Mạng Wireless sensor network kỹ thuật, ứng dụng và định tuyến.PDF

PHAN 1. TONG QUAN Vt MANG CAM BIEN KHONG DAY (WIRELESS
SENSOR NETWORK)
1.1. Gild thien.
Mpg cam Win (sensor network) la ciu talc, la sq kit hqp voi cac kha tiling cam
xfr thong tin va cac thinh phin lien lgc de tao kha Hang quan sat, pith tick va
phial (mg Igi yeti cac su kien, hien tuqng xey ra tong m6i tiding cu thi nal° d6. Mei
truing c6 the la the gi6i vet 1* hay he thong sinh hqc.
Cac (mg thing ca bin cua mung cam ban chu yiu gem thu thtip der lieu, giant sat,
theo dal, va cac (mg dung tong y hoc. Tay nhien (mg dung cua mpg cam Win ttly
theo yeu ciu stl dung con rit da dgng va kheng bi gi6i hgn.
C6 4 thanh phin ca ban du to nen mOt mon cam bits:
—Cac cam Win duqc phin b6 theo m6 With t#p trung hay phan b6 rai ric;
—Mpg luai lien kit gift cac cam ban (c6 chly hay v6 tuyin);
—Diem trung tam t#p hqp dtt lieu (Clustering);
— BO phen xt1 I* de lieu 6 trung tam.
MOt node cam biin la su kit hqp gitta cam Min va bO ph#n 2a1 lf, hap , con goi la
mote.
King cam Win kh6ng day (WSN) la mpg cam Win tong d6 cac node cam ban
duqc kit n6i yeti nhau bang sang v6 tuyin.
1.1.1. Cling nghe Sensor Network
Trong mgng cam Win, cam Win duqc xem nhu la phin quan tong nit& phuc vu
cho cac (mg dung. Cang nghe cam bit!' vk dieu khien bao g6m cac cam biin trubng
dien tar; cam Win tin s6 v6 tuyin;quang, h6ng ngogi, radars, lasers; cac ciun tan dinh
vi, din doing, do dgc cac thong so m6i tiding; va cac cam Win phuc vu tong (mg
dung an ninh, sinh h6a.... Ngay nay cam ban duqc RI dung vol se luqng 16n.
King WSNs c6 d#c diim rieng, dog suit bi gioi hgn, th2ri gian cung cep Wing
luqng cOa ngu6n (ch6 yiu la pin) ca that gian ngin, chu kjr nhiem vtr ngin, quan he da
diem-diem, s6 luqng kl.rn cac node cam Min...
Cam Win ce the chi gem 1 hoc mOt day cam ban. Kich thuoc rut da dgng, tar
nano (1-100nm), meso (100-10000nm), micro (10-1000um), macro (vai mm-m)...
Do d#c filth cua mon WSNs la di dOng va fru& day do chti yeti la phuc W tong

thmg WSNs mo
linh Arc quan su nen doi hoi tinh bao m#t cao. Ngay nay, cac
1


rang cho cac (mg dung thirong moi, viec tieu chum has se too nen tInh (mg dung cao
cho mong WSNs.
ye WSNs ce the chia ra lam nhieu thinh phhn, cac so lieu thong
Cie nghien
ke On day cho 6 bang 1.1.
Deployment

9.70%

Target tracking

7.27%

Localization

6.06%

Data gathering

6.06%

Routing and aggregation

5.76%

Security

5.76%

MAC protocols

4.85%

Querying and Databases

4.24%

Time synchronization

3.64%

Applications

3.33%

Robust routing

3.33%

Lifetime optimization

3.33%

Hardware

2.73%

Transport layer

2.73%

Distributed algorithms

2.73%

Resource aware routing

2.42%

Storage

2.42%

Middleware and task allbcation

2.42%

Calibration

2.12%

Wireless radio and link characteristics

2.12%

Network monitoring

2.12%

Geographic routing

1.82%

Compression

1.82%

Taxonomy

1.52%

Capacity

1.52%

Link layer techniques

1.21%
2


Topology control

1.21%

Mobile modes

1.21%

Detection and estimation

1.21%

Diffuse phenomena

0.91%

Programming

0.91%

Power control

0.61%

Software

0.61%

Autonomic routing

0.30%

Bang L I. Ceic MA vvc nghien

Ohl

4 WSNs

Cac nghien dm gin day phat tan thong tin ding suit thip vai cac node x6 co
gia thanh thip va ce khi niing tkr phan be sip xep, lqa chip giao thfic cho mong, giai
quyet bii toin quan tong nhit cila mong WSNs la khi niing cung cep 'Tang hrqng cho
cac node cam Men bj gioi hen. Cic m6 hinh Wong day c6 much lieu tho filing luqng
thip duqc uu tien phat tan. Hieu qui stl dung Ong suit cia WSNs ye t6ng quit dua
tren 3 tieu chi:
— Chu k3 hoot gag ngin;
—XII 1Sf dft lieu toi cac node de giam chilli dai da lieu vi the gian truyin;
—M8 hinh mon multihop lam giam chat dai duling iruyen, qua d6 giam suy
hao ttong cong, gain tOng deg suit cho duimg truyen.
WSNs duqc chia him 2 loci, theo mto hinh kit mil vi djnh tuyen ma cac node stl
dung.
a. Laid 1 (C1WSNs)
— Si. (long cac giao that djnh tuyin ding;
—Cac node to tim throng di tet nhit den dich;
— Vai tro cis cac node sensor nay dei WA cac node Ice tie') nhu la cac trim lap
(Repeater);
— Khoing cach rit ion (hang nghln met);
— C6 khi fling x6 if dft lieu 6 cac node chuyin tiep;
—Mong nit phtic top.
b. Loci 2 (C2WSNs)
—M8 hinh da diem-diem hay diem-diem, mOt kit niSi radio den node thing tam;
3


—Sir ding giao tilt= djnh tuyen tinh;

—MOt node 'thong cung cup thong tin cho cic node kW;
— Khoing each chi vii tram met;
—Node chuyin tiep kh8ng c6 Ichi aging

cho clic node Ichtic;

—He th6ng don gib.
Tieu chain tin s6 dang duqc ap ding cho WSNs la IEF,F. 802.15.4. Hoot dOng tai
tin s6 2.4GHz trong deg nghiep, khoa hoc vi y hoc (ISM), cung cap &Yong truyen dit
lieu len den 250kbps b khoing catch 9-62 met. Zigbee/IEEE 802.15.4 duqc thiet Ice de
b6 sung cho catc cong nghe kh8ng day nhu Bluetooth, Wifi, Ultrawideband (UWB),
max dfch phoc vu cho cac (mg ding thuong
Vii so ra dbi cala ti8u chuan Zigbee/IEEE 802.15.4, cac he th6ng din phial trien
theo huang ti8u chuin, cho phep catc calm bien truyen th8ng tin qua talc kenh truyen
duqc tieu chuin
Nhieu nghien ciru trong lTnh voc mong Mobile ad hoc, WSNs Wang to nhu
MANETs theo mOt vii d#c diem. Ca hai den la char' mong Wireless, multihop, tuy
nhien cac img dung vat ki thu#t gifts hai he thong ce }chic nhau:
— Dung th8ng thutmg cala WSNs la da ngu6n dft lieu Irwin den nai nhafin, khic
h&n voi diem-diem trong MANETs;
—Cac node trong WSNs it di dOng, trong khi clic node trong ad hoc lat di dOng;
—Trong WSNs, clft lieu til talc calm bien chil yeti la tal cac hien tuqng, stir kien
the gioi thuc. Can b MANETs chal you la dit lieu;
—Do nguan cung cap c6 gi6i hon non aging hrqng trong WSNs duqc quail 1S, rat
chit cho. Trong MANETs c6 the IchtIng hi ring buOc bbri ngu6n cung cap do
cac that bj th8ng tin c6 the duqc thay the nguan cung cap thutmg xuyen bei
ngutti sCt dung;
— S6 Wong node trong WSNs la rat Ion con trong MANETs ft han.
Do su kluic biet gifts hai m8 hinh giao thirc ma CAC giao thalc dinh tuyen trong
MANETs khOng the alp dung hoin toin cho WSNs. Tuy nhien c6 the coi WSNs nhu

mOt phin trong MANETs (ad hoc).
1.1.2. eng dung caa wag cam ban
Trong pan stir: theo d8i talc max tieu, chien truing, cac nguy ca tin c6ng nguyen
sink
Trong m8i trartmg: Gum sat chay rung, thay d6i khf
4


Y te, sec Ich6e: giam sat benh than trong benh vier, quan 1ST thutoc, diet' khan to
Trong gia dinh: ip ding trong ng8i nha th8ng minh, dieu ichien cac thiet bj
dien...
Thucmg mai: (lieu khien trong m8i trterng c8ng nghiep vi van phong, giim sat xe
cO, giao th8ng...
1.2. Ting quan vi Id thu$t WSNs
Nhu d8 de c#p 6 phin tren, mOt vii mung cam hien dung giao thec xt113% tui node
ngu6n trong tam, mOt s6 dung giao thirc xt1 then eau &lc hay goi la xir trtr6c tui
node. Thay vi goi de lieu di den node chuyin tap, node thuting dung Ichit Wing x6 1y
de lieu cut' minh de gig guy& truem khi phut di. V6i dung du frac, de lieu duqc xOr
den mire trot Whit nhtf de lam giiun duqc Wing lucong cin dung vi bang thong kenh
truyen. Sau day la mOt vii kT thu(it vi tieu chain phu hop v6i mpg cam bier:

- KS+ thwIt dun bien:
+

tin hieu;

+ Non vi cac giao thee phat hien, sea 18i;
+ Phan chia cluster;
+ Ty phan Whom.
—Kg thu(tt truyin v8 tuyen:

+ Day truyin song;
+ Sr hu hal dtrong truyin;
+ Ks, thu(it dieu che;

+ Giao thec mung.
—Cac tieu
+ WEE 802.11a/b/g: m8 to giao tiep “truyen qua kitting khi", dung song vo
tuyin de tiny& vi than tin hien gitta mOt thiet bj Ichang day vi t6ng dii
hoc diem truy c#p, hay gift hai hay nhieu thiet bj di dOng voi nhau;
+ IEEE 802.15.1 PAN/I3luetooth;
+ IEEE 802.15.3 ultrawideband (UWB);
+ WEE 802.15.4/Zigbee: 11 tieu chain cho v8 tuyen. Zigbee la phin mem (mg
dung vi mung logic;
+ IEEE 802.16 Wimax;
5


+ IEEE 1451.5 (Wireless Sensor Working Group);
+ Mobile IP.
— Cie phin mem img dung:
+ He diet hanh;
+ Phin mem mpg;
+ Phlin mem kit nii ca so de lieu truc dip;
+ Phin mem trung gian;
+ Phin mem quail

de lieu.

1.2.1. Cdc thank ph4n co ban ctfu uric mgng cam biin.
Trong phin nay t8i t#p trung yao cac thanh phin co ban yi thiet ke mpg tam caa

m8 hinh mpg WSNs clang 1 (C1WSNs) vi dAy II m8 hinh c6 s6 ltrog 16n cam bits
trong mpg, chugi de lieu nhieu, du lieu Idiong th#t hoan hao, kha Wing his hang cac
node cao, ding nhu Ichit tang bj nhigu 16n, giai hp tong suit cung cip, thieu
thong tin cac node trong mpg. Do d6, C1WSNs t6ng quit ham C2WSNs. Sr phat
tan mpg cam Wen dua tren su cal tien ye cam bien, thOng tin, tinh toan (giai thu#t
trao d6i de lieu, pan cling ya phin mem).
H1nh 1.1 du& day cho thiy c&u trac caa mOt mang cam Wen th8ng thuong. Cac
cam bien lien kit theo giao thee multihop, phan chia cluster chon ra node c6 kha n5ng
tit nh&t lam node trung tam, tit ca cac node loci nay se truyen ye node l chinh.
Nh6 yaly, Wing luqng cling nhu bang th8ng se duqc stl dung hieu qua hon. Tuy nhien,
du trim mpg phirc tap va giao thec phan chia cluster ya djnh toy& ding tr6 nen kh6
khan hen.

<=3

Final Proomaing Node

Ifinh 1.1. Mo hinh wing cam ban thong thuOng
6


a. MOt vii dee diem.
- Cic node phin b6 diy dec;
- Cic node ca bi hu hong;
- Giao thirc mpg thay d6i thubng xuyen;
- Node bi gioi han ve Gong suit, khi Wing tinh town vi be nh6;
- Cic node c6 the khemg ding nhitt tren town thing vi s6 lucmg qui 16n.
b. C&u to met node cam Wen.
Theo hInh 1.2 du& day thl met node aim Bien c6 cfu too g6m 4 thinh phin co
bin:

- Dan vi cim Win (Sensing unit);
- Dan vi xfr 1S, (Processing unit);
- Dan vi truyin din (Transceiver);
- BO ngu6n (Power unit);
- Nhitng thinh phAn irng dung lchic (Location finding system, Power generator,
Mobilizer/actuator).

Sensing unit

Sensing unit
12

Sensor ADO

Pronensky
unit
flonannot
.4-1Trunsteiver
Scrap

Sensor ADC

POwer unit

F

ccation OMNI Viten

. Pamir
genetator

I mobuzedaatuator

ADO Anakvo-DIsitai Converter
Hmnh 1.2. Cliu too nOt node earn ban
Dan vi cam bien bao g6m mOt cim Nen (sensor) vi met be chuyen di tin hieu
tuang to s6 (ADC). Dua tren nhttng hien tuang quan sit duqc, tin hieu tuang to to
Uri sensor dtrqc chuyin sang tin hieu s6 bing be ADC, sau d6 duqc dtra vio be xir
Met node cam img ce the c6 met hay nhieu don vi cim bier.
7


Dan vi Xer 151 thu6ng duqc kit hqp vol mOt bO km nh6 (Storage), guy& dinh
cic thi tqc lim cic node kit hqp lai voi nhau de thqc hien nhiem vp dinh sin.
Dan vi truyen din duqc n4Si tOi mOt angten de phit tin hieu vi kit cic node.
BO nguton li thinh phAn quan tong nhAt, ce nhiem vu cung cep nAng Wrong cho
node cim Wen.
Thy vio img dung ma cic nixie s8 c6 them cic thinh phin irng dung. Tit ci
nhung &AM phin nay cAn phii phi hqp v6i kich ca cia t6ng module.
c PhAn mum (He diet' hinh vi phAn mum trung gian).
Cic he dieu hinh mA ngul$n m6 duqc this ke dac biet cho mpg WSNs de cung
cip sq host dung cho cic node. Thong thirtmg, cic he dieu hinh d6ng kiln tnic chat
tren thinh phin de c6 the thiet lap mOt cich nhanh ch6ng trong khi dung luong code
phii nh6 di phi hqp voi bUt nha ce ban cia mpg cim bien. TinyOS la mOt vi du (tan
hinh, day la mOt chuin lcheong chinh th(rc. Thinh phAn mks TinyOS bao gum giao thirc
mang, phan ph6i cic node, drivers cho cim Wen vi cic (mg dyng. Rit nhieu nghien
stl dung TinyOS trong m8 pheng de phit trim vi kiem tra cic giao th(rc vi giii
thuat mai.
d. Cic chuin cho cic giao thirc van tii.
Mqc dich thiet Ice WSNs la de phit trim giii phip main IchOng day dua tren tieu

chuin ve hao phi li thAp nhit, dip (mg cic you ciu nhu dit lieu thip vi trung binh, tieu
thq c8ng suit thip, dim bao dO bio mat vi tin 4y cho 4 th6ng. Vi tri cic node cim
bien hiu nhu kh8ng duqc xic dinh tnr6c, non cic giao th(rc vi giii thuat ming phii c6
khi Wing ter Ay dung.
Cic nha nghien c(ru d8 phit trim nhieu giao thirc dac biet cho WSNs , trong d6
vin de am bin la Wing luqng lieu thq phii thip nhAt c6 the. Chi yeu tap trung vi cic
giao thfic dinh tuyin vi dinh tuyen trong WSNs co khic dinh tuyen trong cic mpg
truyen thong (phu thuOc vi (twig vi kiln tr(ic mnng).

I
Minh 1.3. Giao the c chung cho mgng cam

8

bien


Giao thirc mpg cam Men bao gem cac giao th(rc lien lac trong vi ngoai mpg.
Giao thirc lien kit trong mpg g6m cac 16p nhu m8 hInh OSI:
-

Layer 1: L6p vet 1Sr: cac quy ask ve dien, kenh truyen, cam Min, xth IS , tin
hieu;

— Layer 2: Lap lien kit d0

cac du frac khung, quy djnh thoi gian;

— Layer 3: Lap mung: nhiem vu djnh tuyin;
—Layer 4: Lesp giao yen: truyin d0 lieu trong mmHg, luu frit das lieu;

phuc vu cac ang dung trong man&
—Layer 5: Lop ang dung hay lop giao
ale yeu clu th ben ngoai...
bao
(mg dung, kit hqp dtt lieu,
GPRS/GSM
I xRTT/CDMA

IEEE 802.11b/g

IEEE 802.15.1

IEEE 802.1!

Market name
for standard

2.5G/3G

Wifi

Bluetooth

ZigBee

Network target

WAN/MAN

WLAN and hotspot

PAN and DAN

WSN

Application on
focus

Wide area voice and
data

Enterprise
applications
(data and VoIP)

Cable
replacement

Monitoring a
control

0.064 — 0.128+

11 - 54

0.7

0.020 — 0.2

Transmission

range (ft)

3000+

1— 300+

1— 30+

Design factor

Reach and
transmission quality

Enterprise support,
scalability and cost

Cost, ense of use

Bandwidth
(Mbps)

1— 300+

Reliability
power and c4

Bang 1.2. Cdc giao disk c6 thi dung cho lop tap trong WSNs
Bang 1.2 neu ra met se giao &Cm 16p the!) c6 the (mg dung cho WSNs. So sang
gifta cac chain, mac Bich c>ja 1mg dung, tieu chum cho thiet ke, khoing cach truyin
va bang thong t6i da. Mac du cam bien co gia thanh ngay cang the') nhung yin can

thieu cac lieu chain mang cho WSNs, &ell nay la met yeti t6 gay can tra su phut tan
mpg cam Wen trong thuong mai.
9


e. Dinh tuyen va phAn tin dl lieu.
Giao th(rc djnh tuyen cho WSNs roi vio 3 nhom: de lieu trung tam, kiln trim
mpg, can dr vio vj tri. Cac quy vac ve tap hqp de lieu de kit hqp aft lieu den tfr cac
nguen Ichic nhau qua dubng truyen. Dieu nay cho phep han chi su du thba trong
mong, liun giant luqng dtrimg truyen, giarn Ming luqng tieu tho. Trong nOi mong,
lieu duqc th ngay khi dang duqc truyin nhim tang hieu qua sir dung nAng luqng
cOa town he thong. Di giAi guy& cac van de nhu gioi han bang thong, khA nAng sung
cep deg suit tai cac node bj hon chi hay giA thanh cao, thi can c6 qua trinh
truac toi nguen tru6c khi chuyin qua cac node lan can, chi truyen thong tin tem tit vi
tang hqp nhit.
f.

chirc vi theo doi mong cam Bien.

CAc vin de lien quan den ch(rc mong, theo d8i vi giAm sat mong bao gem quan
15, nhem cAc cam Bien, Icha Wing to phAn chia nhern, xAy di,mg phien lam viec...
g. Su tinh toAn.
Lien quan den tap hqp clit lieu, dung hqp, phan tich, tinh Man ciu truc vi
tin hieu.
h. Quart lf de lieu.
Phu thuOc vio kiln trim dit lieu, co se de lieu, ky thuOt truy yin vi luu trit de
lieu. Trong m8i throng mong truyin tilting, de lieu duqc thu th4p den tnmg tam de luu
nit khi c6 yeu ciu duqc di. Trong cAc mpg phirc top hon, cAc yeu ciu theo thin
gian thuc, can c6 cac ky thult duqc xAy dung dUng cho cac m8 hinh luu tre de lieu
phAn be. De lieu can duqc dAnh chi se de kiem tra (theo Idgong gian vi thbi gian) met

cach hieu qua hon.
i. Bio met.
Bat) mat la met phAn quan tong trong mpg WSNs, ne dam ham su an toim, chic
chin, nhit quart vi tinh sin sang curt thong tin.

1.2.2. Qud trinh phdt triin mpg cam ban.
Thiri chi& trang With, cAc mong ngim duqc phit irien rOng rAi 6 My dung
trong giam sat ngim duth day Bien. Moog tren kitting phimg thu radar duqc Irian khai
6 Bic My.
mong cam Bien vio diu nheng nAm 1980
Su thtic day manh me cho nghien
vai chuong trinh Defense Advance Research Projects Agency (DARPA).

10


Sr phat then cic (mg dung trong quan sir, Niko nhOng am 1980-1990, day c6 lila
coi la the 110 di* nhit cda cac sin pant thuang mai dua tren cac nghien dm DARPA
DSN.
Nghien ciru mpg dun Wan ngiy nay, day la the 110 thfr hai cda (mg dung thuang
mai. Buck lien trong tinh to& vi truyan thong vio cuai nhOng atm 1990 vi diu
nhung Mtn 2000 da tao ra ky thu(it mpg cam ban the he mai. Cie cam ban mai duqc
s6 luqng 16n theo deg nghO MEMS, nanoscale
die tao c6 gii thinh
electromechanical system (NEMS) vi stir xuat hiUn cac lieu chain li chia khOa cho stir
phat trim WSNs.
Tha h# tbfr nhit
(1980s-1990s)

Thib. thfr hai (din

nbitng aim 2000)

Thi hi thfr ha
(cu6i *big nim
Iwo

Kich thuirc

Lan

NM han

NM

Trung !wing

Pounds

Ounces

Vii gram hay it han

Kit n trfic node

Cam bien r6i roc,
x6 15, vi thong tin

Cam bien tich hqp, xxl
Ur vi th8ng tin

Tich hqp day &X,
nuic dO cao

Giao thirc

Chua ce clan
chung

Chua c6 chain chung

Tieu chuin: Wifi,
Zigbee, Wimax

Can hinb mang

Diem-diam, hlnh
sao, da duting

Client-server, peer-topeer

peer-to-peer mire (10
cao

Nguan cung cap

Pin ion

Pin AA

C8ng ngh nano

e
hay pin m#t tr6i

Wong del

Ngity,gi6 hay lau
lan

Noy, tan

Thang ,nam

Bang 1.3. Tom frit va so sdnh cac giai down phia triin clia mang cam ban
1.2.3. Cdc thdch they va trd' nggL
De WSNs thuc stir tr6 nen rung rai trong cic (mg dung thi can phii vuqt qua mOt
s6 trot ngai vi thich thin sau:
—Cluic 'ding giai hen, bac, gam ca van de kich thuoc;
— Nguan cung cap;
—Gia thinh cic node;
— It& t6 m8i truing;
—Dac tinh kenh truyan;
11


—Giao rink quan IS? mpg phirc tap va su phAn bto rai cac node;
— Tien chili va quyin sZr Wu;
—Cie vin de ye nif!r rung.

12

PHAN 2. ICir THU*T CAM BIEN KHONG DAY
() nhttng plain tru6c t8i neu dinh nghia va khai quit ye mung cam hien, d#c
biet la mpg cam Men IchOng dAy, cling vol nhttng 6ng dung dm n6. Phin nay tea se
giOi thieu sau han ye cam Wen, phin ding va phin mem, phan loui cam hien, hon chi
cua node cam bien va Wong phit trien mkt node cam hien tong mpg WSNs.
2.1. Node cam Mtn.
nhttng phin truck tea dA nhic den node cam hien va mat s6 tmg chmg, chirc
Wing cua no. Bay gib, UM sa trInh bay sau han ye chirc nAng cua cac node cam hien,
mat thanh phin v8 cling quan tong trong m8 hlnh mung cam bits noi chung va mung
cam hien Wong dly noi rieng.
Kurg WSNs gam nhieu node cam Wen phan be pink tan bao phu mat vung dja
1Sr. Cac node ce Icha nAng lien luc v8 tuyin vol cac node lin c#n de truyen du lieu rift
ngu6n den trong tam. Chtic nAng ea ban cilia cac node trong WSNs phi thuOc vac, Ung
dung cua mung db. MOt s6 chirc Wing chinh cua node cam hien:
—Xac d nh duqc gii tr1 cac thong sti (nhiet dO, ap suit, cuong dO anh sing...) tui
nai lip d(It, lchao sat;
—Phat hien su ten tui mkt cac su kien can quan tam va uOc luong cac thong s6
cda su kien d6. Vi du nhu mung WSNs dung trong canh bao blo thi cac cam
Wen phai nh(in Wet duqc t6c dO gib, hutmg gib va hureng di chuyin alai can
blo, tic dO cua can blo...;
— Phan biet cac dai Wong. Vi du mpg cam bien dung trong du him bito phai cap
nh#t duqc huong di Nth t6c dO cua can bito di chuyin trong yang bao plul cua
mung. Hay trong quAn su, mung WSNs phai cap nhet vj tri cue dOi phucmg di
chuyin trong vung phd song.
Cac he thong c6 the dip img yeu ciu theo thoi gian thuc hay gin nhu the, thy
theo yeu ceu va muc dich mkt thong tin can thu th#p.
Cam hien gam nhieu nhom chic nAng nhu ca, h6a, nhiet, dien ttr, sinh hoc,
quang, chit long, song sieu Am... Cam hien c6 the duqc dua ra ben ngoai m8i trtrong
nguy hid; moi truerng c6 nhiet dO cao, mire dao dOng, nhigu len, m8i truong h6a chit

dOc hoi; c6 the lip d#t trong hit thong r8 bat to dOng hay trong cac he thong xu6ng san
xuAt. Cong nghe cam hien va dieu kin& bao g6m truong dien Nit ttY; cam bit% song
radio; cam hien quang, hang ngogi; radar; laser; cam hien vj tri hay djnh vj; cam bien
huong muc dich phuc vu cho an ninh sinh h6a...
13


Cac cam Bien c6 ldch thuoc nh6, de nhay cao, gia thanh thip, in djnh IA ding tin
cay It yeu th quan trong tao nen cac mang WSNs host dOng hieu qua vi kink
WiC

MEM/NEWS

Speck

Dot

froth 2.1. Sit phdt Irian cut cling nghe* chi No cam biln

Hinh 2.1 cho chung to th&y si phat trim curt c8ng nghe chi tao can Bien giai
(loan gin day. Node ket hqp cam bien vi xu 15+ giai down am 1999 c6 kich thuoc Ion
han mOt ding xu, c6 cac IC tich hqp cam lien. Cac nim tiep theo, kich thuang cua
cam bien giam din. V& si phat trim cua Ong ngh4 nano, MEMS c6 kich thuOc giam
di ding ke, kern theo d6 la giam nang luqng tieu thu, tang thOi gian su dung, kha Wing
dO 8n djnh cao han... Nhttng nilm du 2000, the tich alit node Ichoang 16.387
mm3, den !Am 2007 chi con 1 mm3 (theo SPeckNet Research).
2.2. Phin cfrng vii phin mem.

Khi thiet ke node trong mpg WSNs, cac chirc Wing ca bin cin pith co la: chi=
niing ca ban cut node; chirc Wing 1$1, bao g&m x1.1 ly so tin hieu, nen, phat hien vi

sira 18i, dieu khien vi th8a hinh; phan nhem vi tfnh town trong mpg; thong tin; ti kit
hqp; djnh tuyen vi quan 15, kit n8i. Be c6 nhitng chirc Ming nay thi phin cling cua
node phai c6 cam bien vi bO phan thuc thi, bO nguin vi cic phin phuc vu cho
cic chirc fling Ichac. Ciu tic ben trong node phi thuOc vio dO phirc tap cis (mg dung.

Power unit

-

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t

Pavan

LacatIon finding system
ADO

generator

11

Moblitzeolactustar

1.• Analog-to-010a/ Converter
Hinh 2.2. Cdu too pin cing curt 1 node cam Min

14

Hinh 2.2 chi ra cac thinh phin phin ding cau tao nen mOt node thong thuang.
Phan cimg chia lam 4 nham chinh:
— Nguan cung cap: cung cap vi dam bio ming Itrqng cho node host dOng;
—Luu tire vi tinh toin: phpc vp cho chirc

dieu chi se, djnh tuyen...;

— Cam bien: Wen dui cac th6ng so mai ttuang thinh thong tin;
— Lien lac: trao dui de lieu giea cac node yeti nhau vi yen trung tam.
Softens'

Hinh 2.3. Cdu too phim mem clia node cam biln

Cac thitnh phin ciu tao phin mem cua node duqc dua ra a hinh 2.3. Phan mum
g6m 5 nham chinh:

—He dieu hanh (OS) microcode: lien kit phin mem vii chic Ong bO
Hien
nay, cac nghien ciru dang huang den thiet ke ma ngutin ma cho OS di nh rieng
cho mpg WSNs;
— Sensor va Drivers: day lit nheng module quan ljr chirc nang co ban ctia phin
cam bien;
—BO xCr 1S, thong tin: quan ch(rc nang thong tin, bao g6m djnh tuyen, chuyin
gal, duy trl giao th(rc, ma haa, sea 16i...;
— BO phan xfr 1S, de lieu (Processor): th 1St cac tin hieu da hru tre, thuang ca
cac node xe trong mpg.
2.3. Phan hni cam ban.
Hien nay, cac loci cam bien rat da dang, do da can phii ca sq phan loci. Ca rat
nhieu loci cam bien, nhu cam bien nhiet, cam bien quang... O day tai phan lo3i cam
bien theo dac diem ve kich thuac, tong suAt, khi [tang x* 1Sr, the dO host dung, giao

thirc djnh tuyen...
15



2.4. Hgn chi cast node cam Min.
Khi hoot dOng, node cam hien bi rang buOc boi mOt s6 yku t6:
—Nguge cung cap: nang Wog cung cip cho cac node la ca giai hgn, do d6 viec
su ding hieu qui nguen Ming lugng la vin de then chOt trong thiit ki cac he
thong mgng WSNs;
—Lien lgc: mpg ve, tuyin thutmg bj giai hen ve bang thong, nhigu. Cie yeu t6
nay anh huang din dO tin cay, chit lugng dich vg vi dO bio mat mkt he thong;
—Tinh Man: cac node c6 deg suit vi bO nha giai hgn. Dieu nay anh huang din
viec lga chgn giai thuat lye de lieu tai node;
— Sr lcheng chic chin cac thong s6: de lieu ci ► thu thap c6 the kern then nhigu
te m8i trusting ben ngoii. Cac node bj hu hang c6 the lam sai lech de lieu. Sr
be tri cac node lam sai lech hoot dung can node.
2.5. MI hirieng phit triin via node cam ban.

De mong WSNs ca the dugc trien khai rOng rai yeti quy m8 lan thi kich thuac,
gia thanh vi Ong suit tieu thy mkt node phai giam va sg thong mink cila node phai
tang. Cin c6 he thong cam hien kit hgp cac thuat tien lien nhu con nghe nano,
mpg phan be, th8ng tin v8 tuyin bang rOng...
Viec thu nh6 kich thuac va giam gii thinh la vin de quan trong hang diu. Sg
tich hgp cam hien, vi ace 1Sr, nguen Wing lugng vi giao tiep mpg thong tin tren mOt
chip se lam viec trao doi de lieu gitta cam bie ► vi m8i truing ben ngoiti tra nen d
clang hcm.
Viec lieu chuin h6a ding nit can thiit. Tgo ra cac lieu chuin chung se gigp
mpg WSNs img ding rOng rai hon trong thgc ti, c6 kha Ming giao tiep vii cac he
thong mpg khac, nhu mpg internet, cung cap cic djch vg da dgng hon. Cac nghien

tiro dang huang den cac ky thuot the tao cam biin moi, he thong mpg cam bien phin
be, tich hgp cim bien trong cac he thong thtrcmg h8 try hieu qui cho cac qua trinh
ra quyet dinh.
2.6. Kit luan.
Trong thgc ti hien nay, mpg WSNs dang rat dugc ua chuOng sCr dying trong rat
nhieu vgc d&i stag bai chic Ming, phan logi da dang Nth nheng dac diem not trOi
cult node cim biin. Tuy nhien, de WSNs dugc ap ding rung rai vi quy m8 hon nits thi
cac nhi nghien tiro can phai giim bat nhang hgn chi trong ho3t dOng cgs node cam
bien, trong da quan trying nhit la nguOn cung cap vb. khi Wing ace ly, km trffrr cia node
cam bien.
17


PHAN 3. MOT SO irNG DUNG CUA 1114),NG CAM BIEN KHONG DAY
WSNs la t#p hop cac node cam Bien voi gig thinh thip, ce kha ring lam vies
trong diet' kien mai trutmg tq nhien ho#c do ditc cac th8ng lchic va dua nhung
thong tin den trong tarn. Cac node trong WSNs c6 the lien lgc vai cac node xung
quanh no, vit con c6 the xt1 ly cac de lieu thu dtrqc tnrecc khi den cac node lthic.
WSNs cung cip rit nhieu img dung httu
3.1. Cie ma hinh mgng WSNs
Me hinh WSNs chtl yeu duqc xay dqng theo hai logi:
— Logi 1 (C1WSNs): la he thong ltroi kit not da throng giOa cac node cam Bien
qua kenh truyen v8 tuyen, sir dung giao thirc djnh tuyin dung
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Hinh 3.1. Cl WSNs, lien kit multipoint-to-point, multi-hop
— Logi 2 (C2WSNs): la ma hinh diem-diem hay da diem-diem, ch6 yen la cac
lien kit don (single hop) gift cac node, sir dung giao thirc djnh tuyen tinh.
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Hinh 3.2. C2WSNs, lien kit point-to-point, multipoint-to-point

18

WIreftem Moldier


Ngoai m c6 the phan WSNs thimh hai dung hqp tic vi bit hqp tic. Trong clang
hqp tic, cic node chuyin th8ng tin cho cic node lan can. Con trong dung bit hqp tic,
cic node chuyen th8ng tin truc flip len trung tam x6 ljr ma khong qua cic node lin
On.
Bit hqp tic

Hqp tic

Hinh 3.3. MI5 hinh hop tac va &it hpp tcic
Mac d6 con di nhieu cich phan Iogi m8 hinh 'chic, nhung C1WSNs vi C2WSNs
la hai clgng tang quit nhlt cho cic cich ciu hinh WSNs. Cic ring dung chi yeti duqc
xay dung dua tren hai m8 hinh nay.
3.2. Cic frng dung cia mgng WSNs
Cic ung dung curt WSNs duqc chia thinh hai loci fing dung theo m8 hinh: hu
thong diem-diem cl6ng giao thirc djnh tuyin tinh he thong phirc tap dung giao thric
djnh tuyin dung.
Su hOi to cfra Internet, thong tin v8 tuyen vi Icy thuat thong tin da tgo cho cling
nghe cam bie ► su phit then diy tiem Wing. Phin cling
ws, dac blot la cic
gii thimh thip, cam bien nh6 gqn, plan thu phit v8 tuyin tieu thu cling suit thip (IA tr6
thanh cic tieu chuin chung. Mpg cim bier th8ng thuong hogt dOng 6 tin s6 868-915
MHz, he theng thuong mai (IEEE 802.11b hay IFPF. 802.5.4) hogt dOng trong day tin
so 2.4 GHz.
Trong nheng ram gin day, cic nghien cuu ve WSNs da c6 nhitng buck phit trim
mph me, cic busk tien nay him hen se tic dung I6n den cic

dung rung rai trong

19


tit ca cac tinh vire coa cuOc sang nhu quan sir, an ninh qu6c gia, nang luqng,, flied
trutmg, sirc kb:lc dbi sang...
Sau day la cac (mg ding ph6 hien nhit ctia WSNs.
3.2.1. Giant set va

tub khan cOng nghifp

MOt nha may cong nghiep, c6 quy m8 rung dien hinh c6 mOt phong dieu khien
Wong dai nho, xung quanh c6 cac thiet may mac twang dai Ion. Phong dieu khien c6
cac dling hli chi bao va cac may hien till de mo ti tang thai cac thiet (tang thai cac
van, tang thai thiet bi, nhiet dO vi ap suit alit nguyen lieu duqc lau triY, v.v...), diu
vao cac thiet bi de dieu khien cac b0 truyen dung trong cac may mac (cac van, cac bep
Id, v.v...) ma tac dung den tang thai duqc theo dai cea may mac. Cac cam Wen m8 to
tang thai cac may mac, cac kit qua hien thi c>ja chung nim trong phong dieu khien,
cac thiet 1:4 diu vao dieu khien, vi cac 1:4 truyen dung trong cac may tit ca tucmg d6i
re khi duqc so sanh vai chi phi cult cac dueng day bQc kim loci ma duqc sir Ong de
truyen th8ng gifta chin. Tiet kiem chi phi ding ke &roc hoan tit neu mOt phuung tien
!dieing day re c6 sin cung cup Id& truyen thong nay. Bei vi thong tin duqc truyen
thong la thong tin tang thai, n6 thutmg thay d6i ch#m. VI 4y, trong chi dO v#n hanh
blnh thutmg, thong luqng du lieu duqc yeu ciu cea mpg twang d6i chom, nhtmg dO
tin c#y duqc yeu ciu cue mpg lei rit cao. Mang cam biro khong day cila nhieu node,
cung cip nhieu throng din dinh tuyin ban tin cult qua trinh truyen thong multi-hop, c6
the nh#n duqc cac yeu ciu nay.

a

MOt vi da ye dieu Wan deg nghiep khang clay la qua trinh dieu khien b6 trf anh
sang quang cao. Rit nhieu phi tan trong qua trinh cai d#t cac bang den trong mOt toe
nha len lien quan den viec dieu khirn cac bong den — nal ma cac chuyen mach c6 day,
vei cac b6ng den duqc b#t vi tit cling nhau, dieu khien bong den, v.v... mot he th6ng
Ichong day c6 tinh mem deo c6 the t#n clang mOt b0 dieu kin& handheld c6 the duqc
trinh de dieu khirn mOt s6 Itrong cac bong den trong mOt theo nhieu citch Ichac
nhau gin nhu v8 hen, trong khi vin cung cup mirc dO an ninh duqc yeu ciu bei mOt b0
ph#n lip d#t quang cao.
Them mOt vi dp era la viec sir clang cac mpg cam Wen Icheong day trong cac img
clang an total deg nghiep. Cac mpg cam biro Ichong dly c6 the t#n dung cac cam
bien de phat hien sir hien dien cua cac chit dOc ho#c cac v#t lieu nguy hiem, cung
cup qua trinh phat hien vi nhOn dang sOm cac khe hb hoc phat hien trail cac tic nhan
hoi hoc hoc sinh hoc tram khi thiet nghiem tong c6 xiy ra (vi truck khi cac chit
vuqt ra ngoai veng Id& soat). Bei vi mpg khang day c6 the sir ding cac thu#t toan
Binh tuyin phan tan, c6 nhieu dutmg dint' tuyen, vi c6 the tv chea tri vi tu duy tit
20


chimg ce the co gian trong mtit ngoii ctla qua trinh bung no hoac cac thiet hui khic den
may cang nghiep, cung clip cac them quyin vai th8ng tin trigig thai may quyet djnh
dual cac dieu kien ret kh6.
Qua trinh giam sat vi dieu khien ca cAu quay hoac chuyen dung la mOt linh vut
khac ph4 hqp vai cac numg cam hien th8ng day. Trong cac img dung nhu vay, cac
cam hien co day vi cac bO truyin dung thutrng thong thuc hien dugs, dieu ret quan
trcong de gitim sat nhiet dO, dao dOng, dung b8i Iran, v.v... ctla cac thanh phhn quay
cud cac may de toi tru hoa thoi gian gifts cac chu ky bio tri, khi may phiti duqc gift
off-line. De lam dugs dieu nay, quan trcong hi he thong cam hien kh8ng day c6 lchit
Wing thuc hien cho ldwang thbi gian trqn yen gita cac chu bito tri, nau th8ng n6
thu tieu muc dich cult cac cam bier. Dieu nay, trong chuyen dOng quay, yeu ciu sir

dung mOt mpg cam Wen yeti cac yeu ciu fling lucmg ret they) Cac mpg cam Men c6
the silt dung rieng biet trong qua trinh du Wm 18i cac thanh phen trong aircaft, nai ma
nhang phan tan nay c6 the duqc sir dung cho cac chi tian rieng biet.
Vai ling dung lchitc trong linh Arc nay ctia cac mpg cankbien th8ng day la hai
nOng, thong hai vi cac dieu kien th8ng khi (HVAC) clia cac toi nha. Clic he thong
HVAC ca dieu duqc dieu khien bbd mOt s6 luqng nh6 cac may an nhiet vi an Am. S6
lumig cac may an nhiet vi on Am nay cling bj giai hen, tuy nhien, boi chi phi ket hqp
vol kit not heti tuyen den vj tri (tat he thong HVAC. Them nCra, cac bc) dieu khien
th8ng khi vi chang rung ma dieu 'chi& trip tie!) trong meal trubng pham vi phbng
cling c6 day; cling vai cac 1, do nay, sa luqng cud chting cling bj giai
Tuy nhien, than nhiet ph& sinh do con ngtrbi trong mOt toi nha ding thay dui
twang dei. Nhang thay del hang ngiy, hang tuen, theo =la luem xiy ra. Nhang thay
di nay duqc kit hqp vai qua trinh phan tan con ngutri trong toi nhi sucit ngay, su6t
tuAn, su6t mua, suit nam; nhttng thay dui quan trcmg cling anh hue:mg den than nhiet
curt toi nhi tai cac lchming th8ng d6ng deu. Vi du, khi cat to chirc cai t6
vi sera
chart lai, 'thong gian sbr dung trtrac day cho cho cac van phong c6 the duqc sir dung
WA lb phat sinh nhiet hoac thiet bj chi two. Nhang thay dui den ng8i nha ban than
chfing ding duqc quan dun: phin kit du ben trong tubng c6 the duqc chen vio,
chuyen hoac di Rd di; cac cart s6, cac man chin, cac mai hien cling c6 the duqc them
vao hoac rbi di, v.v... Vi tit ci nhang bien dui ce the nay vi ma gin nhu th8ng co ai
lam vies trong van pheng trong toil nhi nay c6 the chang nhen chting, nen citi tien
duqc yeu cau.
Nguyen than din ban cult chirc Ming HVAC th8ng tot nhu vay lam cac he thong
dieu khien thiku th8ng tin chinh Vic ye m8i trubng trong toi nha de duy tri mOt mai
21


tnr2mg thou mai cho con ngu&i. BOi vl cluing kh8ng yeu ceu phf ton cic be cam bien
\Tit kich thich c6 day, mpg cam bien Ichong day, 0 the duqc ten dung de gia tang

nhanh ch6ng thong tin ye gia trj m8i tnrbng trong toa nha den he thOng dieu khien
HVAC, va giam nhanh ch6ng kha nang tao thank dip img no. BO 6n nhiet va
On Am killing day 0 the duqc d#t to mot vii vj tri trong m8i phong de cung cep chi
tiet thong tin den dieu khien he thOng. Tuong ty, cic be giim rung Ong va giam dung
am luqng lchong day c6 the duqc dung de tao ra met luang Ion de tide chinh dip
img cia he thOng HVAC den nhieu tram. Khi mai ngutri trong met pham vi van phong
chuyen den phong hOi nghj de meeting, of du, he thong c6 the duqc dip ling bbri vies
&mg cic be ch6ng rung am luqng trong pham vi van phong, trong khi m6 cac be
ch6ng rung am luqng tai phong hOi nghj. Khi MQi ngutti rbi khoi toa nha, he thOng
HVAC c6 the huOng din cic bO ch6ng rung Ong
dip ting thay d6i trong toan be
than nhiet toa nha. Khi mai nguoi tr81ai trong khi Iii xe duoi mua gib, be 6n
trong
va io di mua c6 the phit hien dO itm trong at) mua. He thong HVAC sau da c6 the
d#t d#c biet tai nai Ich6 rio, lcheng tic Ong den men sO htiv ne an trong phong.

a

He thong HVAC kh8ng day a-mg c6 the gill thich mOt trong nhftng yin de vm
dOi vhf ky su HVAC: Can bang nhiet Am va tinh tang kung khf. V6i tramg hqp ma
cic ngu$n nhiet duqc phan tin kh8ng deu nhau lchip toa nha. VI du trong ng8i nha,
nha hip c6 khuynh huOng Am han, beri vi nhiet dO cia bep niu An, trong khi cic phong
ngti c6 khuynh huOng lanh han. Vao mua deng, kh8ng khf Am han yeu ciu duqc gin
den phong ngO, nai ma kh8ng khf lanh han, va ngu$n wing thip han yeu ciu duqc gii
den nha bep, nai !thong khf Am han. Trong matt he, tuy nhien, nguqc 13i — kheng khf
lanh han yeu ciu duqc gin den nha bep, nai ma kh8ng khf Am han, va kheng khf It
Nth yeu ciu duqc giii den phong ngi, nai ma kh8ng khf lanh han. Su khic biet nay
gitta cic qui trinh phan tin killing khf cia nhiet Am va tinh tang khang khi la met vin
de kh6 va dit tien de giai guy& d6i voi cic he thong dieu khien hitu tuyen, boi vi met
be ch6ng rung am luqng den mgi phang trong can nha phii duqc dieu khien dec lip.

Thu?mg, cic be ch6ng rung duqc d#t tai mOt vj tri dam, c,6 djnh, ngoai cic viing
lien tuc va Am lien tuc. Voi cic cam bien va cic be truyen Ong kh8ng day trong he
thOng HVAC, tuy nhien, vin dl nay ter nen tam thuong; mOt (nhieu) be ch6ng rung
trong m8i phang c6 the duqc dieu khien b8ri mOt (nhieu) cam bien trong m8i phong,
sip d#t su can bang he thOng hoan chinh tai nheng thtri diem trong nom.
MOt he thOng HVAC c6 nhttng in diem khic. Qui trinh giim sit kin cia he
thong cho ph8p cic yin de duqc nhOn ra va duqc sfra chtka truffle khi cic phi& toil Ay
ra. De b$ xung den cic cam bien vting cu tra cac cam hien trong day 0 the duqc det
he thong thay d6i nhiet) kh8ng phi thuec vao t6 boo tri de too cic pile') do bang tay
22


tren cac khe ha. Them nfra cic cim Min 05 the duqc det trong cac ding thuqng vi ciu
trucrt tai be boi ma chits dung 6ng din; nhiet dO bit throng trong cac vtIng nay c6 the
chi ra cite 18 to tai hai 1u6ng kh8ng khi neng ho#c lanh. VI nhitng nguyen nhan nay,
tan be chi phi HVAC ng8i nhi se giam, trong khi stir thoiti mai dm ngutri sir dung gia
tang khi de cam Wen vi cic bu truyin dOng duqc tun dung.
3.2.2. Ty dthsg hod gia dinh vi din din dyng

Gia dinh la kh8ng gian img ckmg rat lan cho cac mang cam tan kh8ng day.
Nhieu (mg dung c8ng nghiep vita duqc m8 ti ca m6i lien he Wang tv trong gia (link
Vi du mOt he th6ng HVAC duqc trang bj v6i cic bt) 6n nhiet vi chung rung Wog day
c6 the bio ye cac phong du& kith ning mot trtri cua net' nhi - se lieu quit horn mOt
ng8i nhit chi trang bj mOt bO 6n nhiet dam c6 day.
MOt (mg dung duqc dieu khien chung ttr xa, mOt PDA loai thiet bj c6 the chi
kh8ng (lieu khien TV, May nghe DVD, din am thanh n6i vat cac thiet bj diet' gia
din!' khic nhung vai cic bang den, ck cinh ctYa, vi elk 6 khoi cling duqc trang bj yeti
mOt kit n6i mang cim bien kh8ng day. Wri dieu !chi& chung tir xa, mOt b¢ o5 the dieu
Wan ng8i nhi lien ich tren ghe. Tuy nhien, khi Wing hip din nhit den tfr sr ket
hqp nhieu djch vu, gi6ng nhu ck canh ola to dOng dang khi TV duqc bet, ho#c co the

to dOng ngtmg he th6ng giiti tri gia dinh khi mOt cuOc duqc nhen hen may dieu thoai
hoc chu8ng mkt keu. Val chi& can vi may tinh ca nhan ci hai duqc ket nei vol nhau
theng qua mOt mpg cam Wen khOng day, sec Ong cka mOt vet c6 the duqc lir dung
ghi 10 Wog can yeu ciu sv can thiep bang tay.
MOt muc dich lon ctla cac mang cam Wen Bong day trong gia dinh duqc mong
cher la oic thiet bj ngoai vi may tinh ca nhan, gi6ng nhu cac keyboard vi mice kh8ng
day. Cac tang dung nay dem 10 uu diem gik thip vi mac tieu the ngu8n thip lk dieu
kien thiet yeti dm cdc mang cam bien kh8ng day. Ung dung khic trong gia dinh la cic
dung cu thong tin dra tren cam bien (sensor-based) ma tic Ong vi lkm viec cling sinh
rO ret cur% nhau de thoi man chtl nhi. Ckc mang nay lk met ma rung cua cac dung cu
thong tin duqc de xuAt bbd Norman.
Ckc d8 choi mieu ti mOt thj truOng 16n khic cfia cac mang cim bien kh8ng day.
Danh skh cac d6 chat c6 the duqc them hoc cho phip nh6 cac man cam bien kh8ng
day la 1:4 gitti Iran chi boi sirc tubing tuqng cua con ngu6i, vat phi= vi ter citc xe hat vk
tau thuyin duqc dieu khien bang v8 tuyin th8ng thutmg den cac tr6 chai tren may tinh
t#n dung cac bO joystick vi bO dieu khien Meng day. MOt plum vi hip din do biet la
cic inky tinh ci nhan — cac fro chai rang cao, ten chmg silt mph tinh tan cita mOt
may tinh 6 gin de ding cao chit luqng ngay tai bin than tr6 choi. Vi du, nh#n dung vi
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tong hop giong not co the duqc thuc hien boi vi tri cic microphone va speaker trong
tre chai, cung vai cic be bien di analog-to-digital va digital-to-analog phi hqp,
nhung ten dung mOt kit not kh8ng day den may tinh, c6 the thuc hien cic chtic nling
nhin ding va tong hqp. Nh6 thay the cic mach dien nkin ding va tong hop den nay
con bj gi6i han yeti gii tuang dei dit, bang viec str clang sire mph tinh totin (mph hen
nhieu) hien tai trong may tinh, chi phi cac tre chai co the (trot giam ding ke, trong khi
cii tien nhanh chung ve !chit Wing vi thuc thi cua fro chai. NO cfing co the dua ra dO
phirc tap cua tro chai ma tren tlwc to kh8ng duqc be xung tong cic Icy thu ftt khic.
fing ding gia dlnh Ion han khac la mOt mir rung caa dac diem RKE (Remote

Keyless Entry) duqc tim they tren nhieu 8 t8. voi cic mpg cam bier kh8ng day, 8
khoi kh8ng day, cic cam Wen cfra ra vao va cult s6, vi cic be dieu Ichien bong den
kh8ng day, chtl nha c6 mOt thiet bi tuang tv nhu met key-fob voi melt node bum. Khi
bent node, thiet bj lchoi tit ca cac c(ra ra vio va ctla s6 trong nha, tit heu het cic b6ng
den trong nha (t& mOt viii bong den nv1), bet cac bong den an tom ngoai nha, va thiet
lop hO thong HVAC den chi dO net. Ngubi std clang nh#n mOt Wing beep mOt len h8i
dip the hien nit ca de thuc hien the ding, va ugh' ngai horn tom, nhu v#y ng8i nha
an tom. Khi mOt cinh cfra hong Wong the m6, hoc yen de t8n tai mOt man hinh hien
thi tren thiet bi chi thi nai bj hong. Mang c6 th#m td co the On ding mOt he thong an
ninh gia Binh dey du de phit hien mOt oh se bj gay hoc ch8 hung khic.
,

Ben ngoai ngoi nhit, cac khi ring location-aware ala cac mang cam Wen !thong
day phO hqp yeti mOt top khac nhau ctla cic ho3t dung consumer-related, bao gem du
ljch va mua sum. Trong cic irng ding nay, qui trinh (firth vi c6 the duqc sir ding de
cung cep th8ng tin context-specific den ngtrei lieu dung. Trong tru6ng hop cite ngtr6i
huong din vien du Lich, ngtr6i std clang chi duqc cung cap thong tin lien quan den
quang canh hien trong tru?mg hop cua nhan vien bin bin hang, ngutri sir dung
duqc cung cep th8ng tin lien quan din sin phem tru6c met. bao g6m cic khoan mua
bin vi kheu hao thic biet vit trq
3.2.3. Ong ding trong van

va an ninh gm& gia

Cic mpg cam bien kh8ng day la mOt phen khong the thieu trong cic img dung
quan stir ngiy nay voi cac he thong menh lenh, dieu lchien, thu thep tin Km tinh bio
truyen thong, tinh toin, theo dOi ke tinh nghi, trinh sit vet tim mac tieu. Cic d#c tinh
then khai nhanh cheng, to t6 chirc va khi Wing chill dung 18i cua cic mang cam bien
cho they day la mOt c8ng nghe dey trier vong trong linh Arc quan sq. Vi cic mpg
citm bien dua tren ca s6 trien khai day d(Ic yeti cic node gii re va chi dung met len,

viec bj djch phi hujr mOt se node kh8ng anh Wong ten hog dOng chung nhu cic cam
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bien truyen tilting non chang dip c#n chien trubng tut han. MOt s6 img clang cua mon
cim bien la : kiem tra lqc luqng, trang bj, don duqc, giim sat chien trueng, trinh sit
yang vi luc luqng djch, tim mac tieu, danh gia thiet hai tan danh, trinh sit vi phit
hien cac vu khi hea hqc - sinh hqc - hot nhin (NCB).
Mem tra lqc luqng, trang bj, 4n duqc: Cac lanh dao vi chi huy c6 the kiem tra
thueng xuyen tinh tong curt pan dOi, (lieu kien vi khi riling sin sang chien deu cua
cic trang bj, don duqc trong mOt chien truong bing viec se clang cac mpg cim Wen.
Mgi nguoi 1Srnh, xe CO. trang bj deu duqc gin mOt cam bien de th8ng bio trong thai.
Cac th8ng bao nay duqc tap hqp tai mOt node thu de lieu (Sink node) vi duqc gui tai
nguei chi huy. Cac s6 lieu nay co the duct huong tan cac cip cao hon trong phin cip
chi huy cung vri cac se lieu tfr cic don vj khic tag m6i cip.
Theo dei chien tnreng : Tai cac veng quan tang, cac tuyen tiep can, cac con
dtemg vi eo hien, cic mpg cam bien c6 the duqc trien khai nhanh chong de theo doi
hoot dung cua d6i phuang mOt cich re ring, bi mat. Khi ban d6 Ong tic di duqc
chuin bj, cac mang cam bien c6 the duqc trien khai bit cir Ific nit° de theo del d6i
phuang.
Trinh sit veng vi lqc luqng d6i phuang: Khi tic mang cim Wen duqc trien khai
tai cac yang chien luqc, tic thong tin tinh bao co gii tri, chi tiet vi kip thei co the
duqc thu th#p trong met vii phut truck khi bj d6i phuong ngin ch6n.
Tim mac tieu: Cac mang cim hien c6 the duqc kit hqp chit che vai cic he thong
huang dao trong cic quin trang th8ng minh.
Dinh gia thiet hai cart tr#n danh: Ngay truck hoc sau khi tin cong, tic mang
cim hien c6 the duqc Wen khai trong stung mac tieu de tap hqp cac se lieu danh gia
duet hai trong tr#n danh.
Trinh sat vi phit hien cac vu khl hem hoc, sinh hqc, hat nhin: Trong cic cuOc
chien tranh sinh hqc vi hea hqc, viec phit hien chirch xic vi kip thei the tic nhin li

dieu rut quan trong. Cic mang cim hien duqc tan khai trong veng chi& dung vi
duqc sir clang nhu cac he th6ng cinh bao vu khi sinh hoa c6 the cung cip cho quin dOi
cic thong tin ve cac tic nhin co the gay nguy hiem, thuang vong. Cac mang cim Wen
con duqc dung de giam sit chi tiet sau khi cac tin c8ng sinh, hea vi hat nhin duqc
phit hien. Ngutri to c6 the c6 duqc su trinh sit ve ve khi hat nhin mi khong phii dua
cac dOi trinh sit vio yen bec xa nguy hiem.
3.2.4. 64 dong trong bdo v moi trong vd ming nghifp thong minh
s•S ac (mg dung ve m8i truong cua mang cim bien bao gem theo dei sq di
chuyen cua cic loii chim, loii the nh6, con trong; kiem tra cac dieu kien m8i trueng
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