Nghiên cứu, đánh giá tài nguyên nước và đề xuất giải pháp sử dụng hợp lý tài nguyên, bảo vệ môi trường nước vùng khô hạn Ninh Thuận - Bình Thuận

BO
GIAO DUG
VA D AO
TAO
VIEN
OIA LY
•
•
VI
fiN
KHOA HOC
VA
CONG
NGH£ VI£T
NAM
VU
TH! THU LAN
NGHIEN
CtJU,
DANH GIA TAI NGUYEN NU6C
VA
DE
XUAT GIAI
PHAP
SLfDUNG HOP
LY
TAI NGUYEN,
B
AO VE MOI TRUdNG NV6C
VUNG KHO HAN NINH THUAN
-

BINH
THUAN
Chuyen
ngdnh:
Thuy van hoc
Mdso:
62
44
90
01
Ngudihudng
ddn
khoa
hoc:
PGS.
TSKH!
Nguyin Van Cu
TS.
Nguyin
Lap Dan
THU
VIEN
KHOA
HOC
TONG
HOP
LA
18711
HA
N6I

-
2005
L6I
CAM DOAN
Toi xin cam doan day la cong trinh cua rieng t6i va chua duac cong bo
dudi bat ky hinh thiic nao.
Cac so li6u dugfc sir dung trong cong trinh la hoan toan trung thurc,
nhiing va'n de trich dan lidn quan den cong trinh deu duac su dong y cua cac
tac gia.
Ngircri cam doan
Vii Thi Thu Lan
MUCLUC
Trang
Mad^u
1
Chirong
1.
Tong quan
cac
nghien ciifu
tai
nguyen nudfc viing
kho han 6
1.1. Khai niem
-
dinh
nghia
6
1.2.
Tmh

hinh
nghien
ciru
tai
nguyen nude vung kho
han 7
1.2.1.
Nhflng
ket qua dat
duac trong nghien
cun tai
nguyen nude
7
1.2.2.
Nhflng
k6t qua dat
duofc trong nghien cflu
tai
nguyen nxxdc
viing
kh6 han 11
1.2.3.
Tong quan
ve
mot
so
nghien cflu
viing
kho han
Ninh

ThuSn
-
Binh Thuan
14
Ket luan chuong
1 17
Chuong
2.
Phan tich
cac
yeu
to tu
nhien
anh
huong
toi tai
nguyen
nude
viing
kho
han
Ninh Thuan
-
Binh Thuan
18
2.1.
Ygutdkhihau
: 18
2.2.
Phan tich

cac
yeu
to mat
dem
vung
Ninh
Thuan
-
Binh Thuan
28
2.2.1.
Vai tro
ciia dia
chat
tdi thanh
tao
dia
hinh
29
2.2.2. Vai
tro ciia dia
hinh
dia
mao 32
2.2.3.
Ldfp
v6 th6
nhudng
37
2.2.4.

Tham phu thuc
vat 39
2.3. Vai
tro ciia yeu
to hai
van
44
Ket luan chuong
2 45
Chuong
3.
Tai nguyen
nude
viing kho han Ninh Thuan
-
Binh Thu^n
46
3.1.
Tai
nguyen
nu6c
mua 46
3.1.1.
Trfl
luong nude
mua 46
3.1.2.
^
Cha't luong
nu6c

mua
47
3.2. Tai
nguyen nude
mat 47
3.2.1.
Trfl
luong nude
mat 54
3.2.2.
Chat luong nude
mat 69
3.3. Tai nguyen
nude
dudi da't 80
3.3.1.
Dac diem dia chat thuy van 80
3.3.2.
TrC
lucmg
nude
du6i dat 86
3.3.3. Chat luong
nude
dudi da't 87
3.4. Tai nguyen mdc khoang -
nude
nong 93
3.5 Cac tai bien thien nhien
lien

quan d€n
tai
nguyen nu6c vung
Ninh
Thuan -
Binh
Thuan 94
3.5.1.
Cac tai bien thien nhien
lien
quan den
phan phoi tru lucmg
nude
94
3.5.2. Bien dong cha't ludng cac nguon nu6c
vung
Ninh
Thuan - Bmh Thuan 99
Ket
luan chuang 3 106
Chufong 4. De xuat hudng khai thac
six
dung hop iy tai nguyen, bao ve
moi trucmg nu6c vung kho ban Ninh
Tbuan
- Binb
Tbuan
107
4.1.
Hien trang khai

thac
sir dung nguon
nude
vung
Ninh
Thuan -
Binh
Thuan ^^'^
4.1.1.
Khai
thac
sir dung nguon
nude
mat^
viing
Ninh
Thuan -
Binh
Thuan 107
4.1.2.
Khai
thac
su dung nguon
nude
dudi dat 104
4.2. can bang
nude
he thd'ng 114
4.3. De xuat
giai

phap
khai
thac,
sir
dung hop
ly
tai nguyen,
•f^'
bao ve
moi
trudng
nude
vung
Ninh
Thuan -
Binh
Thuan 119
4.3.1.
Nguyen tac chung ve sir dung tai nguyen
nude
119
4.3.2. Cac
giai
phap
tdng the 121
4.3.3. De xua't cac
giai
phap
sir dung tai nguyen
nude

theo cac nhdm
»
dcm vi canh quan sinh thai
viing
Ninh
Thuan -
Binh
Thuan 125
Ket
luan chuong 4 144
Ket
luan va kien ngbi 146
Nbflmg
cong
trinb da
cong
bo lien quan den luan an 149
Tai
lieu tbam kbao 150
DANH
MUC
CAC
BANG
Bang
2.1.
Mua binh quan nhieu nam khu vuc
Ninh
Thuan -
Binh
Thuan (mm)

Bang 2.2. Lucmg boc thoat hoi tiem nang PET trung binh thang va nam (mm)
Bang 2.3. Chi s6' kho han D
viing
Ninh
Thuan -
Binh
Thuan
Bang 2.4. He so thuy nhiet Xehanhinop trung binh thang va nam
Bang 2.5. Dien
tich
rimg
vung
Ninh
Thuan -
Binh
Thuan nam 1999
Bang 2.6. Dien
tich
cac
loai
hinh 16p
phii
c6 vai tro phong ho theo cac luu
virc
Ninh
Thuan -
Binh
Thuan
Bang
3.1.

Dac trung hinh thai cac song suoi
Ninh
Thuan -
Binh
Thuan
Bang 3.2. Cac chi tieu danh gia chat luong mo hinh
TANK
Bang 3.3. Cac thanh phSn can can
nude
tren luu vuc song
Ninh
Thuan -
Binh
Thuan
Bang 3.4 Chu ky dong chay cac song suoi
viing
Ninh
Thuan -
Binh
Thuan
Bang 3.5.
Phan
phdi dong chay trung binh thang tai cac tram quan trSc
Bang 3.6. Cac dac
trimg
dong chay
miia
lii
cac song suoi
Ninh

Thuan -
Binh
Thuan
Bang 3.7. Cac dac trung dong chay
miia
kiet cac song suoi
Ninh
Thuan -
Binh
Thuan f
Bang 3.8. Cac thong so dudng cong nu6c rut cac
liru
vuc
viing
kho
Ninh
Thuan
-
Binh
Thuan
Bang 3.9. He so tuong quan giua nu6c ngSm tang nong va nu6c mat
Bang 3.10. So
lieu
dong chay kiet nhat dieu tra
Bang 3.11. Dong chay cat
biin
tren song
viing
Ninh
Thuan -

Binh
Thuan
Bang 3.12.
Phan
phoi dong chay cat bun trong nam
Bang 3.13. Chat luong
nude
mat vung
Ninh
Thuan -
Binh
Thuan
Bang 3.14. T6ng hop dac dilm dia
chKt
thuy van chii yeu cua cac ting chiia nu6c
Bang 3.15. Tru luong tiem nang nude duod dat viing Ninh Thuan - Binh Thuan
Bang 3.16 Ham luong khi trong mot
s6'
ngudn nude loai hinh NaHCO^ khoang
hoa cao
Bang 3.17 Thanh phdn mot so nguyen to vi luong trong nu6c duoi d^t
Bang 3.18. M6t so trSn lu quel dien hmh
Bang 3.19. Tmh hinh
six
dung phan hoa hoc va thuoc bao ve thuc vat viing Ninh
Thuan
-
Binh Thuan
Bang
4.1.

Hien trang cac cong trinh thuy loi
Bang
4.2.
Dien tich dat cat c6 tiem nang va kha nang nuoi tr6ng thuy san
Bang
4.3.
So cong trinh cap nude dan sinh tai cac huyen vung Ninh Thuan -
Binh Thuan
Bang
4.4.
Tai nguyen nu6c theo luu vuc song viing Ninh Thuan
-
Binh Thuan
Bang
4.5.
Can bang nguon nude he thong cac Imi vuc s6ng vung Ninh Thuan -
Binh Thuan den nam 2010
Bang
4.6.
Cac ho chiia can xay dung tren luu vuc song Cai Phan Rang
Bang
4.7.
Cac tram bom cin dmc xay dung trSn song La Nga
Bang
4.8.
Cac cong trinh cin xay dung tren song Cai Phan Rang
Bang
4.9.
Cac cong trinh cin xiy dung tren liru vuc s6ng Long Song
Bang 4.10. Cac cong trinh cin xay dung tren Imi vuc song Luy

Bang
4.11.
Dinh hudng
sit
dung tai nguy6n nude theo cac don vi canh quan sinh
thai viing Ninh Thuan - Binh Thuan
DANH MUC CAC HINH VE
Hinh 2.1.
Ban d6 Dia mao
tinh Ninh
Thuan -
Binh
Thuan
Hinh
2.2. Ban do Da't
viing Ninh
Thuan -
Binh
Thuan
Hinh
2.3. Ban do Tham thuc vat
Ninh
Thuan -
Binh
Thuan
Hinh 3.1.
Ban do Phan bo luong mua trung
binh
nhieu nam vung
Ninh

Thuan
- Binh
Thuan
Hinh
3.2. Cac quan h6 mua dong chay theo
kieu
ca'u true can can nudre
Hinh
3.3. Ban do Tai nguyen nude mat vung
Ninh
Thuan -
Binh
Thuan
Hinh
3.4. Dudng
tich
luy dong chay
ciia
cac tram thuy van tren song
Hinh
3.5. Ban 66
Moi
trudng nude
Ninh
Thuan -
Binh
Thuan
Hinh
3.6. Quan he
giira

mua
lofn
va
liru
luong
cat bun cue dai (xuSt
hi6n
dong
thdi)
Hinh
3.7. Quan he luu luong nu6c va iuu
luofng
eat
biin
16n nhat ngay
Hinh
3.8. Ban do
Tiem
nang nu6e duoi 6it
Ninh
Thuan -
Binh
Thuan
Hinh 4.1.
Ban do Canh quan sinh thai phuc vu cho
khai
thac
tai nguySn nude
Ninh
Thuan -

Binh
Thuan
DANH
MUC CAC CUM
TlT
VIET
TAT
ATND
Ap
th^p nhiet
d6i
CQST
Canh
quan sinh thai
DB
Dong
Bkc
DN
Dong
Nam
KTIY
Khi
tuofng
thiiy
van.
KT-XH
Kinh
te - xa hoi
LHQ
Lien

Hop
Qu6c
TB
Tay
Bac
TN
Tay
Nam
TNN
Tai nguyen
nu6c
M6
DAU
1.
Tinh
cap
thiet
cua
luqn
an
Ninh
Thuan
-
Binh Thuan
la hai
tinh
nam b cue Nam dai
duyen
hai
miSn

Trung,
CO
dien tieh tu nhien
10642
kml
Do tac
dong ciia
cau
true
dia
chat,
dia hlnh
da
tao nen
mot vung kho
han
nhat tren lanh
tho
nhiet dcri,
gio
miia
nu6c
ta.
Noi
day
thudng
xuat hien
cac qua
trinh
nhiet

am
khong thuan
led cho
viee
hinh thanh dong
chay.
Hang
nam
luong
mua
mang
den
viing
khong
16n va
phan
bo
khong
deu
theo
khong gian
(dao
dong
til 600 - 2000
mm)
va
phan phoi khong
deu
theo
thoi gian

(thdi
ky
kho han
keo
dai tren
7
thang, tiem nang
b6'c
thoat hoi
be mat len
tdi
1800 -
2000
mm),
vi vay su
thieu hut
am
trong
viing
nghien curu
Ninh
Thuan, Binh Thuan
ra't
cao.
Trong
viing
xuat hien kieu
riing
nhiet dcd nira rung
la va

rimg thua
cay
chiu
han. Tren
nen mat dem va
dieu kien khi
hau kho han da han che su
phat trien
tai
nguyen
nu6c
(TNN). Hau
het cac
s6ng
suoi trong
viing
nghien ciru
deu bi kho
kiet
vao miia
can va
khong
dam bao cap
nu6c
cho cac
nhu
cau
diing
nucfc. Hien tuong
thieu

nude
da va
dang
de doa
cuoc
song
cua
ngudi
dan 6 day
vdi
su mo
rong
cac
dien
tich da't hoang
hoa va
cung
la
noi dang di6n
ra
hien tuong hoang
mac hoa
dien
hinh
ciia
nu6c
ta.
Voi
nhip
do

phat trien
kinh
te
cung vdd
su gia
tang
dan so,
nhu
ciu ca'p
nude
cho
cac
doi tuong dung
nu6c
ngay mot
gia
tang, vi vay
viec
nghien cihi, danh
gia
tai
nguyen moi trudng
nu6c
viing
kho han
Ninh
Thuan
-
Binh Thuan nham
dua ra cac

giai
phap
sir
dung
hop ly
TNN tren quan diem phat trien
ben
vung
la
va'n
de
mang
tinh
cap
thiet
c6 y
nghia khoa
hoc va
thuc ti6n
to 16n.
2. Muc
tieu
cua
luqn
an
- Danh
gia
tiem nang
cac
nguon

nu6c
(nu6c
mua,
nu6c
mat, nude
dudfi
dat)
V
va
hien trang khai
thac,
sir
dung
cac
ngu6n
nu6c
viing
kho han
Ninh
Thuan
-
Binh Thuan.
-De xuat
cac
giai phap khai
thac
hop
ly
TNN tren quan diem phat trien
b6n

virng
viing
kho han
Ninh
Thuan
-
Binh Thuan.
3. Nhiem vu cua
luqn
an
- Tong quan nhung nghien cihi ve
TNfN
vung kho ban.
-
Pban
ticb cac dieu kien tu nbi6n tac dong den TNN trong
viing
Ninh
Tbuan - Binh Thuan.
- Danh gia tiem nang cac nguon nirdc va hien trang moi tmcmg nucfc
viing
nghien
ciiu.
-De xuat cac giai phap khai
thac
sit dung hop ly tai nguyen, bao ve moi
tru5ng
nu6c
vung kho ban
Ninh

Thuan - Binh Thuan.
4. Phuong phap nghien cOru
De giai quyet muc dich va nhiem vu neu tren, luan an da sit dung cac phuong
phap nghien cvni sau day:
- Phitong phap ke thijra, thu thap, he thong boa, xit ly cac ket qua nghien
cuu
CO
lien quan.
- Phuong phap dieu tra, khao sat thuc dia
theo
cac khu vuc dac trung nham
bo sung tai lieu va kiem tra ket qua nghien
ciiu
-
Pban
tich tong bop dia ly tren quan diem he thong
- Phuong phap danh gia tai nguyen va moi trucmg
nu6c.
- Phuong phap vi6n tham va he thong tin dia ly
(GIS).
^
- Phuong phap danh gia tac dong moi trucmg (EIA).
5. Gidi hqn, phqm vi nghien
cCru
cua
luqn
an
- Luan an ebon
viing
nghien

cuii
la pMn luc dia thuoc dia ban 2
tinh
Ninh
Thuan - Binh Thuan, noi t6n tai mot khu vuc kho ban nh^i cua. lanb tbo
nu6c
ta.
- TNN b day duoc nghien cun bao g6m trO lugng va
chat
luong cac nguon
nude:
nu6c
mua, nude mat va
nu6c
duoi da't.
- Tren co sb cac dieu kien tu nhien va TNN, cac giai phap sit dung hop ly
TNN
dua ra trong luan an mang
tinh
dinb huong.
-3-
6.
Nhung
luqn
diem bao ve
• Tinh kho han cua vung nghien
cuii
mang
tinh
chat

phi dia d6i, chiu tac
dong
ciia ca'u true dia chcft, dia hinh dia mao, tho nhuong va khi tugfng
thuy
van (KTTV). Tur do hinh thanh nen TNN trong
viing
khac
biet hoan
toan v6i cac khu vuc
khac
trong mien nhiet ddi gio miia Viet Nam.
• Khai
thac
hgfp ly TNN
trdn
co s6 dac diem cac nguon nude
theo
cac don
vi
canh quan sinh thai
(CQST).
7.
Nhung
dong gop m6i cue
luqn
an
- Lan
dfiu
tien luan an da di sau nghien cuu cac yeu to mat dem tac dong
den

viec
hmh thanh TNN (ca
cha't
luong va
trfi
luong) a
viing
Ninh
Thuan
- Binh Thuan noi c6 dieu kien khi hau kho han
khac
biet 6 nude ta.
- Tit cac nguSng chi tieu kho ban, luan an da pban chia duoc cac khu vuc
kho ban
viing
Ninh
Thuan - Binh Thuan.
- Luan an da xay dung ban do tai nguyen va moi trucmg nude
viing
kho ban
Ninh
Thuan - Binh Thuan phuc vu quy
boach,
sit dung bop ly cac nguon
nude.
- Tren co so pban ticb danh gia tiem nang cac ngudn nude, da dl xuat duge
cac giai phap khai
thac
sit dung hop ly TNN
viing

kho ban
Ninh
Thuan -
Binh
Thuan
theo
cac don vi
CQST.
8. y
nghTa
khoa hoc va thuc
tiin
Y
nshia
khoa
hoc: Gdp phSn hoan thien v6 phuong phap luan nghien
cuii
qua
trinh
binh thanh va phat trien TNN
viing
kho ban va ban kho ban trong kbu vuc
nhiet ddi gid miia Viet Nam.
Y
nshia
thuc
tiin: Dua tren co sd pban ticb nhung dac diem ciia TNN (ca kho
khan iSn thuan loi), luan an da de xuat cac giai phap sir dung hop ly cac nguon nude "
phuc vu'phat trien ben
viing

kinb te - xa hoi (KT - XH) cho hai
tinh
Ninh
Thuan va
Binh
Thuan.
9. Co sd tai lieu
Viec
danh gia TNN ciia
viing
nghien cun duoc dua tr6n s6 lieu quan
trSc
ciia
mang litdi tram KTTV trong vung va cac tai li6u do dac khao sat trong cac dot thuc
dia tir nam 1997 den nam 2004 do nghien cuii sinh va cac dong nghiep thuc hien.
Doi v6i vung Ninh Thuan - Binh Thuan, cac tram quan trSc mua bao g6m:
- Tram khi tuong: 3 tram c6 so lieu tit nam 1978 de'n nay
- Diem do mua tai cac tram quan trdc thuy van: 6 tram
- Diem do mua tai cac tru s6 iiy ban, buu dien, trucmg hoc (goi la tram do
mua nhan dan) 15 tram
Cac tram quan trac khi tuong duoc xay dung tii cuoi thap ky 70 cua the ky
XX, nhu vay cho den nay phSn 16n cac tram do mua c6 so lieu quan trac tren 25
nam. Chat luong so lieu quan trac mua la dang tin cay.
Cac tram quan trdc thuy van duoc thanh lap sau nam 1975, on dinh hoat dong
tiirnam
1981,
bao gom:
- Tram thiiy van hang I (tram Song Luy tren song Luy va tram Ta Pao tren
song La Nga): Co nhiem vu theo doi di6n bien ciia che do thiiy van nude
song lien tuc va to chiic do cac yeu to nhu muc nude, nhiet do nu6c, nhiet

do khong khi, luong mua, luu luong nu6c va luong phii sa lo limg.
- Tram thiiy van hang III (Mudng Man tren song Ca Ty, tram Tan My,
Phan Rang tren s6ng Cai Phan Rang): do dac cac yeu to nhu muc nu6c,
nhiet do nude, nhiet do khong khi, luong mua.
- Mot so tram quan trac duoc trien khai de do luu luong nude phuc vu xay
dung cong trinh nhu tram Ca
Giay
(song Ca
Giay)
'f
Cac tram thiiy van trong viing duoc phan bo kha thua thcrt va miic do tin cay
tai lieu ciing r^t khac nhau: Tram thuy van Tan My nam tren song Cai Phan Rang
khong che dien tich luu vuc la 1480 km^, day la tram quan trdc muc nude nhimg
duoc do luu luong mot so nam nen c6 ducmg quan he muc nude lufu lirong. Vi vay
mirc do tin cay cua s6 lieu luu luong 6 day khong cao. Tram thuy van song Luy
(song Luy) va Ta Pao (song La Nga) c6 chu6i tai lieu quan trdc tir nam 1980 -
2003.
Ngoai ra, luan an duoc thuc hien tren co so cac tai lieu trong cac cong trinh
nghien cun cua cac nha khoa hoc da cong bo va tai lieu do chinh tac gia thu thap trong
qua trmh thuc hien cac de tai thuoc chuong trinh
ca'p
Nha nude, ca'p Bo va cap Vien.
Cac de tai Nha
nude
tac gia
tham
gia c6
lien quan
den
luan

an g6m: Dieu tra
cabdn tai nguyen moi trudng nhdm khai thdc
sic
dung hap ly dat hoang hod bdi boi,
ven bien cita song Viet Nam (1996 - 1998); Nguyen nhdn, gidi phdp phdng
ngica
vd
ngdn
chdn qud trinh hoang mac hod viing Nam Trung bp (viing Ninh Thudn, Binh
Thugn) (1996 - 2000); Nghien cim ca sd khoa hpc cho cdc gidi phdp long the du
bdo
phdng trdnh
lU
lut dmien Trung (2001 - 2004); Du bdo hien tuang xoi la, boi tu
bdbien,
cvta
song vd cdc gidi phdp phdng trdnh (2001 - 2004).
Cac de tai cap Bo
nhir:
Nghien cm ddnh gid cdc nguon tai nguyen thien
nhien phuc vu qui hogch phdt trien KT - XH viing Nam Trung Bp den ndm 2010.
(1994 - 1995); Nghien cifu hien trgng, budc ddu xdc dinh nguyen nhdn
lU
lut cdc
tinh
Nam Trung Bp (tit Da Ndng den Binh Thugn) vd de xudt ca sd khoa hpc cho
cdc gidi phdp khdc phuc (1997 - 1998).
Cac de tai cap
Vien
gom: Xdy dung ca sd dit lieu tdi nguyen vd moi trudng

dia ly (1996 - 1998), Van de khai thdc
sic
dung TNN vung kho hgn Ninh Thugn -
Binh
Thugn (2003)
Cac ket qua do
chinh
tac gia
thu thap duoc trong
cac dot
khao
sat
thuc dia
tai
viing
nghien
cvni
bao
gom:
cac tai
lieu
cha't
luong
nude
song suoi, nude
duoi
dat
khu
vuc nghien curu.
Cac tai

lieu
ve van de si
dung
nu6c
trong
vimg
nghien
cim
10.
Bo
cue cua
luqn an
Ngoai
phan md
ddu,
ket
luan
va
tai lieu tham khao, luan an^om
4
chuong:
Chuang
1:
Tong quan
cac
nghien
ciiu
tai nguyen
nu6c
vung kho han

Chitang
2:
Phan tich
cac yeu to
tu nhi6n
anh
huofng
t6i tai
nguyen nude
viing
kho han
Ninh
Thuan
-
Binh Thuan.
Chuang
3: Tai
nguyen nude vtng
kho han
Ninh
Thuan
-
Binh Thuan.
Chuang
4: De
xua't
cac
giai phap khai
thac sir
dung

hop ly tai
nguyen,
bao ve
moi
trucmg
nu6c
vung
kho han
Ninh
Thuan
-
Binh Thuan.
Chaong
1.
T6NG
QUAN
CAC
NGHlfiN
CtJtJ
TAI
NGUYEN
NU6c
VUNG
KHO
HAN
1.1.
KHAINIEM
-
DINH
NGHIA

Nude la nguon tai nguyen v6 cung can thiet cho su ton tai va phat
trien
cua
xa
hoi con ngudi.
1.1.1.
Tai nguyen nude: TNN bao gom cac nguon nude mat, nude mua,
nu6c duod
da't,
nude bien thuoc ianh tho
ciia
mot nude, mot
lini
vuc, mot
viing
hay
mot
dia phuong, chung dupe
dinh
nghia ro trong
Luat
Tai nguyen nude va trong
tiJf
dien
Bach khoa
Viet
Nam.
TNN
thuoc
loai

tai nguyen cd kha nang tai tao
duac
nhd chu
trinh
thiiy
van.
Tuy
nhien khong cd nghia la v6 tan ma phu thuoc rat nhieu vao dieu
kien
tu nhien
va
boat ddng
ciia
con ngudi.
Dau
the ky
21,
the
gidi
mdi nhan ra rang "Nude la tai nguyen quan trong
thii
hai
sau tai nguyen con ngudi". Nam 2002, Hoi nghi Thupng
dinh
Trai
dat
Johannesburg
da thura nhan vi tri so 1
ciia
TNN

trudc ca nang lupng,
sure
khoe, ndng
nghiep va da dang sinh hoc
(WEHAB).
Nude la tai nguyen cd ban de bi 6 nhiem, da,
dang va se cd xu hudng can
kiet
neu khdng dupe bao ve. Nguyen tic
thii
4 cua
Dublin
cho rang "Nude cd gia tri
kinh
te trong mpi dang sii dung canh tranh va can
dupe
thijra
nhan la mot hang hoa
kinh
te".
1.1.2.
Moi trurdng
nirdc:
Mdi trudng bao gom cac yeund' tu nhien va yeu
td
vat cha't nhan tao quan he mat thiet vdi nhau, bao quanh con ngudi, cd anh hudng
den ddi song, san xuat, su ton tai phat
trien
ciia
con ngudi va thien nhien (Luat Bao

ve mdi trudng trang 6)
[9].
Trong mdi trudng nude, yeu td nude dupe xem xet danh
gia
ca mat
Ipi
va mat hai
ciing
vdi cae tac ddng qua lai
giiia
chung ddi vdi cac yeu td
khac cd anh hudng den ddi song, san xuat, su ton tai phat
trien
ciia
con ngudi va
thien
nhien
[100].
1.1.3.
Phat trien ben vOmg: Theo Uy ban
Lien
hiep qudc ve mdi trudng
va
phat
trien
ben vung (Brundtland, 1987):
"Phat
trien
ben viJng la su phat
trien

nham dap
ling
nhung nhu eau va khat vpng cua ngay nay, ma khdng lam ton hai den
kha nang dap
irng
nhirng nhu c^u va khat vong cua tuong lai" [60].
BChai niem va
dinh
nghia do duac thira nhan kha rong rai va chinh thiic hoa tai ky
hop thuong
dinh
the gicd nam 1992 d Rio de
Jainero,
va cung duoc hieu mot
each
rong
rai
hon vol su ket
hgfp
giua cac
fihh
vuc KT - XH, sinh thai - moi trucmg va van hoa.
1.1.4.
Phat
trien
tai
nguyen
nirdc:
Theo
Luat Tai nguyen nu6c, "phat

trien
TNN" la bien phap nham nang cao kha nang khai
thac,
sir dung ben vung TNN
va nang cao gia tri ciia TNN.
Doi
v6i Viet Nam, viec phat trien ben
virng
TNN da duoc n6u ro trong Luat
Bao ve moi trudng
(1993)
va Luat tai nguyen nude
(1998),
dac biet trong chien luoc
bao ve Moi trudng Quoc gia
(2004),
TNN da duoc nhan manh "Can
hinh
thanh cac
to
chiic va cac quy che bao ve rieng doi
vdd
tiJrng luu vuc song, dac biet la doi vdi cac
luu
vuc song 16n nhu song Cau, song Sai Gon - Dong Nai
hoac
cac luu vuc song da
bi
6 nhi6m nghiem trong nhu song Nhue, song Day, "
1.2.

TINH
HINH
NGHlfiN
CUtJ TAI
NGUYEN
NlTdC YUNG KHO HAN
1.2.1.
Nhumg
ket qua dat di/dc
trong
nghien curu tai nguyen nirdc
Nghien
curu TNN tii lau da trd thanh hudng nghien
ciiu
quan trong ciia nhieu
nganh khoa hoc, nhat la khoa hoc Dia ly. Trong nghien curu lap ke hoach va qui
hoach phat trien KT - XH theo lanh tho va to chiic lanh tho, thi danh gia TNN la
nhiem
vu het sire quan trong. Tuy nhien viec nghien cun TNN da c6 nhirng
h\x6c
ehuyen bien ra't I6n theo lieh sir nghien
cihi
eiia
minh.
Ban dau, ciing vod su hieu biet ve chu
trinh
tuan hoan
nu6c
trong tu nhien
(mua - boc hoi - dong chay) va nhu cSu sir dung

nu6c
rat nho ciia
minh,
con ngudi
da tu coi
nu6c
nhu mot dang tai nguyen v6 han. Trong
thdi
ky nay con ngudi tap
trung
kha nang cua
minh
vao cong
cuoc
chong lai luong
nu6c
thiia trong miia lu.
Van
de sir dung
nu6c
chii
yeu tap
trung
vao viec xay dung cac cong
trinh
khai
thac
nu6c
tren song nham ca'p
nu6c

cho nganh nong nghiep va cac khu vuc do
thi
Viec
nghien
cuii
TNN bay gid tap
trung
kiem ke, danh gia va dua ra cac giai phap sijf
dung
nudfc theo nhu cSu su dung bang cac cong
trinh
cung cap nude (nha may nude,
gieng, ho chiia, tram bom, kenh muong, dudng ong ).
Nhin
chung va'n de ve
chat
luong
moi trudng nude hiu nhu chua duoc quan tam.
Khi con ngucd khai thac TNN d quy mo lofn, ciing vofi cong nghe hien dai ben
canh viec tao ra luong hang hoa I6n la luong chat thai tuong duong do vao moi
trucmg thi TNN bat dSu suy thoai. Viec nghien curu khai thac gdn lien v6i bao ve
TNN bat dau duoc de cap den. Nam 1977, Ian dau tien LHQ dua van de Nu6c len
di6n dan quoc te. Tai Hoi nghi Mar Del Plata (Argentina) da nhan manh ve va'n de
quy hoach, nude sach va ve sinh va la'y thap ky 80 la 'Thap ky Quoc tenuac sqch vd
Ve
sinh'\
Nam 1987: LHQ dua ra khai niem va tieu chi ve "phat trien ben vung"
Nam 1992: Hoi nghi Thugfng dinh Rio de Janeiro thong qua Agenda 21,
trong do chuong 18 noi ve nude, dua tren co sb 4 nguyen tac Dublin ve nude va phat
trien ben vung.

Nam 1996 ra ddi 2 to chiic, trung tarn boat dong quoc te v6 nude. Do la:
1) Hoi dong nude the gidi (World Water Council - WWC) la noi tap hop cac
nghien cuu mang tinh ly luan
2) Cong tac vi Nude toan cau (Global Water Partership - GWP) la mang ludi
boat dong nham dua cac nguyen tac Dublin vao thufc tiSn.
Hai to chiie nay da thong nha't ebon Quan ly tong hop TNN la each tiep can
tong quat de thue hien 4 nguyen tac Dublin.
Thang III nam 2000 - GWP dua ra dinh nghia quan ly tong hop TNN: la
"mot
qua trinh day manh phoi hop phat then vd quan ly TNN, ddt vd cdc tdi nguyen
lien quan, sao cho toi da hod cdc
Icri
ich kinh tevd phuc led xd-4igi mot each cong
bang ma khong phuong hai den tinh ben vicng cua cdc he sinh thdi thiet yeu" Ditn
dan Nude the gidi iSn thii 2 - La Hague thong qua Tam nhin an ninh Nude the gidi
va khung hanh dong Nude cho moi ngudi.
Thang VII nam 2002, Hoi nghi Thuong dinh Trai da't Johannesburg dat Nude
len hang dau trong 5 uu tien (WEHAB).
Thang EI nam
2003,
DiSn dan nude the gidi Ian thii
3
- Kyoto nhan manh
3
chien
lucre
trong quan ly tong hop TNN: Quan ly dieu hanh, tang cudng nang
luc,
tai chinh.
Thang XI nam

2003,
Dien dan Nude Dong Nam A lin thii nhat tai Chiang Mai.
Ngay 22/III/2005, LHQ dua ra thong diep Thap ky Nude cho Cuoc song theo
nghi quyet A/RESA/RES/58/217. Trong thdng diep nay, Tong Thu ky LHQ Kofi
Annan da khang dinh: "Nuac Id van de cap bach de phat trien con
ngu&i
va phd'm
gid. Cung nhau, chung ta c6 the cung cap nuac sqch, an todn cho nhdn ddn tren
todn The giai. TNN cua The
gi&i
Id con ducmg huyet mqch cho su sinh ton vd phdt
trien ben vitng trong theky 21".
Doi voi cac nude phat trien (Phap, Anh, My, Uc, Nhat ) viec nghien cun
TNN da de ra cac qui trinh, qui pham nham quan ly tong hop tai nguyen moi trucmg
nude theo luu vuc song. No bao gom cac bien phap giam thieu cha't thai bang viec
ap dung cong nghe san xua't sach va kiem toan cha't thai, thu gom tai sit diing cac
chat thai, xir ly mot phSn va xiJf ly toan b6 cac cha't thai, nude thai trudc khi do vao
song, qui hoach khai thac hop ly nguon nude phuc vu phat trien ben virng KT - XH
luu vuc song, quan trac luong va cha't luong moi trudng, canh bao su khuech tan cac
chat doc hai trong song va du bao sinh thai - chat luong nude tren toan luu vuc song
[116], [117], [118], [119], [120].
Doi vdi nhung nude dang phat trien, viSc nghien cihi TNN vSn dang dimg lai
a
mufc
kiem ke cac nguon nude va viec nghien cuii quan ly tong hop TNN theo cac
luu vuc song con nhieu
ba't
cap.
6
nude ta, ngay til gifia nhung nam thap ky 70, Nha nude da chii trong va

quan tam dSu tu nghien cun, dieu tra danh gia cac di^u kien tu nhien, tai nguyen
thien nhien va moi trudng da't, nude theo cac vimg sinh thai. Ngoai nhung de tai, de
an doc lap, da hinh thanh mot loat cac chuong trinh nghien
curu
nhdm timg budc xay
dung
CO
sd du lieu ve dieu kien tu nhien, TNTN va moi trudng cac vting lanh tho
phuc vu quy hoach phat trien KT - XH, giam nhe thien tai va bao ve moi trudng. Co
the diem qua mot so chuong trinh da trien khai theo cac giai doan nhu sau:
• Giai doqn 1976 -1980: Co 4 chuong trinh dieu tra tong hgfp cac viing dong
bang song Ciiu Long, Tay Bac, Tay Nguyen va ven bien mien Trung, trong do
Siem ke TNN ve luong nham khai thac phuc vu phat trien KT - XH, nhung
chua de cap den cac van
d^
v6 cha't luong nude.
• Giai doqn 1981 - 1985: Da trien khai 19 chuong trmh khoa hoc ca'p Nha
nude
CO
lien quan den tai nguyen va moi trudng nhung vSn chii yeu di vao
-
10-
hu6ng kiem ke cac nguon tai nguySn trong do c6
TNN.
Giai
doan
1986 - 1990. Co 13 chuong trmh khoa hoc
lien
quan den tai
nguyen moi tnrdng, trong do c6 chuong

trinh
5
2D
rieng ve moi trucmg.
Chuong
trinh
da gop phSn xay dung "Ke hoqch Quoc gia ve moi trudng vd
phdt trien Idu ben".
Giai
doan
1991
-1995:
Da trien khai 4 chuong
trinh
lien
quan den tai nguyen
va moi trucmg. Chuong trmh KC - 12 nghien cuu TNN va khai
thac
sir dung
hop ly
TNN.
Chuong trmh KT - 02 nghien cuu rieng ve moi trucmg da gop
phan xay dung du
thao
"Ludt bdo ve moi trudng" va nghien
ciiu
cac giai
phap
danh gia tac dong moi trudng
(DTM),

tieu
chuan
moi trucmg, monitoring.
Phuong huofng ciia Nha
nude
ta trong Chuong
trinh
hanh dong
Quoc
gia ve
bao ve moi trucmg va
phat
trien ben
viing
da neu ro trong Luat Moi trucmg
(ban hanh nam 1993) va Luat Tai nguyen
nu6c
(ban hanh nam 1998) de tao
dfiy
dii
co so
phap
ly cho viec quan ly sir dung ben vung
TNN
Giai
doan
1996 -
2000:
Da trien khai chuong trmh
KHCN-07:

"Six
dung hap
ly tdi nguyen vd bdo ve moi trudng". Cac de tai trong chuong
trinh
khong chi
dijmg
b viec nghien curu hien trang tai nguyen moi tru5ng ma con xac dinh
duoc
he thong cac chi tieu, tieu chi, chi thi moi trucmg, du bao va danh gia tac
dong doi
vofi
tijmg
thanh phSn moi trucmg, danh gia tong hop doi voi moi
trudng, phan
tich
dac diem KT -
XH,
phan
tich
chi phi - hieu qua doi vdi cac
tac dong
hoac
cac giai
phap
ve bao ve moi trudng. f
Giai
doan
nam 2001 -
2005:
Da trien khai chuong

trinh
KC-08: "Bdo ve moi
trudng vd phdng trdnh thien tai". Cac de tai trong chuong
trinh
da giai quyet
duoc
kha nhieu nhung van de cap
bach
ve
phat
trien ben viJng
TNN
trong giai
doan hien nay nhu: Danh gia
difin
bien TNN trong thdi ky cong nghiep hoa,
hien dai hoa dat nu6c; Nghien
cuii
xay dung mo hmh quan ly tong hgfp tai
nguyen va moi trudng
nude
luu vuc
song
Da,
song
Ba; Xay dung thir nghiem
quy
hoach
va bao ve moi trudng cho mdt so khu vuc
kinh

te trong diem mien
Trung
va Dong Nam bo.
1.2.2.
Nhumg
ket qua dat
diTdc
trong
nghien
curu
tai
nguyen
nirdcvung
kho han
1.2.2.1.
Tren
the
gidi
a) Xay
dimg
tieu
chi kho han: De danh gia miic do kho han cua cac
khu
vuc, cac vung lanh tho nhiet ddi va a nhiet doi, cac nha
khoa
hoc da nghien curu
va dua ra cac tieu chi dua tren luong mua sinh dong
chay:
- Nhung khu vuc c6 lucmg mua hang nam dat miic duoi 250 mm dugfc coi la
khu

vuc
CO
khi hau kho han
(hoang
mac).
- Nhung khu vuc c6 luong mua hang nam dat
dudi
miic 500 mm
duge
eoi la
khu
vuc ban kho han.
- Ngoai ra mot so khu vuc
duoc
eoi la ban am u6t khi luong mua nam vuot
tren gia tri 500 mm nhung tmh eh^t phan mua trong nam r^t 16n la nguyen
nhan kho han
theo
tiimg
thdi
ky dai (vai thang) trong nam.
Theo
cac tieu chi d tren, vung kho han va ban kho han tren the
gidi
chiem 40%
dien tich be mat Trai dat
vdi
tong luong nude binh quan dau ngucri nam
2000
la 1700 m\

b) De
xuat
giai
phap
su
dung
hop ly tai
nguyen
nude
doi vol
nhumg
khu vuc kho han, ban kho ban va ban am uot.
Khu
vuc TB va BSc Trung
Quoc
c6 khi hau lanh va kho, dien tich chiem
khoang 11,5% toan lanh tho, ho da nghien curu va 66 xuat
duoc
nhiing bien phap
hihi
hieu trong
viec
sir dung hop ly TNN
nhSm
phong ngijra va ngan
chan
hoang
mac hoa.
6 cac vung dat cat, ngudi ta da tao ra cac dai rimg ngan
chan

cat bay; cac
viing
ven
dat cat da tr6ng nhung tham c6 de giu va on dinh cat. Ho da xay dung cac
cong
trinh
de
gill
nguon
nu6c
mat gin cac 6c dao; Cac ho chura da
duoc
xay dung de phong
chong
lu quet, dong thoi he thong kenh
duoc
xay dumg de dua
nu6c
tan ra
tijr
tuyet
trong mua xuan tur vung
niii
cao ve ho chura
nu6c.
Hien nay d Trung
Quoc
da trong
duoc
tren

1.400.000
ha rumg thanh
bang
dai, tren 70% dien tich khu vuc. Cung vdi cac
h6 thong kenh muong cung ca'p
nu6c
tao nen nhirng
canh
dong m6i tren cac
viing
cat,
bien cac
viing
d^it nay thanh nhirng khu
riimg
cay an qua. Cac giai phap ky thuat hd tro
de cai tao
viing
dat cat la xay dung cac tuyen ducfng sat, tao ra vung dat
canh
tac
bang
each
dua nude len ngang
bang
muc cat.
Phat
trien TNN nham cai tao vung dat can
- 12-
c6i, tao ra cac 6c dao mdi.

6 nirdc Cong hoa Turmenia, ngudi ta da sir dung cac giai phap dieu tiet ngu6n
nirdc,
phat trien nen nong nghiep chan nuoi va kiem
soat
cac vung cat di dong.
6 nude C6ng hoa
Kazastan,
ngudi ta da sir dung
nu6c
song Syr Daria de
tudi
bang kenh cho cac vung da't nhiem man.
Tiir
nam 1920 da tien hanh xay dung mot
mang
ludi
kenh
tudi.
Den nam 1956 da dua dien tich dugfc
tudd
len 250 000 ha. Giai
phap chu yeu d day la sir dung hop ly nguon nude hiem c6, can bang nude va phat
trien
kinh
te nong nghiep (trong bong, chan tha gia
sue ).
6 An Do, ngudi ta da sijr dung cac giai phap kiem
soat
dan so, sir dung dat hop
ly,

quy
hoach
va khai
thac
hop ly
TNN,
quan ly
nu6c
va cac cong
nghe
lien quan, phat
trien
nghe
trong
vudn
b cac vung kho han.
1.2.2.1.
Trong
nu&c
Tit
dinh
nghia kho han va vung kho han duoc
trinh
bay d tren vtng dung vao
lanh
tho Viet Nam c6 nhung han che la nude ta nam d khu vuc nhiet ddi gio mija c6
luong
mua
trung
binh nam Idn song do

tinh
chat
phan bo khong deu
theo
khong gian
va
thdi
gian n6n
tinh
trang kho han da diin ra rong khap lanh tho nude ta
theo
tiimg
thdi
gian
khac
nhau trong nam. Vi vay cho den nay da cd hang loat cac cong
trinh
nghien curu va'n de
siJr
dung nude trong nhirng khu vuc khd khan ve ngudn nude, dac
biet
viing
dong bang cat ven bien Trung bo. Dang
chii
y la cac cong
trmh
nghien curu
ciia GS. Thai Van Trimg [87], GS. Lam Cong
Dinh
[32], GS. Ngo

Dinh
Tuan [98]
Khi
nghien
ciru
vi cac nhan to' sinh thai phat sinh nhung quSn the trong tham
thuc vat, GS. Thai Van Trijmg [87] cho rang trong toan bo cac yeu to ciia nhom nhan
to
khi hau - thuy van thi che do kho ^m bao gom luong mua hang nam, chi so kho
han va d6 Im tha'p quyet
dinh
su
hinh
thanh nhung kieu khi hau nguyen sinh ciia
tham
thuc vat thien nhien thuoc
viing
nhiet ddi gio mua nhu Viet Nam.
Theo
y
tudng
dd, tac gia da xay dung chi so' kho han X = S. A. D, trong dd: S - bieu thi so
thang kho; A - bi^u thi so thang han; D - bieu thi so thang kiet. '
d
day, thang kho cd luong mua khong qua 50 mm, thang han cd lircmg mua
khong
qua 25 mm, thang kiet cd
lirong
mua khong den 5 mm va cd nhieu thang
khong

cd giot mua nao.
Ngoai
ra, tac gia con van dung y tuomg cua
Gaussen
trong cong thiic vu nhiet
(thang kho la thang c6 luong mua tmh bang mm nho hon
hoac
bang 2 Ian nhiet do
trung
binh cua thang do
tinh
bang "C). 6 Viet Nam, nhiet do
trung
binh pho bien la
25"C
VI
vay thang kho la thang c6 luong mua khong den 50 mm. Chi tieu thang han
la thang c6 luong mua khong qua 25 mm va nhan
dinh
rang tieu chuan do xa'p xi
tieu
chuan 30 mm ciia Anbreville
diing
cho
chau
Phi.
Dae diem thien nhien ciia
viing
cat di dong ven bien la che do gio miia, v6i gio
mua DB am uot, kem

theo
mua
t\x
thang IX den thang XII, hu6ng gio gan nhu thang
goc voi bcr bien thuc day cat di chuyen vao phia noi dong va gio miia TN nong va rat
kho,
day lui mot phan cat
iic
noi dong ra bien. GS. Lam Cong
Dinh
[32] da de cap den
tac hai ciia
viing
cat di d6ng ven bien va de ra nhung giai phap on
dinh
viing
cat bang
nhiing
bien phap ky thuat nham
hinh
thanh he thong
rirng
viing
chac,
du kha nang
phong
chong gio bao, ngan
chan
cat bay, cat nhay, giai quyet tan goc nan cat di dong,
cai tao cat hoang thanh d^t trong

trot,
chan
nuoi th6ng qua
viec
trong phi lao,
hoac
di
trudc
mot
bu6c,
hoac
ph6'i hop d6ng thcd v6i nhimg bien phap ki thuat
khac,
Tac gia ciing da dua ra mot so nguyen tac hanh dong,
chii
yeu la m6i dia
phuong
cSn lam
chii
mot so loai cay thich hop nhat nhung khong doc
canh
mot loai
cay tren ciing mot khu vuc, van dung phuong phap trong h6n loai cong them phuong
thiic
nong lam ket hgfp de tan dung uu the cay trong va han che nhu cSu su dung
nguon
nu6c
hiem phuc vu nhu cSu
tudi
trong khu vuc kho han.

Tren co s6 xem xet dac diem tu nhien va dan sinh
kinh
\4
viing
cat, nhirng
giai
phap khoa hoc cong
nghe
cai tao moi trudng
viing
cat Quang Tri bang bien
phap ki thuat thuy loi, Hoang
Phu6c
[68] da xay dung khu thuc nghiem nham kiem
chumg tac dung cua su ket hop 3 giai phap thuy Igi, lam nghiep va nong nghiep. Ve
thuy
loi, cong
trinh
thuc nghiem ciia tac gia da de ra giai phap dap de bang cat va
kich
thu6c
hop li cua chiing. Ve lam nghiep, tac gia de xuat phuong an trong
theo
6,
thuc hien nong lam ket hop, lap bang cay, xac
dinh
dac
tinh
cua
siic

hut mao din
ciia cat va de xuat phuong phap
tuoi
mao din.
Trong
giai doan 1996 -
2000,
Chuong
trinh
nghien
ciiru
cap Nha nude "Sii
dung
hop If tai nguyen va bao ve moi
trudng"
da cho trien khai hai de tai
KHCN
07-
- 14-
01,
KHCN
07- 02 nghien cvm chuydn sSu vi cac qua
trinh
hoang mac hoa. LSn dSu
tien
de tai
KHCN
07- 01 da tien hanh phan tich cac dieu kien tu nhien va xa hoi
nham xac
dinh

nguyen nhan va tur do de xuat giai phap phong ngijra, ngan chan qua
trinh
hoang mac hoa d vung Nam Trung bo
nude
ta [3], [4], [26]. De tai da de ra
hirofng
khai
thac
sir dung TNN c6
tinh
den yeu t6' phat trien ben vung nhung
viing
da't ban kho han va hoang mac hoa thuoc 2
tinh
Ninh
Thuan - Binh Thuan.
Cac cong
trinh
nghien
cuii
cua tac gia Viet Nam thirc sir la nhung tai lieu
tham
khao trong viec xac
dinh
cac tieu chi va ngudng kho han, de xuat cac giai phap
phong
chong thoai hoa da^t dSn den qua
trinh
hoang mac hoa, cung nhu xay dung
cac mo

hinh
kinh
te sinh thai moi tnicmg nham ngan chan, cai tao, khoi phuc va phat
trien
kinh
te tren cac vung hoang hoa ciia nude ta.
1.2.3.
Tong quan ve mot so nghien cufu vung kho han
Ninh
Thuan - Binh Thuan.
Ninh
Thuan - Binh Thuan (hinh 1.1) la vung c6 dieu kien khi hau
nSng
nong keo
dai
gan nhu quanh nam, boc hoi kha nang
Idfn,
tong lugng mua binh quan nhieu nam d
nhieu
noi
viing
ven bien nho han 500 - 600 mm, trong khi vung sucm nui Trudng Son
CO lugfng mua tren 1500 mm, bdi vay noi day duoc goi la khu vuc
'"chua
mm dd lut vd
chm
ndng
dd han". Dac diem dia
hinh
quy

dinh
mang
lu6i
song suoi trong vung, cac
song ngan, d6'c d6 ra bien v6i che do nude gdn nhu
triing
lap v6i che dp mua miia cua
khi
hau. Vung ciia song ven bien the hien manh list su tranh
chap
giua cac qua
trinh
song - bien, vi vay van de sii dung nude trong vung thucfng gap rat nhieu kho khan.
Hiieu
nu6c
trong miia kho da han che su phat trien
kinh
t6'
trong
viing,
d6ng
thcfi da lam
bien doi cac dieu kien tu nhien theo chieu huomg cue doan han, dac biet xuat hien cac
qua
trinh
hoang mac hoa do thoai hoa
d^it
vdi
dien tich ngay
cang

ma rong.
Dung
trudc hien trang thi6n nhien hoang mac hoa
Ninh
Thuan - Binh Thuan
nhieu
gia thiet ve nguyen nhan va he qua dat ra trucfc day chua duac giai quyet. Phai
chang dgct dai, thuc vat b day la he qua cua
tinh
khac
nghiet von c6 ciia dieu kien khi
hau da
trai
qua mot thcd gian dai, con tac dpng cua con ngudi la thu:
yeu?
Mot quan
niem
khac
cho rang s6 di c6 su kho han nhu ngay nay b day la do con ngucd khai
thac
tai
nguyen thien nhien (trong do c6 d^t va
nu6c)
khong hap ly keo theo su thay doi ciia
-15-
vikhihau[26].
Thuc te
lich
sir khai

thac
d^it
Ninh
Thuan - Binh Thuan cho thay tir trudtc the
ky
X, hien tugng kho han da xua't hien trong cac khu vuc duyen hai, tap
trung
dan cu
ciia dong bao Cham. Lin dSu tien b day da xay dung he thong thuy loi bang
hinh
thiic
dap dang tren song. Mot va'n de tiep tuc gay
sure
ep thoai hoa moi trudng la toe
do gia tang dan so va do thi hoa. Cac vanh dai do thi la khu dan cu
vori
phuong thiic
canh tac vin con mang
tinh
cha't
lac hau, thieu hieu biet tong the ve thien nhien.
Ngoai
ra
cuoc
chien tranh keo dai da tan pha thien nhien khu vuc.
Nguon
nu6c
- van de huyet mach ciia moi nen
kinh
te dang bien dong manh

me
theo
chieu hudng ba't loi cho
viec
sir dung
Viec
khai
thac
nguon nude hgfp ly
tren
co sd phat trien ben viJng la van de luon duoc quan tam cho moi
viing
lanh tho,
dac biet dd'i vdd vung kho han nha't lanh tho nude ta,
viing
Ninh
Thuan - Binh Thuan
(trudc
day duoc gpi la ddi kho Thuan Hai).
Viec
nghien cun TNN vung kho han nha't lanh tho nhiet ddi gid miia Vi6t
Nam,
khu vuc
Ninh
Thuan - Binh Thuan, da duoc quan tam
chii
trong. Cd the diem
mot
sd cac nghien
ciiu

mang
tinh
khai quat ciia
viing
nghien
cvni:
- Chuong
trinh
dieu tra co ban Thuan Hai -
Minh
Hai
(1976-1980)
trong dd
tien
hanh kiem ke cac nguon tai nguyen nhien ciia
viing.
Day la co sd ban
dau
cho cac nghien cuu tiep sau dd
w6
khu vuc cd khi hau kho han dac
trung.
- Cac chuyen khao cua GS. Le Ba
Thao
[81], GS. Vu Tu Up [52] nghien
ciru
ve dia ly tu nhien,
CQST
khu virc Nam Trung bd ndi chung-,
viing

Nha Trang
- Binh Thuan ndi rieng tir sau nam 1975.
- Cac tai lieu ve dia mao, tan kien tao va cac qua
trinh
dong lire hien dai cd r^t it
va so luoc, the hien trong cac cdng
trinh
nghien cuu ciia Le Due An
(1982,
1990) [1], [2]. Dac bi6t, trong nhimg nam gan day da xuat hien loat cac ban dd
dia
mao phuc vu cac 66 an dieu tra dia
chat
dd thi nhu Ban dd dia mao
viing
dd
thi
Phan
Rang
- Phan Thiet va dd thi Phan
Rang
- Thap Cham cua Hoang
Phuong [69].
- Luan an tien sT "Dac
diem
dia mao
viing
ddi vd
dong
bang

ven
bien
Ninh
Thuan
-
Binh
Thuan
" tac gia Udng
Dinh
Khanh [46] da phan tich nhirng dac
tnmg dia cha't, dia mao cua vung doi dong bang ven bien Ninh Thuan - Binh
Thuan do dura ra dinh hircrng sir dung hop ly cac khu vuc mang tinh chat dac
trung kho han.
- Quy hoach thuy Id tinh Ninh Thuan thdi ky 1996 - 2000 va 2000 - 2010 cua
cac tac gia thuoc bo Thuy Id (nay thuoc Bo NN&PTNT) GS. Ngo Dinh Tuan
[99],
Duong Van Budn [13], Vu Nang Dung [31]. Quy hoach thuy Igi tinh
Binh Thuan thd ky 1996 - 2000 va 2000 - 2010 ciia tac gia Dao Ngoc Toai
[84],
Le Minh Trieu
[85],
Le True
[86]
Cac nghien cim nay da danh gia TNN
theo khong gian va thd gian, tur do dua ra cac giai phap (chii yeu la cac giai
phap cong tfinh) phuc vu phat trien KT
-
XH trong titng tinh.
- Can bang
nude

vung duyen hai Trung Trung B6 va Tay Nguyen ciia Dang
Ngoc Vinh
[107]:
tren co sd sir dung mo hinh MISSIM, tac gia da can bang
nguon nu6c den va nhu cau sir dung nu6c theo quy hoach phat trien KT
-
XH
den nam 2010 cua cac dia phuong trong vung nghien cuii, nham dua ra nhung
phuong an sir dung nu6c toi iru cho tiitig Imi vuc song ciia dai duyen hai Nam
Trung bo trong do c6 cac Imi vuc song thuoc Ninh Thuan - Binh Thuan.
- Nghien cuii danh gia dac diem dia chat moi truofng dd kho va ban kho tijr Nha
Trang den Binh Thuan ciia tac gia Pham Van Thanh [61]. Tac gia da tong hop
tijr cac yeu to tu nhien: dia cha't - khoang san, dia cha't thuy van, dia cha't cong
trinh, dia mao - tan kien tao, v6 phong hoa, cac tai lieu ve KTTV, quy hoach sir
dung da't, quy hoach phat trien KT
-
XH ciia tinh Nha Trang, Ninh Thuan, Binh
Thuan. Tren co sd cac nghien curu de danh gia tong quan ve hien trang moi
trudig dd kho va ban kho, tiir do xac dinh duoc 9 don vi dia chat moi trudig
dac tnmg cho nhimg canh quan dia hoa khac nhau.
Nhin chung, cac cong trinh da cong bo lien quan den viing nghien cun co khoi
luong tai Ueu la r^t Idi, phong phu, da dang nhung do nhieu don vi thuc hien, d nhieu
thd diem khac nhau, nen cMt luong tai lieu khong dong bo, dieu kien ky thuat d tumg
thd diem co khac nhau, doi nd chua dong nha't ve quy pham, miic do nghien cun. Cac
nghien cuu tru6c day da thu duoc nhieu ket qua co gia tri ve khoa hoc va thuc tiSn, gop
phan giai quyet mot so va'n de noi com ve tai nguyen va moi trudig nu6c trong m6i giai