thffdng gia nffdc ngoai tff nhffng ngay dau tien.
Vffa nam tren dffdng buon ban Dong Tay, lai vffa nam tren dffdng giao

Iffu
Nam
Bac (tff nam Thai Binh Dffdng
len
bac Thai Binh Dffdng), ban dao Ma Lai tff thdi
tien sff da dffdc mo ta nhff la mot chiee cau de nhffng ngffdi di cff noi tie'p nhau
nam tien tff luc dia chau A den quan dao phia Dong Nam chau A. Chinh vi tri dia
ly la nga tff dffdng cua Dong Nam A va nam giffa hai nffdc
Idn
la An Do va Trung
Hoa, Malaysia hang the ky la ndi tie'p
xiic
vdi nhffng con ngffdi, nen van hda,
thffdng mai va chinh tri mdi [36;ix].
Do dd, da sac toe luon luon la net dac trffng cua da't nffdc nay. Cd the tim tha'y
dieu dd d 64 nhdm chung toe hay van hda khac nhau d Malaysia (phu luc 2).
Nhffng net ndi bat nha't la sff chia cat cff dan ra thanh bo phan Bumiputera va
khong phai Bumiputera (ban dia va khong phai ban dia).
77m hieu nhu cdu gido due tieng me de cua cdc ddn toe thieu so
o
Malaysia
Theo A.H. Omar [26;26-27], Bumiputera la nhffng ngffdi da sinh song d day tff
lau
ddi, cd moi quan he ngon ngff va van hda chung, gan gui va thuoe ve mot khu
vffc dac trffng chff khong chi bd hep trong mot ranh gidi chinh tri da dffdc xac dinh
hay mot vung dia ly han che'. Do dd, ngffdi ban dia d Malaysia bao gdm nhffng toe
ngffdi "chinh gdc" ban dia
Ian
nhffng toe ngffdi di cff de'n tff nhffng ndi khac (nhff
Bajau, Java,

Achen )
va da nhanh chdng bi dong hda vao cong dong ban dia do
cd chung lich sff van hda va ngon
ngff.
Bp phan Bumiputera gdm cd:
- Ngffdi Melayu (cd sd dan dong nha't trong sd cff dan ban dia) dffdc cho la di
cff tff Van Nam (Dong Nam Trung Qudc) den trong khoang nam
2500-1500
trffdc
Cong Nguyen. Theo Hien phap Malaysia, ngffdi Melayu dffdc xac dinh la ngffdi
ndi tie'ng Melayu nhff tieng me de, cd
idi
sdng Melayu va theo Hoi giao. Dai bo
phan dan sd la nong dan, lam
lua
nffdc, mot it lam
lua
nffdng tren cac vung cao.
Ho cung lam ngff nghiep, chu nhffng vffdn cao su nhd hay lam thue d nhffng ddn
dien
Idn
hdn.
Chi
mot sd it ngffdi lam
viee
d cac khu vffc kinh te ca'p cao hdn. Ne'u
nhff d Ban dao Ma Lai, ngffdi Melayu la nhdm dan
toe
cd sd ngffdi dong nha't thi
d Sabah va Sarawak, ho chi la mot nhdm thieu sd.

- Orang Asli (thd dan), dffdc phan ra lam 3 nhdm theo sff phan loai tren binh
dien nhan loai hoc: Negrito, Senoi va
Proto-Malay.
Ta't ca deu sdng tren Ban dao
Ma Lai, trong trot, san bat thu, hai qua rffng, bat ca , va theo ton giao vat linh.
- Cac dan toe ban dia d Sabah va Sarawak, Iban la toe ngffdi ban dia cd sd dan
dong nhat d Sarawak, con d Sabah la Kadazandusun. Trffdc day, ngffdi Dong
Malaysia khong nhan thffe dffdc dan toe minh, ho thffdng gop tat ca dan ban xff
khac nhau vao chung mot nhdm goi la
"Dayak"
d Sarawak va
"Ida'an"
d Sabah.
Nhffng ten goi cua cac dan toe nhff Dusun, Murut chi dffdc bie't de'n khi ngffdi
phffdng Tay xua't hien va dieu tra dan sd. Ngay xffa, va d mot
mffe
do nao dd cho
de'n tan ngay nay, nhieu dan toe d Sabah va Sarawak chi nhan thffe ban than gan
lien vdi ndi ho sdng, dac biet la dong song cua vung dd. Vi du, ngffdi Melanau
trong qua khff goi minh la
"liko"
nghia la ngffdi vung song, trong khi
"Bidayuh"
la ten goi ngay nay cua "Land
Dayak",
cd nghia la "ngffdi vung noi dia" [26;29-
30].
Nhffng cff dan nay la cff dan ndng nghiep tff ca'p tff tuc va danh ca, chi mot sd
dan
toe

biet trong cac loai nong san hang hda nhff cao su, dffa va tieu. Trong khi
ngffdi Melayu d Ban dao da chuyen sang trong lua nffdc thi hau nhff tat ca cac
dan toe d Sabah va Sarawak van con lam lua nffdng. Ho deu gidi dan
lat,
det vai,
khac go Ta't ca cac dan toe dang ndi tdi deu cd tap quan va tin
ngffdng
truyen
thdng nhff nhau. Mot sd dan toe da cai dao sang Hoi giao hay Cd Ddc giao. Do
dd, cd mot tieu chi khac dung de phan loai nhdm ngffdi ban dia nay la Hoi giao
-6-
jm
hieu nhu cdu
^ido due tie'ng me
de cua cdc
ddn toe
thieu so
('/
Malaysia
va khong Hoi giao. M. C. Roff [dan theo 26;28] chia cac dan
tgc
ban dia d Sabah
va Sarawak ra lam
Malayo-Muslim
va khong Muslim, va sff phan chia nay hoan
toan
thd^ng
nhat vdi nhan thffe cua chinh ngffdi ban dia. O ca hai bang nay,
tif
"Malay" hay "Melayu" deu dffdc xem la dong nghia vdi "Muslim" (ngffdi theo dao

Hoi).
Do
do,
nhffng
toe
ngffdi theo dao Hoi (nhff Bajau,
Ilanun)
hay nhffng ngffdi
da cai dao sang Hoi giao (nhff dai bo phan ngffdi Melanau va
Bliun,
mot bo phan
ngffdi Dusun va Murut) deu tff goi minh la "Melayu". Chinh vi vay, thanh ngff
tieng Melayu chi sff cai dao la "masuk Melayu" (trd thanh ngffdi Melayu) chff
khong phai la "masuk Islam". Con nhffng ngffdi khong Hoi giao dffdc goi la
"Ida'an"
d
Sabah va la "Dayak" d Sarawak.
Nhffng ngffdi khong phai Bumiputera la dan cd ngudn
go'c
va
moi
quan he van
hda ngoai khu vffc. Hai cong dong nhap cff chu yeu d Malaysia la Trung
Quo^c
(cd
so"
dan dong nhat) va An Do. Ca hai da den Ban dao Ma Lai tff thdi tien
siJ,
nhffng
mai den

cuo'i
the ky 19, dau the ky 20 mdi dinh cff vdi
so"
Iffdng
Idn.
- Anh hffdng cua An Do len Ban dao Ma Lai bat dau tff nhffng the" ky dau tien
sau Cong nguyen. Nhffng ngffdi An Do dau tien de"n Ban dao Ma Lai la nhffng
thffdng gia va nha truyen giao cua dao Hindu va dao Phat. Mot
so"
da chon d lai
ket hon vdi phu nff dia phffdng. Do do, anh hffdng cua van hda An Do khong
nhffng chi rong ma con tham sau vao g6"c
rl
cua van hda Ma Lai. Nhieu tap quan
va nghi
le
mang dam net van hda An Do
vin
con ton tai. Va dao Hoi, sau nay
dffdc ngffdi Melayu chap nhan lam ton giao cua minh, cung khong the nao thu tieu
ndi chung. Ngffdi Melayu tie"p nhan nen van hoc An Do qua nhffng tac pham cd
gia tri
Idn,
dac biet la cac thien anh hung ca Hindu nhff Ramayana, Mahabharata
va nhffng cau chuyen ve Phat giao. Sau the ky thff X, Hoi giao dffdc gidi thieu d
Malaysia nhd nhffng ngffdi Hoi giao An Do. Do cung chung tin
ngffdng,
cac cuoc
hdp hon lai dien ra
Ian nffa

khong may khd khan. Chi den the he thff hai, con chau
ho da goi minh la Melayu. Ldp con chau sau nay boat dong tich
cffc
trong
ITnh
vffc
bao chi va xuat ban van hoc bang tie'ng Melayu vao cu6"i the ky XIX, dau the ky
XX va tap trung
d
Pinang [26;22,30]. Nhffng ngffdi nay dffdc goi la Indian Muslim
(ngffdi Hoi giao An Do). Tuy nhien, da
so"
ngffdi An Do cua Malaysia ngay nay la
con chau cua nhffng ngffdi bi
thffe
dan Anh dffa de"n vao dau the ky trffdc de lam
cong nhan d cac ddn dien cao su. Da
so"
ho la ngffdi Tamil, mot so khac la ngffdi
Telegu, Ceylon, Punjab, Sikh Phan
Idn
ho theo dao Hindu, mot
it
theo dao Sikh,
Hoi giao va Cd doc giao.
- Mac du ngffdi Trung
Qu6"c
da de"n cac cang cua Melayu tff thdi tien
siJ,
nhffng

Sajarah Melayu (Truyen
siJ
Melayu) la van ban cd nhat cho biet ngffdi Trung
Qu6"c CO
mat d Ban dao, dac biet la Melaka vao the" ky XV. Chuyen ke ve
Tim
hieu
nhu cdu
gido
due
tieng
me de cua cdc ddn
toe
thieu
so d
Malaysia
chuyen vieng tham trieu dinh Hoang
de
Trung
Hoa cua
Sultan (Qudc vffdng
Hoi
giao) Melaka
la
Mansur Shah
va khi trd ve, ong
mang theo
mot c6 dau
Trung
Qudc cung

vdi 500 tuy
tung, dinh
cff d
Melaka.
Hau due cua
nhffng ngffdi
nay goi
la Baba,
cd
nghia
la
nhffng ngffdi Trung Qudc
ndi
tie'ng Melayu
(da
Creole
hda,
hay Baba Malay) nhff
la
ngon ngff thff nha't
va cd
Idi
sdng gidng nhff ngffdi Melayu
hdn
la
Trung Qudc, khong phai
la tin dd Hoi
giao. Cong dong ngffdi Baba sdng
tap
trung

d
Melaka nhffng
cd mot
nhdm
nhd
sdng
d
Pinang
va
Singapore.
Ngffdi Trung Quo'c
bat dau di cff d at den
Malaysia
vao
cudi the"
ky XIX vdi
viee
md cac md
thiee
cd qui mo
Idn.
Khong
bao lau sau khi
dinh
cff d
Malaysia,
ho
da
chiem ITnh
nganh thffdng

mai cua da't
nffdc. Ngffdi Trung Qudc khong
cd xu
hffdng truyen giao.
Mae du ho
cung
cd
lich
sff dai
bang lich
sff cua
ngffdi
An Do d
Malaysia, nhffng
anh
hffdng
van hda phi vat
chat
lln
vat
chat
cua ho len ddi
sd'ng
van
hda cua
ngffdi Melayu
ban dia hau
nhff khong dang
ke. Tap
quan

va
truyen
thdng Trung Quo'c khong tham nhap
vao ddi
sdng
Ma Lai. Chi mot sd it tff
Trung
Qudc
lot vao tff
vffng Melayu,
chu yeu la ten goi cac
loai thffe pham. Ngffdi
Melayu ehffa tffng dffdc nghe truyen Trung Qudc, chff dffng
ndi de'n cac tac
pham
van
hoc cd gia tri
cao.
Da sd
ngffdi Trung Qudc theo Phat giao,
mot sd
theo
Cd do'e
giao
va Hoi
giao. Phan
Idn
ho la
ngffdi Phuc Kie"n
va

Quang Dong, ngoai
ra con cd
ngffdi Trieu Chau,
Hae Ca,
Hailam, Phuc Chau [39;178].
- Ngoai
ra, eon cd cac
cong ddng nhap
cff
thieu so" khac nhff
A Rap, Bo Dao
Nha,
Anh,
Indonesia, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Philippines,
Sri
Lanka, Thai Lan
sinh sdng
d
Malaysia.
Da
sac toe d
mffe
do cao
nhff
vay nen
khong
cd gi
dang
ngae
nhien

khi mot dac
diem
keo
theo
ndi bat
khac
cua da't
nffdc
nay la da
ngff
xa hoi.
Trffdc
khi
cong
ddng ngffdi nffdc ngoai
di cff den day,
Malaysia
da la
"ngdi
nha
chung
ciia
v6 so"
ngon ngff
ban dia"
[dSn
theo
17;
11].
Mffe

do da
ngff
lai
cang phffc
tap hdn vdi sff
cd
mat cua cac dan toe mdi. Tuy
nhien, ehffa
cd mot eon sd
chinh
xac ve sd
Iffdng
ngon ngff
ban dia, dac
biet
la cac
ngon ngff
d
Sabah
va
Sarawak.
Cd mot so*
nguyen nhan khien
cho
viee dieu
tra gap khd
khan:
-
Cac dan toe d
Sabah

va
Sarawak dffdc
xac
dinh bang
mot ten goi
nhat dinh
lai
cd
the gdm mot
nhdm ngffdi thuan nha't
ve
ngon ngff nhffng cung
cd the la
khong
thuan nha't
ve
ngon
ngff. Cac bao cao
dieu
tra dan sd cd xu
hffdng
gop cac
nhdm
ngffdi
ndi cac
ngon ngff khong thuan nhat
lai lam mot,
ddng thdi
lai coi mot
ngon

ngff
duy
nha't nhff
la mot
nhdm
gdm cd vai
ngon
ngff.
- Them
vao do, mot vai
nhdm ngffdi
lai goi
minh bang
mot ten goi
hoan toan
khac
han vdi ten goi ma cac dan toe
khac
hay
chinh
phu dat cho.
77m hieu nhu
cdu
gido
due
tieng
me de cua cdc ddn toe
thieu
so
d

Malaysia
- Viee
xac
dinh
dan toe
theo cong ddng ngon ngff
hay
phffdng ngff cung
la van
de
nan
giai.
Vi
nhffng phffdng phap ngon ngff
hoe
dung
de xac
dinh
dau la
ngon
ngff, dau la
phffdng ngff
qua "so
sanh
tff
vffng"
hay
"thff tinh
dl
hieu

lan
nhau"
khong phai
liic
nao
cung mang
lai ket qua
diing.
A. H.
Omar [26;xi] dffa
ra dan
chffng
ve
tie'ng Melayu
va
tie'ng Kentakbong
cd 85% tff
vffng cung
gdc
nhffng
lai
thuoe
ve hai ho
ngon ngff khac nhau.
- Dieu quan trong nhat
la
ehffa
cd
cuoc dieu
tra dan sd

tren phffdng dien ngon
ngff
hoc nao
dffdc tien hanh
d hai
bang
nay
[24;57].
Theo
A. H.
Omar [24;56],
cd
khong dffdi
70
ngon ngff
d ca hai
phan lanh
thd
cua Malaysia.
Con
theo Mohd. Adib
Bin
Haji Adam
(Bo
trffdng Thong
tin
Malaysia) [19;xxiii]
thi
Malaysia
cd

khong
it hdn 100
ngon
ngff.
Vien Ngon ngff
hoe
Mua he
tdng
ke't
dffdc
137
ngon ngff
d
Malaysia
(phu luc
3). Cung nhff
sff
chia
eat
dan sd,
ngon ngff
d
Malaysia cung dffdc phan
ra lam ban dia va
khong
ban
dia:
-
Cac
ngon ngff

ban dia d
Malaysia thuoe
ve hai ho
ngon ngff
Idn
la Nam A va
Nam Dao.
Ho Nam A gdm cd cac
ngon ngff
thd dan
(ngoai trff Jakun
va
Temuan
la phffdng ngff
cua
tie'ng Melayu)
va cd
khoang
20
ngon ngff
thd dan.
Trong
khi
ho
Nam A chi cd mat d Ban dao Ma Lai thi ho Nam Dao cd d ca Ban dao Ma Lai
lan Borneo. Thuoe
ve ho
ngon ngff
nay cd cac
ngon

ngff:
Malay, Java, Kerinei
va
Aceh
d Ban dao
[24;56-57]
va cac
ngon ngff
ban dia d
Sabah
va
Sarawak [26;37].
-
Cac
ngon ngff khong phai
ban dia
thuoe
cac ho
ngon ngff Han-Tang (tieng
Trung Qudc
va cac
phffdng ngff
cua no), ho
An-Au (tieng
Anh, Bo Dao Nha,
Bengali, Sinhalese,
cac
ngon ngff mien
Bac An Do
nhff Hindi, Punjabi),

ho
Dravid
(cac ngon ngff mien
Nam An Do
nhff Tamil, Malayalam, Telugu),
ho
Afro-Asiatic
(A
Rap) va ho
Tay-Thai (tieng Thai).
Tieng
A Rap va
tie'ng
Anh tuy
khong
cd
cong ddng
ndi
nhff ngon ngff thff nha't
nhffng dffdc giang
day
trong
nha
trffdng. Tie'ng
A Rap la
ngon ngff giang
day cua
cac trffdng
Hoi
giao. Tieng

Anh
dffdc
sff
dung rong
rai va
dffdc
coi la
ngon ngff
thff
hai
quan trong nha't.
2) Tinh hinh kinh te-xa
hgi
d
Malaysia
tit
1957 den
nay
Sau
khi
gianh dffdc
doc lap vao nam 1957,
Malaysia
da
thffa hffdng
mot nen
kinh
te
thffe
dan cu lac hau, phu

thuoe
vao cac
nffdc khac
rat
nhieu
ve
Iffdng thffe,
hdn
%
dan so' (chu yeu la
ngffdi Melayu) sdng dffdi mffe ngheo
ddi
eiing
vdi cac
van
de
chinh
tri, xa hoi
thffe
dan Anh de lai.
Malaysia
da
phai giai quyet
ta't ca
-9-
77m hieu nhu cdu gido due tieng me de
ciia
cdc ddn
toe
thieu so

d
Malaysia
cac van de ma cac quo'c gia non tre phai do'i mat, dau tien la dam bao sinh nhai
cho moi ngffdi dan.
Malaysia da khdi dau cong cuoc phat trien kinh te cua minh bang mot ehuoi
cac ke hoach 5 nam, bat dau tff nam 1956. O mot mat tran rong hdn, bao trum len
tren ta't ca la cac ke hoach phat trien dai han, nhff Chinh sach Kinh te Mdi
(1971-
1991),
Chinh sach Phat trien Mdi (1991-2000). Dffdc danh gia la "cd cac chien
Iffdc
cung nhff chinh sach phat trien kinh te linh boat, mem deo thich ffng vdi tffng
giai doan phat trien"
[11;268],
kinh te Malaysia da dat dffdc nhffng thanh tffu to
Idn,
vffng
chae
va dang tff hao. Tdng san pham quo'c noi (GDP) hang nam cd mffe
tang trffdng trung binh dang khich le, tff 5 - 8% [39;342-343], trong nhffng nam
gan day la 8% [11;255]. Mot trong nhffng mue tieu cua chinh sach phat trien kinh
te'-xa hoi la nham xda bo hoan toan ngheo ddi va giam nhffng gi lien quan de'n
ngheo ddi, nang cao thu nhap va tao cd hoi viee lam cho tat ca nhan dan. O nong
thon, Chinh phu da xay dffng nhffng vung dinh cff mdi, giup dd cong cu san xua't
nong nghiep, dich vu tff van, trd cap gio'ng va phan, cho vay tin
diang,
tim hieu thi
trffdng va md nhffng trung tam phat trien mdi O thanh thi, Chinh phu tap trung
vao viee tao va phat trien cong an viee lam mang lai hieu qua, di ddi dan tff ngoai
vao trong thanh pho' Ti le ngheo ddi giam xuo'ng con 7,2% vao nam 2000.

Malaysia nam 1995 chi cd dffdi 1% dan so' sdng dffdi mffe ngheo ddi
lUSD/ngay
(mffe tieu dung to'i thieu cua mdi ca nhan dffdc quo'c
te'ehap
nhan) [14;287]. Mffe
so'ng
cua nhan dan tang len mot each dang ke: thu nhap binh quan dau ngffdi hang
nam tang tff 300USD (trffdc Doe lap) len
4.000USD
(nam 2000) [49]. Dau nam
1990,
Malaysia da thanh cong trong viee nang quyen sd hffu v6"n cua minh len
76%
so vdi 38,3% nam 1971. 24% eon lai la vdn nffdc ngoai [39;361-366]. Ti le
that nghiep giam xu6"ng chi con 4,5% nam 1995 [39;368].
Sabah va Sarawak trffdc khi gia nhap vao Lien bang Malaysia la nhffng bang
con lac hau hdn ve kinh te so vdi Tay Malaysia. Do dia hinh nui non hiem trd,
giao thong bang dffdng bo d hai bang nay rat khd khan, han che" den phat trien
kinh
te".
Sarawak nam 1962 chi gdm "nhffng eon sdng
Idn
day bun va mot he thdng
rdi ram cac phu
liTu,
kenh rach tao thanh dffdng giao thong
chii
yeu.
6
dd chi cd

vai con dffdng va cau thi con it hdn" [36;339]. Sarawak ngay nay cd cac do thi
Idn
va cac trung tam cong nghiep vdi he tho'ng dffdng sa to't nhat, phffdng tien lien lac
hien dai, hai cang dffdc trang bi day du, d moi do thi deu cd san bay va he tho'ng
viln
thong hien dai
[39;
105].
Hai bang nay chu trong den nong nghiep va phat
trien nong thdn ndi chung, tuy nhien van con nhffng tan dff cua
Idi
lam ndng
nghiep thd sd va lang
phi.
10-
77m hieu nhu cdu gido
due tie'ng
me de cua cdc ddn tgc thieu so d Malaysia
Sau doc lap, Chinh phu da cd nhffng cd gang nham tai dinh cff thd dan, va
cang ngay cang cd nhieu thd dan Malaysia ngffng du cff. Cac ke hoach tai dinh cff
cd mat d khap moi ndi, tap hdp va day thd dan lam chdi de sdng va cung tham
gia vao nen kinh te dang phat trien cua Malaysia nhff nganh cong nghiep cao su.
Tff nam 1957 trd di, chi tieu cho cac dich vu xa hoi dffdc danh cho mot mffe
ifu
tien ra't cao. Chi phi cho viee md rong chffdng trinh giao due dffdc xem nhff la mot
hinh thffe dau tff cua quo'c gia. Hau nhff nam nao chi phi cho giao due cung la mot
hang mue
Idn
nha't, cd luc len de'n hoac hdn 1/5 tdng chi tieu. Sabah va Sarawak
cung ffu tien phan nhieu cho phuc

Idi
xa hoi, dac biet la giao due va y te'. Trffdc
kia, viee dau tff cho giao due d hai bang nay cffc ky han che, phan
Idn
la khoan
trang cho cac doan truyen giao.
Trong ky nguyen thuoe dia, vdi chinh sach "chia de tri"
ciia
thffe dan Anh,
ngffdi Melayu, dan toe chu the cua da't nffdc da bi day vao vi tri xa hoi be nhd va
bi gat ra ngoai le phat trien kinh te'. Ngffdi Melayu chu yeu la ndng dan, sdng d
ndng thon, cac vung heo lanh, thu nhap rat tha'p, khong on dinh va xa la vdi cac
vung thanh thi. Cong ddng ngffdi Hoa chu yeu song tap trung d thanh thi, buon
ban va kiem soat cac nganh thffdng mai
Idn
nho, giff mot vai trd kinh te quan
trong. Cong ddng ngffdi An hau het sdng d cac ddn dien cao su, mot sd buon ban
d thanh pho. Sff each biet ve van hda, ngon ngff giffa cac dan toe lai cang bi chia
re sau sac hdn bdi sff each biet ve ndi cff tni, nganh nghe, vi tri xa hoi, giau
ngheo Mau
thuin
xa hoi trd nen gay gat. Van de dan toe da trd thanh van de
hang dau ngay tff nhffng ngay dau tien sau doc lap. Do dd, tff tffdng cong bang xa
hoi,
nhff mot sdi chi do, da xuyen sud't toan bo cac ke hoach phat trien kinh te
ciia
Malaysia.
Chinh phu de ra cac mue tieu: Ta't ca cac dan toe deu phai tham gia vao cac
khu vffc cua nen kinh te; dam bao hinh thanh mot xa hoi thffdng mai va cong
nghiep trong cong ddng ngffdi Melayu va ban dia khac de cac dan toe ban dia sd

hffu va quan ly it nha't 30% cac boat ddng cong thffdng nghiep trong nen kinh te
vao nam 1990 [39;361-366]. De cd cd ca'u
lao
dong phan anh tat ca cac thanh
phan dan toe, dau tff cho giao due va dao tao da dffdc ffu tien cho ngffdi Melayu
va ban dia khac dang tut hau kha xa trong nhip do hien dai hda cua da't nffdc
nham tang
sd
Iffdng ngffdi ban dia cd tay nghe, dac biet d bac dai hoc. Ket qua la,
dau nam 1990, sd hffu cd phan cua ngffdi ban dia tang tff dffdi 2% (1970) [36;350-
351] len 20% [39;361-366]. So vdi mue tieu 30% de ra, con so nay dffdc xem la
khong thanh cong lam do suy thoai kinh te' xay ra vao nhffng nam 80. Tuy
nhien.
-11-
77m hieu nhu cdu gido
due tie'ng
me de eua cdc ddn toe thieu so d Malaysia
Chinh phu cung tao ra mot the' can bang de dam bao quyen
Idi
cua cac dan toe
khong phai ban dia va dam bao mot
chd
dffng vffng chac cho sff nhay ben kinh
doanh cua ngffdi Hoa trong sff tang trffdng kinh te'qude gia
[36;350-351].
Trinh dp
hoc van cua ngffdi Melayu cung tang len dang ke. Nam 1970 chi cd 37,9%
Iffc
Iffdng lao dong ngffdi Melayu cd trinh do dai hoc; 30,8% - trung hoc va 67,6% -
tieu hoc thi tdi nam 1990, cac chi so' nay da tang len tffdng ffng la

51%,
48% va
71,2%
[11;291]. Malaysia cung la mot trong nhffng nffdc cd chinh sach viing sdm
nha't ASEAN va la mot trong nhffng nffdc dau tien thdng nha't khai niem va quan
diem phat trien vung trong phat trien qudc gia. Tuy sff khac biet lanh thd van con
Idn
nhffng Malaysia da thanh cong trong viee nang cac bang ngheo va lac hau len
mot bffdc phat trien dang ke, tao dong
Iffc
cho cac bffdc phat trien tie'p theo, giam
ti le dan ngheo khd d cac viing nay tff 60-70% xudng eon xa'p xi 30% vao nam
1990 [ll;276-284]. Viee cai thien dieu kien sdng d cac bang ngheo, ndi ngffdi
Melayu chiem da so', cung la mot ddng gdp quan trong vao viee giai quyet mau
thuan sac toe trong xa hoi, va cung la mot trong nhffng mue tieu chinh tri cd ban
nha't cua Malaysia.
Tuy nhien, cac chinh sach ff\i dai ngffdi ban dia dffdc thffe hien qua lau da lam
cho cong ddng nay cd thai do le thuoe vao Nha nffdc [49; The Star, 17/6/2002],
cung nhff gay ra sff bat binh trong cac cong ddng nhap cff.
11.
Chinh
sach Ngdn
ngi?
cua Malaysia
Sau doc lap, Malaysia cung nhff cac quo'c gia A-Phi da sac toe non tre khac
deu nhan thffe rd tam quan trong cua ngdn ngff trong viee giai quyet van de dan
toe,
cung cd khd'i doan ke't cua nhan dan, ddng thdi khang dinh chu quyen qudc
gia cua minh. Dd la van de chinh tri-xa hoi, van hda he't sffe nhay cam.
Chinh sach ngdn ngff la mot trong nhffng bp phan cau thanh quan trpng cua

chinh sach dan toe. Chinh sach ngdn ngff phai phan anh dffdc ndi dung cua chinh
sach dan toe, giai quye't dffdc nhffng van de ngdn ngff do Nha nffdc dat ra va gdp
phan thffe hien
ehinh
sach dan toe va cac chinh sach xa hoi khac [17;39].
Thdng thffdng, chinh sach ngdn ngff cua mot quo'c gia gdm cd 3 bd phan:
- Chinh sach do'i vdi ngdn ngff quo'c gia hay ngdn ngff chinh thffe;
- Chinh sach ddi vdi ngdn ngff cac dan toe thieu sd;
- Chinh sach ddi vdi tieng nffdc ngoai.
12-
77m hieu nhu cdu gido
due
tieng me de cua cdc ddn
toe
thieu
sod
Malaysia
Trong dd, chffc nang xa hoi
ciia
cac ngdn ngff dffdc qui dinh khong nhff nhau
va dieu dd phu thuoe vao y chi ehinh tri cua giai cap thdng tri, nhu cau phat trien
kinh te'-xa hoi cua da't nffdc va nhu cau thffe te cua nhan dan, sff dap ffng cua nha
nffdc trong kha nang kinh te cho phep
1) Tieng Melayu trd thdnh Ngon ngit Quoc gia
Khai niem "ngdn ngff qudc gia" dffdc hinh thanh
gSn
lien vdi cac qudc gia mdi
gianh dffdc ddc lap, dac biet trong phong trao dan toe the' ky
XIX-XX.
Tuy nhien,

mot so' qudc gia lai chi tuyen bd ngdn ngff chinh thffe. O mot so' nffdc, hai khai
niem "ngdn ngff qudc gia" va "ngdn ngff chinh thffe" khong
tach
rdi nhau, Chang
han nhff tie'ng Viet d Viet Nam chi dffdc tuyen bd' la ngdn ngff phd thdng nhffng
ddi khi dffdc hieu la ngdn ngff qudc gia hay ngdn ngff chinh thffe cua da't nffdc.
Khi quye't dinh chpn ngdn ngff ehinh
thffe
cho minh, nhffng nffdc nay thffdng dffng
trffdc bdn
Iffa
chpn: ngdn ngff cua dan toe nao do (nhff cac nffdc Viet Nam,
Indonesia, Brunei ), ngdn ngff ngoai lai (thffdng la ngdn ngff cua thffe dan de lai),
ca hai (nhff Philippines) hay ta't ca cac ngdn ngff chu yeu
ciia
dat nffdc (nhff
Singapore). Phan
Idn,
ngdn ngff quo'c gia lai chi cd mot va thffdng la ngdn ngff
ciia
mot dan toe.
Malaysia da chpn cho minh theo each thff nha't, Dieu 152(1) cua Hien phap
Lien bang Malaysia da qui dinh dia vi ngdn ngff qudc gia cho tie'ng Melayu. Ngay
sau dd, Chinh sach Ngdn ngff Quo'c gia 1957 ra ddi.
Viee dffa tie'ng Melayu len dia vi ngdn ngff qudc gia bao gdm hai mue dich:
xay dffng ban sac dan toe (national identity) va hoi nhap toan qudc (national
integration). Ban sac cua dan toe dffdc hieu la mot tap hdp nhffng net dac trffng
eua mot dan toe nhff mot thffe the khu biet vdi cac dan toe khac
[24;1].
Mot thanh

to*
quan trpng gdp phan lam nen ban sac
dd ehinh la ngdn ngff qudc gia. Ddi vdi Malaysia, ngdn ngff quo'c gia la bieu
tffdng
ciia
ehu quyen qudc gia (cung vdi qudc ky va quo'c ca), vdi khau hieu
"Ngdn ngff la linh hdn cua qudc gia" ("Bahasa Jiwa
Bangsa").
Vdi mot quo'c gia
da dan toe nhff Malaysia ma moi dan toe "chi goi minh trong cong ddng, truyen
thdng va
ehii
nghia sd-vanh cua dan toe dd" [24;37] thi
viee
hoi nhap, tffc thdng
qua mot ngdn ngff chung, cac dan toe khong nhffng chi cd the giao tie'p vdi nhau
va giao tiep vdi ehinh
phii,
ma edn hieu nhau hdn la vd cung can thiet
[24;62-63].
13-
77m hieu nhu cdu gido
due
tieng me de cua cdc ddn t()c thieu so d Malaysia
Ngdn ngff quo'c gia theo hffdng di thff nhat phai la ngdn ngff
ciia
dan toe
ehii
the (chiem sd ddng, cd trinh dp phat trien cao hdn, cd vai trd to
Idn

trong qua trinh
dffng nffdc va giff nffdc.) [8;19] va ban than ngdn ngff dd cung phai la mot ngdn
ngff phat trien de dap ffng dffdc ta't ca cac chffc nang xa hoi can thiet. Tie'ng
Melayu hoi du dffdc ca hai dieu dd. Ngffdi Melayu cd mot lich
sii
lau ddi va tff the
ky XV, hp da cd mot nen van hda Hoi giao dang tff hao. Dd la nen van hda
Melayu
ciia
Melaka dffdc ngffdng md va chap nhan d nhieu ndi tren Ban dao va
Quan dao, bao gdm ca mien bac Borneo. Melaka vffa la trung tam thffdng mai
giau cd va the
life,
vffa la trung tam van hda
Idn.
Hdn mot the' ky tie'p theo, cac
thanh phd' cang trong vung lan
Iffdt
chap nhan ton giao va di theo md hinh chinh
phu
ciia
ke manh nha't, cd uy
tin
va van hda nang ddng nha't nay, cung vdi ngdn
ngff
ciia
Melaka la tieng Melayu
[16;115-116].
Do vay, tie'ng Melayu trd thanh
ngdn ngff dffdc sff dung rong rai nha't trong

viing.
Cac phong trao giai phdng dan
toe chdng ach dd hp
ciia
thffe dan deu chpn tie'ng Melayu lam ngdn ngff dau
tranh, la phffdng tien thdng nha't cac dan toe trong cuoc dau tranh gianh doe lap,
la bieu tffdng
eiia
tinh than va van hda dan toe. Tie'ng Melayu cd truyen thdng
chff vie't tff the' ky thff VII. Tie'ng Melayu da dffdc sff dung trong cong ddng ndi
tie'ng Melayu nhff ngdn ngff giao tie'p, ngdn ngff
ciia
van hpc, trie't hpc, van hda va
ton giao cua ngffdi Melayu cung nhff la ngdn ngff hanh chinh cua cac nha nffdc
Melayu. Ngoai ra, day la mot ngdn ngff
dl
hpc,
dg
nhd, cd he tho'ng chff viet khoa
hpc,
nen da gianh dffdc cho minh uy tin trd thanh lingua franca trong giao tie'p
giffa cac nhdm dan toe va trong thffdng mai d Quan dao Ma Lai. Cd the ndi rang,
tie'ng Melayu trong qua khff da phat trien day du nhff mot ngdn ngff dap ffng dffdc
mpi nhu cau
ciia
xa hoi minh va khu vffc, lam cd sd cho ngdn ngff qudc gia hay
chinh thffe
ciia
cac nffdc khac nhff Indonesia, Brunei va Singapore. Khong mot
ngdn ngff ban dia nao d Malaysia cd dffdc sff phat trien nhff the.

Tuy nhien, nhff tren da ndi, thffe dan Anh da day ngffdi Melayu va tieng
Melayu ra khdi vi the' xa hoi cua minh. Nam 1931, ngffdi Melayu khdng con
chiem da sd trong tdng sd" dan cff cua Ban dao nffa. Hp cung da thffe sff tut hau
kha xa so vdi cac cong ddng nhap cff khac ve kinh te', van hda, giao due. Ngdn
ngff qudc gia da khdng edn mot nen tang vffng chac de nang dd minh, do dd
khdng the tranh khdi lao dao trong nhffng ngay dau nhff gap phai phan khang cua
cac cong ddng nhap cff,
ehii
yeu la ngffdi Hoa hay tham chi ca tff mot sd ngffdi
Melayu dffde giao due bang tieng Anh. Chinh sach ngdn ngff thffe sff tff nd khdng
the xoay sd ndi mot minh. Malaysia y thffe ro dieu dd nen
eiing
vdi Dao
luat
Ngdn ngff Qudc gia
suTa
ddi 1971 la cac Chinh sach Kinh te Mdi va Chinh sach
-14-
77m hieu nhu cdu gido
due
tieng me de cua cdc ddn toe thieu
sod
Malaysia
Giao
due
Qudc gia dffdc thffe hien ddng thdi, trong do, phat trien kinh te dffde coi
la tien de eua sff phat trien.
a) Chinh sach Gido
due
Quoc gia vd

mgt
so chinh sach xd hoi khac ho trd cho
ngon
ngU
quoc gia
Trffdc 1970, d Malaysia cd 4 loai trffdng la trffdng tie'ng Anh, Melayu, Trung
Qudc va Tamil vdi cac ngdn ngff giang day khac nhau tffdng ffng. Trff trffdng
tie'ng Anh la khdng phan biet sac toe, cac trffdng edn lai chi gidi han trong so' hpc
sinh cua dan toe minh, gpi la trffdng ban dia. Chffdng trinh giang day cung khac
nhau: trffdng Anh theo chffdng trinh hpc
ciia
cac trffdng d Anh Qudc, cac trffdng
edn lai
chii
yeu dinh hffdng ve que hffdng da't nffdc minh, phan anh nhffng md'i
ban tam eua mdi cong ddng. Sach vd, giao vien cung dffdc mang sang tff que nha.
Dieu
ed't
yeu la trffdc Ddc lap, trong so' cac trffdng ban dia, chi trff trffdng Trung
Qudc cd giao due trung hpc, cac trffdng edn lai thffdng khdng qua tieu hpc. Ke't
qua la cac hpc sinh Trung Quo'c ra trffdng cd viee lam tot hdn, tham chi vdi dau de
kinh doanh nhay ben hp khdng can dffa vao viee lam
ciia
Nha nffdc. Hp chiem
ITnh
khdng nhffng thffdng mai ma edn ca nghe nghiep chuyen mdn. Cac hpc sinh
Tamil quay ve cao mu cao su va Melayu ve vdi ddng rupng,
chai
Iffdi.
Cd chang

la hp cd chut chff hdn
cha
dng hp ma thdi. Viee hpc
ciia
ngffdi Melayu chi dffdc
danh cho nhffng mue tieu khiem ton nhff the. Con trffdng Anh chi de cho eon chau
tff san ngffdi Hoa, eon chau cac thffdng gia An Dp va giai cap quy toe Melayu,
dffdc dao tao de quan ly lai ngffdi Melayu. He tho'ng giao due nhff the cang tang
them viee chia re dan toe theo nganh nghe, thue day mau thuan xa hoi. Chinh
sach Giao due Quo'c gia 1970 da thdng nha't tat ca cac loai trffdng tren vao mot he
thdng giao due quo'c gia, dung ngdn ngff qudc gia lam ngdn ngff giang day ehinh
vdi mot chffdng trinh hpc chung "Malaysia" hdn. Cac trffdng nay dffde gpi la
trffdng qudc gia, bao gdm ca nhffng trffdng mdi thanh lap lan nhffng trffdng tie'ng
Anh chuyen sang.
Co'
gang de can bang tinh the trong giao due cung dffde ap dung vao viee
tuyen sinh dai hpc. Theo qui dinh, thanh phan sinh vien
ciia
ta't ca cac trffdng dai
hpc phai phan anh dffde thanh phan dan toe eua ca nffdc, cd nghia la neu
bumiputera chie'm 50% dan so' va cac dan toe khac la 50% thi ty le dd cung phai
dffdc ap dung vao tuyen sinh dai hpc. Che dp
"cd-ta"
nay cung dffdc ap dung
trong viee lam giam sff ma't can ddi d ca'p khoa. A. H. Omar [24;68-69] dan vi du
ve trffdng Dai hpc Tdng hdp Malaya, ndi cac khoa tff nhien cd phan
Idn
sinh vien
theo hpc la ngffdi Trung Qudc, trong khi cac nganh van chffdng va nhan van (trff
15-

77m hieu nhu cdu gido
due
tieng me de cua cdc ddn
tQC
thieu
sod
Malaysia
khoa kinh te) lai ddng sinh vien ban dia. De thffe hien dieu nay, mot sd trffdng dai
hpc da ap dung chffdng trinh "dd dau" cac trffdng phd thdng, ndi cd nhieu hpc
sinh ban dia de chpn ra nhffng em cd kha nang ve cac mdn khoa hpc tff nhien.
Cac em dffdc bdi dffdng rieng va dffde tuyen thang vao dai hpc ne'u vffdt qua dffdc
mot ky thi dac biet.
Mot ehinh sach xa hoi nffa khdng kern phan quan trpng de lam can bang xa
hoi cung nhff lam cd sd vffng chac cho Chinh sach Ngdn ngff Qudc gia la khuyen
khich gia tang dan sd trong cong ddng ban dia. Ti le tang dan sd hang nam (tff
1991)
ciia
ngffdi ban dia la 2,7%, trong khi
ciia
ngffdi Trung Quo'c la 1,3% va An
Dp
la 1,5% [39;179].
Cach day vai nam, Hdi ddng Ngdn ngff va Van hpc da bat dau van ddng hanh
lang de tie'ng Melayu trd thanh mot trong nhffng ngdn ngff chinh thffe dffde dung
tai Lien Hdp Qudc, ben canh cac ngdn ngff chinh thffe khac la Anh, Nga, Trung
Qudc, Phap va Tay Ban Nha [The Star, 10/8/2002]. Day cung la mot boat ddng
nham khang dinh vi
tri
cua tieng Melayu.
b) Chinh sach Ngon ngff Quoc gia

dUffc
tien hanh
tUng
hU&c,
than trong vd
khon kheo
Lich sff Malaysia da chffng kien nhffng cuoc xung dot sac toe nghiem trpng
nhff bien ddng vao nhffng nam 50, ndi loan
11/1967
d Pinang, xung dot 5/1969 d
Kuala Lumpur; tham chi ca xung dot trong ndi bd dan tpc Melayu nhff cuoc khung
hoang hien phap nhd nhffng nhay cam d Kelantan nam 1977 hay nhffng nhdm Hdi
giao cffc doan chd'ng chu nghia vat chat tim each pha hoai viee xay dffng cuoc
sdng hien dai nam 1978. Dd la sff canh bao kinh hoang ve nhffng mdi hiem nguy
tiem tang trong bat ky hinh thffe nao
ciia
mdi thu han dan toe, la bai hpc dang nhd
trong thdi gian dai cho tha'y hda hdp chinh tri va xa hdi khdng phai la dieu tff
nhien cd dffdc. Malaysia hieu dieu dd nen van de ngdn ngff quo'c gia cung phai
tien hanh tffng bffdc, than trpng va khon kheo.
Dieu 152(1)
ciia
Hiep phap qui dinh dia vi la ngdn ngff qudc gia cho
tie^ng
Melayu. Nhffng Hien phap cung cho phep tie'ng Anh duy tri song song vdi tie'ng
Melayu nhff ngdn ngff chinh thffe trong quan ly hanh ehinh va nhffng sff kien ehinh
thffe trong thdi gian 10 nam de nhan dan cd thdi gian lam quen va chuan bi tinh
than. Tuy nhien, Dff thao Dao luat Ngdn ngff ngay 1/9/1967, trong khi mffu cau
ngdn ngff qudc gia la ngdn ngff ehinh
thffe

duy nha't, van cho phep duy tri tie'ng
-16-
77m hieu nhu cdu gido
due
tieng me de cua cdc ddn toe thieu sod Malaysia
Anh va cac ngdn ngff khac. Khoan 3 eua Dff luat nay cho phep chinh quyen Lien
bang hay cac bang quyen dffde dung bat cff ngdn ngff cua bat cff cong ddng nao
trong Lien bang vao nhffng mue dich dffdc cho la can thiet do'i vdi quyen
Idi
eua
cong chiing. Chi khi cd Dao luat Ngdn ngff Qudc gia
Sffa
ddi 1971, tie'ng Melayu
mdi dffde trao cho dia vi va vai trd la ngdn ngff chinh thffe duy nha't. Sabah va
Sarawak cung cd 10 nam chuyen ddi nhff vay. Nhffng do mot sd nguyen nhan,
viee sff dung tieng Melayu nhff ngdn ngff chinh thffe duy nha't d Sarawak dffdc
thffe hien mudn hdn, tffc tff 1/9/1985.
Trong
linh
vffc giao due, viee sff dung tieng Melayu nhff ngdn ngff giang day
chinh cung dffdc thffe hien tffng bffdc, nham cd thdi gian chuan bi. Bao cao
ciia
A.
H. Razak (Bd trffdng Giao due Lien bang Ma Lai) (1956) viet: "Mue dich cudi
cung eua ehinh sach giao due nay la tho'ng nha't hpc sinh
ciia
ta't ca cac dan toe lai
dffdi mot he tho'ng giao due qudc gia vdi viee sff dung ngdn ngff qudc gia lam
ngdn ngff giang day. Mae du vay, qua trinh nay phai dffde thffe hien tffng bffdc va
khdng the ep

bude
dot ngpt". Do dd, mac du tff tffdng bie'n tie'ng Melayu thanh
ngdn ngff giang day chinh cua he thdng giao due qudc gia va cac van de lien quan
de'n cac ngdn ngff khac da dffde de cap de'n tff nam 1956 trong bao cao
ciia
Razak
va Chinh sach Ngdn ngff Qudc gia 1957 cung nhff Sac
lenh
Giao due 1957, nhffng
chi de'n nam 1970, vdi Chinh sach Giao due Qudc gia, tie'ng Malaysia mdi ehinh
thffe thay the tie'ng Anh trong giao due. Viee thay the' nay cung phai dffde tie'n
hanh dan dan, tff ldp 1 tieu hpc vdi cac mdn xa hdi trffdc (khdng ddi hdi nhieu
thuat ngff va da cd sach viet bang tie'ng Melayu tff trffdc), sau dd mdi de'n cac
mdn tff nhien. Thffe ra viee thay the dan dan nay da dffde bat dau tff dau nam
1968,
nhffng chi nhffng hpc sinh bffdc vao ldp 1 nam 1970 mdi dffde hoan toan
giang day bang tie'ng Malaysia. Nhffng hpc sinh
Idn
hdn trai qua chffdng trinh
song
ngff,
nghia la mot sd' mdn day bang tieng Anh, mot sd khac bang tie'ng
Melayu. Con nhffng hpc sinh nao da vao trffdng trung hpc tieng Anh se van hpc
hoan toan bang tie'ng Anh. Nam 1982 danh dau sff ke't
thiie
viee loai bd hoan toan
tie'ng Anh, thay the' bang tie'ng Melayu nhff ngdn ngff giang day chinh trong nha
trffdng Malaysia. O ca'p dai hpc, nhffng trffdng thanh lap sau nam 1970 ehu ye'u
day bang tieng Melayu. Con nhffng trffdng lau ddi hdn, viee thay the nhffng mdn
day bang tie'ng Anh cung bat dau tff nam 1983.

Sau cuoc xung dot sac toe vao nam 1969, tie'ng Melayu (bahasa Melayu) da
dffdc ddi ten thanh "tieng Malaysia" (bahasa Malaysia), nham lam cho cac dan
toe khac cam tha'y ngdn ngff qud'c gia la cua ta't ca mpi ngffdi khdng ke sac toe,
mang lai tinh cam thuoe ve mot da't nffdc, mot qud'c gia thdng nha't. Dong thdi
-17-
' - '
iKii:
\j-iiim
\
77m hieu nhu cdu gido due tieng me de cua ede ddn toe thieu
so'd
Malaysia
cung xda bd quan niem cho rang tie'ng Melayu la
ciia
rieng ngffdi Melayu. Tuy
nhien, khi mpi ngffdi da thay ddi quan niem, quay lai hpc va
diing
ngdn ngff qud'c
gia thi ten gpi khdng edn la van de
Idn
nffa.
Tff thdi thuoe dia den nhffng nam dau sau Doe lap, chff Jawi (mau tff A Rap)
dffdc dung phd bien va dffde coi la chuan. De nhan dan de dang hpc ngdn ngff
qudc gia, chff Rumi (Latinh hda) da dffdc Dao luat Ngdn ngff Qud'c gia trao cho
dia vi ehinh thffe, bat chap sff phan ddi
ciia
ngffdi Melayu ddi sff dung lai chff Jawi
d cac
linh
vffc ngoai ton giao.

c) Tieng Melayu
dUdc
md
rgng chvtc
ndng xd hoi vd pham vi
sH
dung
Trong nhffng thang nam thuoe dia, tieng Melayu - lingua franca ngay xffa -
chi edn dffde dung trong nhffng tinh hud'ng giao tie'p ddn gian, khdng phffc tap,
khdng ddi hdi sff tinh te nhff trong quan he buon ban d chd hay quan he chu td
khac dan tpc ma thdi. Nhffng tff nam 1957, khi dffdc khdi phuc va nang dia vi len
thanh ngdn ngff qud'c gia, tie'ng Malaysia da dffdc md rong chffc nang xa hdi eua
minh. A. H. Omar [24;2] dinh nghia "chffc nang" la "trach nhiem xa hdi dat len
mot ngdn ngff trong xa hdi dd". Tie'ng Malaysia da trd thanh ngdn ngff giao tie'p,
la phffdng tien de dat de'n sff hieu biet va doan ke't cua cac cong ddng dan tpc
khac nhau d Malaysia. Tie'ng Malaysia cung la phffdng tien de nhan dan cac dan
tpc tie'p nhan nen giao due qud'c gia nhff da ndi d tren va la ngdn ngff ehinh thffe
eua da't nffdc. Mot ngdn ngff chinh thffe trong bd'i canh Malaysia, cung theo A. H.
Omar, la ngdn ngff dung trong hanh chinh cua ehinh quyen (nhff viet bao cao va
bien ban cac cuoc hpp, trong thff tin, hdi hpp, phdng van
v.v )
va nhffng budi le
chinh thffe (nhff dien van, tuyen bd, tuyen the, cam ket
v.v )
cung nhff giao tie'p
giffa Chinh
phii
va nhan dan (nhff thdng tff, thdng bao, ddn tff cac loai )
[24;72,157-158]. Tie'ng Malaysia cung dffdc md rong cac
linh

vffc sff dung cua
minh trong xa hdi. Ngoai nhffng
linh
vffc tie'ng Malayu da dffdc sff dung tff trffdc
ma chung tdi da de cap de'n tren day, tieng Melayu gid day edn vffdn ra cac
linh
vffc khac nhff hpc thuat, khoa hpc, kinh
te ,
la nhffng
linh
vffc ddi hdi phai cd he
thdng thuat ngff va phong
each
rieng.
Nhff vay, chiing ta cd the thay Chinh sach Ngdn ngff Qudc gia cua Malaysia cd
nhffng dac diem sau:
- Lffa chpn ngdn ngff dan tpc
chii
the lam ngdn ngff qudc gia, vdi mue dich xay
dffng ban sac cho dan tpc Malaysia va hdi nhap toan qud'c.
-18-
77m hieu nhu cdu gido due tieng me de cua cdc ddn
toe
thieu so d Malaysia
- Ngdn ngff qudc gia cd chffc nang lam ngdn ngff giao tie'p chung giffa cac dan
tpc trong nffdc, tff dd lam phffdng tien dat de'n sff hieu biet va doan ke't toan dan;
la phffdng tien chinh de nhan dan cac dan toe tie'p nhan nen giao due qudc gia va
la ngdn ngff chinh thffe cua da't nffdc.
- Do hoan canh lich sff, ngdn ngff qudc gia lam vao the bat
Idi

hdn so vdi mot
vai ngdn ngff trong nffdc. Do dd, Malaysia da khon kheo cung cd vi tri
ciia
ngdn
ngff qud'c gia bang cac chinh sach kinh te va giao due ddng thdi, cung vdi viee
thffe
hien dan tffng bffdc de tranh gay ma't dn dinh ehinh tri, chuan bi tam ly cho
nhan dan cac dan toe va cd thdi gian xay dffng ngdn ngff qudc gia len ngang tam
nhiem vu mdi. Tuy edn nhieu va'n de phai ban cai chung quanh bien phap thffe
hien chinh sach kinh te va giao due, nhffng ro rang y tffdng hau
thuSn
chinh sach
ngdn ngff bang cac ehinh sach xa hdi khac la hoan toan diing.
- Giao
due
la hat nhan eua viee
thffe
hien chinh sach ngdn ngff d Malaysia.
2) Moi quan
h^
giUa
Ngon
ngU
Quoc gia vd ngon ngit cdc ddn
toe
khac
Dieu 152(1) eua
Hie'n
phap Malaysia qui dinh rd:
"Ngdn ngff qud'c gia se la tieng Melayu Vdi dieu kien la (a) se khdng

ai bi ngan can sff dung (ngoai nhffng mue
dich
ehinh thffe) hoac day hay
hpc bat ky ngdn ngff nao; va (b) se khdng cd van de gi trong Khoan nay
xam hai de'n quyen cua Chinh
phii
Lien bang hay
ciia
Chinh quyen cac
Bang dffdc giff gin va duy tri viee dung va hpc ngdn ngff
ciia
bat ky cong
ddng nao trong Lien bang".
Do dd, ke tff khi thffe hien Chinh sach Giao due Qud'c gia vao nam 1970, eiing
vdi viee bien cac trffdng tie'ng Anh thanh trffdng qudc gia dung tie'ng Malaysia
lam ngdn ngff giang day chinh, cac trffdng tieu hpc Trung Qud'c va Tamil cung
dffdc nhap vao he thdng giao due qudc gia. Chiing dffde gpi la "trffdng loai qud'c
gia" (national-type school) do van giff nguyen ngdn ngff giang day la tie'ng me de.
O cac trffdng nay, ngdn ngff qud'c gia va tie'ng Anh la hai mdn hpc bat bude. Khi
len den trung hpc, hpc sinh cac trffdng nay phai chuyen sang hpc d trffdng qud'c
gia sau khi da qua mot nam hpc d ldp chuyen ddi de nam vffng tie'ng Melayu la
ngdn ngff giang day d day. Ddi vdi nhffng hpc sinh chpn hpc d trffdng qud'c gia,
cac em nay cd the hpc tie'ng me de
ciia
minh nhff mot mdn hpc ne'u mudn, thdng
qua ldp POL (Pupils' Own Languages - ngdn ngff cua hpc sinh) vdi dieu kien
phai
CO
du 15 hpc sinh dang ky.
19-

Tim
hieu nhu cdu gido
due
tieng me de
ciia
cdc ddn
toe
thieu
sod
Malaysia
Rieng cong ddng ngffdi Hoa, do da cd giao due trung hpc tff trffdc nen mot sd
trffdng trung hpc dung tieng phd thdng Trung Qud'c lam ngdn ngff giang day cung
dffdc nhap vao he thd'ng giao due qud'c gia (nhffng mot sd" tai lieu cho la chi cd
trffdng tieu hpc loai qud'c gia mdi dffdc nha nffdc tai trd, edn trung hpc thi khdng).
Do dd cac hpc sinh Trung Qud'c sau khi hpc xong tieu hpc d trffdng loai qudc gia
cd hai lffa chpn: hoac tiep tuc hpc het trung hoe hoan toan bang tieng phd thdng
Trung Qud'c, hoac vao trffdng qud'c gia sau khi da qua mot nam lam quen vdi tie'ng
Melayu d ldp chuyen ddi nhff cac ddng mdn An Dp. Ngoai ra, mot
sd"
trffdng Trung
Qud"e khdng vao he thdng cong lap va tdn tai de'n ngay nay vdi tff each la trffdng
"ddc lap" hay trffdng tff, khdng dffde nha nffdc tai trd, A. H. Omar (1987) dff doan
rang cung vdi thdi gian, cac trffdng trung hpc loai qud'c gia (Trung Qudc) cd the se
bi loai bd do giao due dai hpc dffdc tien hanh bang ngdn ngff qudc gia, nen to't nha't
la cho sinh vien Trung Qudc dffde chuan bi cho van de nay tff bac trung hpc.
Bao cao
ciia
Uy ban Ndi cac ve Thffe hien Chinh sach Giao due Qud'c gia 1980
(do
Thii

tffdng Malaysia M. Mohamad lam chu tpa) [24;63 va 81] da de nghi rang
cac ldp POL d trffdng qud'c gia nen md
effa
cho hpc sinh cac dan tpc khac ne'u hp
mud'n hpc cac thff tie'ng nay va khdng nen chi gidi ban trong cong ddng ndi ngdn
ngff thff nha't ma thdi. Dong thdi, Uy ban cung de nghi cac trffdng loai qud'c gia,
cho du dd la trffdng Trung Qud'c hay Tamil, cung nen md
cffa
cho hpc sinh cac dan
tpc khac ngoai dan tpc minh ra ne'u hp mudn hpc bang cac thff
tiding
dd.
Ngoai nhffng mue dich ehinh thffe nhff da ndi d tren, cac dan tpc d Malaysia
dffde tff do dung tieng me de ciia minh trong bat ky canh hud'ng nao. Du vay, cac
van ban chinh thffe dffdc viet bang tie'ng Melayu, ne'u can, van dffdc phep dich ra
^9
9
cac thff tieng khac de mpi ngffdi eiing
hieu
rd.
Tuy nhien, van de chinh sach dd'i vdi ngdn ngff cac dan toe khac d Malaysia
khdng chi ddn gian nhff the". Mot sd" van de ve phap ly lam cho cac cong ddng
khdng phai Melayu
lo
lang khdng yen. Chang ban Dao luat Giao due 1961 da tffdc
bd mot
sd'doan
quan trpng (gach chan) trong Dieu 3
ciia
Sac lenh Giao due 1957:

"Chinh sach Giao due cua Lien bang nham thiet lap nen mot he thd'ng giao due
qud'c gia dffdc chap nhan bdi toan the nhan dan, thda man nhu cau
ciia
hp va thue
day sff phat trien van hda, xa hdi, kinh te' va chinh tri
ciia
hp vdi tff each la mot
qud'c gia, vdi mue dich lam cho tie'ng Melayu trd thanh ngdn ngff qud'c gia
ciia
da't
nffdc trong khi van giff gin va duy tri sff phat trien
ciia
ngdn ngff va van hda
ciia
cac dan toe khac Melayu sd'ng d da't nffdc
nav"
[54;40]. Chinh
phii
thinh
•20-