Về nền kinh tế thị trường định hướng xã hội chủ nghĩa ở Việt Nam

KINH TE CHINH TRI
Ve nen kinh te thj trudng djnh hudng xa hoi chu
nghTa
6
Viet Nam
DAM KIEN LAP
Jlfto
hinh kinh te thi
triCdng
dinh
hiXdng
XHCN^
dd
diCdc
nghien ctiu,
thiCc
hien dat
Jl*^%'
nhieu thdnh
tiCu
to ldn
d
Viet Nam,
nhiXng
vdn con nhieu
vdn
de dat ra cd vi ly luan
vd
thiCc
tien.^
Tit nghien

ciiu
xu
hiidng
van dgng cua kinh te thi
tritdng,
phan tich cdu thdnh sd
hau,
bdi viet gop phdn lam ro tinh khdch quan,
nhUng
dgc triing chung cua nen kinh te thi
triXdng
dinh
hUdng
XHCN vd dgc diem rieng d Viet Nam,
til
do de xudt nhihig vdn de co tinh
nguyen
tdc
nhdm thiic ddy phdt trien nhanh nen kinh
tetheo
mo hinh ndy.
1.
Quan niem hien nay ve nen kinh te
thi
trifd^ng
dinh
hifdng
XHCN
d
Viet

Nam -
nhufng
van de dat ra
1.1.
Quan niem, quan diem cua Ddng
Cong sdn vd Nhd
nitdc
Viet Nam
Md hinh kinh te thi
triidng
dinh hiidng
XHCN da
diidc
Dai hoi IX ciia Dang Cpng san
Viet Nam chinh
thutc dUa
ra tren cd sd ke
thiia,
phat trien quan niem cua Dai hpi VI
(nam 1986) ve phat trien nen kinh te hang
hda cd ke hoach gdm nhieu thanh phan di len
CNXH, va cua Dai hoi VII ve nen kinh te
hang hda nhieu thanh phan, van hanh theo cd
che thi
triJdng,
cd
sii
quan ly ciia Nha
ntidc
theo dinh hiidng XHCN. Md hinh nay da

dUdc
Dai hoi X, nhat la Hoi nghi TW 6 (khda X)
dau nam 2008 tiep tuc lam ro them. Theo dd:
1-
Kinh te thi
triidng
la san pham ctia van
minh nhan loai, khdng phai la rieng cd cua
CNTB.
Nd la
phiidng
tien cd the
sii
dung de
xay dung CNXH.
2-
Kinh te thi
triidng
dinh hiidng XHCN la
nen kinh te trong dd cac thiet che, cdng cu va
nguyen
tSc
van hanh kinh te
diidc tU
giac tga
lap va
Sli diang
de giai phdng triet de
siic
san

xuat. Dd la nen kinh te viia tuan theo quy
luat cua kinh te thi
triidng,
viia
chiu
sii
chi
phdi
bdi.
cac quy luat kinh te'
ciia
CNXH va cac
yeu
tdbao
dam
tinh
dinh hiidng XHCN.
3-
Tinh
dinh
hUdng
XHCN
diidc
dgc
trUng
vd bdo ddm d nhihig yen td cd bdn sau: (1)
muc tieu ctia nd la vi "dan giau,
nitdc
manh,
xa hoi cdng

bSng,
dan
chti,
van minh"; (2)
nhieu thanh phan kinh te ciing phat trien,
trong dd kinh te nha
niidc giut
vai trd chu dao,
kinh te nha
niidc
va kinh te tap the ngay cang
trd thanh nen tang viing
chSc
cua nen kinh te
qudc dan; (3) tang
trUdng
kinh te di ddi vdi
cdng bang xa hpi, phat trien van hda, y te,
giao
due,
bao ve mdi
tritdng,
giai quyet tdt cac
van de xa hpi; (4) thiic hien phan phdi
chii
yeu
theo ket qua lao dpng, hieu qua kinh te, dong
thdi theo miic ddng gdp vdh cung cac nguon
liic
khac va thong qua he thdng an sinh xa

hpi,
phiic ldi xa hpi.
(5)
phat huy quyen lam
chu cua nhan dan, bao dam vai trd quan ly,
dieu tiet nen kinh te ctia Nha
nitdc
phap
quyen XHCN
diidi
sti lanh dao
ciia
Dang.
Trong dd,
sU
lanh dao
ciia
Dang Cpng san
Viet Nam giti vai trd la nhan to' quye't dinh
nha't dam bao tinh dinh hudng XHCN
ciia
nen
kinh te.
1.2. Quan niem, quan diem trong gidi
nghien
ctlu
Gidi nghien ciiu da so' nha't tri cao va cd
nhieu nd
lUc
lam rd them quan niem, quan

diem ctia Dang, Nha nUdc, song ciing cd
nhUng
nhan thUc khac ve mpt so'
khia
canh
quan trpng, tham
chi
cd y kien hoan toan
phan bac.
Dam Kien Lap, ThS., Van phong Trung uang Dang.
1.
C)
day can phan biet:
nSn
kinh le thi
Uirong
dinh
huang XHCN
vcd
tu
each
la cai khach quan,
w&n
dong
Iheo
quy luat, khong co muc
dich;
va m6 hinh kinh te thi truong
dinh hudng XHCN
v6i

tu
each
mot chu thuyet, la cai chu
quan, co muc dich. Ddi tugng
ciia
bai viei nay la cai
Ihur
nhai, de' phuc vu cho cai
thii'
hai.
Ve
nen
kinh
te thj
truang

1.2.1.
Ve cd sd ly ludn vd
thiXc
tien cua mo
hinh:
Cd y kien cho rang, xay dUng nen kinh te
thi trUdng dinh
hudng
XHCN
cl
Viet Nam la
mpt sU dd'i mdi tU duy diing dan, co sdn cd sd
ly luan trong chinh chu nghia Mdc - Lenin,
phii hdp vdi quan niem chinh thong cua Cac

Mac va "la sU trd lai vdi tU
tudng stf
dung cac
quan he hang hda - tien te de xay
dUng
CNXH
ma
V.I.Le-nin
da de ra trong Chinh sach kinh
te mdi
(NEP)"l
Y kien khac cho rang day la
"sU
lUa
chon mang
tinh
tat yeu, cd cd
scl
ly
luan va thUc tien sau
s^c",
bdi: md hinh ke
hoach hda tap trung that bai, trong khi nhieu
nUdc
svf
dung kinh te thi trUdng thanh cong,
song phat trien theo con dUdng TBCN khong
phai la td'i Uu. Quan he hang hda - thi trUdng
la nac thang tien hda, kinh te thi trUdng hien
dai ngay cang the hien r5 sU tU phu dinh theo

xu hudng XHCN, nhieu
nUdc
phat trien theo
phUdng thiic
riit
ngan da thanh cdng, cho nen
thUc chat day la mo hinh chu dong, di
t&t,
ddn
dau xu the phat trien ciia thdi dai, cd the giiip
thu hep sti tut hau, nhanh chdng hoi nhap,
phat
trien^.
1.2.2. Ve vai tro cda kinh te thi
tritdng
vd
moi quan he vdi dinh hiidng
XHCN:
Nhieu ngUdi nha't
tri
cho kinh te thi trUdng
la thanh tUu ciia van minh nhan loai, la
phUdng tien hieu qua ma nha nU6c XHCN can
va cd the
sii dting
de xay dUng CNXH. Cung
cd y kien khac cho rang: CNXH va kinh te thi
trUdng la dong hudng lich
sii,
trong dd kinh te

thi trUdng la cd sci kinh te, la ban nguyen thii
nha't, cdn dinh hudng XHCN la ban nguyen
thU
hai; nhUng dinh
hudng
XHCN cd nhiing
ndi dung vUdt ra ngoai, cao hdn thi trUdng
(nhu thUc hien cdng bang, dan chu, phat trien
ben viing), chiing khong hoan toan va khong
tu dpng tUdng hdp vdi thi
trUdng^
GS.TS. Vu
Dinh Bach cho rang: day la
bUdc
chuyen doi
dac thu
chua^
cd tien le, la phUdng thiic phat
trien theo kieu "tien hda - cai
each",
khac vdi
"tien hda - tU nhien", cho nen hdn ci dau va
hdn bao
gid^het,
vai trd nhan
to'chii
quan ctia
cac chu the trong he thong chinh tri la vo
Cling quan trpng. Ve ban chat, mo hinh nay
" dUdc hieu la kieu to chiic nen kinh te dac

biet cua xa hoi dac biet - nen kinh te dang
trong qua trinh chuyen bien
each
mang tii nac
thang no sang nac thang kia. Do dd, nd
viia
tuan theo nhiing quy luat ciia ban than he
tho'ng (kinh te thi trUdng), lai viia bi chi phdi
b6i
nhiing nguyen tac nam ngoai he tho'ng
(nguyen tic xa hoi hda -
XHCN)"l
Khac vdi cac quan niem tren, GS.TS. Dd
Hoai Nam cho rang: kinh te thi trUdng vdi
tU
each
la mot cd che, mot he tho'ng, mot nen
kinh te, n6 khong chi la phUdng tien ma "la
thanh to' cau tnic ben trong, c6 tinh nen tang
ciia
he tho'ng kinh te - xa hoi dang phat trien
theo hudng di len
CNXH"^
Song, ciing cd
khong
it
y kien cho rang: noi dung kinh te thi
trUdng da ro, nhUng dinh
hUdng
XHCN thi

chUa ro; tham chi cd y kien cdn cho rang:
khdng the cd sU dung hdp giiia kinh te thi
trUdng va dinh
hUdng
XHCN, do chi la sU gan
ghep khien
cUSng.
1.2.3. Ve ddc triing cua nen kinh te thi
triidng
dinh hiidng
XHCN:
- Nhieu y kien cho rang: dac trUng ctia nen
kinh te thi trUdng dinh
hUdng
XHCN dUdc the
hien
trUdc
het
h
muc tieu ciia nd. GS.TS. Vu
Dinh Bach cho do la: "Phat trien
lUc lUdng
san
xuat, nang cao nang suat va hieu qua, xay
diing cd sci vat chat - ky thuat cho CNXH,
thUc hien dau giau, nU6c manh, xa hoi cdng
bang, dan chii va van
minh "^.
Cdn y kien
khac lai cho rang co the noi gon la " hieu qua

kinh te, dan chu va cong bang (ham y phiic ldi
2.
Trin
Dinh
Thien (2007): "Co sd ly luin va dieu kien
thuc hien kinh tg' thi trudng dinh hudng XHCN", Tap chi
cdng
sdn,
sol
7,

&NewsJd=17957909.
3.
GS.TS. Vu
Dinh
Bach,
GS.TS.
Tran Minh Dao (Ddng
chii bien), 2006: "Ddc
trung
cua
nen
kinh te'thi trudng dinh
hudng XHCN a Viet Nam
",
Nxb Cbinh tri qudc
gia.
Ha
Npi,tr.l85.
4.

Tran Dinh Thien (2007), Da din. Nhu the co phai
chang mudn
cd
sy tuong
hpp
jAiai cd ghep chiing
lai vdi
nhau
?!
5.
GS.TS.
va Dinh
Bach, GS.TS.
Tr^
Minh Dao Sdd,
tr.l99.
O day, tic gia khong ndi ro nguyen tic xa hoi hda -
XHCN la the
nao!
6.
Trin Dinh Thien (2007), Da din.
7.
G&TS va Efinh
Badi,
GSTS Tran Minh
Dao
.Sdd,
tr.201.
Nghi4n
cdu Kinh ti s6

380
-
Tiling
1/2010
Ve
nen
kinh
te thj
trirang

xa hdi, phuc vu ngUdi
ngheo)"*.
Neu diing nhU
vay thi phai chang nhieu nen kinh te tren the
gidi ciing deu la dinh hudng XHCN. Van de
dat ra la hieu qua kinh te, dan chu va cong
bang dUa tren cd sd khach quan nao de cd the
dat dUdc cao hdn kinh te'thi trUdng TBCN?
- Ddc triing ve
liic liidng
sdn xudt: GS.TS.
Vii Dinh Bach cho dd la trinh dp xua't phat rat
thap kem va yeu cau phai tang
td'c,
riit
ngan
trinh dp phat
trien^.
-
Ddc triing ve che do sd

hihi
vd thdnh phdn
kinh te:
+ Cd y kien cho trong nen kinh te thi
trUdng dinh
hUdng
XHCN cd ba che do sci hiiu
la: cdng cong, tU nhan va hon hdp; tUdng iing
cd thanh phan kinh te nha
nUdc,
kinh te dan
doanh, kinh te hdn hdp, cdn kinh te tU ban
nha nU6c
chi
la mot hinh thiic thuoc thanh
phan kinh te hdn hdp. GS.TS.
D6
Hoai Nam
cho ring; cd hai loai sd hiiu la tU hiiu va cong
hUu,
cong hiiu cd hai hinh thiic la sd
hUu
nha
nUdc
va tap the; sd hiiu tap the hieu theo Mac
la sci hiiu cua nhiing ngUdi san xuat rieng le
(khong
chi
nhiing ngUdi lao dpng ca the) lien
hiep lai du6i cac hinh thiic

td
chiic kinh te
hoat dpng theo che do co phan ndi chung.
+ Mpt van de dUdc
chii
trong va cd nhieu y
kien rat khac nhau la ve vai tro chu dgo vd
nen tdng cua nen kinh te: khdng it y kien cho
ring; can kien dinh vai trd
chii
dao cua kinh
te nha nUdc, vi day la
lUc lUdng
vat chat quan
trpng de Nha nUdc dinh
hUdng,
dieu tiet kinh
te,
bao dam dn dinh kinh te vi md, tao mdi
trUdng va dieu kien thiic day cac thanh phan
kinh te cung phat trien; day cdn la
lUc lUdng
bao dam an ninh, quoc phdng, la nhan
to'
bao
dam dinh
hudng
XHCN, do dd khong nen dUa
vao quy mo de danh gia. Cd y kien cho rang:
neu hieu "chu dao" la dan dit, giam sat, ttic

tao lap va duy tri mdi trUdng vi md hieu qua,
thi vai trd dd phai thuoc ve Nha nu6c. Vai trd
chu dao ciia Nha
nUdc
khdng chi la tao lap
mdi trUdng
vi
mo, ma cdn cung cap hang hda,
dich vu cdng cpng, hd trd ngUdi ngheo, bao
dam cdng bing xa hpi, ho trd qua trinh hpi
nhap qudc
te'"'.
Nhieu y kien cho ring: hien nay va ve lau
dai,
nen tang cua nen kinh te phai gom 3 bp
phan la: kinh te nha
nUdc,
kinh te tap the va
kinh te' da sd hiiu (kinh te cd phan, kinh te cd
sd hiiu hdn hdp), trong dd kinh te nha
nUdc
la
chti dao vi thUc te vin chie'm 35% GDP va
kinh te da sci hiiu ngay cang phat trien manh.
GS.TS.
Vii Dinh Bach cho rang: " nen tang
che dp sd hiiu ciia nen kinh te thi trUdng dinh
hudng XHCN la mpt cd cau sd hiiu vdi cac
hinh thiic da dang, dan xen, hon hdp la phd
bien, trong dd Nha

nUdc
XHCN giii vai trd la
chu the quan trong nhat trong chi huy nen
kinh
te"^\
Cd y kien cho ring:
chi
cd kinh te
nha nU6c va kinh te da sci hiiu ngay cang trd
thanh nen tang vi kinh te tap the nhd yeu va
phat trien rat khd khan. Y kien khac lai cho
ring: chi kinh te da sci hiiu mdi cd the ngay
cang trci thanh nen tang, vi kinh te nha
nUdc
ngay cang thu hep. Viec cho kinh te da sci hiiu
la nen tang khong phai la mdi, Cac Mac da
phat hien day la mpt hinh thiic ciia che dp
cong hiiu ra ddi trong long che do cii va se
phat trien manh trong tUdng lai. Hpi nghi
Trung Udng 3 (khda XVI) cua Dang Cpng san
Trung
Qud'c
ciing da xac dinh che dp cd phan
la hinh thUc chii yeu thiic hien che dp cdng
hUu.
Song ciing cd y kien khong ddng tinh, de
nghi can nhac ky, vi cho kinh te da sci hiiu
phat trien rat phiic tap, de dan den CNTB,
lam mat di ban chat ctia CNXH. Cd y kien cho
ring: khong nen xac dinh nen tang ciia nen

kinh te qud'c dan, vi da chu trUdng cac thanh
phan kinh te deu la bp phan hdp thanh quan
trpng ciia nen kinh te va binh ding
trUdc
phap luat. Y kien khac lai cho ring: khong
nen xac dinh kinh te nha
nUdc
giii vai trd chti
dao,
kinh te nha nu6c va kinh te tap the la
nen tang vi khong phii hdp thUc te.
Trai lai, ciing cd nhieu y kien cho ring: che
dp sd hiiu tU nhan cd vai trd then
chd't^^,
"kinh
te tu nhan la dpng
lUc
chu yeu ciia nen kinh
te'',
tham
chi
cd ngUdi cho sd
hUu
tU nhan va
kinh te tU nhan mdi that sU la nen tang ciia
8.
Trin
Dinh
Thien (2007), Da dan.
9.

G&TS.
Vu Dinh
Bach,
GSTS Tran Minh
Dao
.Sdd,
tr.260.
10.
Tran
Dinh
Thien (2007), Da din.
11.
GSTS
Vu
Dinh
Bach,
GSTS Tran Minh
Dao
.Sdd,
tr.222.
12.
Trin Dinh Thien (2007), Da din.
Ngtii^n
ciru
Kinti ti
s6
380
- Thing
1/2010
Ve

nen
kinh
te thj
trirang
1
nen kinh te qud'c dan, bdi chiing gin ket hiiu
cd vdi kinh te thi trUdng, den nay CNTB vin
cdn sii menh
hch
sii to ldn, nen sd hiiu tU
nhan va kinh te tU nhan chUa the ket thtic vai
trd lich sti
ciia
chiing, thtic te cho thay kinh te
tu nhan dang
giU
vai trd rat quan trong trong
viec thiic day tang trUdng, chuyen dich cd cau
kinh te, tao nhieu viec lam, dao tao nguon
nhanlUc.^l
+ Ve sd hiiu ddt dai, cd y kien cho ring: dat
dai vdi tU
each
lanh thd la cua toan dan,
tufng
loai dat cd the ctia Nha nU6c, tap the, tU nhan;
dat
ci
nen thupc tU nhan, dat ndng, lam nghiep
cd the thupc sd hiiu toan dan hoac tap the.

Trai lai, nhieu y kien cho rang: che dp sd hiiu
dat dai hien nay ve cd ban da dn, neu
thiia
nhan sd hiiu tU nhan doi vdi dat dai, dat
nUdc
se bat dn.
+
Vekei
cdu kinh te, GS.TS. Vii Dinh Bach,
PGS.TS.
Nguyen Ciic de
nghi,
nen chuyen
each
phan chia nen kinh te theo thanh phan
sang theo khu
vUc^"
cho phii hdp thong le qud'c
te va cho ring ket cau kinh te trong nen kinh
te thi trUdng dinh
hudng
XHCN bao gdm hai
khu vUc la kinh te nha nU6c va kinh te tU
nhan. Hai khu vUc nay cd chiic nang khac
nhau nhUng deu ciing muc tieu, trong dd kinh
te nha nU6c la cong cu vi md, cdn kinh te tU
nhan cd muc tieu duy nhat la kinh doanh va
cd vai trd quyet dinh trong viec tao ra
GDP^^.
Trong dieu kien quan he san xua't dinh hudng

XHCN va
sti
quan ly dieu tiet ctia Nha
nUdc
XHCN, kinh te tU nhan khong the mang tinh
chat TBCN nhu trong CNTB.
- Dgc
trihig
ve phdn phdi: GS.TS. Vu Dinh
Bach chp ring: trong nen kinh te thi trUdng
dinh hudng XHCN, phan pho'i "dUdc thtic hien
theo yeu to' lao dong va cac yeu to' san xua't
khac,
dtia tren nguyen tic cd che thi trUdng co
sU dieu tiet
\'i
mo ctia Nha
nUdc,
phat huy
truyen thdng tUdng than tUdng ai ciia cong
ddng dan cU nhim dieu hda thu nhap giiia cac
giai tang xa hpi".
1.2.4.
Ve
nhiing yeu
tdbdo
ddm dinh hiidng
XHCN:
Nhieu y kien cho ring: Dang Cong san,
Nha nudc XHCN va kinh te nha nu6c la

nhiing nhan to' quye't dinh dinh
hUdng
XHCN
cua nen kinh te thi
trUdng^'',
la dieu kien tien
quye't, so'ng cdn dam bao giii viing dinh
hudng
va xay dUng thanh cong nen kinh te thi
trUdng dinh hudng XHCN d Vigt Nam. Day la
diem khac biet can ban vdi cac nen kinh te thi
trUdng thong
thUdng".
GS.TS.
Vii Dinh Bach cho ring: tinh dinh
hudng XHCN khong chi dUdc xac dinh bdi
nhan to' sd hiiu cong cong ve tU lieu san xua't,
ma la he qua tdng hdp ciia ca mot cd cau sd
hiiu tho'ng nha't. "Tinh chat dinh hudng
XHCN cua bp phan
s6
hiiu tU nhan dUdc xac
dinh tii nhieu giac do,
b6i
le nd la mpt bp phan
cau thanh cd cau sd hiiu tho'ng nha't". Tinh
dinh hudng XHCN ciia nen kinh te Viet Nam
hien nay khong phai dudc xac dinh can ban
d
"ban than sd hiiu" ma la d tinh chat ciia cac

"chii the sci hiiu", can ban nha't la ci chti the
nha
nUdc
XHCN^^
Y kie'n khac cho ring: cd
"hai yeu to' chii yeu" quye't dinh tien trinh
phat trien kinh te thi trUdng theo dinh hudng
XHCN la "thi trUdng va nha
nUdc",
bai
day la
hai cd cau quyen
lUc
din dit sti phat trien,
cho nen trong tam ciia viec ban luan phat
trien kinh te thi trUdng dinh hudng XHCN la
ban ve
md'i
quan he chiic nang giiia hai
liic
lUdng
nay, di sau hdn la ban ve van dd nhan
thiic va hanh dpng cua nha
nu6c
vdi tU
each
la
chii
the quyen
lUc

c6 y thtic. Vdi vai trd chti
dao thuoc nha nU6c (chii khong phai kinh te
nha
nUdc),
dinh
hudng
XHCN dUdc bao dam
bing nha
nUdc
XHCN, hay nha nU6c dinh
hudng XHCN. Do khu vtic tU nhan ddng vai
13.
Nguygn Thanh Tuyen,
Nguydn
Qudc Te va
Luc(ng
Minh Cir (2003),
'"SdhOli tunhan
vd kinh
tetunlidn trong
nen kinh te
tlii
trudng dinh hudng XHCN d Viet Nam",
Nxb Tdng hgp, thanh phd Ho
Chi
Minh,
y.
13-25.
14.
GS.TS. Vu

Dinh
Bach, GS.TS. Tran Minh Dao Sdd,
tr.225;
Nguygn
Ciic
va Kim Van Chinh (2006): "So hiru
nha nudc va DNNN Uong nen kinh te thi tnrdng dinh hudng
XHCN
a
Viet
Nam",
Nxb
Ly
luan chinh
tri,
lr.99-100.
15.
GSTS
Vu Dinh
Bach,
GSTS Tran Minh Dao &H
tr.225.
16.
Neu dung nhu viy, cd phai chang tinh dinh hudng
XHCN khdng phai dupc the hien va bao dam
tir
chinh "cd
sd ciia ddi sdng kinh
te^'
ma do kien tnic

thupng
tang quyei
dinh (?>.
17.
18. GSTS. Vu Dinh Bach, GS.TS Trin Minh Dao
Sdd,
u.
289.
Nghien cdu
Kinti
ti s6 380 • Tiling
1/2010
Ve
nen
kinh
te thj
trirang

trd chu dao trong viec tao viec lam, cho nen
tren quan diem tao viec lam, tang thu nhap
va tang cUdng
lUc lUdng
cho dpi ngii cdng
nhan, thi phat trien khu vUc tU nhan la yeu to'
thiic day manh me, hieu qua nha't dinh hudng
XHCN'^
Nhiing lap luan tren cho thay nhieu ngUdi
da khd cong tim kiem, ly giai
tinh
tat yeu

khach quan ciia nen kinh te thi trUdng dinh
hudng XHCN, nhUng cuo'i ciing deu rdi vao
duy tam chu quan, lam cho nhiing ly le khoa
hpc mat tinh thuyet phuc khi cho tinh dinh
hudng XHCN, hay TBCN khong phai do cai
khach quan ma la do nhan to' chu quan, "chti
the sd hiiu" quye't dinh, trong khi thiic ra
chinh npi dung quan he sci hiiu quy dinh ban
chat cua cac chti the sci hiiu, ke ca chu the nha
nUdc
chti khong phai ngUdc lai. Bcii chiing ta
deu biet "trong tinh hien
thiJc
ciia nd, con
ngUdi la tdng hda cac quan he xa hpi".
1.2.5.
Ve dieu kien thiic hien mo hinh kinh
te'thi triidng dinh hiidng
XHCN:
Noi chung, cd nhieu y kien cho la: (1)
trUdc
het, phai ddi mdi nhan thiic va phUdng thiic
lanh dao ciia Dang; (2) phai nang cao vai trd
va hoan thien cd che quan ly ciia Nha nU6c
XHCN, phan dinh ro chiic nang nha
nUdc
va
thi trUdng; (3) phai xay dting, phat trien ddng
bp he tho'ng cac thi trUdng yeu to'; (4) phai doi
mdi va xay dting cd cau sd hiiu va ket cau

kinh te phii hdp;
(5)
phai phat trien giao
due
-
dao tao, khoa hpc va cdng nghe, nhim nit
ngin khoang
each
ve trinh dp
lUc lUdng
san
xua't so vdi the gidi
1.3. NhUng van de dat ra ve ly luan vd
thUc
tien
1.3.1.
Nhiing vdn de ddt ra vi nhdn thUc, ly
ludn
Qua khai quat nhiing quan niem, quan
diem neu tren cho thay: nhan thiic ve nen
kinh te thi trUdng dinh
hudng
XHCN da cd
budc tien mdi, ngay cang sau sic hdn, nhat la
budc dau thay dUdc tac dong "kep"
ciia
cac quy
luat khach quan chi pho'i sU van dong
ciia
nen

kinh te nay. Tuy nhien, xem xet van de tii lap
trUdng duy vat bien chiing cho thay vin cdn
nhieu dieu chUa rd:
1-
Neu cho kinh te thi trUdng la phiidng
tien thi cd the sii dung hoac khdng va nhU vay
se khdng the ly giai dUdc
sii
tien hda tii CNTB
len CNXH, vi khong dam bao tinh lien tuc,
tinh
kethiia
ciia sU phat trien.
2-
Cho ring nen kinh te thi trUdng dinh
hudng XHCN co muc tieu la cd sU nham lan
giiia nen kinh te vdi tU
each
la cai tdn tai, van
dpng theo nhiing xu hudng nha't dinh du6i sti
tac dpng cua cac quy luat khach quan, khdng
cd muc dich; vdi chii thuyet, the che kinh te',
chinh tri xa hpi la cai chii quan, cd muc tieu.
Khong ai ndi trai dat quay xung quanh mat
trdi,
hay nu6c chay
tCf
tren cao xudng thap la
nhim muc tieu nay hay khac!
3-

Neu cho ring cac thiet che, cdng cu va
nguyen tac van hanh nen kinh te thi trUdng
dinh hudng XHCN la do
tii
gidc tgo lap vd
sii
dung, nhu vay cd phai chang nhiing thiet che,
nguyen tic ay khong cd trong hien thiic khach
quan ma hoan toan sang tao ra. Dieu nay
khdng kheo se lap lai sai lam nhU
trUdc
day
khi cho ring sU ra ddi
ciia
CNTB la tU phat,
cdn CNXH ra ddi hdan toan tU giac va hau
qua la phai ddi mdi toan dien mdi cd dUdc
nhiing thanh tUu ngay nay!
4-
Cho ring "kinh te nha nU6c giii vai trd
chd dgo, kinh te nha
nUdc
va kinh te tap the
ngay cang trd thanh nin tdng
vUng
chac ciia
nen kinh te qud'c dan", nhUng the nao la chii
dao va nen tang lai chUa dUdc lam ro de tho'ng
nha't nhan
thUc,

thUc hien. Mat khac,
each
mang la sU nghiep cua nhan dan, cac linh vUc
khac
ciia
ddi so'ng xa hpi deu dUdc khang dinh
phai dUa tren nen tang nhan dan, cdn kinh te
lai chu trUdng dUa tren nen tang nha
nUdc
la
bp phan thupc kien tnic thUdng tang. Hdn
nUa,
kinh te nha
nUdc
va tap the tren thiic te
chUa td rd siic so'ng npi sinh. Ngoai ra, kinh te
nha nu6c va tap the ve thiic chat cd phai la
kinh te cong
hUu
XHCN hay khong, ciing la
dieu can lam rd. Do dd quan diem nay chUa dn
ca ve ly luan va thUc tien.
Trai lai, neu cho kinh te da sd hiiu, hay
kinh
te'tU
nhan la nen tang, thi tinh dinh
19.
Tran Dinh Thien (2007), Da dan.
Nghi6n
cuu Kinti ti

so
380 •
Ttiang
1/2010
Ve
nen
kinh
te
thi
truang
hudng XHCN
ciia
thanh phan kinh te nay
dUdc bieu hien nhU the nao va neu diing nhU
vay, thi kinh te thi trUdng dinh
hUdng
XHCN
khac vdi kinh te thi trUdng TBCN ra sao ?
5-
Thed quan diem duy vat, tinh dinh
hudng XHCN
trUdc
het nim d ben trong qua
trinh san xua't va tai san xua't xa hoi, do do
phai xem xet nd d qua trinh phan pho'i lan
dau,
chii
khong phai d phan pho'i lai thong
qua cac hoat dpng mang tinh nhan dao,
tijf

thien hay he tho'ng an sinh, phiic ldi xa hpi.
Mat khac, neu cho ring trong nen kinh te thi
trUdng dinh
hUdng
XHCN, thUc hien phdn
phdi chu yeu theo ket qud lao dgng vd hieu
qud kinh te, song phan pho'i theo ket qua lao
dpng khac vdi phan pho'i theo lao dpng nhU
quan niem
trUdc
day va vdi che dp phan pho'i
TBCN ra sao, nd cd gi Uu viet hdn ve ly luan
va thtic tien can phai dUdc lam ro.
6- De dam bao tinh dinh
hUdng
XHCN, ddi
hdi phai cd nhan to' chu quan la sU lanh dao,
quan ly ctia Dang, Nha
nUdc
XHCN. Dieu dd
la diing va cang diing hdn vdi hoan canh Viet
Nam, song dieu cd ban la phai lam rd tinh
khach quan ctia dinh
hudng
XHCN ca ve ly
luan va thUc tien. ChUa lam rd dieu nay ma
cii
cho
tinh
dinh hudng XHCN la do nhan to'

chii quan, do "chii the nha nUdc" quye't dinh,
sang tao ra la trai vdi lap trUdng duy vat.
1.3.2. Nhiing vdn di dgt ra
vi
thiic tiin
Thd nhdt, cho ring Dang va Nha nU6c la
nhan to' quye't dinh tinh dinh
hUdng
XHCN,
nhung ban than Dang, Nha
nUdc
dang cd
nhiing bat cap, nha't la nhiing bieu hien suy
thpai, tu diin bien neu chUa dUdc khic phuc
mpt
each
cd hieu qua, thi lieu cd giii dUdc
sii
trung thanh hoac cd kha nang bao dam dinh
hudng XHCN hay khong?
Thd hai, cho ring sd hiiu nha
nUdc
va sd
hUu
tap the la sd hiiu XHCN, kinh te nha
nudc va kinh te tap the ngay cang trd thanh
nen tang ctia nen kinh te, nhUng tren thUc te
cac hinh thiic sd hiiu va cac thanh phan kinh
te nay chUa the hien dUdc tinh hieu qua, tinh
Uu viet hdn hin so vdi sd hiiu tu nhan TBCN,

vay do cd phai la sd hiiu XHCN va co the trci
thanh nen tang ctia nen kinh te hay khong ?
Nhiing van de dat ra neu tren deu lien
quan den van de sci hiiu va sci hiiu XHCN;
song sd hiiu XHCN la nhU the nao, dac trUng
ban chat, dieu kien ra ddi va tdn tai khach
quan ctia nd ra sao, tinh hieu qua va Uu viet
ciia
nd dUdc bieu hien the nao van chUa dUdc
lam rd.
2.
Quan niem ve tinh tait yeu, dac
trvfng
cua nen kinh te thi
trifcfng
dinh
hiidfng
XHCN va dac diem cua
Viet Nam
2.1.
Ve tinh tat yeu va dac triing chung
cua nen kinh te'thi triidng dinh hudng
XHCN
Chiing ta deu thay ranh gidi giiia hai xa
hoi tu ban va XHCN dang trong qua trinh
chuyen hda,
tiic
ban chat kinh te chinh tri ciia
xa hpi trong thdi ky qua dp khong de phan
biet rach rdi. De co the nhan ro, diing dan tinh

tat yeu va nhiing dac trUng chung, khach
quan ciia nen kinh te thi trUdng dinh hudng
XHCN, can phai xem xet
sii
van dpng, phat
trien
ciia
cac quan he sd hiiu, nha't la nhiing
hinh thiic sci hiiu hien dai; di sau nghien ciiu
sti chuyen bien, tien hoa trong cau tnic vi mo
ciia chiing, gan lien vdi qua trinh van dpng,
phat trien "tti nhien" ciia kinh te thi trUdng,
nhu the mdi cd the thay ro xu
hUdng
phat
trien khach quan ciia cac quan he sd hiiu hien
nay va phan biet dUdc sti khac nhau giiia sd
hiiu XHCN va
s6
hiiu TBCN.
Tren cd sd ly luan ctia Cac Mac ve CNTB
tu do canh tranh, ciia Lenin ve chu nghia de
quoc,
tii
ket qua nghien ciiu cau thanh quan
he sd hiiu, cac tinh chat, xu
hUdng
van dpng
ciia nd va qua
bUdc

dau nghien ciiu
sii
van
dong, phat trien ciia cac quan he sd hiiu hien
dai trong hien thiic, cho phep khang dinh:
- Mpt la, the gidi ngdy nay dang qud do len
CNXH vd thiic te dang ton tgi khdch quan
hinh thdi kinh te thi triidng dinh hiidng
XHCN d nhiiu
niidc
tren the gidi
diidi
nhieu
sdc thdi cu the khdc nhau.
That vay, c6 nhieu nen kinh te thi trUdng
tren the gidi dang van dpng va phat then theo
dinh hudng XHCN,
tiic
la cd nhieu nen kinh
te thi trUdng dinh
hUdng
XHCN da va dang ra
8
Nghien cuu Kinh
14
s6 380 - Thang
1/2010
Ve nen kinh te thi
trudng

ddi,
tdn tai va phat trien khach quan vdi
nhieu bieu hien, sic thai khac nhau, phu
thupc hoan canh lich
sii
va trinh dp phat trien
cua moi nu6c. Dd la nhiing nen kinh te thi
trUdng chua phai la kinh te XHCN, nhUng
cung khdng cdn thuan
tiiy
la nen kinh te thi
trUdng TBCN; nd it nhieu cd yeu to', tinh chat
XHCN, tinh chat nay xua't hien khach quan
va ngay cang tang len trong qua trinh phat
trien^°.
Do tinh chat qua dp cua no, nen kinh te thi
trUdng dinh
hUdng
XHCN viia tuan theo quy
luat
ciia
kinh te thi trUdng TBCN, viia cd sU
chi pho'i bcii cac quy luat mdi nay sinh mang
tinh XHCN vdi tU
each
la mpt bu6c tien hda
mdi ciia kinh te thi trUdng. Mat khac, nd cdn
chiu sU tac dpng thiic day hoac can trd
ciia
nhan to chu quan, nha't la cac dang chinh tri

va nha nUSc, phap luat, tiiy sU tac dpng dd cd
phii hdp vdi quy luat khach quan hay khdng.
- Hai la, nen kinh
tethi
triidng dinh hiidng
XHCN
CO
ddc triing
ld^\
Ve
liic
liidng sdn xudt, da cd
bUdc
phat
trien nhay vpt ca ve trinh dp cdng nghe va
tinh chat xa hpi hda. Sti tich tu, tap trung vd'n
cao dp da dan den xa hpi hda san xua't, sd hiiu
sau rpng ca ben trong va ben ngoai bien gidi
cac qud'c gia. Cd cau kinh te chuyen dich
manh sang linh vtic dich vu,
svt
dung cdng
nghe cao, ddi hdi lao dpng cd ky nang va ham
lUdng
tri thiic cao. Nhd
do'
da tao ra nang
suat, chat
lUdng
va hieu qua kinh doanh cao.

Ndi chung,
lUc lUdng
san xua't da phat trien
cao den miic lam xudt hien qud trinh tha hoa
tii
bdn vd tgo ra nhiing hinh thdc sd hdu mdi.
Vi che do sd hdu: dd la nen kinh te cd ket
cau
sci
hiiu da dang, dan xen, hon hdp nhieu
hinh thiic sd hiiu, trong dd cd ca nhiing hinh
thiic sd hiiu ciia che dp xa hpi cii va mdi, tiiy
trinh dp phat trien cua nen kinh te ma thanh
phan sd hiiu nao chie'm da sd, mang tinh trdi.
Dac biet la ket cau sci hiiu dd dang trong qua
trinh van dpng theo xu
hudng
xa hpi hda
XHCN,
tiic
dang cd sU xua't hien va tdn tai
nhiiu hinh thdc sd hdu qud do, kieu
"nxla
ddi
mia chupt", mang tinh xa hpi va XHCN vdi
nhieu trinh dp
txi
thap den cao,
tii
sci hiiu tap

the TBCN la chu yeu, sang sd hiiu xa hpi va
XHCN ngay cang
nhieu^^
tii
chUa hoan thien
den hoan thien hdn. Tii dd, mang lai nang
suat, chat
lUdng,
hieu qua kinh te - xa hpi va
the hien tinh Uu viet cao hdn, thiic day
liic
lUdng
san xua't tiep tuc phat trien manh me.
Cau thanh
ciia
nhiing hinh thiic sd
hUu
qua dp dd cd dac diem: ve chu the, nd mang
tinh tap the, tinh cpng ddng, ndi chung la tinh
xa hpi vdi nhieu cap dp
tU
nhdm den dai
chiing, dp dd de thiic hien cac quyen va nghia
vu sci hiiu phai thong qua "ngUdi dai dien". Ve
dd'i tUdng sd hiiu, da va dang tiep tuc hinh
thanh ngay cang nhieu dd'i tUdng dat trinh dp
hien dai va tinh chat xa hpi hda cao, tham chi
mang tinh toan cau. Ve npi dung cac quyen va
20.
De dl

hinh
dung, cd the dya vao so do
vS
trang thai
chuyen hda
ciia
sy vat tii A thanh B nhu sau: sy vat A
chuyen thanh sy vat B cd the' trai qua cac giai doan qua dd
nhu
A^ A'-^
'A"->
B"^ B'^
B. Cung cd the la
A->
A'^
B"->
B'^
B,
hoac
A^
A'^
B"^
B Theo dd, d
A' da cd nhan td mdi khac A nhung chua ro la nhan td B.
O A" cd them nhan to mdi nhung cung chua rd la nhan td
B.
d B" bat dau cd nhan to B nhung chua ro lim. 0 B' thi
nhan td B da ro nhung chua day dii. Can cu vao sa do dd va
qua xem xet cac quan he sd hiru hien dai cd the ndi hien
nay, xet ve

tinh
chai XHCN ciia sd hiru thi da cd d trang
thai B", tham
chi
la B', con trang thai A' va A" thi da rai
rd, nhung trang thai B,
tire
sd huu XHCN hoan chinh chua
hinh thanh day
dii,
dien
hinh.
21.
Xem xet van de d binh dien hinh thai kinh te xa hoi,
se thay tinh dinh hudng XHCN the hien
a
nhilu
ITnh
vuc:
kinh te, chinh tri, van hda, xa hdi
22.
Khi phan tich cau tnic va cd che van ddng vi md
ciia
cac quan he sd hiru Uong cac nen kinh te thi tnrdng
phat trie'n hien nay gdn vdi
sir
van dong, phat
triSn ciia
luc
luong san xuai hien dai, chiing ta se thay rd su chuyen

hda cd tinh chai tien hda tiing budc ca vl mat co cau va
ca che van ddng cia sd huu (cai thudng duoc goi la su tu
dilu chinh
ciia
CNTB),
tir
sd huu tu nhan TBCN sang sd
huu tap the TBCN, tiep tuc sang sd hiiu tap the cd tinh
chai XHCN ngay cang nhilu. Qua dd cho thay ro su ra
ddi va tdn tai khach quan cac hinh thu:c sd huu ft nhieu
mang
tinh
XHCN Uong hien thuc chu khdng phai
la sir
tudng tucmg, duy ly hay phai do nhan td
chii
quan, tu giac
tao ra nhu quan niem
ciia
nhilu ngudi hien nay.
Tir
dd cd
the khing dinh
sir
ra ddi cda sd huu XHCN va tinh dinh
hudng XHCN cua kinh te thi trudng la mot thuc te khach
quan, chir khdng phai la
sir
gan ghep khien cuong. Nhu
vay kinh te thi tnrdng dinh hudng XHCN

la
mot nac
thang tien hda nhd Uong tien trinh phat
trien ciia
xa hdi
chu: khdng phai la phuong tien nhu quan niem hien nay.
Xem them: "Cau thanh quan he sd huu, cac tinh chai va
xu hudng van ddng
ciia
nd".
Tap
chi
Nghien cu:u kinh te,
sd 12, nam 2009, tr.3 cua
cimg
tac gia.
Nghien
cdu Kinti ti s6
380
• Tiling
1/2010
Ve
nen
kinh
te thi
truang

nghia vu sd hiiu, ngay cang phai sinh nhieu
quyen va nghia
vti

sci hiiu, rat phong
phii,
da
dang
(R.
Koud va A. Altrian cho la mpt "chum
tia" gdm 11
quyeV^;
nhat la cd sU tach biet,
phan hda, chuyen biet hda cac quyen nang
khac nhau, lam cho quyen sci hiiu phai sinh
ngay cang "thu gpn" chi cdn la quyen hUdng
ldi,
thuc dung, tach hin khdi qua trinh san
xuat kinh doanh. Ve ldi ich sd hiiu, ldi
ich
do
qua trinh sd hiiu mang lai rat ldn ve quy mo,
da dang ve tinh chat, cd kha nang thoa man
nhu cau cua chti the sd hiiu mang tinh xa hpi,
dai chiing. Dac biet la trong cau tnic va cd che
van dpng ciia nhiing hinh
thUc
sd hiiu mdi
nay, sU phan cong, phan quyen gan lien vdi sU
phan chia ldi ich, van dpng theo xu
hUdng:
vai
trd
ciia

cac chti the sd hiiu vd'n ngay cang
giam va chii the sd hiiu
siic
lao dpng ngay
cang tang, tii dd cho thay rd sU khac biet
giUa
sd hiiu tap the TBCN va sd hiiu tap the mang
tinh XHCN.
Vi cd che van dgng cua nin kinh te: nen
kinh te van van hanh theo cac quy luat chung
ciia kinh te thi trUdng nhU quy luat gia tri, gia
tri thang dU, canh tranh, cung cau v.v
nhUng cd them nhiing quy luat mdi mang tinh
XHCN xua't
hien^'*,
do bu6c phat trien mdi ctia
lUc lUdng
san xua't. Dd la cd che thi trUdng cd
tinh
tu dpng cao hdn trong viec dam bao tinh
hieu qua va cong bing ctia nen kinh te, mac
dii vin cdn phai ket hdp vdi sU quan ly dieu
tiet cua nha
nUdc,
nhUng la nha
nUdc
"thong
minh" hdn.
Vi phdn phdi: vin thtic hien phan pho'i lan
dau theo

miic
ddng gdp cac yeu to' san xua't,
ddng thdi da cd sU chia se mpt phan gia tri
thang du cho ngUdi lao dpng d
miic
dp nha't
dinh theo chat
lUdng,
hieu qua lao dpng va co
xu hudng ngay cang tang.
- Ba la, vai trd chti quan cd y nghia rat
quan trpng, song cai khach quan mdi la nhan
td cd ban, quyet dinh tinh dinh hudng XHCN
cua nen kinh te. Do la sU tho'ng nha't va dau
tranh giiia cac chti the do'i lap ben trong mdi
quan he sd hiiu va giiia cac chu the thupc cac
loai hinh, hinh thtic thUc hien sd hiiu khac
nhau dUdc bieu hien ra d sti tho'n'g nhat va
dau tranh, canh tranh giiia cac chti the thi
trUdng, trong do c6 ca nha nUdc vdi tU
each
la
nha dau tU san xuat kinh doanh. Chinh cai
khach quan do la nhan to' thiic day sU van
dpng
tCf
sd hiiu tU nhan chuyen dan thanh sd
hiiu tap the TBCN, rdi thanh sd hiiu cong
cpng XHCN, chii khong ai co the tti giac sang
tao

ra^^.
Dieu dd co nghia la tinh dinh hudng
XHCN nim d cd sd ciia ddi so'ng kinh te, ngay
ben trong moi te bao kinh te
chii
khong phai
do cac nhan to' thuoc kien tnic thUdng tang
quye't dinh. Tuy nhien, cai chu quan la nhan
to'
rat quan trpng trong viec thiic day nhanh,
nit ngin qua trinh phat trien va bdt tra gia do
tranh dUdc nhiing
dich
dac lich sii. Song, nd
ciing cd the kim ham sU phat trien neu mic
phai sai lam chu quan, ndng voi, hoac bao thu.
Vai tro cua nhan to' chii quan do'i vdi Viet
Nam cang c6 y nghia to ldn hdn, bdi nhieu
nguyen nhan: diem xua't phat thap, di sau,
phai canh tranh vdi cac do'i thii khdng can
siic,
chuyen tii kinh te ke hoach hda tap trung
sang kinh te'thi trUdng
2.2. Dac diem cua nen hinh te thi
trudng dinh hudng XHCN d Viet Nam
Nen kinh te thi trUdng dinh
hUdng
XHCN
d Viet Nam ciing cd nhiing dac trUng chung
neu tren, ngoai ra con co nhiing dac diem

rieng nhU sau:
(1) Nen kinh te Viet Nam khdng phai qua
dp tii nen kinh te thi trUdng phat trien cao,
ma la tii nen kinh te hang hda thuan ndng
tien tu ban, cac yeu to' thi trUdng dang trong
qua trinh hinh thanh; lai
vtfa
trai qua nhieu
nam, nhieu cuoc chien tranh, nen cd diem
xua't phat thap.
23.
Theo Nguyin Van Thao va Nguyin Him Dat
(2004),
Mot
so
vdn de ve sd
iiuu
a
nudc
ta hien
nay,
Nxb
Chinh tri qud'c
gia.
Ha Ndi, tr.
15
24.
De lam ro nhung quy luat mdi nay cdn cd mdt de
tai nghien
cihi

rieng.
25.
Theo chiing tdi cac chuang trinh, phong trao
van
dpng cham lo cho ngudi ngheo the hien ro
chii
nghia nhan
dao,
tir thien cao dep ciia che dp ta, nhung dd chua phai la
CNXH theo quan niem
ciia
kinh te chinh tri hpc, mac du
CNXH mang tinh nhan dao hon hin so vdi CNTB, bdi
tinh nhan dao
ciia
CNXH the ngay uong ban than cac quy
luat kinh te khach quan ciia nd.
10
Nghien cdu Kinh ti so 380 • Tiling
1/2010
Ve
nen
kinh
te thi
truang

(2) Nen kinh te dUdc "ddi mdi" tii che dp
hien vat, ke hoach hda tap trung, bao cap,
khep
kin,

dUa tren nhiing hinh thiic td chiic
kinh te cdng hiiu mang nang tinh hinh thiic,
kem hieu qua sang van dpng thtic sU theo cac
quy luat thi trUdng va md
cijta,
hoi
nh^p
qudc
te.
(3) Su phat trien cua nen kinh te Viet
Nam chiu
sii
tac dpng manh me, tich cUc ciia
nhan
to'
chii quan. Dd la sU lanh dao ciia Dang
va Nha
nUdc,
qua thtic tien da cho thay ro
tinh diing din, sang suot, tich cUc, nha't la khi
thiic hien dUdng
lo'i
ddi mdi den nay. Ddng
thcii, dUdc thiic hien bdi mpt dan tpc cd truyen
tho'ng doan ket, yeu nU6c, bat khuat, kien
cUdng va tinh than cau tien; trai qua chien
tranh chiu nhieu hy sinh gian kho, lai dUdc
tiep thu
chii
nghia Mac - Lenin,

tii
dd cd y chi
va kha nang vUdn len phat trien manh me dat
nudc theo tU tUdng XHCN.
Do nhiing dac diem dd nen nen kinh te thi
trudng dinh hudng XHCN d Viet Nam chiu sU
tac dpng chi phdi ddng thdi va dan xen lan
nhau ciia nhieu qua trinh, quy luat khach
quan va chii quan rat phiic tap nhU: qua trinh
cdng nghiep hda gin lien vdi hien dai hda, dd
thi hda va toan ciu hda; qua trinh tich tu, tap
trung TBCN va XHCN,
TUc
la dang dien ra
ddng thdi song song va no'i tiep nhau hai qua
trinh khach quan cd ban la qua trinh tha hda
lao dpng va tha hda tU ban, ca hai deu dien ra
manh me, trong dd qua trinh tha hda lao dpng
diln ra manh me hdn, tuy co sU phu thupc
nha't dinh va sU tac dpng tich cUc cua cac
nhan
to'
chu quan.
3.
NhiJng
van de co tinh nguyen tac
trong viec phat trien nen kinh te
thi
trifdfng
Viet Nam theo dinh

hifdngXHCN
Tii nhiing dac trUng chung cd tinh khach
quan
ciia
nen kinh te thi trUdng dinh hUdng
XHCN va nhiing dac diem rieng cua Viet
Nam nhu tren, de thiic day phat trien nhanh
nen kinh te Viet Nam theo cd che thi trUdng
va dinh hudng XHCN, can nim viing nhiing
van de cd tinh nguyen tic nhU sau:
1-
Phdi phdt huy cao do tinh tich
ciic,
ndng
dgng, sdng tgo cua nhdn to' chu quan, song
phdi ndm vdng, ton trgng vd tudn thu nghiem
ngdt cdc quy ludt khdch quan trong qud trinh
xdy diing, phdt trien kinh te xd hoi de trdnh
pham sai lam cd hai khuynh hiidng chu quan,
nong voi hoac bdo thu, tri tre:
Nguyen tic nay ddi hdi phai nhan thiic va
nim bit dUdc tinh khach quan ciia mo hinh
kinh te thi trUdng dinh hudng XHCN de van
dung cho phu hdp. Khdng qua de cao hoac
phii
nhan vai trd tich cUc cua nhan to' chii quan
ciia Dang, Nha
nUdc
va nhan dan, de tranh
dan tdi lap lai sai lam chu quan, duy y chi

trUdc
day, hoac di
tU
cUc nay sang cUc khac.
Sli phat trien
lUc lUdng
san xua't la nhan to'
quye't dinh cho sU ra ddi va phat trien ciia
quan he san xua't, quan he sd hiiu, nhUng
quan he sd
hUu
ciing cd
sii
tac dpng thiic day
tich
ciic
do'i vdi sU phat trien ciia
Itic lUdng
san
xua't. Cho nen, de thiic day
lUc lUdng
san xua't
phat trien nhanh, ben viing, phai tim ra
nhiing hinh thiic sd
hUu
mdi, phu hdp vdi thiic
tien nham thiic day
lUc lUdng
san xua't phat
trien. Dd la bien chUng

giUa
cai khach quan
va chii quan. Vai trd quan trpng cua chii quan
la d chd tim ra nhiing hinh thdc quan he sdn
xudt phil hdp hdn de thdc ddy
liic
liidng sdn
xudt phdt trien nhanh, it phdi trd gid hdn.
Tuy nhien, quan he san xua't, quan he sd
hUu
la cai
"tii
nhien, khach quan",
mud'n
xac lap
phai tuan thu va bao dam cac dieu kien khach
quan cua nd, neu khdng thi se lap lai sai lam
trUdc
day.
2-
Phdi
CO
quan niem bien chdng, hien
thi/c
vi
sdhdu
vd thdnh phdn kinh te:
Can thay ring bat
cii
hinh thiic sd hiiu va

kinh te nao mang lai ldi ich deu cd cd sd de nd
tdn tai, do dd can dUdc ton trpng va phat huy,
khong nen dinh kien; song ciing khdng cd
Ipai
hinh sd hiiu nao la toi Uu, tot dep mpt
each
ly
tudng, khdng cd mat trai, khong cd mau thuan
ben trong va ben ngoai. Tuy nhien, trong tiing
thdi ky lich
si,
bao gid ciing cd nhiing hinh
thiic sd hiiu (dUdc the hien thong qua
nhUng
hinh thiic td chtic kinh te cu the) cd
siic
sdng
ndi trpi, phat trien ngay cang nhieu, trd thanh
Itic
lUdng,
xu the phat trien chii dao cua nen
kinh te. Can phat hien, nam bat tac dpng thiic
Nghi4n cOu
Kinh li si
380
- Thing
1/2010
11
Ve
nen

kinh
te thj
truang

day phat trien nhanh
lUc
lUdng,
xu the dd,
ddng thdi chii dpng kiem soat, han che nhiing
mat trai do nd gay ra. Tii dd, can xem xet lai
vai trd khach quan va thiic chat cua kinh te
nha
nUdc
de dau tU va
sii
dting phii hdp, cd
hieu qua. Thtic te cho thay, day la
lUc lUdng
vat chat manh me cd kha nang giiip Nha
nUdc
chi pho'i nen kinh te theo hai hudng - ciing cd
the coi la hai chiic nang chinh
ciia
thanh phan
kinh te nay: trUdc het, dd la cong
cii
dieu tiet
nen kinh te, bao dam dn dinh kinh te vi mo;
hai
Id,

luc
lUdng
kinh te giiip Nha
nUdc
dinh
hudng, md dUdng, thiic day cac thanh phan va
nen kinh te phat trien nhanh theo
hUdng
cong
nghiep hda, hien dai hoa va XHCN. NhU vay,
kinh te nha
nUdc
cd vai tro ctic ky quan trpng
khdng the thieu, nhUng vin la "chat
xiic
tac",
nd giiip thtic day, dan dat va hieu chinh
sii
phat trien hdn la thanh phan chinh, la nen
tang cua sU phat trien. Mat khac, kinh te nha
nudc ciing chua hin la kinh te XHCN, nhieu
doanh nghiep nha
nUdc
op ep, thua 16 keo dai
dd phai chang la doanh nghiep XHCN. Do
vay, nen tang ciia sU phat trien phai thupc
khu vUc kinh te dan doanh va tinh chat
XHCN cua nen kinh te ciing phai dUdc the
hien chinh trong khu vUc nay, trong dp thanh
phan kinh te co cd sd vat chat ky thuat tien

tien va trinh dp xa hpi hoa cao la
Itic lUdng
chii dao cua sU phat
trien'^,
nhU vay mdi phii
hdp vdi lap trUdng duy vat bien chiing va
quan diem dan la
go'c,
each
mang la
sii
nghiep
ciia
nhan dan.
Bing cai nhin thiic tiln, bien chiing dd'i vdi
sd hiiu tu nhan va kinh te tU nhan, can thay
sU ra ddi
ciia
sd hiiu XHCN la
tii
sd hiiu tU
nhan TBCN phat trien dat trinh dp xa hpi hda
cao.
Viet Nam cdn san xua't nhd, sd hiiu tU
nhan nhd yeu, do dd thiic day sd hiiu tU nhan
TBCN phat trien ciing chinh la tao tien de cho
sti ra ddi
ciia
sd hiiu XHCN. D6 la con dUdng
dl len CNXH

phii
hdp vdi thiic tien
nUdc
ta,
cho nen: " phat trien khu vUc tU nhan la yeu
td thiic day manh me, hieu qua nha't dinh
hudng
XHCN"^'
la nhan dinh c6 ly. Tuy vay,
khong nen chi dting lai d tao tien de ma con
can thtic day nhanh sU ra ddi cua cac hinh
thiic sd hiiu mang
tinh
XHCN tii thap den
cao,
bing nhiing bien phap tich
ciic
nhiing
khong duy y chi nhU: khuyen khich phat trien
cac hinh thiic kinh te cd phan, hdp tac xa ce
phan, cd phan hda cac doanh nghiep, cdng ty
tu nhan; tiep tuc day manh cd phan hda
doanh nghiep nha
nUdc;
Nha
nUdc
ciing cd the
bd vd'n ra thanh lap doanh nghiep tren nhiing
linh
viic

quan trong, thiet yeu ma tU nhan
khong dii siic hoac sd riii ro rdi cd phan hda de
nhieu ngUdi tham gia va Nha
nUdc
cd vd'n
thanh lap tiep Do la sU the hien tinh
chii
dpng, sang tao, nhUng ciing rat de din den
chii quan, duy y chi, cho nen phai than trpng,
thii nghiem cd ke't qua mdi trien khai tiep.
3-
Phdi lay con
ngiidi Idm
trung tdm,
Id
dgng
liic
vd
Id
muc tieu cua
sii
phdt trien:
Tinh XHCN the hien d con ngUdi nim d vi
tri trung tam, giii vai trd la nhan to' quyet
dinh td'c dp va chat
lUdng
cua sU phat trien
chii khong phai vd'n, ky thuat. Do do, phai
cham lo va phat huy td'i da nhan
to'

con ngUdi,
quan tam nang cao chat
lUdng
ngudn nhan
Itic,
thiet thUc cham lo ldi ich chinh dang va
bao dam day dii quyen lam chii cua nhan dan,
tao ra dpng
lUc
va siic manh to ldn nha't, ciing
la muc tieu cao nha't ciia sU phat trien dat
nudc.
Dieu nay cang co y nghia quan trpng
hdn do'i vdi Viet Nam la qud'c gia dong dan, it
vd'n, con ngUdi la ngudn
Itic
chu yeu va la
nhan to' quye't dinh phat trien dat
nUdc.
Mat
khac,
phdi thiic hien tien bg vd cong bdng
xd
hoi ngay trong tiing
biidc
vd tiing chinh sdch
phdt trien: can khuyen khich mpi ngUdi lam
giau hdp phap, ddng thdi xay diing, hpan
thien he tho'ng chinh sach an sinh xa hpi, xda
doi giam ngheo, bao dam cung cap cac hang

hda, dich vu cong cpng thiet yeu, binh dang
cho moi ngUdi dan. Song, can thay ring, tinh
cong bing ciia sd hiiu XHCN,
trUdc
het la d
phan pho'i lan dau, nhd the ma nd dam bae
tinh nang suat, hieu qua hdn han so vdi sd
hiiu tu nhan, chti khong phai d phan phdi lai.
Do do, can co chinh sach khuyen khich tiing
26.
d
day
"chii
dao" duac hieu la
lire
lupng chinh,
thi
hien xu
the
chinh ciia
sir phat
triin.
'
27.
Tran
Dinh
Thien
(2007),
Da
din.

12
NghiSn
cdu Kinh ti so 380 - Tiling
1/2010
Ve
nen
kinh
te thi
truang

budc thuc hien phan chia ldi nhuan cho
ngUdi lao dpng theo phUdng thiic "vdn hda
lao
dpng"^l
4- Phdi gidi quyet tdt mdi quan he gida
dgc lap
tii
chu vd hoi nhap qudc te trong qud
trinh xdy diing vd phdt trien nin kinh te Viet
Nam theo hiidng thi triidng vd
CNXH.
Phai
chii dpng, tich cUc hpi nhap tranh thii siic
manh ciia thdi dai de thiic day nhanh
sii
phat trien ciia dat
nUdc
theo dinh
hUdng
XHCN va vUdn len giii vai trd xiing dang

trong nen kinh te the gidi; khong nen dinh
kien chinh tri mpt
each ciic
doan, dan den dd'i
dau va tti cd lap minh; nhUng ciing khdng vi
the ma xem nhe tinh dpc lap tU chu, de dan
tdi bi hda tan, hoac le thuoc vao cac
nUdc
16n,
phat trien.
5- Phdi ndng cao tdm
tii
duy vd ndng
liic
lanh dgo cda Ddng, qudn ly cua Nhd
niidc,
xdy
dihig
Ddng vd Nhd niidc trong sgch vUng
mgnh.
Bdi day la nhan to' chii quan cd y
nghia quye't dinh trong viec thtic day hay
kim ham sU phat trien ciia nen kinh te dat
nUdc
va xu hudng phat trien cua nd. De lam
td't vai trd cua
minh.
Dang va Nha
nUdc
Viet

Nam phai nim
vUng,
tdn trpng va tuan thii
cac quy luat khach quan, ddng thdi phai phat
huy cao dp
tinh
tich
ciic
cua minh. Mudn
vay.
Dang va Nha nUdc phai nang cao tam tri tue,
kien toan td chiic can bp, ddi mdi phUdng
thiic tac dpng cua minh den nen kinh te va
xa hpi ndi chung, theo hudng Dang sang
sudt, Nha nU6c thdng minh,
chii
khong phai
theo hudng Dang, Nha
nUdc
nhieu hdn, thi
trUdng it hdn hay ngUdc lai.
X
X X
khdng. Trong giai doan dd, cd nhieu thdi ky
phat trien va kinh te thi trUdng dinh
hUdng
XHCN la thdi ky qua dp tii kinh te thi trUdng
tu ban dpc quyen nha nUdc sang kinh te thi
trUdng XHCN. Nhu vay, kinh te thi trUdng
dinh hudng XHCN la mpt nac thang tien hda

mdi cua kinh te thi trUdng trong qua trinh
van dpng di len CNXH.
Do xua't phat thap va chuyen ddi tii kinh
te ke hoach hda tap trung, bao cap, nen kinh
te thi trUdng dinh hudng XHCN d Viet Nam
cd dac diem rieng la tinh kep trong sU van
dpng, phat trien. Nghia la trpng nen kinh te
dang dien ra song song va nd'i tiep nhau hai
qua trinh khach quan, cd ban la tha hda lao
dpng va tha hda tU ban, ndi
each
khac la qua
trinh viia hinh thanh, phat trien kinh te thi
trUdng TBCN,
vUa
chuyen hda kinh te thi
trUdng TBCN len kinh te thi trUdng XHCN.
Tinh "kep" dd ddi hdi, de thiic day nen
kinh te Viet Nam phat trien nhanh hdn theo
dinh hudng XHCN nha't thiet phai khuyen
khich phat trien manh me cac thanh phan,
hinh thiic kinh te dtia tren tieu chi ldi ich,
hieu qua kinh te xa hpi, nha't la cac hinh
thiic kinh te dan doanh; song khdng chi cd
the ma cdn phai chti dpng, tich cUc thiic day
nhanh qua trinh tha hda tU
ban^^
tren cd sd
nim viing va tuan thu cac quy luat khach
quan, de tranh lap lai sai lam

trUdc
day, hoac
di
tii ciic
nay sang cUc khac./.
Tom lai, loai ngUdi da trai qua nhieu giai
doan phat trien ma kinh te thi trUdng la mpt
giai doan ldn, tat yeu, chii khong phai la
phUdng tien co the tiiy nghi
sii
dung hay
28.
Xem: Dam Kien Lap (2005): "Cd
phSn
hda doanh
nghiep nha nudc theo phuang thiic XHCN", Tap chi
Phdt
trie'n
kinh te'sd 174,
thdng
4-2005.
tr.24.
29.
Cung cd the
gpi
day la qua
Uinh
xa hdi hda, uu
viet hda sd huu. Qua trinh nay cd ndi dung rdng ban qua
trinh hinh thanh cac hinh thiic td chirc kinh te cd phan,

kinh te da sd hiru, kinh te cd sd
hiJu
hdn hap, sd hiiu xa
hdi ndi chung.
Nghien
cau Kinli ti
so
380 - Thing
1/2010
13