!"#
!"#$%& "
'() *+, -./012"3
$*+45+/67 89 '5-:
;)"8!*+7"/67 1 -<=>
-.1'? *+7+*+ @'?)A0,
BC$5 /0"3 !+D/4
8EE+1"4"'A&.8
'F+1)C>+ @'?<!+%%"
*+./67 F" !+D?.#
-'FGE"5HG4"1G
'-.)
B5I*+ 6J>3"5"I+/4K+A
4G -4L'(8)C.+
-:14'(--:'.
M-=N'()/+8GG+84E'(
46J!+4&+O4+O=P''FL
%Q R"848
'5S'5$)B8!*+7"/67 ">.88 $
>'? -2/0)
TM'5KUVWC($40*+4
$+'"*+7+8W)+AS3
$%&'()* X
A2@'?!+S-:#--GA"*+7+
"/67'+*+)C!+?8W''F4
+E'?"I+' M'FA+$+ 0 I+
'%*+ "'()'5EA%.
AM+!Y
+,, /#01,234560745-,389.
.:;<=36%0>?@A6B=CD
)*E6F!"#
T K '(T>V@/0OZ?
UVWCO!/+8 *+7"/67)
[T '(T>V@/0O
Z?UVWC)
[>+ *+7/67 '(T>V
@/0OZ?UVWC)
[T!/+81 *+7/67 '(T>
V@/0OZ?UVWC)
$%&'()* \
GHIJ&K(LJHMNJ
)*O8P,Q42"
] 8#>'(06J-<6J
S-+6J#A"M=31 8-
"O @"J^X\_)
!"
] 8'(+-6J#
RK.OAAS*+../67L'(O -+
4'"'F/+8 OQL'(^`_)
] 8 A*+. 1L
'(+EL.+O 41>?1
' -+4' ?*+'(& +4@"J'?
^a_)
#$%&
b+7814+"I++
6J/67A++H8^c_)
'#$%()*+,
b+7'(11+JL*+7C'5)T
"6J J*+7A?-&-.+I ,M
1Q#4Q# -.[/01""
'(^d_)
$%&'()* e
))R6S49.6#F-,389.
-./
] O +E+4Y
[f O 1>YT4+E '(/+A"5
8:.15"!-'F )C+E'F+'(
/+A"5$L.+8#+?^\_)
[f O?1YgF- )))
[] O ?*+'(&"P
[] '(Yh1L'('"I+
/4KP
01$*
] 'F\:Yg8#+?@4L"
8<& E8W^X_)
[] #+?@4L #+?@#!+
-KA3' MGOMG'="=
4 8 .)
[] -4L"-G 6J' 8
W&)
NC+BGi9\jja;]Zk'FeY
[] -9 "?;YlE .LM-8
+K"EE? ="I+/4KP
[] '59 #+?;YlE4== J+*+'=EG
O ./ %"I"41"I)
$%&'()* c
[g8+Ym#.81'("
'('>W*+8+O4+ ."
6)
'2*
$ 8"S'O@"
M1"GL/01)B4:$]Zk"<*+
&"*+74+"K&/671
+*+"3F8)
nThnh phn cơ hc
] EY
[g 8@4L&Y KRO+1 + 4
/ 1"I."=*+P
[g 8-@4L&Yl24+%)
[g 8-@4L&YoL
M""#- = "=<"=.P^a_
=3)#FT@UQO8B6#
$9p; kC1 kf< )kEg:q
m 4"=*+/ 1"I aj\r ajjr d\\c
l8 \r\ \`\ jas
lt L2 d\r \r\ c\c
CK+ jrX \j\ jcd
B=/'? Xjd eds jaj
+H jeX jr\ jj\
] /4K rc\ jca Xjjc
o Xj\ jXc j\r
8-4+H ej\X \es Xa\r
(Nguồn: Đặng Kim Cơ, Kỹ thuật môi trường, NXB khoa hc kỹ thuật 2004)
$%&'()* a
V234
8+6#+?L $&L%L
.+YgkuCZ" 8^a_)
=3))#F!",WA-9-,3X%
g8+6#+? $p
g k u C Z
KR c`j dc erd \d jc aj
l8 cea dj ccj je j\ dj
g ccj as ccd je j\ aj
g8t djj r\ \\` [ [ Xjj
B aaj dd eX\ Xd jXa [
g+ r`j Xjj [ \j [ Xjj
h djj `j XXd Xjj jc Xjj
l2 csa dj c\r j\ jX Xa
(Nguồn: Đề ti cấp Nh nước KHCN 02 – 04)
)YW,O!"T@ZQX-:;/#8[P9\9:;
'5 !6()*+,
g 8W.+-'F%?*+@4
8v*+@4'("'5
M-=N('()g 8W$#
/67$.">M#81"5'()
$%&'()* d
2.3.1.1 Ảnh hưởng của rác thải đến môi trường không khí
C+E O 1>'( KR.H
1-'F )o:I+5R"'!+
'5!+-+IF $#+?4L%R
*+ >AN6"A3-@+'()g 8
-: O *+ >'(k
\
ZCk
e
gk
c
Zu
\
gu
\
^e_)
2.3.1.2 Ảnh hưởng của rác thải đến môi trường nước
N*+N!+'('(, (E0)
m'F +-@4L 1K..8'F'5S
"'5$-+"K)] @+N'5'/+E
<-A+E'5S@R)qS- 4+$
# :E-GKL
+H"K4 <W0 '5)kI+*+L
'F '5 E@L)B
+E'5Sw1#+A44 A+
@K-+R'?'A+K.M-=N1E^e_)
2.3.1.3 Ảnh hưởng của rác thải đến môi trường đất
$ M!+81)h- 'F
'"'(> 81/4I"8A+!+
"I:8'Yl+""I!+1"I-/'?
'(8@:&" !+4+&
4E)TS"6J %
"(-/4I"8$5ajxdjG54L
."% yM'(G z8.
*+ >4L,F 8'{81>A+
8@+"G+84E%^e_)
$%&'()* r
'5 !678+,
$]Zk'('F#+?.U5)
m 8@4LAN"3)] -'F
+E--:4+'.M-=N'(
/+*+)g|#'(./%'(/+A"5 '
#'("+S .+O0 W '
"A,} "!Ww&"J-)k
GN,M~..5A.5a+'(."$cj
+tNW A*+. S#/ 1"I
@#)?8" 8•/+8+€+>
OK4L -::K8L'(-::@
I4'/8+.#'(W)C
0 '(M!+"34IK +
J- "IL+4E0 '+1+E
+2"!+-734'("%1
> ++!'Yg+1+!@
"/W3+E +!'(A++2+!
}"/+8+.^e_)
$%&'()* `
oS
81
b+
+2
K
R
•+./%*+
b+
'(
8
Hình 2.1 Tác hại của chất thải rắn sinh hoạt đến sức khỏe con người
( Nguồn: Giáo trình quản lý chất thải rắn- GS.TS Trn Hiếu Nhuệ )
)],:A,0745-,389.
90+:22)$&2*
g8'? /674+(,8?8")]
'F+E/+'58)f'? <=!+
:8"(/674+3 -:1'gk
c
k
\
Z
Ck
e
)C'50 <U8"+E'5)C>+
'? 8 :'FK&%GK+E
R3'F98 "I+/4KP;"%
:+*+"+EG'F9;)
$%&'()* s
C'5S C'5$
q'(8
] Y
[Z
[Z/+89P;
['?
[ .
C'(
1"I
VJgk
c
Ck
e
k
\
ZBugP
q'(
--:
o6J'? +E+23'(LA
158S S3ej[aj)C.+6J3
+*+?3-G8JS8J3)
b+ >L-}- 4+5G)h'5 JL""I
9BZB; 8/N+‚N/N+‚@4+H3)C
1-LG$-5ra
j
g)Z+('( .
4^a_)
990+:224$(21(2
] '"G4)g F8-AN'F/67
F8#+?<AN'F'F'"L(aj
E.J'L-:-}Xa)Z+
4)
ƒ'F+*+ >4+H&.+-: 8#+?
4+H&. ,@'5K 1"- L
'(R'3'F&)b+ >L.+
'4+HKA''FG'("G'+
!+-'(1LBZB)
gR+8#+?"BZB@'{%
<M +A"'FF8"4E)
g'F..!+MJ' R&
"/67'( R'{)
* „+L'? L&4Y
[l++E'58"--:D 8#+?'F
+ ., 8"?)
$%&'()* Xj
[h $+*+ >4+H&1
$LG-A.dj
j
gA++H M8+3"-+R
8)f4+-L'F6J?4'?)
[f4+-L183#+:'
G1>A+L8%4E8J8'{)
[G1R$.8E+K6- 8
$"?-4'Cu)
[l:*+ >L4K8?'5GAKG
)T!+-.+4-" '5?D4:=?
%+IF""I++)
*C'FL'? L&4Y
[qS3$5"-+R@A+'-S-
KL-E!+"!('? 'FLPq1$
"•E4+'(6J)
[$4L'(-,@"!8'F$+A
+'"-E!+)
[fAL":6J)
[BL4'(L"1A4K"!v*+"
3+*+6J +ID- 4
&'+ACfoP&…'?t!8'FE!++
*+"y?z447+I"6J?4L
*+ >/+8^Xe_)
$%&'()* XX
Hình 2.2 Quy trình công nghệ ủ sinh hc quy mô công nghiệp[6]
$%&'()* X\
g8
W#+?
ZI
VG4
C!
o
K
1
g46
.
1
mAN
ƒ:
Z
.
1JC)f)o
BA"A
T
g+81
R
,-:
'{M
f4'?
VM
9;0+:22/
f'? 'F J/67#8-G "{A
&(+-1-4)Z+
-:"-'F81 -U<:S
PC#8S'F'6J.SN8)qS
- '(6J*+ >/+8
?'5S1*+ >- )
†67Q'? 7‡*+&:8
5M=8/67+3.+6JA.>'?
7‡85"'()+A4'?
-}"5'? 8F">:X8
?-Xj$)g:">"I'? U J"5
8:+L%U'F/67QA+
'8W.8W+^d_)
$%&'()* Xe
Hình 2.3 Hệ thống thiêu đốt chất thải[6]
$%&'()* Xc
h$+w
V3
g
^8_4#Q
9Q98
f4
ˆ-
]
g8
h$+w V3g8
'(
oM
l!=
1
V+-N
.@
gS8-
V+-N
†67
Z/+8?
o:
†67-:
C
‰
W
"J
C'5
)`<<234560745T@- Z
;<+=*2
C>+'F A.5J+1"\.+:YZK
-."H4)
T@" -.'("5MA+J+A"
H 8WGA:N$+'()h4@ '5
8W!+? '5 8d$^\_)
[g '5 Y+>je-Š'(Š
[g '5 Y+>X`-Š'(Š
g:*+78W '5 A5ajp
4 G)B5?$A+L8W'('F
A+)oej[djp8W@-'F+8@"J+
^r_)
;>)?$%@AB$%**C6
g3"5*+ >4M'F
!+">./67 0"8!=L$+.
A.5)b+1>"!"S*+7
8+*+'54#!+&0"8*+7 +"5BC
.+%."IJ:F)
[CIVYT0K8"4 +E[!+
'5 0OJG*+)g 1>'FA+$+
4 eY] #+?4L - 'F'
." - .)g 'FA+$+KA
#%+W- +)
$%&'()* Xa
‹C.+>-@+4•1"1%>
"68 !.+)T"5
E-!'"L S"I+/4KP>G-7
'5"%*+@/NL"'(.+A
-'F3"MAŒ^Xj_)
[ZN!+G*+0>1?.+ 8
+*+)B+ 'F,M8+$+- $+)g
%$+K"+ A@J(
rG)
ZNs-+"K+ )]Zk'F'"!1-+"K0
M5)g+ +8@"JyO6.z
.'F+"/67N'?> .*+)
f:@"J+ 'FIIANN-
'(4N•)V1'(*+@ -:"!+
", "5Md[XaŠ )ŽZN:@"J2 +•
N'?MJ"J9Xa"5 @"J+K.d
"5 1'F+ .*+ 3M 1 -+
4';)T"5 +E-1>:+'F:
+•"-'F Mej[rj[Xra[\eaZN2
)g :, 'F+ 4f•VV1
'(K^XX_)
[+b+Yg +/67 "'(
9VBq;'Fg:fL%&)]A'F @2
G0?cj+8.?XŠc'F]ZkA.51
G 2GO`[Xjp)
$%&'()* Xd
, @+b+AdH8'?
L.+"•8-.:0 .5raj)jjj•+)
o\jj,cjjL.5@0 "4)
q54+b+0! /+8A+O )
B/4K Q +b+0
O'Fk.VWoA4kg4+"b+g4+
^s_)
+•NS3LO*+"!:8I144
'-G+1"PK&'? /67 3F)
N *+AM+LV CG'FR*+.!+'506J
'? +EG'F'8ZN
"5HXjjpJZ‡`jpTqrjp)))C '?
/67- '8 ..4.H8?
1'5'F+Y
$%&'()* Xr
=3)Y<<07453-C89.UQO8:Z
Z A'5 g8
F"
p
g..
4
p
T
p
Z
1
m'F
ŠGŠ
+8
X ZN [ [ Xjj e \aa
\ JZ‡ \j [ `j ec Xrj
e CIV \e c\ r\` X`ss ej`d
c Tq X` X\ rj cd Xca
a JT ea Xj aa \e Xcj
d km ca c aX XX Xrj
r f cj \\ e` \`c \jj
` TM da e e\ da cej
s VU d\ s \s \s Xe\
Xj i+ d\ XX \c e jea
XX i `` X XX e` X`j
X\ qv ra a Xj Xar Xeds
(Nguồn: Shenzhen, Energy số 10 – 2000)
)a<<234560745-,389.."Q
D<+=*2
N+-A2G,'F W
'5Xa+8ŠG)o`jp9X\`+8ŠG; O @
/0+@8^Xc_)
Ž 4U.\cp4'5' 5
ajp,'F L'5)N *+AM+G\jja
LV1†4hK"!'F 8W @8Y,
'F]Zk @/+'5G!++>Xj[Xdp2
G)„5:2'(4@BC+> -\xe
-8W28'F >*+4$+'(
$%&'()* X`
)N-AG\jj\'F8W>*+4Oj`.X\-Š
'(Š"1@=1Oja.jr-Š'(Š^X\_)
Hp 8 -,@8.1N2@
+ J+1"M" A+3L44
2@):+>H$ 8#+?.cap[djp
,'F8H$8t.dp[Xdp^X\_)
=3)]<<,8-,89.U"Q
%"bQ
(:c,3d9
F:;
ePf:;f#g
h@9/Z
i4:c
3
h#
FW
A
T@9*+; jr aj aa
f)kEg:q Xe s
kC1 Xj d
TC‘ js \
C9*+; je aj djxda
(Nguồn: Báo cáo diễn biến môi trường Việt Nam, 2004 – Chất thải rắn)
=3)`X/3-C89.U"Q
m'F
98ŠG;
1
9-Š'(Š;
H +
9p;
*+ X\)`jj)jjj [ [
$%&'()* Xs
g -+"K@ d)cjj)jjj j` rX
g -+"K d)cjj)jjj je \j
(Nguồn: Báo cáo diễn biến môi trường Việt Nam, 2004 – Chất thải rắn)
D#$%EAB$%*FGH-(
2.6.2.1 Quản lý rác thải sinh hoạt
b+7 BC8 'kC1
kEg:qTC‘kf<P 5"5
*+7)H+8 *+I1-sap<
+Udjp^Xa_)
g?.*+7:1+ L.+K"
-:8O4 '5'+1'F $-
.:8/01 1+<8'(4'L
1"1+"‡"J-:@"J
+ )
g @='+"I+8W1
/+A+U+•NA+$+M/%L +@
/0" @'?>1/:>1S1"
+ )
"+"I+"/678@'(
'(@9•]’Cgu;I)B+8W
"*+}&'('("A W
"W^Xa_)
2.6.2.1 Xử lý rác thải sinh hoạt
B/678W@.L.+"•, 01
A-K- 3"'5 +E4'(
8'5"--:)
$%&'()* \j
N L-&"'(Yg U
" *+*+WLe"3YgUe\ŠdcUK $+'/4
K08F"DXe@'F/4K)+A
O088W-+AF†678CZ?k
C1"088W9g];k+.1+4
L A+$+'('?< 0- '08
l<g kEg:qw>
1-F"^Xa_)
k1 .'F8'FI+L.+"
$+'/4 .. 4#+?)+A'
#- ."!-G8+IL1E"5R
4"E(-G4*+ >/+8L
<8A+*+1L ')
N+LV1†4hK$41'5
'FAM+ "5!+'+'-G4 ?
. 6J$5'F'F8 M A++R
'('Z’]ifk“CiCZ“Ck[iZg"qV[gh)j`"5R
4#+? RK .""AA+0'F-
JC /67 TB9Ci;C /67 Z?4
9kC1;DC /67 Lf'?9[k+.;" /67 TE
BG9kC;)
jkJHKlmHnHMNJ
Y:c/#.Q/[
T'FAM+ *+7/67
""8!'()
$%&'()* \X
T@AM+A@'(T>V@/0OZ?U
VWC)
Y)Oo[
X)TS!+-KA-.x/01L'(T>V@/0O
Z?UVWC)
\)T!+ > '(T>V
@/0OZ?UVWC9$"-'F
'L 5(P;)
e)>+ *+7"'? /67 K
@'?9'? +4"I+/67
P;)
c)T!/+8 $*+7/67+*+"'(
9 ?.: +A+! J
/67 P;)
$%&'()* \\
YY:A,[
''0+:22I2/$H
3.3.1.1 Thu thập số liệu thứ cấp
+!+-KA">> -./01'(T>
V9"@:@7+A8-:I+4?$'(&
.*+/+8!+IP;
m'F O-+!1>1/0
19F'(&.P;L@'?)
g +M8A'F+IOY•VCh'(T>V<
C+A"q'(@/0OZ?NN+A
":)
3.1.1.2 Thu thập số liệu sơ cấp
+?8+IQ'? !+="81)
f.+!+'F. "‘Q+I)'(A
M++'F)g EY
[>>+"*+7 '(T>V)
[”ML'(4"8VBq"+'FL
'(4"!'()
["!>>/+89E&G+"+
ELG+8 4E"I+;
[ZK 89'F6J+"K"I
? G+;
[g 1/+8@"J 89'F"
$8;
$%&'()* \e
[>>*+7+ @'?
[qM1 "'L 5
M-=NL1E)
''0+:227JK
[g +""I+]Zk
[f'? +'?"I+"7ML'(4
"5", O0
[V0, ">>/67
'''0+:2221AB$%/$H
Z++IO +M8.+!+1"-
K@'F4:: Q$!N/N)C< J
4:"?E"4:E)
$%&'()* \c
pqIJrHMNJKrs(Jt
]Pu:;<=36%0>?@A6B=C
9GK*K$%@KL
VWC`\\rX-
\
EXX@/0 d+"X\d/0
'(@8)T>V1'(L@/0OZ?Q"!:C
LUVWCQ"3g4+,ZkE&*+1Xi"
'(/N6kC1[k#+@*+ LkC1Xd-"!:VW)T>
V:KA`\drc. "5 '(Y
‹f:T '(4kE@/0OZ?
‹f:4 /0~A'(9lm4[kC1;
‹f:C /0Ck9lm4[kC1;
‹f:VW '(k@/0OZ?
g!+L'(T>VO5 kC1.'(T
C@/0OZ?\a-!+1O /0Ck.'(g4+
oA"'(k\e-)
T@>'('?Q|'5L.+OVW
/+C"O4T1,.Oe[r)
9MNO(7I@PEQ
T>VQ"3-:I+EQVWV1A#}
>L-:I+5Rc3•Y†+4[k[+[T)(
.GN\3:Yq3'"3-Y
• q3'YO c[Xj'F'I+" r`s(
.DR'F'5.`jp'F'G)TS3
$%&'()* \a