PHẦN I: MỞ ĐẦU
I. LÝ DO CHỌN ĐỀ TÀI
!"#$%&'(")"
**%+",-*./01+$23"'4
(5*6723"832
292822"*0:822
;<""=2#>$?
,*@0A$$;"=B+2'
2822$(/*B0A(;
C&"-*4D4(/$E"92
8*0
II. MỤC ĐÍCH NGHIÊN CỨU
AFGH%F8I>J3H$2I
AK:A%LB"3H$0A(;MN2%
BOHDP8*"*0
Q=H@$(""R2"=
2822B/3%3"*>N2@*
*0K$.$92*SB2L
<""=&HBT28223"=2
*"*0
III. ĐỐI TƯỢNG NGHIÊN CỨU
7N?*!*+*4
!*+NHM@$**&28)
3'@**'MNM@$**&280
IV. PHẠM VI NGHIÊN CỨU
U=H2#*8&VW*
7XY0
V. PHƯƠNG PHÁP NGHIÊN CỨU
Phương pháp:
U?G+%3F>'H$%M
N2%99B"0
Z)2*"*"*4H!N
*4HJHHM@*&28
%0000%
[[[[
qpnm ++
A'+2
<8=,N2?B=\<<]5$=H
<88*E
%0000%
[[[[
qpnm ++
2HD*?
4''/3*0
Cách thực hiện:
AMSB2%"3G'?L*="(0^?
B>'%2HD99B"//&3
H$0
A(/B3H$>'2I2VWV[!"
#$0
VI. NHIỆM VỤ VÀ YÊU CẦU CỦA ĐỀ TÀI
_2FGH%'B">BB"
D`a92?>BB"DNHD%
92&H$b!2,4'"=
39,N2)2*"*0c+$
?23*'+H2*BN
?OHD=@P8B30
d?#@'B"`U=H322e(
"(,2LN2%M"0aBN
H8*3%OHDN2,=P83F*D40
7NOHD43H$*SHf<"
VW%V[g*h7%Y"B"3
#$(3H$"(A0Y#$(4OHD
*$"*4)3/$'*+2D40
A$(;3/$'"=H*
)28*+2>$B0i"j*3 +
5P*&+C2D #"8*392*4
"& 28223%4N 3
@0
VII. THỜI GIAN NGHIÊN CỨU
A>'23H$2VWkl[WVVX[WVmn
AK:AQ3_8[0
PHẦN II: NỘI DUNG ĐỀ TÀI
I. CỞ SỞ LÝ LUẬN
UB"D"AK:A=H$@#$
=@-%52F"D?!"##$%&'
#(&)*+#,a92@ '2M
()*B*="(#'(4'
@0c(A"="(>?/'
=%2#<""($)*B2#*0
c"(<"23C" I
"("=B%*'+HDG$'F
H*+2074BIB(%-.23
H$*'M0a?#h
[
?"("=B8&2M
(%+HDG$'"*+2%2H*+2SMN2
30
\+$%("H'B"$"D,
92OHD=@<843"=2**
0
-'.:A")2B=]5$<8
nol
VV
yxa
%
nol
[[
yxb
(`
baba
00 ≤
$
[
[
[
[
[
V
[
V[V[V
0 yxyxyyxx ++≤+
%53$
%Vn%l baba
⇔=
L28
[
V
[
V
y
y
x
x
=⇒
0
A(B=]5$<8
nool
VVV
zyxa
%
nool
[[[
zyxb
( `
baba
00 ≤
$
[
[
[
[
[
[
[
V
[
V
[
V[V[V[V
0 zyxzyxzzyyxx ++++≤++
%
53$
%Vn%l baba
⇔=
L
[
V
[
V
[
V
z
z
y
y
x
x
==⇒
-'/0 A")2B=]5$<8
nol
VV
yxa
%
nol
[[
yxb
nol
mm
yxc
(`
baba
+≥+
$
[
[V
[
[V
[
[
[
[
[
V
[
V
nlnl yyxxyxyx +++≥+++
%53$
ba%
L
[
V
[
V
y
y
x
x
=⇒
0
cbacbacba ++≥++≥++
$
[
m[V
[
m[V
[
m
[
m
[
[
[
[
[
V
[
V
nlnl yyyxxxyxyxyx +++++≥+++++
%53$
cba %%
("=L
m[Vm[V
```` yyyxxx =⇒
$
m
m
[
[
V
V
y
x
y
x
y
x
==
0
-'10A")2B=]5$<8
nol
VV
yxa
%
nol
[[
yxb
(`
baba
−≥+
$
[
[V
[
[V
[
[
[
[
[
V
[
V
nlnl yyxxyxyx −+−≥+++
H*E53$
a
L
ba −
U'
( )
W
pW% =ba
&
baba
−≤+ [
$
[
[V
[
[V
[
[
[
[
[
V
[
V
nlnl[ yyxxyxyx −+−≤+++
53$
ba =
-'20A")2B=]5$<8
nol
VV
yxa
%
nol
[[
yxb
(`
baba
−≥−
$
[
[
[
[
[
V
[
V
[
[V
[
[V
nlnl yxyxyyxx +−+≥−+−
H*E53$
% ba
L
[
V
[
V
y
y
x
x
=⇒
II.THỰC TRẠNG CỦA ĐỀ TÀI
m
7N(>'23H$>*&
*&?2#*N2%&$
(*'*C#F**0
QB34"hqB+2%"*+2$
+$*./)(3N0
III. GIẢI PHÁP TỔ CHỨC THỰC HIỆN
Q?M99B"F>'G'@
SB2("H3/$'?@
322`7"=32292&r!
*'MOHDP8"*%*E28
222H2HD(80
1. DẠNG 1
\*OHD`A")2B=]5$
<8
nol
VV
yxa
%
nol
[[
yxb
(`
baba
00 ≤
$
[
[
[
[
[
V
[
V[V[V
0 yxyxyyxx ++≤+
%53$
%Vn%l baba
⇔=
L28
[
V
[
V
y
y
x
x
=⇒
0
A(B=]5$<8
nool
VVV
zyxa
%
nool
[[[
zyxb
( `
baba
00 ≤
$
[
[
[
[
[
[
[
V
[
V
[
V[V[V[V
0 zyxzyxzzyyxx ++++≤++
%
53$
%Vn%l baba
⇔=
L
[
V
[
V
[
V
z
z
y
y
x
x
==⇒
1.1 Ví dụ 1: Y5%$>.";mp5
[
sVp$
[
tu0Y"
E`
v
[w
w[
v
Vw
≤+−≤ xy
0
Li gii:
A$`mp5
[
sVp$
[
tlp5n
[
slv$n
[
$x[5t
xy p0
m
V
v0
v
V
−
0
A")2B=\<<]5$`
−
m
V
o
v
V
a
( )
xyb pov
$
v
w
mpVp
u
V
Vp
V
p0
m
V
v0
v
V
[
[[
=++≤−=− xyxyxy
i$#"0753$`
=
−
=
∨
−
=
=
⇔
−
=
=+
[W
u
w
[
[W
u
w
[
m
V
p
v
V
v
uVpmp
[[
y
x
y
x
xy
yx
1.2 Ví dụ 2: Y5%$%ym>(".";
v=++ zyx
0Y
"E
[
Vzm
VvVmV[ ≤+++++ zyx
0
Li gii:\
v
V
v
m
V
m
[
V
[VvVmV[ +++++=+++++ xxxzyx
v
?(")2B=\<<]5$`
( )
+++
v
V
o
m
V
o
[
V
%vomo[ zyxba
`
[
Vzm
v
V
m
V
[
V
vm[
0VvVmV[VvVmV[0
=+++++++=
≤+++++=+++++=
zyx
bazyxzyxba
753$
0
VWz
[Vk
o
mp
vu
o
[k
Vk
v
V
v
V
m
V
m
V
[
V
[
V
v
===⇔
+=
+=
+
=++
zyx
zyx
zyx
1.3 Ví dụ 3: YmH85%$%y.";B5s$sytV0Y
"E`
0[
[[[[[[
≥+++++ xzzyyx
Li gii:
A")2")2B=\<<]5$`
nVoVln%oln%oln%ol nxzczybyxa
0A`
[[
0[0 yxyxan +≤+=
[[
0[0 zyzybn +≤+=
[[
0[0 xzxzcn +≤+=
i$`
0[nl[0
[
V
[[[[[[
=++≥+++++ zyxxzzyyx
753$`
m
V
=== zyx
0
1.4 Ví dụ 4: Y*>5%$%y.";B`
=++
=++
Vp
m
[[
[[
zyzy
yxyx
0
Y"`
z≤++ zxyzxy
0
Li gii:
U+$`
[[
[[[
[[
[[[
[[
m
[v
m
[[
m
[v
m
++
=
++=++
++
=
++=++
z
yz
z
yzzyzy
x
yx
x
yxyxyx
?*'M
++
+=++
[[
m
[[
m
m
[ x
yz
z
yxzxyzxy
0
A")2B=\<<]5$`
+
+ z
z
yb
x
yxa
[
m
o
[
%
[
o
[
m
i$
zVpm
m
[
[
m
[
0
[[
m
0
m
[
[
[[
[
==
+
+
++
≤++ z
z
y
x
yxzxyzxy
1.5 Ví dụ 5: Y%*%{W%{*{0Y"E
w
( ) ( )
abcbccac ≤−+−
0
Li gii:
A")2")2B=\<<]5$`
noln%ol cbcvccau −−
%`
( ) ( )
abvuvucbccac =≤=−+− 00
0
753$
cba
cb
c
c
ca VVV
=+⇔
−
=
−
0
2. DẠNG 2
\*OHD`A")2B=]5$
<8
nol
VV
yxa
%
nol
[[
yxb
nol
mm
yxc
(`
baba
+≥+
$
[
[V
[
[V
[
[
[
[
[
V
[
V
nlnl yyxxyxyx +++≥+++
%53$
ba%
L
[
V
[
V
y
y
x
x
=⇒
0
cbacbacba ++≥++≥++
$
[
m[V
[
m[V
[
m
[
m
[
[
[
[
[
V
[
V
nlnl yyyxxxyxyxyx +++++≥+++++
%53$
cba %%
("=L
m[Vm[V
```` yyyxxx =⇒
$
m
m
[
[
V
V
y
x
y
x
y
x
==
0
2.1 Ví dụ 1: YmH85%$%y.";B5s$sytV0Y
"E`
0[
[[[[[[
≥+++++ xzzyyx
Li gii:
A")2")2B=\<<]5$`
noln%oln%ol xzczybyxa
%`
( )
[[
[
[[[[[[
=++=++≥+++++=++ xyxcbaxzzyyxcba
753$
m
V
V
===⇔
==
=++
zyx
x
z
z
y
y
x
zyx
2.2 Ví dụ 2: Y5%$%y*H8
V≤++ zyx
0Y"E
0z[
VVV
[
[
[
[
[
[
≥+++++
z
z
y
y
x
x
l,7Y|!"
[WWmn0
Li gii:
A")2")2B=\<<]5$`
z
zc
y
yb
x
xa
V
o%
V
o%
V
o
%`
≥+++++=++
[
[
[
[
[
[
VVV
z
z
y
y
x
xcba
p
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
0z[zWu0VzzW
VVV
Vz
zW
VVV
zV
VVV
[
[
[
[
[
[
=−≥++−
++++≥
++−
+++++=
+++++=++
zyx
zyx
zyx
zyx
zyx
zyx
zyx
zyxcba
1+$*N"0753$
m
V
=== zyx
0
2.3 Ví dụ 3: Y5%$%y{W0Y"E
( )
zyxxzxzzyzxyxyx ++≥++++++++ m
[[[[[[
l,KBQBQ'%!"Vuukn
Li gii: N'
( )
zyxx
x
xz
z
yy
y
x ++≥
+
++
+
++
+
+ m
[
m
[[
m
[[
m
[
[
[
[
[
[
[
A")2")2B=\<<]5$`
+
+
+ x
x
zcz
z
yby
y
xa
[
m
o
[
%
[
m
o
[
%
[
m
o
[
( )
zyxcba
cbax
x
xz
z
yy
y
x
++=++
≤++=
+
++
+
++
+
+
m
[
m
[[
m
[[
m
[
[
[
[
[
[
[
753$
0
[
m
[
[
m
[
[
m
[
zyx
x
x
z
z
z
y
y
y
x
==⇔
+
=
+
=
+
2.4 Ví dụ 4: Y"E">
m
[
−≥x
`
0
m
wk
[[
[
m
v
[[
≥++++ xxx
Li gii:
A")2B=\<<]5$`
|lWo[n%lXVoXVn%cl5oWn
A`
%[[%v
[[
++=+= xxBMxAM
ac
V
4"5h*I`
BMMM
[
m
V
=
lH
m
[
−≥x
n
−
+
−⇒
[
m
o
[
m
V
x
M
%
$`
+
[
m
o
[
mm
V
x
MM
[[
[
m
[
V
++=⇒ xxMM
−
+
−
[
m
o
[
m
V
x
AM
%$`
m
wk
vunml
[
V
[[
[
m
v
[
VVV
[[
≥++==+≥+=++++ xAMMMAMMMAMxxx
k
753$}`
m
[
[
[
m
[
mm
m
[
−=⇔
−
=
+
−≥
x
x
x
x
0
2.5 Ví dụ 5: 1%*>L$G0Y"E`
Vm
Vw
vv
u
Vm
[
m
u
Vm
m
VW
[up[
[[
[[
≥+−++−++− a
aaab
bbb
0 lVn
Li gii:
A$`
( )
[
[[
mup[ −+=+− bbbb
%
( )
[
[
[
[
m
[
u
Vm
m
VW
[
−+−=+−
a
bab
aab
b
%
( )
+−=+−
[
[
[
m
[
[vv
u
Vm a
aa
a
A")2B=\<<]5$`|lWomn%l[oWn
( )
0o%
m
[
o bbN
a
aM
$`
−
−−−
m
[
o[%
m
[
on%mol
a
aBM
a
babMNbbAN
Z`
=AN
( )
[
[[
mup[ −+=+− bbbb
%
=MN
( )
[
[
[
[
m
[
u
Vm
m
VW
[
−+−=+−
a
bab
aab
b
=BM
( )
+−=+−
[
[
[
m
[
[vv
u
Vm a
aa
a
ac
V
4"5h*I
BMMM
[
m
V
−=
i$c
V
=Hh
28&[5xm$xutW0
aK&'(@|?H
( )
Vm
Vw
% ==⇒ dAdAH
%`
1+$*
lVnN
"0
753$|%U%c%c
V
%`
z
$
c
5
K
]
|
U
H
c
V
Vm
Vw
vv
u
Vm
u
Vm
m
VW
[up[
VV
[[
[[
V
=≥=++≥
+−++−++−=++
AHAMMMNMAN
a
aaab
bbbMMNMAN
\
m
[
o
a
aM
=|28&
Vm
Vz
Wp[m =⇒=−+ ayx
( )
bbN o
=|28&
w
p
Wp[m =⇒=−+ byx
A"53$
Vm
Vz
=a
%
w
p
=b
0
3. DẠNG 3
\*OHD`A")2B=]5$
<8
nol
VV
yxa
%
nol
[[
yxb
(`
baba
−≥+
$
[
[V
[
[V
[
[
[
[
[
V
[
V
nlnl yyxxyxyx −+−≥+++
H*E53$
a
L
ba −
U'
( )
W
pW% =ba
&
baba
−≤+ [
$
[
[V
[
[V
[
[
[
[
[
V
[
V
nlnl[ yyxxyxyx −+−≤+++
53$
ba =
3.1 Ví dụ 1: Y[>2*B"0Y"E`
( )
( )
0[[[[
[
[
[[[[
nmnmnnxxmmxx −+−≥+−++−
Li gii:
A")2B=\<<]5$`
( ) ( )
0o%o nnxBmmxA −−
%
( )
( )
0%[[%[[
[
[
[[[[
nmnmOBOAABnnxxOBmmxxOA −+−=−=+−=+−=
( )
( )
[
[
[[[[
[[[[ nmnmOBOAOBOAnnxxmmxx −+−=−≥+=+−++−⇒
N"0
753$
0
mn
mnnm
x
mn
m
nm
mx
−
−
=⇔
−
=
−
−
3.2 Ví dụ 2: Y5%$>$M%Y"E
( ) ( )
m[[VV
[
[
[
[
+≥−+++++− yyxyx
%l,7%Y
!"[WWpn
Li gii:
A")2B=\<<]5$`
( ) ( )
yxbyxa oV%oV +−−
i$
( )
yba [o[ −−=−
0\
( ) ( )
=−≥+=++++− babayxyx
[
[
[
[
VV
⇒+
[
vv y
( ) ( )
[V[[VV
[[
[
[
[
−++≥−+++++− yyyyxyx
753$
W
[[
V
=⇔
−
−
=
−
−
x
y
yx
Z3"
( ) ( )
m[[V[
[
+≥⇒−++= yfyyyf
0753$
m~V%W == yx
0
u
3.3 Ví dụ 3: Y"`
( ) ( )
(
)
[[[[
[[
[
V
dcbadbca +++≥−+−
0A%
*%%HH8.";B`
m=
+
−
bdac
adbc
0
Li gii:
m=
+
−
bdac
adbc
m
0V
=
+
−
⇔
c
d
a
b
d
c
a
b
A")2B=\<<
]5$`|lo*n=O
x
a
b
y =
loHn=O
x
d
c
y =
%5{W0\
m=
+
−
bdac
adbc
?pW
W
`
[[[[
% dcOBbaOA +=+=
( ) ( )
[[
dbcaAB −+−=
\
( ) ( )
[[
[[[[
[[ dbcaBAOBOAOBOAdcba −+−==−≤+=+++
AF$*N"0753$
[[[[
dcbaOBOA +=+⇔=
4. DẠNG 4
\*OHD`A")2B=]5$
<8
nol
VV
yxa
%
nol
[[
yxb
(`
baba
−≥−
$
[
[
[
[
[
V
[
V
[
[V
[
[V
nlnl yxyxyyxx +−+≥−+−
H*E53$
% ba
L
[
V
[
V
y
y
x
x
=⇒
4.1 Ví dụ 1: C"E">5`
wVWpw[
[[
≤+−−+− xxxx
0
Li gii:
A`
VnmlVWp%vnVlw[
[[[[
+−=+−+−=+− xxxxxx
U?")2B=\<<]5$`
nVomln%[oVl −− xbxa
A`
wVvVWpw[
[[
=+=−≤+−−+−=− baxxxxba
0
753$`
0w
V
[
m
V
=⇔=
−
−
x
x
x
VW
|
x
b
a
y =
x
d
c
y =
5
]
$
pW
W
4.2 Ví dụ 2: 5%$>$M0Y"E
vV[V[
[[[[
≤+++−+−+ xyxxyx
0
Li gii:N'
( ) ( )
vVVvV[V[
[
[
[
[
[[[[
≤++++−⇔≤+++−+−+ yxyxxyxxyx
1&+$")2B=]5$%
( ) ( )
yxbyxa oV%oV +−
$
( )
Wo[−=− ba
0\
( ) ( ) ( )
vW[VV
[
[
[
[
[
=+−=−≤−=++−+− babayxyx
N"0753$
0W%[ == yx
5. BÀI TẬP TỰ LUYỆN
34$'5*(67,89:7
$;9<=*>?@A,
w0V0Y%*%*>H8.";
abccabcab =++
%"E
0m
[[[
[[[[[[
≥
+
+
+
+
+
ca
ca
bc
bc
ab
ab
l,\\KQaKU=!"[WWWn
KH•`)
V
V
%
V
%
V
=++⇒=== zyx
c
z
b
y
a
x
*I
m[[[
[[[[[[
≥+++++ xzzyyx
%
( ) ( ) ( )
xzczybyxa o%o%o
w0[0Y5%$%y*>L$G0Y"E
0
[[[[[[
zyzyzxzxyxyx ++≥+++++
w0[0Y5>.";
m
v
≤x
0Y"E
wwv[v
[[
≥+−++ xxx
w0m0Y%*>$M0Y"E
0
w
p
Vvw[wzwvzw
[[[[
≥+−++−++− abaabbbb
w0v0Y5%$%y>$M0Y"E
0[pvWV[pVmVWVzVmVp[vVW
[[[[[[
≥+−++−++−++− zzzyzyxxyyxx
w0w0Y"
w[[Vmv
[[
≤+−−++ xxxx
%">50
VV
PHẦN III: KẾT LUẬN VÀ KIẾN NGHỊ
1. Kết luận
iOHD=@<8B"*$(
""€%`
;B2HD=@<84
""=*B/30QB42HD2
>'23H$'/3%(-$B"*
/*30Y<"9+28%I
2H•b<""*&I?;
b!3*+20K*'2HD!eB0YD4I2k
2HD'$3H$&4b!3
N8*3H?!?%'/3/*4"O
`
U!" ^2
AM
74"zI?
74"Fw'
z
74"Hw
i
N
A•B
i
N
A•B
i
N
A•B
[WVWX[WVV VWk vm w V[‚ [W vp‚ Vz v[‚
[WV[X[WVm
VW|v vv p Vv‚ [m w[‚ Vw mv‚
V[k vm u [V‚ [w wz‚ u [V‚
c)HLC&"-%?CC-'
'0A("N>/"@3SB2*M
2G(0A(53"8ƒ
2. Kiến nghị và đề xuất:
7h2;B92f?
8 B"3M"2-B4?
+2'$?"(B2D0
U#M*MM28223H$0Y@
B$?*SHf(+2@?!"4
"II?24$?0K#!+2
M%"N+20
_„YUK…UY†|
AK†A‡ˆ‰Ua7ŠU1‹
Thanh Hóa, ngày 24 tháng 5 năm 2013.
A(5"$iZZU@
"&'%(P2=H@
:"|A
V[
3. TÀI LIỆU THAM KHẢO
siVWXNhà xuất bn giáo dục
sAB+2XNhà xuất bn Giáo dục
sY*3$B"(XNhà xuất bn giáo dục
(TG: Phan Đức Chính - Vũ Dương Thụy - Đào Tam - Lê Thống Nhất)
sAVWXPhan Huy Khi
sAM€XNhà xuất bn giáo dục
sY !"#$0
Vm
MỤC LỤC
XXXXXX
Thứ tự Danh mục A
:KŒU• :KŒUc‰7ŒŽ V
• ^GH V
•• cD,? V
••• 7N? V
•1 :"? V
1 :822? [
1• UB"D$?#@ [
1•• A? [
:KŒU•• U••\ŽUa7•A‘• [
• Y8I,+ [
•• A>@ v
•••
a322M>B v
\V v
\[ p
\m u
\v VW
:KŒU••• Z’A^Ž…UXZ•’UUaK‹ VV
V Z'+ VV
[ Z'h VV
m A‘•^•“ŽAK|cZK”] V[
Vv