Một số đặc điểm của báo chí Việt Nam giai đoạn 1936-1939

DllN DAN TRAO Ddi
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MOT SO DAC DIEM CUA BAO
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VIET NAM
GIAI DOAN 1936-1939
Th.S
TRI
ONG THUY DUNG*
GIAI PHONG
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NUOC DUC DA
DALJ
HANG
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tan
xH-hdi
1 so
DAC-BICT
VE
BdqG-OU'O
NG
Otl-HQI
Mot sd td bao phdt hanh
thdi
ky trudc nam
1950
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he ky XIX, bao chi vin cdn la mdt hinh thinh va phit triln, dai dien cho tilng
^U^

khii niem kha la lam ddi vdi vin hda ndi din chu va ty do cua dan tdc Viet Nam.
Viet Nam. Ciing vdi qua trinh khai thae Td bio diu tien danh diu sy xuit hien
thudc dja va thong tri, thyc dan Phip da cua bio chi tieng Viet la td Gia Dinh bdo
dua bao chi vao nude ta, vdi y dd bien bio (xuat bin nam
1865).
Tuy nhien trong sudt
chi thanh mdt cdng cu hd trg dac luc cho mot thdi gian dii tir nim
1865 din
nam
bp miy thyc dan cua chiing. Tuy nhien, 1925, bio ehi gin nhu la mdt lanh dia quin
thuan theo nhiing quy luit khich quan cua Iy dde quyen cua ngudi Phip va nhiing
ljch sir. nen bio chi Viet Nam dan dugc ngudi cd quan he mat thilt vdi bp miy cai
tri ciia
Phip. Tilng ndi cua ngudi
Viet,
dac
* Vien Sir hpc Viet Nam biet la nhiing ngudi Viet Nam yeu
nude
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cdn md nhat. Nam
1925,
td bao Thanh nien
(eo quan ngdn luan
eiia
Hdi Viet Nam
Cich mang Thanh nien) dugc xuit bin da
trd thanh mdt sy kien quan trpng dinh dau
sy xuit hien
ciia
ddng bio chi cich mang
Viet Nam.
Din
nam
1930,
vdi sy ra ddi
ciia
Ding Cpng sin Viet Nam vi dugc sy chi
dao trye tilp eua Ding, ddng bio chi cich
mang cing cd nhiing budc phit trien khdi
sic.
Tuy nhien, trong giai doan 1930-1936,
do nhirng dilu kien ehu quan va khich
quan nhit dinh, bio chi cich mang chua
thuc sy cd nhung budc dot phi manh me de
khing djnh vj the cua minh. Mac du vay,
bio chl tilng Viet theo khuynh hudng cich
mang cung da cd nhiing budc tiln bp nhanh
chdng dl khang dinh tilng ndi rieng cua
nhirng ngudi yeu nude va cich mang, vi

cung chinh trong giai doan nay, bio chi
tieng Viet da di vao quy dao
ciia
cupc cich
mang din tdc nham diu tranh cho ty do,
dan
chii.
cho nen dpc lap eua
nude
nha.
Giai doan
1936-1939,
bao chi Viet Nam
mdi thyc sy the hien tinh chat dan tdc mdt
each manh me.
Trong Dai hdi bio chi Trung Ky, nhi
van Hii Trieu khing dinh: "Ty do bio ehi
chinh la cii chia khda cua tat ci cic ty do
dan
chii
khac"' Ngay tir nhiing ngiy diu
tien khi con dudng cich mang vd san dugc
truyen vao Viet Nam. nhiing nha cich
mang chan chinh da y thiic rit rd sue manh
\a vai fro
ciia
bio chi trong viec tuyen
truyen phue \u phong trio diu tranh cich
mang: "Cich mang ddi hdi phii cd bio chi
cich mang, sinh ra bio chi cich mang va

sir dung bao chi cich mang lam vii khi
chiln diu, thiic diy cich mang Viet Nam
phit trien va gianh thang
Igi"'
Dya tren
cic
chii
truong chi dao cua Dang trong
nhiing hoin canh cu the khic nhau, dong
bio chi cich mang da dan khing dinh dugc
bin
ITnh
vi vi tri cua minh trong moi
trudng bio chi liic bay gid.
Trong chinh sich cai tri cua minh, thuc
dan Phip mudn diing nhirng thanh tyu
ciia
van minh phuong Tay de trdi budc nhimg
nude thudc dia lac hau nhu Viet Nam.
Chiing mudn diing chii Qudc ngii de lam
md nhat di chii Nho, mudn diing chinh
sach giio
due
nhd gipt de dio tao tay sai
vi dac biet lam "ngu hda" dan tdc ta. Tuy
nhien, nhiing muc tieu cua chiing da bj pha
san khi trao vio trong tay nhan dan ta mpt
cdng cu truyin ba rdng rai do chinh la
bio chi. Vdi bao chi chiing ta da lam cho
chii Qudc ngii trd thanh linh hdn

ciia
dan
tdc ma khdng phai li mot
thii
ngdn ngir
du
nhap,
"Tiy hda" de triet tieu ngdn ngii
Viet Nam. Vdi bao chi chiing ta cd
dupe
mdt phuong tien "tuyen truyen, ed dpng,
giio due" hieu qua nhit, sau rdng nhat doi
vdi mpi tang lap nhin dan trong xa hpi.
Trong giai doan 1936-1939, vin de co
ddng hpc
ehir
Qudc ngii dugc the hien mpt
cich lien tuc, thudng xuyen vdi quy mo
rdng
Idn
tren bao chi. Nhiing uu diem thuc
su cua chii Qudc ngii dugc nhin nhan mpt
each
thiu dio, khdng don thuan la mpt
phuong tien giao tiep, tuyen truyen ma no
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001
cdn trd thinh mdt nhan td quan trpng cho
cupc dau tranh khing dinh nen dpc
lap
cua
nhan dan ta. Tren bio Ddn sd 7 (19-8-1938)
ding bai "Dieu
le
cua Hdi truyen bi chii
Qudc ngii d Trung Ky", ghi rd "Truyin bi
chii Qudc ngii, day cho ngudi An Nam
biet dpc,
biit
vilt ehii me de, dang dl thiu
thii nhurng phd thdng thudng thiic cin
thiet cho ddi sdng mdi me" Tranh
thii
nhiing dieu kien thuan
Igi
cua thdi ky nay,
chiing ta khdng chi neu len nhiing khau
hieu van ddng chung chung ma da di
din
viec thanh lap cic hdi, cac td chiic, cic
nhdm cu the tai mdi dja phuong, (Bai viet
"Chinh phu md trudng day ngudi

Idn
tudi"
ding tren bio Ddn sd
11
(.9-9-1938)
phan
anh rd net cude van ddng), de Phip md
nhirng
Idp
hgc khdng thu hpc phi de tao
dieu kien rdng rai nhat cho ngudi dan tiep
can vdi chii Qudc ngii. Bio chi khdng chi
dong vai trd cd ddng, tuyen truyen cho
viec hpc chii Qudc ngii mi chinh bio chi
duoc trinh bay bing chii Qudc ngii vdi
hinh thiic trinh bay hip dan ngdn ngii dl
hieu da giiip cho bao chi 1936-1939 cd
dugc nhiing anh hudng to
Idn
ddi vdi quin
chiing nhan dan. Vdi viec phit trien va de
cao tieng ndi cua dan tdc, bao chi da gdp
phin the hien mdt y chi dpc lap manh me
cua dan toe ta trudc chinh sich thudc dia
ciia chii
nghTa thyc dan.
Tir nhiing nim 1930, cic tic pham van
hpc da dugc ding tai tren cic td bio, tap
chi.
Din

giai doan 1936-1939, vdi muc
tieu diu tranh dan
ehii,
minh dat cho viec
phit trien cac tie phim van hpc ca nggi ty
do,
din
chii,
ca nggi quyen sdng
ciia
con
ngudi cang trd nen rdng md. Tren bao ehi,
rat nhieu the loai tie pham vin hpc khic
nhau (tha, truyen ngan, truyen dai ky, tieu
thuyet ), nhilu khuynh hudng sing tic
(lang man, hien thye ) da
din
dugc vdi
ban dpc. Khdng chi cd khuynh hudng vin
hpc hien thye di sau cd dpng cupc dau
tranh
ciia
dan tdc ta, tren khuynh hudng
lang man
ehiing
ta ciing tim thay dugc
tieng ndi
eiia Idng
yeu nude, sy ca nggi ty
do mdt cich kin dio. Nhu nhin dinh cua

Tdng Bi thu Trudng - Chinh: "Tu sdn ddn
tdc vd tieu tu sdn tri thice Viet Nam tim
thay trong
chii
nghia lang mqn mdt tiing
thd ddi chdng chi dp thudc dia
"^
Trong
mdt khoang thdi gian khdng dii, nhung
vin hpc nude nha da thu dugc nhiing
thanh tyu
rye
rd. Van hpc hien dai Viet
Nam ghi dau in mdt phong trio tho ca
lang man vdi cic ten tudi nhu Xuin Dieu,
Huy Can, Han Mac
TOr,
Luu Trpng Lu ;
mdt ddng van xudi lang man cua Nguyen
Tuan, Thach Lam Tren ddng van hpc
hien thyc ciing xuat hien khdng it cic tic
phim xuat sic ve ca gii tri nghe thuat va
gia tri hien thye nhu: Va di (Vu Trpng
Phung), Budc dudng eiing (Nguyen Cdng
Hoan),
Tdt den (Ngd Tit To) Cic tic
phim vin hpc khdng chi dugc dang tren
nhiing tip san chuyen khao nhu: Tiiu
thuyet thif bay, Tiiu thuyit thic ndm ma
tren nhiing ddng bao chinh luan nhu: Mdi,

Thi gidi, Lao
ddng.
Tin
tire
nhiing tic
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phim vin hgc van dugc ding tii mdt each
thudng xuyen. Khing dinh mdt cich manh
me sy trudng tdn cua nen vin hda Viet
Nam qua nhimg tic phim
van
hpc trudc
im muu phi hoai cua ke
thii
thdng tri, do
li mdt nhin td tieu bilu dl khing dinh tinh
than dpc
lip ciia
dan tdc.
Cupc diu tranh eho mue tieu dan chu -
muc tieu chinh ma Ding Cdng san Viet
Nam da

<ih
ra trong giai doan niy da dugc
bio chi
thi
hien mdt cich sdi ndi vdi
nhilu ndi dung khac nhau. Tren
ITnh
vyc
chinh tri, cupc dau tranh cua bio chi tap
trung vao mdt sd ndi dung diu tranh
chii
ylu nhu: van ddng thinh lap Mat tran
Dan chu Ddng Duong; van ddng cho cic
dai bieu cua nhan dan dugc tning cir
trong cupc biu cir vao Vien dan bieu va
Hpi ddng quin hat; dau tranh kien quyet
chdng lai cic the lue phin dpng, phi hoai
cich mang; van ddng cdng cupc phdng
thii
Dong Duong Tren ITnh vyc kinh te,
bao chi tiep tuc dau tranh cho nhirng
quyen
Igi
thiet yeu cua nhan din lao ddng
nhu vin de thue, quyen
Igi
lao ddng
Tren
ITnh
vyc van hda xa hdi ndi dung

dau tranh cung khi da dang: ddi quyin ty
do ngdn luan. ty do bio chi; van ddng
chong that hpc, cd ddng phong trao
truyin bi chii Qudc ngii; diu tranh ddi
binh dang gidi; ddi tha
tii .chinh
tri Bao
chi giai doan 1936-1939
thi bien^y
thim
nhuan mdt each sau sic vai trd cua minh
trong
chii
truong diu tranh chung
ciia
each
mang dan tdc. Bing nhiing ndi dung
dau tranh phong
phii,
thiet thyc, kheo leo
vi hieu qua, bao chi giai doan nay khong
chi tap hgp dugc ddng dao quin chiing
trong nude tao dugc
siic
manh doan
kit
dan tdc, ma cdn tranh thu dugc sy
iing
ho
to

Idn
cua nhirng lyc lugng tiln bp ben
ngoai. Ndi dung dau tranh chu yeu ciia
giai doan nay li van de din
chii,
nhung
cupc dau tranh nay khdng tich khoi muc
tieu chinh yeu
ciia
dit nude dpc lap dan
tdc,
ty do cho nhan dan.
Bio chi Viet Nam ndi chung, ddng bao
chi
cich mang ndi rieng giai doan 1936-1939,
mac
dii
phai ddi phd vdi sy kiem soit git
gao cua thyc dan Phap va tay sai, nhung
cic td bio van deu dan den vdi ban doc
khdng he bi giin doan. Cac td bio khong
chi diy manh phit trien ve ndi dung, tang
tinh phd cap, tinh thdi sy ma cdn
sii
dung
nhieu hinh thiic ra bao khac nhau de co the
duy tri tieng ndi yeu nude, each mang nhu:
ty xuit bin, thue bio, mua lai giay phep
xuat ban Nhirng
die

diem dd cing cho
thay sy phit trien tir ty phit len ty giac
trong tinh chat diu tranh
cua
bio chi
Vi?t
Nam giai doan 1936-1939.
1.
Trin Van Giau: Giai cdp cong nhdn
Vi(t
Nam - Su hinh thanh
vd
phdt trien cita nd
lit
giai
cdp "tu minh" den giai cdp "cho minh", Nxb
Khoa hoc xa hoi, H,
2003,
tr.
1172
2.
Nguyin Thanh: Bdo chi
cdch
mang
Viet
Nam
1925-1945,
Nxb Khoa hoc xa hoi, H,
1984,
tr.

5
3.
Trudng - Chinh: Cdch mang ddn
toe.
dan
chit,
nhdn ddn
Viet
Nam, T. 2, ST, H, tr. 151-152.
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