luận án full nghiên cứu hình thái tổn thương và kết quả điều trị gãy kín mâm chày loại schatzker v và VI bằng kết xương nẹp vít
Bạn đang xem bản rút gọn của tài liệu. Xem và tải ngay bản đầy đủ của tài liệu tại đây (1.68 MB, 130 trang )
!"#$%&
'()*+,-./$
0'1
23456678629 2:6;2<=67>2?622@62A8;BC2@62
DEF9 GHIHJKHL
! ! "#$%&'(&)&*
+ ! ,* /&*
MNHJKO
+
PP
QR67
01&"2*34)1
56'7189:1&
;37<37
*=&"7*=>'(..?..0:&"<#@&A&
1&*8374B&"
1&*837*)&*
ST!
K9( C
KUKU V>WXYZ7X[X\2]3^<=67Z_Z>284A8`2a\7FX C
'B'2*D#>E7-#.0F7GHI&"8J87*E$ C
+ !I<HK7"'B'2*D#L*M2"N' O
C P&"L*:Q: R
S *T7&U&">@&9V&"L*M2"N' W
X )&*B&*8J87*E$.0Y&2*'8Z>E7?.<M2>'.[&* \
KUHU7345662_6b>=>2cA82@62;2dX7D4 +
KUeURX;Qf>gR>h;ia\AX;j62A8>k672<l67;m W
C 1'.0]7*327?.<M2>'.[&* W
C + 1'.0]7^17*327V&"*H_&".` +C
KUOUXn3;Qo7D4Z_Z>284 +S
S 'a#.0/4b4V. +X
S + 'a#.0/2*D#.*#@. +X
H9pq/// CX
HUKUFX;<r67672X56>s3 CX
+ 'Y#7*#c&7*d&4e&*&*J& CX
+ + 'Y#7*#c&<:f'.0`L*g'&*b8&"*'Y&7T# CX
HUHU/2<=67\2d\672X56>s3 CO
C
+ + *d&7h8D# CO
+ + + A7.*i&".'&7*#&" Cj
+ + C "*'Y&7T#*)&*.*A'.k&.*HI&".0Y&2*'87?.<M2>'.[&*>EZCW
+ + S (.l#B9'a#.0/ CW
+ + X ;V.mNLn.*#@.>E7*o.'Y#9A&*"'A S\
+ + O #'.0)&*2*D#.*#@. SX
+ + j A&*"'AL(.l#B X
+ + R *J&.[7*>EGp<qmN<'e# XX
e9 Xj
eUKU@62;2dX;t6;2<=67 Xj
C r79's8&*b8&"*'Y&7T# Xj
C + r79's8.k&.*HI&"8J87*E$&":E' XR
C C r79's8.k&.*HI&"8J87*E$.0:&" O+
C S r79's8.k&.*HI&""t$*1'8J87*E$ OO
C X V.'&7@$7^12*J&<:f'!7*1.uLQ0 jX
eUHUXn3;Qo\2]3;23u;iCBX'>2R;v`wQb jO
C + r79's8.#k'v"'M' jO
C + + k&.*HI&"L(.*K2 jj
C + C *6'"'1&.`L*'4/"t$8J87*E$9(&L*'9HK72*D#.*#@. jW
C + S H6&"8kv2*HI&".'e&L(.GHI&"v>/.0[9r.&w2.*6'"'1&8kR\
C + X 1'4'(&v4'(&7*T&"m1#8k R
C + O (.l#B R
O9+0 W\
OUKUV>WXYZ62xZ672X56>s3 W\
OUHU@62;2dX;t6;2<=67 W+
S + k&.*HI&"8J87*E$&":E'x<:f'!7*1.uLQ0vvy W+
S + + k&.*HI&"8J87*E$.0:&"x<:f'!7*1.uLQ0y WX
S + C k&.*HI&"*1'8J87*E$x<:f'!7*1.uLQ0vy WR
S
S + S A&*"'A2*J&<:f'7^1!7*1.uLQ0 \C
OUeUc;y3[WXn3;Qo\2]3;23u; \X
OUOUk;EF4c3;F[622<l67Wc6`c;y3[WXn3;Qo X
S S *6'9's82*D#.*#@. X
S S + k&.*HI&"2*N'*K2>P&""N' j
S S C 1'.0]7^12*HI&".'e&L(.GHI&">E9H6&"8k +\
S S S 1'.0]7^17*327?.<M2>'.[&* ++
S S X 1'.0]7^1.@2>@&9V&"2*37*z'7*T7&U&" +C
0 +j
z(P{{+p
|(!0
( %
/PP
/2}i}>Ke&*A&8'&**d1
/2}i}>He&*A&&"*'Y&7T#
/2}i}>e1&*mA7*4e&*&*J&
ST!
t$8J87*E$<E<:f'.k&.*HI&""r27*'(8.{<eX9(&R|.0:&""t$
GHI&"7}&"7*J& 1'&f&"'1:.*i&"xyv.1'&f&<1:9V&"x5yv.1'
&f&.*s.*1:xyv.1'&f&m'&**:f.x!y9a#7b.*s"J$01"t$8J8
7*E$ J$<E<:f'"t$GHI&"2*f8L*M2v.k&.*HI&""'B'2*D#.*H6&"<E2*T7
X
.f2vB&**H_&".0~7.'(29(&7*T72*@&7^1"N' ":E'.k&.*HI&"GHI&"v"t$
8J87*E$7b.*sL(.*K2&*'a#.k&.*HI&"L*A77^1L*M2"N'&*H•J$7*€&"v
41:L*M2vm3&7*Y8v8f7*8A#>E.*•&L'&*‚
:.[&*7* 91•f&">E2*T7.f27^1"t$8J87*E$v&*'a#.A7"'B9t9a
G# 7A7*2*J&<:f'&*€89A&*"'A7*[&*GA7v9•$9^&* 7A7.*HI&".k&v.0Y&
7Im_9b"'F27*:2*D#.*#@.>'Y&<~17*d&9HK72*HI&"2*A29'a#.0/2*P*K2
;V.mN7A7*2*J&<:f'9HK72*k4'(&0V&"0t'&*H2*J&<:f'7^1:*<xWOjyv
7^1!7*1.uLQ0xWjWyv7^1ƒ!„xWWy> > 0:&"9b2*J&<:f'7^1
!7*1.uLQ09t9HK7&*'a#2*D#.*#@.>'Y&7*-&.*HI&"7*o&**)&*.0Y&.*("'M'
>E.0:&"&HM7A2•3&" b.*s&*@&.*-$v&*=&"2*J&<:f'&E$9a#•~1>E:
*)&*B&*.k&.*HI&"GHI&".0Y&2*'8Z #$&*'Y&.0Y&.*~7.(v&*=&""t$
8J87*E$L*i&"7*o<E8B&*"t$>E8T79V•'<e7*8E.*H6&"L…8.*Q:.)&*
.0f&"<F&GHI&"*:r7&*'a#9H6&""t$2*T7.f2v*)&*B&*.k&.*HI&".0Y&
2*'8Z.0:&"8V.mN.0H6&"*K27*H1.*s*'e&0†0E&">E9•$9^v2*D#.*#@.
>'Y&7]&"r2L*bL*U&.0:&">'e7<~17*d&2*HI&"2*A2L(.GHI&"
*=&"&U8"•&9J$v>M'm~*‡.0K7^17A7.'(&4VLn.*#@..0:&"7*c&
9:A&&*H7*327?.<M2>'.[&*L(.*K2•~&"*)&*C7*'a#xCyv7*327V&"
*H_&".`vƒ108 'e79A&*"'A>EGA79/&*7*[&*GA7*)&*B&*.k&.*HI&"
GHI&"vL*M2v•J$7*€&"vm3&7*Y8v8f7*8A#v.*•&L'&*‚7,&"&*H>'e7*‡
.0K9'a#.0/"'F271&.*'e2&?&7*o&*>E7N9/&*7*[&*GA77A7.k&.*HI&"•HM'
m~L's8m:A.4€&"ƒ108vmp•3&"&w2*)&*v&w2L*b1"'F27*:>'e79'a#.0/
<:f'.k&.*HI&""t$8J87*E$9f.9HK7&*'a#.'(&4V&*€8.0B<f'7*T7&U&"
.N'917*:7*'.*s
0Y&.*("'M'v>'e79A&*"'A>EGA79/&*q&"*ˆ17^17*327?.<M2>'.[&*
x5ym:mA&*>M'Z.0:&"7*c&9:A&>E9'a#.0/"t$8J87*E$9t9HK7
&*'a#.A7"'B.*~7*'e&>E7i&"4Nl#N7.(‰jŠv‰\jŠv‰+\Š ‹'e.18v8r7
•P9t7b&*=&"&"*'Y&7T#>a9'a#.0/"t$8J87*E$4€&"&w2>[.v&w2L*b1v
7N9/&*&":E'‚9HK7&*'a#.A7"'B7i&"4N_$>U&.0:&"&HM7‰OŠv‰+\Šv‰RŠ
#$&*'Y&v>'e7m:mA&*>E9A&*"'A*)&*B&*.k&.*HI&"7^18J87*E$•~1
O
.0Y&7*32Z>M'7?.<M2>'.[&*x5y8V.7A7**e.*N&">M'mN<HK&"4e&*
&*J&xy9^<M&*'e&7]&<E>-&9a9HK7&*'a#.A7"'Bl#1&.J8
b.*s.*-$v9'a#.0/"t$GHI&"2*T7.f2>P&"8J87*E$*'e&>D&7]&<E
8V..*A7*.*T79N'>M'7A72*D#.*#@.>'Y&7*-&.*HI&"7*o&**)&* *Q:.*N&"
LY7^1&*'a#.A7"'B7bL*:B&"*I&\|mN.0H6&"*K2"t$8J87*E$9HK7
9'a#.0/2*D#.*#@.9tL*i&"9f.9HK7$Y#7•#2*37*z'>a*)&*.*s"'B'2*D#>E
9HI&"&*'Y&7,&"&*H>a2*37*z'7*T7&U&"7^1L*M27,&"L*i&"9f.‰+\Šv
‰S+Šv‰XXŠ
0Y&.*~7.(v7b&*'a#2*HI&"2*A29'a#.0/"t$L[&8J87*E$9HK7A2
•3&"&*H&?&7*o&*0z'7N9/&*4€&"4V.v2*D#.*#@.L(.*K2GHI&"4Y&.0:&"
4€&"&w2>[.v&?&7*o&*L[&*:r77b8_.N'.*'s#9sL(.*K2GHI&"4€&"L*#&"
7N9/&*&":E'*1$4?.>[.•HM'm~*‡.0K7^1ƒ108‚•&9J$v9t7b8V.mN.A7
"'B4A:7A:L'&*&"*'e8mp•3&"&V'm:'L*M2"N'9sL's8.018r.L*M2vGp<q
7A7.k&.*HI&"_8J87*E$>E4?.>[.7N9/&*‰SŠv‰CŠ *)&7*#&"v2*HI&"
2*A2&E:vLn.*#@.&E:7,&"7b&*=&"H#9's8>E*f&7*(&* 9/&*
Z# 2*A..`.*~7.(&E$v7*F&".i'.'(&*E&*9a.E'~
!"#$%&''(
)*+,-.>M'*1'837.'Y#
Œ*B:mA.>a*)&*.*A'v8T79V.k&.*HI&""t$8J87*E$.0Y&2*'8
7*327?.<M2>'.[&* A&*"'A9V7*[&*GA77^12*'8Zm:>M'2*'87*327?.
<M2>'.[&*.*Q:2*J&<:f'"t$8J87*E$7^1!7*1.uLQ0
+ŒA&*"'AL(.l#B9'a#.0/"t$L[&8J87*E$<:f'!7*1.uLQ0>E
4€&"L(.GHI&"&w2>[.
K
(
KUHU S• /€-•/p
KUHUKU X[X\2]3A8>:3;Q‚>^<=67Z_Z>284
;J87*E$<E2*•&9•#.0Y&7^1GHI&"7*E$v7b*)&*L*N'>#i&"v0V&"4a
&"1&" ;r..0Y&<E•'e&.'(2GF7>M'+<z'7•#9P'_.0Y&x*)&* y
j
)&* •#.0Y&GHI&"7*E$&*)&.`8r..0HM7>Em1#
* Nguồn: theo Nguyễn Quang Quyền (1995) ‰jŠ
*)&.`.0Y&G#N&".*-$*1'8J87*E$L*i&"7J>&"&*1#7B>a*)&*
•A&">E9V<†8 ‹"'=1*1'8J87*E$7b2*•&&*i<Y&"d'<E"1'7*E$.0HM7>E
"1'7*E$m1# 1'7*E$7*'1L*:1&""'=1*1'8J87*E$.*E&*•'e&.0HM7"1'
7*E$v>E•'e&m1#"1'7*E$ 'e&.0HM7"1'7*E$7b•J$7*€&"7*•:.0HM74A8
>E•'e&m1#"1'7*E$7b•J$7*€&"7*•:m1#4A8x*)&* +y 'e&"1'7*E$*1$
4/.k&.*HI&".0:&"7*-&.*HI&"L*M2"N'v.*H6&""r2&* <E4:&"9's84A8
•J$7*€&"7*•:
R
)&* + ;J87*E$&*)&.`.0Y&G#N&"
* Nguồn: theo Nguyễn Quang Quyền (1995) ‰jŠ
•#.0Y&GHI&"7*E$<E.k7*T7GHI&"GN241:"z8&*'a#4…GHI&"
9HK7m?2G(2.*Q:8V.L's#9r74'e.&*€8.U&"L*B&U&"7*/#<~7.Ž&•& A7
4…GHI&"_2*[1&":E'G(29T&"•d7v9'••&>E:2*[1.0#&".J8v7A74…GHI&"
G(2#N&.*Q:*)&*>]8>E2*[1.0Y&7b.*Y87A74…GHI&"91&&"1&"x*)&*
Cy
)&* C -#.0F77A74…GHI&"7^18J87*E$
* Nguồn: theo Đ Xuân Hp (1972) ‰jŠ
W
*[&*>)&*=&"9r79's8.0Y&&Y&L*'<~7.A79V&".*F7•z&.0~7.'(2.`
<z'7•#9P'<Y&8J87*E$*1$&"HK7<f'.`8J87*E$<Y&•%<E87A74…GHI&"
&E$4/"t$>Em@2G#N&"v<E8.*1$9k'8r.•'e&L*M2_8J87*E$ ;r.8J8
7*E$7b.*s>h.:A7v*:r7>`14/>hv>`14/<F&*:r7<F&9I&.*#•&*:r7> >
A79's84A8•J$7*€&"7b.*s4/&*kv*e.*N&"7A7•J$7*€&"7*•:L*M2"N'
7b.*s4/9T.>Em3&7*Y87,&"0 •%4/•@2*:r74/0A7*
*Q:#0&Q<<; 5‰WSŠv8J87*E$.0:&"0V&">EL*gQ*I&8J87*E$&":E'>E
7*/#<~77*'(89(&O\|
* G!c gi$i ph%u mâm ch'y
)&* S b7"'B'2*D#8J87*E$
* Nguồn: theo Campbell’s (2010) ‰OŠ (A), Đ Xuân hp (1972) ‰jŠ (B)
0Y&4)&*•'e&.*}&"v"b7.f:4_'9H6&"&"1&"L*M2>E.037.*}&"7^1
GHI&"7*E$L*:B&"Rj•x+ƒX•y"d'<E"b78J87*E$.0:&"x*)&* Sy‰OŠ
0Y&4)&*•'e&&"*'Y&"v.0377^19•#.0Y&GHI&"7*E$.f:>M'.0377^1.*J&
GHI&"7*E$8V."b7*HM&"01m1#.`\ƒ+X‘x"b7’yv>E8r.L*M28J87*E$
\
.f:>M'.037GHI&"7*E$8V."b7*HM&"01m1#.`\ƒX‘x"b7“yx*)&* Sy
‰jŠ 0:&"&"*'Y&7T#v7A7&*E<J8mE&"*1$mp•3&""b78J87*E$.0:&">E
"b7“9s9A&*"'AL(.l#B&?&7*o&*8J87*E$
KUHUHU '=i<r>7X[X\2]3`2a\7FX
*M2"N'<E8V.L*M2<M&7^17I.*sv.'(2&N'"'=19P'>E7}&"7*J& b
8V.mN9r79's87•&7*Fq&*Hm1#
/01-9L*A7>M'L*M2*A&"vL*M2"N'7bC•'e&L*M2<E•'e&L*M2
"'=1<z'7•#9P'.0:&">E8J87*E$.0:&"v•'e&L*M2"'=1<z'7•#9P'&":E'>E
8J87*E$&":E'v•'e&L*M2"'=18r.m1#GHI&"4A&*7*…>E<z'7•#9P'9a#
2*}&">E&i&" •#&*H.:E&4VL*M2"N'&€8&"1$mA.•HM'•1&Y&9V>=&"
7*?77*^$(#•~1>E:*e.*N&""J&7Iv•J$7*€&">Em3&7*Y8
23045*)$!1-6
e.*N&"•J$7*€&"L*M2"N'x*)&* Xy41:"z8
Bao khớp: 5E8V.41:mK'4d7l#1&*L*M2.`GHI&"9P'.M'GHI&"7*E$ ‹
G#&"l#1&*v41:L*M2•[&*>E:m3&7*Y8>E7*'101<E8+.•&"
ƒ•&".0Y&m3&7*Y8rất rộng.
ƒ•&"•HM'm3&7*Y8rất hẹp
Dây chằng:7bS*e.*N&"•J$7*€&"41:"z8
ƒHệ thống các dây chằng phía trước gồm•J$7*€&"4A&*7*…v7A&*
4A&*7*….0:&">E7A&*4A&*7*…&":E' J$7*€&"4A&*7*…<E8V.•B'.*M•E'
XƒO78v0V&"+ƒC78v9[&*_•HM'>E:<z'7^.0HM7GHI&"7*E$ A&*4A&*
7*….0:&"0V&"v8B&*v7b7*T7&U&"l#1&.0d&"*I&7A&*4A&*7*…&":E' A&*
4A&*7*…<E8V..*M7J&8E9o&*4A8>E:<z'7•#>E&a&4A8>E:GHI&"4A&*
7*…v&b7b7*T72*@&"'=4A&*7*…L*i&".0@.m1&"4Y&
ƒHệ thống các dây chằng phía sau7b•J$7*€&"L*:Q:7*•:
- Hệ thống dây chằng bên gồm•J$7*€&"4Y&.0:&">E•J$7*€&"4Y&
&":E' J$7*€&"4Y&.0:&"*K2.*E&*8V.•B'v0V&"X889'.`7^4Y&<z'7•#
9P'.0:&"G#N&"•HM'>E01.0HM79s4A8>E:8r..0:&"GHI&"7*E$ J$7*€&"
4Y&.0:&"•[&*7*r.>E:41:L*M2&Y&L*b.A7* J$7*€&"4Y&&":E'<E8V.
.*`&".0]&>E8B&*v9'7*(7*.`7^4Y&<z'7•#9P'&":E'G#N&"•HM'>E4A8
>E:7*g8GHI&"8A7
- Hệ thống các dây chằng chéo gồmJ$7*€&"7*•:.0HM7xy9'
.`8r..0:&"<z'7•#&":E'GHI&"9P'.M'•'e&.0HM7"1'v7b&*'e8>3"'=7*:
8J87*E$L*i&"4/.0HK.01.0HM7m:>M'<z'7•#9P' J$7*€&"7*•:m1#
x!y9'.`8r.&":E'<z'7•#.0:&"GHI&"9P'.M'4A8>E:•'e&m1#"1'v7b
&*'e8>3"'=7*:GHI&"7*E$L*i&"4/.0HK.01m1#m:>M'<z'7•#9P'
*Q:8V.mN&"*'Y&7T#v<E8V..0:&"&*=&"•J$7*€&"*1$4/
.k&.*HI&".0:&"7*-&.*HI&">P&""N' {<e.k&.*HI&"9HK77A7.A7
"'B9H1017A77:&mNL*A7&*1#.`XƒX\|.P$7A7*)&*.*T7"t$‰j+Šv‰RjŠv
‰WRŠ ;T79V.k&.*HI&"7b.*s<E4:&"9's84A8v0A7*8V.2*•&*1$
9T.*:E&.:E& U8+\\Xv10•&Q0; ”&"*'Y&7T#\C.0H6&"*K24/"t$
8J87*E$v.*-$.k&.*HI&".0Y&*)&*B&*;•>M'8T79V&*k9's8
4A8<EX+|v0A7*8V.2*•&<EX|>E9T.*:E&.:E&|‰SWŠ
N'>M'!7b.•&m# .k&.*HI&".*-2*I&m:>M' "*'Y&
7T#7^110•&Q0v.k&.*HI&"!<E+R|.0:&"9b&*k9's84A8<E+\|
•18#mmQ& ! .*i&"4A:.k&.*HI&"!<ECvR|‰WOŠ "*'Y&7T#7^1
;#m.:&Q& ‰RjŠv.0:&"CW.0H6&"*K2"t$8J87*E$7b+.0H6&"*K24/
.k&.*HI&"! 0:&"9b&*k9's84A8<E+\|v9T.8V.2*•&SO|v>E9T.
*:E&.:E&R|‰X\Š
J$7*€&"4Y&7*E$7,&"*1$4/.k&.*HI&" ;#m.:&Q& x+\\Ry4A:
7A:CxCC|y.0H6&"*K2.k&.*HI&"•J$7*€&"4Y&7*E$.0:&"mNCW.0H6&"
*K2"t$8J87*E$ ;T79V.k&.*HI&"•J$7*€&"7b.*s<E0A7*8V.2*•&v
0A7**:E&.:E&*1$&*k9's84A8‰RjŠ ;V.&"*'Y&7T#L*A77*:.*-$8T79V
.k&.*HI&"9T.0A7**:E&.:E&•J$7*€&"4Y&7*E$<EC+|v0A7*8V.2*•&<E
XX|‰XSŠ
+
;T79V.k&.*HI&"•J$7*€&"4Y&8A77,&""'N&"&*H•J$7*€&"4Y&
7*E$L*:B&".`\|9(&C\|‰W\Šv‰RjŠ
27$!!"565E8V.8E&"••$7*Q2*^8r..0:&"L*M2v2*[1•HM'
4A8.`"N7m3&7*Y8vi8l#1&**1'•J$7*€&"7*•:>E<#z&>E:7*‡L*#$(.
7^1*1'<z'7•# *[1.0HM7.0Y&v41:*:f.•/7*.f:.*E&*8V.L*:1&".0N&""d'
<E.F'7P&"*1$.F'4/.m1#7I.T9•#9P' *[&*>)41:*:f.•/7*41:2*^.:E&4V
•J$7*€&"7*•:&Y&•J$7*€&"7*•:&?8_"'=1kL*M2v"'=14s*:f.•/7*
&*H&">a8r.7-#.0F7.*)<f'&*H_&":E'L*M2
)&* X e.*N&"•J$7*€&"L*M2"N'
* Nguồn: theo Nguyễn Quang Quyền (1995) ‰jŠ
KUHUeU ƒ67`2CwC
*:Q:<E.:E&4V7-#.0F7_2*[1m1#L*M2"N'vmJ#*I&L*'.1"-27}&"
7*J&v2*}&"L*'•#‡'7}&"7*J&v9HK7.f:4_'.`.18"'A79P'>E.18"'A77*E$
ƒ Tam giác đùi7f&*&":E'<E7I&*/9•#9P'7b•J$.*•&L'&**i&"
L*:Q:&":E'7*f$•d746.0:&"7I o&*.18"'A7_2*[1.0Y&v9A$_2*[1•HM'
ƒTam giác ch'y•:7Im'&*9i'.0:&">E7Im'&*9i'&":E'9'.`.0Y&<z'
7•#G#N&">E.f:&Y& o&*.18"'A7_2*[1•HM'v9A$_2*[1.0Y&
C
*E&*2*•&.0:&".0A8L*:Q:"z89V&"8f7*v.ˆ&*8f7*>E.*•&L'&*G(2
.*Q:4@7.*1&".`mJ#9(&&i&"v.`.0:&"01&":E'x*)&* Oy
)&* O e8f7*8A#>E.*•&L'&*L*:Q:
* Nguồn: theo Nguyễn Quang Quyền (1995) ‰jŠ
*Q:8V.mN.A7"'Bv.{<e.k&.*HI&"8f7*L*:Q:.0:&""t$8J87*E$<E
.`|9(&\|>M'7A78T79V.k&.*HI&"L*A7&*1#‰+Šv‰C+Šv‰WCŠ
•18#mmQ&xWjCy‰WOŠ7*o"*'&*@&8V..0H6&"*K2.k&.*HI&"9V&"8f7*
L*:Q:.0:&"mN+O\.0H6&"*K24/"t$8J87*E$7A7<:f' *Q:5Y;'&*
:E&"x.0[7*.`‰+\Šyv.0:&"X&U8x+\\ƒ+\\Xy.f'e&*>'e&#J&$\C7b
+j.0H6&"*K2"t$GHI&"m1'L*M2_7*'•HM'7b.k&.*HI&"8f7*8A#.*)7bR
.0H6&"*K2<Em1#"t$8J87*E$
KUKUOU2s>6„67Au6Wk67`2a\7FX
*M2"N'<E8V.L*M2<M&7^17I.*sv7*/#<~7>E7*#$s&.0d&"<HK&"7I
.*sG#N&"L*M27k7*J&.*i&"l#1GHI&"7*E$ #$<EL*M2<M&&*H&"7A7
.*E&*2*•&7^1L*M2*1$4/.k&.*HI&"L*'7*-&.*HI&" *M2"N'7*o.*~7m~
>=&"_.H.*(•#‡'.*}&"vL*'9b7A7.*E&*2*•&7^1L*M29HK7L*b1<f'v7*N&"
9HK7m~G:?&>r&>Em–*f&7*(9HK7.k&.*HI&"
S
*M2"N'7b*1'7p9V&"7*[&*<E"-2>E•#‡' )&*.*H6&"4'Y&9V"-2
<ECXƒS\‘v•#‡'<E\‘
1.1.5. @62[62Z_Z>284;Q56\2XZ^ƒy3R67y3X<a>A8>h;ia\AX;j62
M'*)&*.*A'"'B'2*D#7^18J87*E$L*'7*322*'8Zm–7b*)&*B&*
&*Hm1#
)&* j )&*Z7^18J87*E$v
xy 2*'8.*}&"vxy2*'8&"*'Y&"
8J87*E$v+<z'7•#9P'vC7*g8GHI&"8A7
* Nguồn: theo Peter Fleckenstein. Jorgen Tranum – Jensen (2001) ‰W+Š
M'2*'8Z.*H6&"7b*1'.H.*(7*32<E.*}&">E&"*'Y&"vL*'7•&.*'(.m–
7*32.*Y8.H.*(7*(7*SX•
0Y&2*'8.*}&"m–.*-$8J87*E$.'(2"'A2>M'<z'7•#9P'v"'=18J87*E$>E
<z'7•#9P'<EL*QL*M2"N' ;J87*E$&":E'&?82*[14Y&GHI&"8A7v8J8
7*E$.0:&"&?82*[19N'•'e&x*)&* jy
0Y&2*'8&"*'Y&"v*1'8J87*E$m–7*z&"*)&*<Y&&*1#&Y&L*bGA79/&*
9HK79J#<E8J87*E$&":E'v9J#<E8J87*E$.0:&"x*)&* jy
M'l#'.0)&*7*325.f:01•'e&7?.8r.2*}&"&"1&"x*)&* Ryv.`9bmp
•3&"8A$>'.[&*9s.f:7A7•'e&7?.8r.2*}&"9T&"&"1&"v8r.2*}&"9T&"
•d7>E*)&*B&*C 0Y&7A7•'e&7?.9bm–GA79/&*9HK7*)&*.*A'"t$v>/.0[
2
X
"t$v8T79V<F&vL*#>~7<F&7^18J87*E$ [•3_•'e&7?.8r.2*}&"&"1&"
m–.*-$*)&*>h8J87*E$_L*#>~7&E:.0HM7v&":E'vm1#v*1$.0#&".J8
)&* W7*:.*-$"t$8J87*E$_2*[1m1#
)&* R 'e&7?.8r.2*}&"&"1&"4)&*.*H6&"7^18J87*E$
8J87*E$&":E'v+8J87*E$.0:&"vC7*g8GHI&"8A7
* Nguồn: theo Peter Fleckenstein. Jorgen Tranum - Jensen (2001) ‰W+Š
)&* W h46m1#8J87*E$.0Y&2*'88r.2*}&"&"1&"x8,'.Y&9Q&y
* Nguồn: theo Chih-Hsin Hsieh (2010) ‰CjŠ
1
O
KUHUb#
"#$Y&&*J&*E&"9•#7^1"t$8J87*E$9HK77A7.A7"'B9a7@2<E.1'
&f&"'1:.*i&"xyv.'(2.*Q:<E.1'&f&<1:9V&"x5y>E.1'&f&.0:&"
*:f.9V&".*s.*1:> > ‰+Šv‰XŠv‰OŠv‰jŠv‰RŠv‰XRŠ
t$8J87*E$.*H6&"<E*@#l#B7^17*-&.*HI&".0~7.'(2>E:8J8
7*E$*:r7•:&•&•2.*Q:7*'a#•d77^1<z'7•#9P'.A79V&".0~7.'(2<Y&4a
8r.7^18J87*E$‰WOŠ P$.*Q:*HM&".A79V&">E8T79V>19@28E.f:
&Y&&*=&"*)&*.*A'"t$L*A7&*1# *Q:&"*'Y&7T#7^1#<.Q&vQ&&Q•$>E
1'<Q$x.0[7*.`‰WOŠy.*)>h8J87*E$*•#*(.<E•:2*•&&*i7^1<z'7•#9P'
&":E'•2.0~7.'(2<Y&8J87*E$&":E' 5~7.A79V&".0~7.'(241&9•#7^1<z'
7•#9P'7b.*s*HM&">E:.0:&"*:r701&":E'>E.0HK.<Y&8V.*:r77B*1'8J8
7*E$x*)&* \y
)&* \ I7*(.*F7•z&<z'7•#9P'<E8"t$8J87*E$&":E'
* Nguồn: theo Rasmussen (1973) [96]
j
":E'01v8T79V.k&.*HI&"8J87*E$2*3.*#V7>E:8V.mN$(#.N
L*A7&*H.#k'71:v7* <HK&"GHI&"v.H.*(7*'L*'4/7*-&.*HI&">E7H6&"
9V*HM&"<~7•2.f:01"t$GHI&" *=&"$(#.N&E$7,&"<E87*:*)&*B&*
"t$GHI&"8J87*E$7b&*'a#8T79VL*A7&*1#v.`"t$8V.8B&*9(&&*'a#
8B&**1$.`<F&8T79V[.9(&<F&8T79V&*'a# A7.A7"'B7,&"&*@&.*-$
0€&"8J87*E$&":E'.*H6&"4/.k&.*HI&">h*:r7<F&v7]&8J87*E$.0:&"[.
4/.k&.*HI&"*I&v"t$[.8B&**I&>E[.4/<F&*I&‰XŠv‰R\Šv‰WCŠv‰WOŠ t$
2*[1m1#7^18J87*E$&":E'.*H6&"_.H.*(7*J&*I'•f&"v<~7•2•d7.037>E
"N'_.H.*("-2‰OWŠ t$8J87*E$.0:&"m1#.*H6&"•:7*J&*I'L*•2v"N'
"-2v<~7•2.`<z'7•#9P'.0:&"G#N&"8J87*E$‰WSŠ ;B&*>hm1#.0:&"9HK7
l#1&mA..*-$_ŒCmN.0H6&"*K2"t$+8J87*E$‰WOŠx*)&* y
)&* ;B&*"t$2*[1m1#7^18J87*E$.0:&"
* Nguồn: theo Purnell (2007) [94].
N'>M'<:f'"t$*1'8J87*E$*1$"t$*1'8J87*E$L…8.*Q:"t$.*J&
GHI&"7*E$<E<:f'"t$GHI&"8J87*E$2*T7.f2 *Q:7A7.A7"'Bv9J$<E<:f'
"t$•:<~77*-&.*HI&"8f&* 5:f'"t$&E$.*H6&"7b&*'a#8B&*v*1$7b.k&
.*HI&"2*•&8a8L(.*K2&*Hm3&7*Y8v•J$7*€&"v9i'L*'7b.k&.*HI&"
R
8f7*8A#v.k&.*HI&".*•&L'&*‰RRŠv‰WCŠ Z# 2*A..`7I7*("t$8J87*E$
>E&"*'Y&7T#*)&*B&*"t$8J87*E$.0Y&2*'8Z8E9t7b&*'a#2*J&<:f'
"t$8J87*E$9HK79H101 HM'9J$<E8V.mN2*J&<:f'"t$8J87*E$*1$
9HK7mp•3&".0:&"&"*'Y&7T#>E.0:&"<J8mE&"
• 8 !"9$:$;!3! <=>?@A
:*<<E8V..0:&"&*=&".A7"'B9H1012*J&<:f'"t$8J87*E$mM8&* e
.*N&"2*J&<:f'7^1:*<x*)&* +y9HK77*'101O<:f'
5:f't$8J87*E$&":E'v8B&*"t$.A7*06'*)&*7*Y8
5:f'+t$<F&8J87*E$&":E'9I&.*#•&
5:f'Ct$.A7*06'>E<F&8J87*E$&":E'
5:f'St$8J87*E$.0:&"
5:f'Xt$46m1#.0:&"8J87*E$.0:&"
5:f'Ot$*1'8J87*E$
)&* + *J&<:f'"t$8J87*E$7^1:*<
* Nguồn: theo Mason Hohl (1991) ‰R\Š
W
:*<<E&"H6'9•#.'Y&9a7@29(&8B&*>h2*[1m1#7^18J87*E$
.0:&" A7*2*J&<:f'7^1:*<•~1>E:*)&*B&*Z #$&*'Y&v.0:&"7A7*
2*J&<:f'&E$v:*<7*H18'Y#.B9HK7&*=&""t$8J87*E$7bL…8.*Q:"t$
*E&*GHI&"7,&"&*H"t$2*•&<'Y&"1'7*E$*1$8B&*"t$46m1#7^18J8
7*E$&":E' A7"'B7,&"&*@&.*-$7b8V..{<e&*g<:f'"t$4 .*H6&"L*i&"
2*P*K2>M'4B&"2*J&<:f'.0Y&‰R\Š
• 8 !"9$#$%&<=>@>AB? !"6
5:f';J87*E$&":E'"t$L's#*)&*7*Y8
5:f't$8J87*E$&":E'L(.*K2>M'<F&8J87*E$
5:f't$<F&_"'=18J87*E$&":E'
5:f't$8J87*E$.0:&"
5:f't$7B*1'8J87*E$7]&m~<'Y&.377^19•#GHI&">E.*J&
GHI&"
5:f't$7B*1'8J87*E$L(.*K2>M'"t$*E&*GHI&"v9•#.0Y&
GHI&"7*E$
)&* C *J&<:f'"t$8J87*E$7^1!7*1.uLQ0
* Nguồn: theo Schatzker (1979) ‰\+Š
+\
t$<:f'!7*1.uLQ0<E8J87*E$&":E'"t$.A7*.*E&*8V.*)&*7*Y8
b.*s7b<F&*:r7L*i&"7b<F&8J87*E$ ;T79V<F&&*w.*H6&"L*bGA7
9/&*.0Y&2*'87*32Z.H.*(.*}&"‰\+Š
t$<:f'!7*1.uLQ0v9H6&""t$"'N&"<:f'&*H&"7b.*Y8<F&_8r.
L*M28J87*E$&":E'v8T79V<F&8J87*E$7b.*sL*i&".*-$0†.0Y&2*'8
Z.*}&" !7*1.uLQ0>E7V&"m~x7myL*'8M'GJ$•~&"4B&"2*J&<:f'&E$GA7
9/&*"t$8J87*E$<F&—S88<E"t$7b<F&‰\+Š
t$<:f'!7*1.uLQ0<E"t$<F&9I&.*#•&7^18J87*E$&":E'vL*'9b
8r.L*M27^18J87*E$&":E'4/<F&>E•z&>E:&p1.0:&"7^18J87*E$4€&"
<~7•2•d7.*Q:.037 *o&*.*:B&"v7b.0H6&"*K2.0Y&2*'8Z.*}&"L*i&"
.*-$0†*)&*B&*<F&8J87*E$>E7*o.*-$0†L*'7*329•#.0Y&GHI&"7*E$.H
.*(7*(7*SX‘ t$!7*1.uLQ09HK77*'1.*E&*+2*J&&*b8"z8&*b8
<E<F&8J87*E$&":E'>E&*b8<E<F&L*:B&""'=1+8J87*E$
t$<:f'!7*1.uLQ0<E"t$_8J87*E$.0:&"L(.*K2>M'.0HK.*:r7
<F&8V.2*•& r74'e.8J87*E$.0:&"*1$7b8B&*>hm1#.0:&"*)&*>E&*
L*U&‰RCŠ t$<:f'.*H6&"7bG#*HM&"7}&"7*J&8_"b7>E:.0:&"
t$<:f'!7*1.uLQ0<E•f&""t$*)&*7*Y87^17B*1'8J87*E$v.*H6&"7b
9H6&""t$*)&*7*=˜™š ;T79V<F&8r.L*M29's&*)&*_8J87*E$&":E'>E
7b.*s2*N'*K2>M'"t$_2*•&&*i<Y&"'=1+8J87*E$ t$!7*1.uLQ0
L*A7>M'!7*1.uLQ0_7*‡>D&7]&"'=&"#$Y&9HK7m~.'(2&N'"'=19•#
GHI&">E.*J&GHI&" A&*"'A"t$+8J87*E$>M'*)&*B&*7*327*(7*7b
.*s7#&"7-2.)&*.0f&"8 >=&"7^18J87*E$
t$<:f'!7*1.uLQ0<E"t$*1'8J87*E$9'L…8>M'm~8 <'Y&.37
7^19•#GHI&">E.*J&GHI&" t$*1'8J87*E$7b&*'a#•f&"L*A7&*1#>E
•f&""t$&E:7,&"9a#7b.*sGB$01 5:f'"t$&E$*1$7b.k&.*HI&"2*•&
8a8L(.*K2v9r74'e.<E.k&.*HI&"m3&7*Y8v.k&.*HI&"•1>E&"#$7I7*…&
•2L*:1&"‰jŠ
+
*Q:!7*1.uLQ0v4B&"2*J&<:f'&E$9tm?2G(28T79V.k&.*HI&".`
&*w9(&&r&"v.HI&"9N'7*'.'(."'F27*:>'e7.'Y&<HK&"9'a#.0/ 0:&"4B&"
2*J&<:f'&E$v.A7"'B9t9a7@29(&>-&9a.k&.*HI&">P&"<'Y&8J87*E$>E
7A7*2*A.*'e&8B&*"t$2*[1m1# A7*2*J&<:f'7^1!7*1.uLQ07*'.'(.*I&
7A7*2*J&<:f'7^1:*<_2*•&.k&.*HI&""1'7*E$>E9•#.0Y&GHI&"7*E$
0Y&.*~7.(<J8mE&"v2*J&<:f'7^1!7*1.uLQ0<E7A7*2*J&<:f'9HK7mp•3&"
.*H6&"G#$Y&&*
• 8 !"9$CDEC#(F<=>>=A
'e2*V'L(.GHI&"ƒ!„7*'1"t$8J87*E$<E8C&*b8vv>E
0:&"8‡'&*b8<f'9HK77*'1.*E&*7A7&*b8&*g*I&x*)&* Sy
)&* S *J&<:f'"t$8J87*E$7^1ƒ!„
* Nguồn: theo Yan-Ling Hu (2002) ‰+\Š
5:f't$&":E'L*M241:"z8v+vC
5:f't$2*f8L*M28V.2*•&"z8
ƒ t$.A7*8V.2*•&8J87*E$&":E'
ƒ +t$<F&8V.2*•&8J87*E$&":E'
ƒ Ct$.A7*L(.*K2>M'<F&&":E'
5:f't$2*f8L*M2*:E&.:E&"z8
++
ƒ t$8J87*E$>E"t$*E&*GHI&"9I&"'B&
ƒ +t$9I&"'B&8J87*E$>E"t$*E&*GHI&"&*'a#8B&*
ƒ Ct$8J87*E$.*E&*&*'a#8B&*
e.*N&"2*J&<:f'7^1ƒ!„7*:.*-$C<:f'"t$v+vC"'N&"
&*HC<:f'"t$!7*1.uLQ0vv>E7,&""'N&".HI&".~<:f'vv7^1:*<
#$&*'Y&v2*•&"t$7^18J87*E$.0:&"9I&.*#•&7*H19HK79a7@2.0:&"
2*J&<:f'7^1ƒ!„ *Q:7*F&".i'v"t$<:f'L*i&".*sG(2>E:<:f'
"t$8J87*E$>)"t$8J87*E$<E<:f'"t$2*f8L*M2>E9HI&"&*'Y&8r.
8J87*E$2*B'4/.k&.*HI&"
• 8 !"9$3!!&#GH<=>>IA
:&L:&Q&7*:0€&"2*J&<:f'"t$8J87*E$7I4B&<E•~1>E:>/.0[v
*HM&"7^19H6&""t$>E9V•'<e7*x*)&* Xy
)&* X *J&<:f'"t$*1'8J87*E$7^1:&L:&Q&
1"t$&"*'Y&"&":E'v4"t$&"*'Y&".0:&"v7"t$9N'GT&"
* Nguồn: theo Honkonen SF (1992) ‰OSŠ
A7"'B7*'1"t$8J87*E$.*E&*j<:f'&*Hm1#
5:f'"t$.A7*8B&*8J87*E$&":E'
5:f'+"t$.A7*8B&*L(.*K2<F&8J87*E$&":E'
+C
5:f'C"t$<F&8J87*E$&":E'
5:f'S"t$8J87*E$.0:&"
5:f'X"t$*1'8J87*E$&"*'Y&"&":E'
5:f'O"t$*1'8J87*E$&"*'Y&".0:&"
5:f'j"t$*1'8J87*E$9N'GT&"
:&L:&Q&! ›•~1.0Y&2*J&<:f'7^1!7*1.uLQ09tGJ$•~&"7A7*2*J&
<:f'.0Y& A7"'B7*:0€&"v7-#.0F77^18J87*E$&":E'$(#*I&8J87*E$
.0:&"•:>@$8J87*E$&":E'"t$7bC*)&*.*A'"'N&"&*H<:f'vv7^1
!7*1.uLQ0 )7-#.0F77^18J87*E$.0:&"8f&**I&7-#.0F77^18J87*E$
&":E'&Y&&b[.8B&*"t$
0:&"<:f'"t$*1'8J87*E$"'N&"&*H<:f'>E7^1!7*1.uLQ0.A7
"'B9H101<q<#@&&(#<~7.*F7•z&8f&*>E&*'a#*I&_8J87*E$.0:&".*)
8J87*E$.0:&"m–<F&G#N&"&*'a#*I&8J87*E$&":E'>EL(.l#B<E4'(&
•f&""b78_>E:.0:&" (#<~7•z&.@2.0#&"_8J87*E$&":E'&*'a#*I&.*)
8J87*E$&":E'<F&>E7*:4'(&•f&"8_"b701&":E' 5~7•29a#_*1'8J8
7*E$.*)L*i&"<E8.*1$9k'"b78J87*E$>EL*i&"4'(&•f&".0377*'"d'<E
"t$9N'GT&"x*)&* Xy J$<E9's8L*A74'e.7^17A7*2*J&<:f'&E$m:>M'
C2*J&<:f'.0Y&
b8<f'>M'*)&*.*A'"t$8J87*E$•~1.0Y&*)&*B&*7^12*'8Zv
&*'a#.A7"'B9H101*)&*.*A'.k&.*HI&"8J87*E$.*E&*41&*b8m1#
ƒ t$8J87*E$&":E'"z87b"t$.A7*8B&*v"t$.A7*8B&*L…8
.*Q:<F&>E"t$<F&9I&.*#•&
ƒ t$8J87*E$.0:&""z87b"t$9I&.*#•&7b.*s7b<F&*:r7
L*i&"<F&
ƒ t$*1'8J87*E$"z87b"t$7B8J87*E$&":E'>E8J87*E$
.0:&"7b.*sL…8.*Q:"t$9•#.0Y&GHI&"7*E$
#$&*'Y&v7A7.A7"'B7,&"&*@&.*-$8V.mN<:f'"t$7^18J87*E$
7,&"7*H1.*s*'e&9HK7.0:&"7A7*e.*N&"2*J&<:f'>E9i'L*'7,&"L*i&"
7*c&9:A&7*[&*GA79•$9^7A7.k&.*HI&"7^1GHI&"8J87*E$.0Y&2*'8
+S
Z s*f&7*(&*=&"&*HK79's87^12*'8Zv&*'a#.A7"'BL*#$Y&&Y&
7*:7*325*1$7*327V&"*H_&".`
KUeU(…|(†•/$M‡ˆ
KUeUKURX;Qf>gR>2}\>h;ia\AX;j62
*6m~2*A..0's&L*:1*d7Ln.*#@.L*'8A$7*327?.<M2>'.[&*0196'
9s2*A.*'e&&*=&".k&.*HI&"7^17A77Il#1&.0:&"7I.*s.0:&"9b7b.k&
.*HI&"GHI&"<E8V.4HM72*A..0's&<M&.0:&"Ln.*#@.7*c&9:A& *327?.
<M2>'.[&*x:82#.Q0.:8:"012*$m71&&Q0ƒm71&y9HK79A&*"'A<E8V.
2*HI&"2*A2*'e&9f'.0:&"Ln.*#@.7*c&9:A&*)&*B&*
U8WRjv'1m” ”>E7m‰SŠ9t&"*'Y&7T#O.0H6&"*K2"t$8J8
7*E$>M'C<:f'2*'8xZv7*327?.<M2*1'4)&*•'e&>E7*327?.<M2>'.[&*yv
•~1>E:2*J&<:f'7^1#2107>E„'71.v.A7"'B&*@&.*-$>'e79A&*"'A.k&
.*HI&"8J87*E$&*H9:9V<F&v9r79's89H6&""t$v8T79V•'<e7*.0Y&
2*'87*327?.<M2>'.[&*•%•E&"*I&m:>M'2*'8Z !:mA&*8T79V.k&
.*HI&"7^1O.0H6&"*K2"t$8J87*E$.0Y&2*'8Z>E2*'85vL(.
l#B.0Y&2*'8Z.0H6&"*K2L*i&"7b"t$.*E&*GHI&"vS.0H6&"*K27b
"t$&*w>E.0H6&"*K2"t$7b•'<e7*<M& 0A'<f'v.0Y&2*'857*o7bC
.0H6&"*K2L*i&"2*A.*'e&"t$.*E&*GHI&"v7]&<f'7B.0H6&"*K22*A.
*'e&7A79H6&""t$•'<e7*0†0E&"
U8+\\\v œ'7L$!>E7m‰jŠm:mA&*.[&**'e#l#B7^17*c&9:A&
"'=12*'8Z>E2*'857^1S+.0H6&"*K24/"t$8J87*E$v•~1.*Q:
2*J&<:f'7^1ƒ!„.*).*-$"t$GHI&"9HK79A&*"'A9F&">a7*c&9:A&
.0Y&2*'8Z<ERŒSC.0H6&"*K2xSC|y
U8+\\v17L<œ‰XWŠ&"*'Y&7T#L(*:f7*9'a#.0/.0HM78k7^1SX
.0H6&"*K2"t$8J87*E$•~1.*Q:2*J&<:f'ƒ!„L*'•~1>E:*)&*B&*
Z4/.*1$9k'.M'S\|L*'m:mA&*>M'L(*:f7*.0HM78kL*'•~1>E:2*'8
5 V<F&.0#&"4)&*<ESv+88v>E.*1$9k'2*J&<:f'7*c&9:A&<EOvj|
+X
&"#$Y&•:2*'852*A.*'e&9HK77A78B&*>h&*g8E2*'8ZL*i&"
2*A.*'e&9HK7
U8+\\+v™17:#4'1&! ‰WŠm:mA&*2*J&<:f'"t$8J87*E$"'=1
2*'8Z>E2*'857^1X+.0H6&"*K2.*Q:2*J&<:f'7^1!7*1.uLQ0>E
ƒ!„v•~1.0Y&*emN1221x9d7L(.l#BZ9HK7.*~7*'e&4_'414A7mˆ
7*#$Y&&"E&*7*-&.*HI&"7*o&**)&*7bL'&*&"*'e8y (.l#B&"*'Y&7T#
7*:.*-$m~.*1$9k'>a7*c&9:A&"'=1Z>E541:"z8S.0H6&"*K2
9HK77*c&9:A&<:f'!7*1.uLQ07*#$s&m1&"<:f'!7*1.uLQ0•:L*i&"2*A.
*'e&9HK7<F&7^18J87*E$&":E'v.0H6&"*K2<:f'!7*1.uLQ07*#$s&m1&"
<:f'•:L*i&"2*A.*'e&9HK79H6&""t$L(.*K27^18J87*E$.0:&"v
.0H6&"*K2!7*1.uLQ07*#$s&m1&"<:f'!7*1.uLQ0•:L*i&"2*A.*'e&
9HK79H6&""t$_8J87*E$.0:&"v.0H6&"*K2<:f'!7*1.uLQ07*#$s&
m1&"<:f'•:L*i&"2*A.*'e&9HK79H6&""t$8J87*E$&":E'vC.0H6&"*K2
<:f'!7*1.uLQ07*#$s&m1&"<:f'•:L*i&"2*A.*'e&9HK79H6&""t$<1&
G#N&"9•#.0Y&GHI&"7*E$>E.0H6&"*K2<:f'7*#$s&m1&"<:f'•:2*A.
*'e&&*•89H6&""t$
U8+\\Sv;1710'&'5‰jWŠ9A&*"'A>1'.0]7^17*3291<M27?.7b•~&"
*)&*C.0:&"2*J&<:f'>El#$(.9/&*2*HI&"2*A29'a#.0/_+X.0H6&"*K2
"t$8J87*E$.*Q:2*J&<:f'7^1ƒ!„ A7"'B9H19(&L(.<#@&7*3291
<M27?.>E•~&"*)&*C0 7b<K'.0:&"2*J&<:f'"t$8J87*E$>E9A&*"'A
.0HM72*D#.*#@. (.l#B&"*'Y&7T#7*:.*-$*)&*B&*5<E8.*1$9k'L(
*:f7*9'a#.0/_O\|mNv7*o01C.0H6&"*K24/8 GHI&""K'q7•&2*B'
"*•2GHI&"v>ES.0H6&"*K27•&.*1$9k'2*HI&".'e&L(.GHI&"
*Q:;#'>E7V&"m~‰RXŠv&":E'>'e72*A.*'e&.k&.*HI&"GHI&".*)>M'
<:f'8A$5G:?&N7O9•#9d7.*)7b.*s2*A.*'e&9HK77A7.k&.*HI&"_
*e.*N&"•J$7*€&" "*'Y&7T#S.0H6&"*K2"t$8J87*E$.*)2*A.*'e&+
.0H6&"*K27b0A7*•J$7*€&"4Y&&":E'v.0H6&"*K24/9T.•J$7*€&"7*•:
m1#7b9V9r7*'e#71:L*'m:mA&*>M'Ln.*#@.7*32;•
