nguồn gốc và phân bố ô nhiễm kim loại
Bạn đang xem bản rút gọn của tài liệu. Xem và tải ngay bản đầy đủ của tài liệu tại đây (2.89 MB, 86 trang )
MỤC LỤC
!"#$%&%'(&%'")
*##*# !"#$%&%'(&%'")"+"#,%-%
. /!&%01 !"#$%&%'(&%'") 2
3 *##*#"#41(" %!#,56)78 !"#$%&%'")9:%'"1 ;
.#<"#=>%##?! .
3@!"A#B%174C%/
!D#EFD# DD#G"A!#B%174C%/ H
I#EFD# DD#B#J%D7>1!$1KLMINOP H
. !D#EFD# DB# !6 !&=#B%174C%/ .3
Q !D#EFD# D6)781R"S1"A!#5>%#T" .
QU+"V!6)781R .
Q.@">JD#EFD# D6)781R&@T"#UW"#06 !&=##51
7EXB%174C%/
.Y
Q3@">JD#EFD# D6)781R&Z"("S1"A!#6 !&=##517EX
B%174C%/
.H
Q@">JD#EFD# D6)781R"#[!T"6 !&=##517EXB%1
74C%/
3;
.\M] 3
.J%"EX(@%^(D#EFD# D#%+!K 3
.._!#Z"5^`!` 3
.3aZU1R(6)781R(b$4$1R 33
.3aZU1R 33
.3.c)781R>Fb@5b$4$1R 3Y
1
.I#EFD# D6)781R&@T"#UW"#0 ;
.Qc)781R"S1"A!#
.c)781R"#[!T"
.2c)78"#JB+>J7%'D#G"A!# .
.2I#G"A!#"#5#D#S!#A#LIP .
.2.I#G"A!##_1LP 3
.23I#S111 U"A# 3
3def:gfhai
3J%E#_&%B%'D#G"A!#bjMIkO
3#?&l=D#G"A!#
3.@>G1RLO1D7mnmD"#kOnmP Q
33o>Z"!4"SLp^%4qmm!UI4rmkpqIP Q
3aE7EXB#A1L%m>q74rp"mkqpP Q
3Q_1"V"! !"#o>J"J%E!s"#%,"b=D#G"A!#
3. #% D#EFD# DD#G"A!# 2
3.d#4$"U,"A# 2
3..Et!#u Y
3.3%-%#CD# "#%'5%-%#C&=#7EX Q;
3. #% &@&v!sD#wD&4 Q.
33a[!#?5& #% ! !U"*#6)781R&@T"#UW"#0 Q3
33 #% #%'>Z""##l%! !U"*#6)781R&@T"#UW
"#0
Q3
33. #% &@!#`1L&@7/D7C%PU"*#6)781R&@T"
#UW"#0
Q
3 #% U"*#6)781R"S1"A!# QY
3 #% #%'>Z""#U"*#6)781R"S1"A!# QY
3. #% &@!#`1L&@7/D7C%PU"*#6)781R"S1"A!# ;
3Q #% U"*#6)781R"#[!T"
3Q #% #%'>Z""#U"*#6)781R"#[!T"
3Q. #% &@!#`1L&@7/D7C%PU"*#6)781R"#[!T" .
3d,"$D#G"A!##517EXB%174C%/"41RJ!bEF5 3
2
32d,"$D#G"A!##517EXB%174C%/"41R"S1"A!#
3Yd,"$D#G"A!##517EXB%174C%/"41RE-!b1/" 2
3Hd,"$D#G"A!##517EXB%174C%/"41R"#[!T" H
3;I#G"A!#"#JB+&b%,6 !&=#lJ!5D#GbJo#%W1B%1
74C%/
2;
3;R"S1"A!# 2;
3;.RJ! 2Q
3;3R"#[!T"L!GU'P 2H
deai Y3
gMaM]dfh YQ
MỞ ĐẦU
5#&%'")5U1@"D# ""%0( !"#$%"x5#5U5U1@"#%y751
"zU!Fo#%W15&@!#C%"-%1o%"Et#A#*TU( !"#$%&%'")75Z&
{_||&&EX!!$"#,%-%"G1(b9%>J7EX !"#$%&%'")5U!5#%(
"4B#%%'!6)78 !"#$%&%'")&}%#~%!#%D#AB# "JBw1U9! !J!%D# "
"%0(!#<1@"D#S#~ !"#$%&%'")&EX!6)78(!}7C%>•&EX!"#4156Z">
! !E-!B# !C%:%'"1#%'U&!_1@"7EXZ"7- !"#$%&%'(&%'")x
75"4E-!"#$%(x75#TDB#u"xE-!45%aEX !"#$%{&/!b%'"€5U
1@"D#S&EX!6)78Z""#o>F"C%! !#51 U&%'")"4E-!(D#S7-!}7C%&EX!
"#41(" %!#,"C%! !75#&l "#EB#[!n=O)N•54NE‚+#U
B#%d#v!k##*N5@%(5!}!_#% !"#$%&%'(&%'")!}7R"4
!"#$%>%##4C"
C%! !75#"#41" %!#,"#* !"#$%&%'(&%'")&EX!" %!#,1@"! !#Z"
"#o>F"#s!o(E-!"#$%!s "*#" %!#,&EX!"#$%"[!"%,D6J1EFE-!(4(
#l96#B#[!SF%" %!#,GUo#%W11o%"Et
0& #% >[o#%W11o%"Et"C%B#[!o#%W1(Et%"!_"#07[!#?
! !&J%"EX1RB# !#&0"%,#5#D#G"A!##E1RE-!(1R&Z"(1R"S1
3
"A!#(1R>%#T"O4%'!>)^`! !!#<"#=>%##?!1o%"Et>J"C%! !B#
[!#%+!K&0& #% 1K!&@o#%W1"~E%'"#F#ƒ„9%*"#o!#v
!_"#0#T^%'&EX!>[!_1/"!s! !!#Z"5& #% !#Z"7EX1o%"Et#j1
D#`!`!#4%'!% 1> "5"V!-%8#…B#4#?!5"#[!"%W7-
#A#*TU"4b$7Tz5U(!#v"o%&†7[!#?&J%"EXD#G"A!#75! !
>%#T"!#<"#=1o%"EtE-!L"%(J!(#,P(>J"C%! !1EFE-!(4(#l(S
! !b†%"#415" %!#, !"#$%&%'(&%'")"#@!B#[!%d#v!k##*N5
@%("%,#5##%+!K! !U"*#6)781R>%#T"!#<"#=("*1U"*#6)78
1R"J"#Z"K^`!#4%'!D#G"A!#6 !&=#"#517EX! !B%174C%/
l"#t%!#v"o%!‡"%,#5#6 !&=#"#517EXB%174C%/"41R
"S1"A!#(1RE-!("#[!T"„+!C#&_K^`D#EFD# DD#G"A!#&b%,#j1
"*1lD# "" B%174C%/(1K!&@7"Uo#%W1B%174C%/"x1o%
"Et54! !>%#T"5Ux#517EX! !B%174C%/"4&@T"#UW"#0
5"4"S1"A!#(!#v"o%^["+!#<>J>%##?!&0& #% B#$z"A!#7‡U>%#
#?!&J%-%"xB%174C%"4>%#T"!#<"#=
4
CHƯƠNG 1: TỔNG QUAN
1.1. Tổng quan về rác thải điện, điện tử
1.1.1 Tình hình rác thải điện, điện tử trên thế giới
d#4#?!B•"#T"D# ""%0&†Bw4"#m4>[&t%#574C"! !"#%,"b=&%'")U
#%+(^4! !"#%,"b=&%'")7C!#T ##5#!S>)^`!#v5U!5
#%("4B#%!#%D#A" %!#,74C% !5U7C% !4( #m4>J7%'!s`!„$4'1o%
"Et•LˆIP!#%D#A6Z"B#u !&%'")‰#F;7S>4-%!#%D#A6)78"4
E-!%&_!#A#75U+#G&uU#Š74C% !5U54!4&Et6Z"
4C%#<%+"C%•(1‹%z1!_B#4$3;;;;;k;;;;;"Z !"#$%&%'")&EX!
"#41&0" %!#,"C%(#E!_"-%Q;kY;Œ{"*1&Et€6Z"B#u>!#G7`!B# !(
&GU751@"! !#751"%'7X%5‰"% @">JE-!!#G•(!#sU,75J!(
7U>%5:%'"175&%01&,!s! !74C% !"#$%5UC%a%+1%#!#GŽ(B#J%
7EX !&%'")^[B%,"z"x3NQŒ1‹%z1(!}9! !E-!&D# ""%0(!4>J
5U>•"zZD37S54z1.;;[3], [13]
:*7X%A!#B%#",(B#oA"J!%&D# ""%0&†"%,D#T56)7874C% !"#$%
5U#E&%B•1-%_75#5#*"ZD#,7%'u!#KZ"#%&@!#C%#m4>J
7%'"#JB+(#%'!#G•&†"9"#5#v% !B#7l!s"#,%-%D# ""%0
5
Hình 1 : Rác thải điện tử chất thành đống
#EF"*#1o%"Eta%+#XDJ!ˆI#T&=#Z&"#m!#J"#%'
U75D#$%"C41@"B#oB#"45!S6)78 !"#$%&@!#C%(B0!$%'!$78(
"#m4^•%#4C"&@T!#U0 !"#$%&0b%,"&EX!lJ!5&%01&,!sl !
&@!#C% !"!#K!(! !#5B#4#?!&#%+!K5"*1B%##%'16)7A! !
74C% !"#$%#E1 U"A#(&%'"#4C%(!U(6m#F%("5"#sU(! !7%#B%'&%'")B# !…
[3].#Š%$%D# D%vD%$%U,""TJ!Z& !"#$%&%'")75V" !##%'1-%
#5>$6Z"%'!7515U>•17C%#%7X%A!##K#Z"(! !#5>$6Z">•&E!#%D#A
$78 !"#$%54% "#5#>$D#u1(>•"#v!&uU#?"#U&%"#%,"B,>$D#u1"#m4
#E-"#G"#%'-%1o%"Et#F5Bw4^5%}&t%!s>$D#u1#K#%(! !#5
>$6Z">•b@!D#$%"#%,"B,! !>$D#u1{>C!#€#Fbj! !#74C%b-"! !!#Z"U
#%01("#U"#,! !!#Z"GU#C%bj! !#>)^`! !T"7%'"#U"#,"45#F
1.1.2. Đặc điểm của rác thải điện tử
p !"#$%&%'")!#KZ"#%! !B%174C%/#4/!#Š#XD!#Z"&@!#C%-%
!4Et%51o%"Et>Jp !"#$%&%'")751o#%W1B#oB#A(o#%W1&Z"(o
#%W1lE-!(GU! !!zb'#U#%01#Z"&o
‘
!>
’
>%##E#E
“
!#G
”
"
7%+
‘
B#o!#
”
U&EF
‘
!
•
! !B%174
‘
%z
‘
!4
”
"#+
’
7
•
1J%U!F&o
”
%F
”
%>E
”
!B#~m!
’
!o#G>
’
6G
”
""#%+
”
"b%
‘
•
#E
“
EF
•
%>%#>o
”
G
•
!
”
!{v% !€1
”
U"–
”
#D#+
”
"#
’
%
pZ"#%"‰m1&=D#EF5!o#G751%'!"C%#Š!F>9" %!#,Bw1!#Z"
7EX"+&†1V!#Š!#Kb'#7%+&,&Et#o#ZD(b'#45%^("#T1"A
"#E^47%#B%'&%'")
6
#m4m^O1%"#(% 1&J!&%#5#o"Ub$4'1o%"Et97%—4%(1‹%
1 U"A#!_!#K;;;k.;;;!#Z"7%'B# !#("4&_!_Z"#%!#Z"&@!#C%
{@">J!#Z"!#v"&†b%,""x7G#E!#*("#sUG(!^1%„+!C#&_(!}!_Z"
#%!#Z"&@!"#SB%##%Et%!#4j1 U"A#75!o#'>C!#(#E#?
B#ob%,"jb+"41 U"A#"%1u#Š"#K!_"#0GU#C%!#4>K!B#~m51o%
"Et€
4b$"#JB+! !!#Z"&@!#C%"4 !"#$%&%'(&%'")5" !#C%!#sU,
!s!#v[3]
Bảng 1: Các chất độc hại trong rác thải điện, điện tử
#Z"&@!#C% lJ!"4 !"#$%&%'")
! #C% &J% -% 1o%
"Et5!F"#0>J
Các hợp chất halogen
I47U!74b%D#mU7
LI„P
`&%'(1 Ub%,"#,
GU"#E($##E9
&, #' "#S B%#( #'
1%W^=!#("U,@%"%,"
m"b41b%>D#m47N
L„„P
I47Ub41b%D#mU7
LI„„P
n%D#mU7m"m
LnIˆP
#Z"!#J !# U !#4 #[ L#[
!#=#%'"(! D! !#&%'P
„„ &EX! ^˜ @ †% "4
!#Z"!#JbV"7)!s b$1C!#
1 U%5D#s7+! !b@D#TB# !
GU""#EF7G^5%
&,>K! B#~m( GU @
&@!>GB#%!# U
I47U!74—74!!b4
LqP
4b@D#T7517C#(b?"! !#
&%'
d#%!# UGU#%W1&@!(
!#Z"D# #sU"S4™4
I47U%U!74LI:P D! !#&%'
# U9#%'"&@!4>%#
^%46%5—
Kim loại nặng và các kim loại khác
7
>
_"4&•#*#&t%!‡57EX
#~9^C7%>m(b+"4
! !^%4^D# "
GU@&@!!ZD"A#5
1†"A#
„ #Z""#B#A15#*#p GU,u1E-"
„m „@!#<#7E(b@D#TD# ""% @!,J"D#$%
^
I%%N^>C!7C%(7-D#š#
L&•#*#pP(1[!1 U%5
"J(1 UD#4"4!4DU
L"41 UD#4"4P("4b41C!#
5!#Z"b ^R
@! !ZD "A# 5 1†
"A#
L:MP „z5&…#%^Š7%'
@! !ZD "A# 5 1†
"A#(GU^=K
77%>m n%4^D# "
"#EF &, >K!
B#~m
Ib
5#*#p(D%(b$1C!#1 U
%(! !1J%#5
GU &@! -% #' "#S
B%#("#T(1Z""A #-
&/!b%'"-%"‰m1
a% I%7%"% GU,u1
4&•#*#15#*#an(D%
B%15!o"V!("4~1 U
GU@&@!!ZD"A#5
1†"A#
%
I%%N^>C!7C%#4/!"415
#*#p
GU^=K
!U+"J&Z"#%,1
L‚(ˆP
a-D#š#15#*#p GU&@!-%^51V"
Om
cZ"D# ""x b@!#<#7El
&%'"4b41C!#("41 UD#o
"o!‡
aEX 7- >• GU #C%
!#4>K!B#~m
d•1>—
! b@D#Tb+ "415 #*#
p("@-%U+"J&Z"#%,1
&@!,J"D#$%
8
Các chất khác
!!#Z"&@!#Š!F
#%,"b=#@%"` #> (15#*#
"%#"#07~an
„`%15
@D 15 1 U % 7>m( 1 U
D#4"4!4DU
GU&@!&,#'#o#ZD
#Z"D#_6C #%,"b=U",(^m"m!"4 GU"#E
1.1.3. Tình hình thu gom, tái chế và xử lý rác thải điện tử ở Việt Nam
p !"#$%&%'")9! !E-!D# ""%0&†5&&EX!&uU>!#4! !E-!&
5Bw1D# ""%0#ŠF%5U!#v&EX!" %!#,56)78Z""#s!o(GUo#%W1
1o%"Et5$##E9"-%>K!B#~mEt%^Gp !"#$%&%'")#TD54:%'"1!#s
U,bj&Etb%01%„V!!#sU,9!$$%I#}(1%1759"#5#D#J
l#A%#$%I#}!_Z"#%!o"U("!#K!#TDB#u"5!‡(! !"#%,"b=
&%'")&†>)^`( !"#$%&%'")>B#%#TD&EX!&E! !!F>9" %!#,L75
#@%&*##4/!1@""!#K!B%#",#~Pp%+&J%-%{ !€751 U"A#("U!#E!_
"#JB+!#A#"#K!#E"#m4! !!#U+%E-!"A#(1‹%"# !_B#4$"x;;;;
&,.;;;;b@1 U"A#!‡&EX!#TDB#u54E-!"15!#E!_!F54"#m4^•%
6)78
Hình 2: Thu gom rác thải điện tử
45% !"#$%&%'")&EX!#TD!}!_!$ !"#$%&%'")"4E-!L>J5U
!‡B#o#~P&EX!Et%^G"#41#v&EX!!#Z""#5#! !&J7-945%
9
"t%(>B#%" %!#,"#s!o&EX!b 751U+7%'!#4! !!F>9>$6Z"! !!F>9
" %!#,( !"#$%&EX!#TD"x#%F%"#o#%!4&Et5^E-%#%#*#
"#K!
:%'!" %!#,"#Etb4l1! !bE-!>
NI#G74C% !"#$%#TD
N !#%+#ŠU+7%'B# !#L#[(B%174C%P(7ZU#Š"#K!}
^˜&EX!nGUB%174C%"#*&J"#[&07ZUB%174C%(&J%-%#["#*#%#~()
>C!#(D#F%B#o
N__%5!#U0&,! !F%"%+"#`L"#Et^˜751U+7%'&S!#4! !
5#>$6Z"B# !P[14]
Hình 3: Tái chế rác thải điện tử
%'U9:%'"1!_#%#@%&*#751#"#415" %!#, !"#$%&%'
")(!_#ŠF%!$75!˜751#5U:%'!6)785" %!#, !"#$%&%'")!}Z"
7C!#T !!o%'!5U&EX!751"#s!obj"U5! !"#%,"b=6)78Z""#o>F(
"#%,"b=b$4#@74&@!#4#ŠEt%"#1%751#S#EB#o!_(&l"#t%#?
!}"T^`U!$#51*#75F%!#K(6)78(" %!#,! !74C% !"#$%5U:-%! !
&%B%'751%'!5U(!#Z"&@!!_"#0b 154S 4(^A#54"U(45%!#Z"&@!
!}!_"#07?"&Et#o#ZD !74&@"#s!o&TD›! !"#%,"b=(751!#$U! !
1J%#5!#*&0"# 4t%! !!#%D1 U"A#&m1b 7C%#*&EX!417C%(_"+
!#$4("x&_751bU! !#F%B%174C%&@!#E!#*(!^%1%("#sUG5%$%D#_
10
!#v54B#oB#A^E-%^C#F%>EF&@!#C%OB#%! !{!#%D€&EX!7ZU(!#*
&EX!{"[^4€!#$U6J&Z"#,#E(B#o1ZUEt%751#5U#Ub%,"j(
!#*j1"4>J#Š!#Z"&@!"#SB%#1C##Z"(GU" !#C%&/!b%'"7+"‰m15
#Šbw>F>%# !D#,7%'"#x5E-!"#$%!s "*#G1)>B#%>)^`
B#o&EX!6)7815"#$%U1o%"Et0"##l%&l55"4b%,"#,1 U
"A#(b41C!#!#s(!#%D%"A#(Et%"!#4!#$U! !"#%,"b=5U#m4#ŠEt%
5U%$%"#A!#{#v!#4Z"#%5€:*TU(#517EX! !B%174C%&@!#C%"A!#7‡U
"4&Z"5U!5#%(B#oB#A!‡b=o#%W1/:%'!6)787C!#T(B#o
&v! !#&751o#%W1#%+1"?1o%"Et>J6#(GUZ"#%
b'#U#%01. [4], [3]
1.2. Chỉ thị sinh học
d%01"(& #% o#%W11o%"EtE-!"#Et"%,#5#-%! !1R1R
E-!(1R"S1"A!#(1R"#[!T"E-!#4/!^˜! !74C%!#<"#=>%##?![46].
0"V!(& #% !#Z"7EXE-!("#Et^["+B,"$6 !&=#! !"#o
>J78#_5&EX!"%,#5#1@"! !#&=#B*(&%&_!_#…75!#<6 !&=#&EX!!#Z"
7EXE-!"C%"x"#t%&%01I#G"A!#"S1"A!#"~!_#%E&%01#F>4-%D#G
"A!#E-!"4%'!B%01"(& #% >[o#%W1B%174C%9>o#l/!^˜#517EX
B%174C%!_"#0b=b%,&@"#m4"#t%%#E>[b%,&@&_A"#F>4-%>[b%,
&@#517EXB%174C%"4E-!a-Db˜b1/""#Etb=" !&@b9%! !!#Z">
7Vl%!#A#_"#$%B%174C%547-DE-!D#A"+(b^5U5%!m"%1m"!s7-Db˜
D#A"+D#$ #>["#U&%7%+"`!#55U1K!&@o#%W1
!>%#T">J"4E-!#ZD"#! !!#Z"o#%W1"xE-!#4/!! !#C"7V
&?^E-%& U5"A!#"`"4!F"#0!s!#v !>%#T">J!_D#$KB# !#
B#%b=#%W1! !!#Z"&@!#C%@">J745%!#=" !&@1C#b9%U#517EX"#ZD
!s! !!#Z"&@!#C%"4B#%1@">J745%!_B#$z"A!#"`7EX7-!#Z"o#%W115
B#o!#=1@"" !&@6Z54(! !745%5U&EX!^˜751!#<"#=!#4>[o#%W15
?%75!#<"#=>%##?!
• Chỉ
thị sinh học:
11
d# %%'1!#!#<"#=>%##?!&EX!1?%Et%"#x#T75[8 ]
{#Š&J%"EX>%#T"!_U+!S#Z"&=#&%B%'>%#"# %7%+&,
#!S^%#^E›(#517EX46%!‡#EB#$z!#J!#=1@"#517EX
#Z"&=#! !U,"J&@!#C%"41o%"Et>J5^4&_(>[#%'^%'!s!#v
b%0"#=1@""*#"C&%B%'>%#"# %!s1o%"Et>Jj1"4%-%#C
#!S5B#$z!#J!#=!s&J%"EX>%#T"&_€
O%#T"!#<"#=9"4b$7Tz5U!#v"o%>)^`75>%#T""A!#"`75
#Š>%#T"!#<"#=(B#o#Š!_"A#!#Z"!#<"#=!#41o%"Et"#A!#K15
!}!_"#0"A!#"`1@">J!#Z"o#%W154&_"4!F"#0!s!#v-%#517EX
!4#F#%7S1o%"Etb+45%LB%174C%/P [23]. #t&_bj
D#EFD# DD#G"A!##_>%##Š!F!F"#0!#v("!_"#0D# "#%'(& #%
1K!&@o#%W1^W^5#FZD#%7S>4-%D#EFD# DD#G"A!#"#sU#_
:%'!^˜! !!F"#0>JL>%#T""A!#"`P&0& #% o#%W11o%"Et"~E
%'"#F#ƒ%'!D#G"A!#1RE-!(1R"S1"A!##K#Z"(#517EXB%174C%/
"*1"#ZU"4!F"#0>J!#4"#%"#o"%#F" !&@>%##?!!s!#Z"o
#%W1"-%1o%"Et#K#%(1RE-!("S1"A!#!#=b%,&@#%!$"#t%%(
B#o%!#4+%'!B%01"& #% B#_B#z("JBw11/""5%!#A#[40].#K
b(>%#T"!#<"#=!_>[D#GbJ&=78@(^W^5>4> #1K!&@o#%W19! !="A
B# !#[30,46]
*
Điều kiện lựa chọn sinh vật tích tụ:
Các sinh vật tích tụ được lựa chọn thỏa mãn yêu cầu sau:
- †&EX!&=#74C%•5
NO%#T"!_B#$z"#0#%'&EX!>["EF&F%$%Š7EX!#Z"o
#%W1"A!#"`"4!F"#0!#v5@&@"b*#!s!#Z"o#%W1"41o%"Et
#4/!"4#Š!#Z"7V&?#U"4"#K!z9bZ"B*="A54(^E-%bZ"B*&%
B%'54
NO%#T"!_"#0"A!#"`!#Z"o#%W115B#ob=!#,"
12
NO%#T"!_&t%>J"…#"C%&0&$1b$4j!#Z"o#%W115_"A!#"`!_7%+
&,B#[!#%+!K
NO%#T"!_>J7EXD#4D#v9B#[!#%+!K5"J"#F75D#GbJ@
L"J%E75D#GbJ"45!SP&0!_"#0&J%!#%,%Š! !B#[!
NO%#T"!_&t%>J^5%&0!_"#07ZU1R#%7SB#%!SO%#T"!_&t%>J
^5%("$%†"#t%%^5%!s>[o#%W1_!‡751%#!#K!#4#Š" !
&@&,1o%"Et"4"#t%%^5%(B#o7%+"`!
NO%#T"!_BA!#"#E-!D#˜#XD&0!_"#0!!ZD#Š1o&s7-!#4%'!D#G
"A!#/!"A#5U!‡!S"#%,"!#4%'!#%+!K>["A!#"`"4#Š!F&/!
b%'"!s!F"#0>%#T"
NnW"#1R(>%#T"!_"#0>J7G"4&%B%'"#A#%'1
Nœ"b%,^=
4"#[!",B#_!_745%>%#T"54!_"#0& DK&EX!"Z"!$! !"%+!#A
"+U#%+(#Š>%#T"&EX!7[!#?!#4#%+!K!#<!S& DK&EX!1@"
#U1@"5%"%+!#A"+75&s.[40,46]
_17C%! !745%>%#T"&EX!^˜751!#<"#=>%##?!"J"-%1o%"Et("4&_
!_o#%W1B%174C%/D#$%!#=&EX!>[o#%W1("A!#"`&EX!! !!#Z"o#%W1(B#o
b=!#,"5D#$%"#A!#K&EX!-%>["#U&%1K!#517EX!#Z"o#%W1FŠ(! !
745%5UD#$%D#GbJ@"4B#[!(!_"%&t%Bw4^5%(!_&sBA!#"#E-!&07ZU1R
5"#A!#K&EX!-%! !6)789D#}"#A#%'1(%'!&=#^#(7ZU1R^W^50
D#$ #"*#"C1o%"Et9B#[!54&_! !745%!#<"#=D#$%!E"v!J&=#(#4/!
^%!#U0!#T15#C!#,[40]. !745%5UD#$%!_B#$z"A!#"`! !!#Z"o#%W1
%J! !&%B%'1o%"Eto#%W11o%"Et#<!_#ETU1-%!_"#0>4> #
! !1R7ZU"x! !B#[!B# !#[40,46].
* Các sinh vật được lựa chọn để làm chỉ thị ô nhiễm kim loại nặng:
NThực vật, tảo sống dưới nước _#%E&%01B#%>)^`&J%"EX5U#E^W
7ZU1R(^WD#Gb%'"(>J7EX#%(D#GbJ@!_B#$z!#J!#=-%1K!o
#%W1!4
13
NCá _"#0#ZD"#`B%174C%/5#%!#Z"o#%W1B# !U#%+(! 75745%
^%!#U0+B#o^W^56 !&=#1J%#'%Š#517EX!#Z"o#%W1"4!F
"#0!#v-%l"#$%o#%W1
NĐộng vật giáp xác, hai mảnh, ốc @T"#%1$#"#Et&EX!>)^`&0& #
% o#%W1B%174C%/*!#v&†&EX!&=#74C%•5(^W#T^C(!_BA!#"#E-!
xD#$%(>J7EX#%(^W"A!#"`!#Z"o#%W1(!_&t%>J"…#"C%5!_B#$z>J
^5%
a45%#UW"#0!_#%~!K#E"%("˜"`!(J!75! !745%"#A!##XD^˜
751!#<"#=>%##?!&0D#G"A!#6 !&=#7EX,"! !B%174C%[36]. #v!_B#$z
"A!#"`! !B%174C%,"#E^((Ib-%#517EX7-#F>4-%B#$z&_9!
5"$4[23]. %(J!!_"#0"A!#"`^"41o!s!#v91K!#517EX!4#FZD
;;;;;7S1K!#517EX"*1"#ZU"41o%"Et6#[53].#vD#GbJ9
! !B#[!&=78@("#A!#K&EX!-%>["#U&%#%'"&@!‡#E! !&%B%'
1o%"EtB# !#v!_&s74C%BA!#"#E-!(>J!J&=#5D#˜#XD-%%'!6)78
"4D#}"#A#%'1(!‡!_"#0o%!ZU!#v9! !1o%"EtB# !#[40]./!
^˜! !745%5U& DK&EX!#Š"%+!#uB#V"B#m9"+#E1@">J#G"J>%#
#?!(&=#_!‡GU#Šb%,&@1K!o#%W19J!("%(#, !U,"JBA!#
"#E-!(7EX"#="(1˜>%#>$(#%'"&@(D!s1o%"Et75#ŠU+"J$##E9
"-%>["A!#"`!#Z"o#%W1"4!F"#0!#v+"#,%-%&†!_1@">J!o"*#
#%+!K#517EXB%174C%/"41o! !745%"#G11!_~!K(! !
!#EF"*#B%01"(& #% 1o%"EtJ!",&†"#%,"7TD1@">J"%+!#u7ZU1R
56)781R&0%$1"#%0>%>J#E1˜7ZU1R(7ZU1R"#m4&@>G(BA!#"#E-!!s
745%&EX!7[!#?751!#<"#=>%##?![30].:%'!#%+!K>)^`! !>%#T""A!#"`
&0& #% o#%W1B%174C%/9"4E-!75Z&!_"A#"#[!"%W!4#j16GU
^[!#<"#=>%##?!%+D#˜#XD-%&%B%'E-!"(#C!#,#Š" !&@6Z!s
B%174C%/"-%1o%"Et5>K!B#~m!@&l
14
Hình 4: Trai nước ngọt
1.3. Độc tính kim loại nặng
d%174C%/75#ŠB%174C%!_D#G")7EX7-#FQ.b4l11@">J
B%174C%#E>((((^(4(Ib(•(Ob(#ŠB%174C%/U#%01
#Z"D#EF^%'GUo#%W11o%"EtE-!75•((Ib(^((%(>5
4>J#ŠB%174C%5U!_(%(5•75#ŠU+"J%7EX!S"#%,"
!#4>%#T""#sU>%#(!#v!#<GU&@!9l&@!4
Nguồn gây ô nhiễm kim loại nặng:
N l"[#%+B%174C%/D# "#%'91?%F%("4& (&Z"56G1#TD54
"#sU[!! ! "*#"[#%+(D#4#_(6_%1}()"o%
N l#G"C4! ! "*#>$6Z"!o#%'DL#EB#%B#4 (!#,b%,
/B%174C%(!#,b%,>F("#J!#@1(P(E-!"#$%>%##4C"(o#%'D
L#_!#Z"b$4'"#[!T"P
@">JB%174C%/Z"!S"#%,"!#4!F"#0>J5!4Et%#v75! !U+
"J%7EXB#o"#0"#%,(>[1Z"!Gbj! !U+"J%7EX5U!_$##E9
"[!"%,D"-%>K!B#~m!s!4Et%OV"%vDzxb'#"#%,1 (B•175" !#G
"?"4#F;;74C%m™U1m+#†!s! !7?"#J!%"1%("#J!b6
B#4 !#Z""#Et!_((qm(((d(•(!#v!_#517EX"#ZD5&EX!b%,"
&,#E7EX,"aEX#~! !B%174%5U!_"4B#uD#Sz!s!4Et%*
15
!#v75"#5#D#S"?"4! !D#G")>%##?!#E#m1474b%(#XD!#Z">%#
#_!S"#%,"B# !#E,!F"#0#ZD"#1@"7EX7-! !B%174C%5U(!#v!_
"#0GUJ%74C "*#>%#78(GU&@!!#4!F"#0
d%174C%/!_&@!"A#75! !B%174C%!_"ž"?7-ZDQ7S"ž"?!s
E-!#v75! !B%174C%bLB#o"#1%54! ! "*#>%##4 "4!F"#0P
5!_"A#"A!#"`>%##?!L!#U0"%,D"4!#‹%"#K!z5&%54!F"#0!4Et%P
#vb4l1(>(Ib(^((( !B%174C%/B#%6G1#TD54!F"#0
>%#T">•GU&@!"A#[23]
d%174C%/6G1#TD54!F"#0Et%&Et#o#ZD("#K!z#U#ZD"#`
^&EX!"A!#"`"4! !1o5"#m4"#t%%>•&C""-%#517EXGU&@! !
#%+!K&†!#<B%174C%/GU&@!!#4! !!F"4!F"#0#E1 ((
"#T(!F>$6Z"#44!1o(!F>%#>$(#'"#SB%#GUJ%74C!#K!/
>%##_"4!F"#0^4&_751"zB#$zb=^%K(GUb%,&%m !B%174C%
GU&@!"#Et75"EF" !-%! !#'m™U1m"4!F"#0"x&_K!!#,#4C"&@!s
! !m™U1m5U5^R&,>["4&%!#Z"!s!F"#0>Jb=J%74C !B%174C%/
B#%"EF" !-%! !D#G")!#Z"#Š!F!_B#$z>$>%#! !J!"[^4(75! !
D#S")1Z"!Gbjz7EX(!#K#Š&%'")B#o!/D&o%#v!#%,1&%'
")!s! !D#G")B# !&07TD7C%>[!Gbj!s!#v !J!"[^4"l"C%"4!F
"#0>%#^4! !D#G")!s",b54D#$K-%46ULb=46U#_P(#EB#%!_1/"! !
B%174C%/k" !#G!$"9 "*#46U#_>•>%#! !J!"[^4o"!#K!(
B#oB%01>4 "&EX! !J!"[^45UD# #sU! !1o"4!F"#0GU#%b'#"T"
4D#C1%b$7Tz5U(!#v"o%!#<"A!#%-%"#%'&@!"A#!s1@">J
B%174C%75!#<"%+!SD#G"A!#"4"%(J!"#@!!#EF"*##%+!K& #% 1o%
"Et!sˆL.;;P!‡#E!s#%J!%B# !"+"#,%-%
N#sUGLPGU751@"!#Z"&@!Z1S1("#sUG!_"#0GU1@"74C"
! !"%'!#Kb4l1J%74C"G178(#K!&S(!#$U1 E-z(&[!(&
b`(1'"1~%B%#%+(^=K(%1u($##E9"-%>%#>$@&@!"#sUG!_
"#0"#K!z(lE-!(&o%B#%!‡!_"#0^4#Š!#Z""#$%!o#%'D#4/!&J"
"#&
16
NLP75B%174C%!_"4"[#%+(1?%Et%&b=#%W1#517EX
#~!_"4B#oB#A("#K!z(E-!J75B%174C%,"!S"#%,"!#4>K!B#~m
Et%!_"#0"*1"#ZU"41@">J74C%"#K!z(‡!J!("41@">J745%"#[!T"
#E!GU!#•[52]. Et%b=#%W1"41@""#t%%^5%"#Et1V!! !b'#"#S
B%#(J%74CT&@(#%W1&@!1K!#517EX!4B%174C%5U>•GU! !b'##o
#ZD5>U%$1!#K!z"*#^`!
NlLP&EX!^˜#%"4>F!#J"#Z1E-!"+"5"#U(! !"#%,"
b=&%'")(JE-!E-!"#$%>%##4C"75l!#A#&E54E-!"l"C%9
#%^C75^C#}"5! !#C"#~[23]. !S"#%,"!#4!#K!z#o#ZD!s#%
>%#T">J5! !!#K!zm™U1B# !&EX!7E%Š"4"sU>J!s
Et%-%#517EX !4>•GU#E#C%("#T(#C#U," D(#o1+(&^C
^5U("#T1!#A")4%(J!"#Et"A!#"`7EX7-"4!F"#0!s!#v.[36]
Nd•1L•P75U+"J!S"#%,"!#4"Z"!$!F"#0>J(-%!4Et%#55U
!SH1•!#4! !!#K!z"#o"#Et!s!F"#0[24].,"#%,•>•^R&,>U
%$1B#K% !(=% !5>U%$1!#K!z1%W^=!#!s!F"#0lo#%W1B•1
!#A#75!o#%'D7U'B%1(!o#%'DD%(! !#51 U !(! !>$D#u1!#Jz
1}(>F(#[(!4>F"#0!4Et%!_"#0"A!#"`•5,•"A!#"`-%#51
7EX !4"#*!#<"4"#t%%V>•GUb'#o1)(&^C^5UE-!!#K
#517EX•!4Z"&@!&J%>%#T"%(J!!‡"A!#"`1@"7EX7-•"4!F"#0
!#v[23].
N>mL>P>%#"x! !^GU!#U>$6Z"#_D#u1(#51 U#%'"&%'^˜
"#(!_"4!#Z"751`7 ("#J!> ""˜(1@">J74C%"#sU"%#(!#Z"b$4$‹5
"#J!b$4'"#[!T"O["A!#"`!‡#E" !&@!s>&,!F"#0>JD#`"#@!54
^C"l"C%!s_4B#%! !#XD!#Z">o!FZ"&@!!#4#S#,"!F"#0>J"#*
! !#XD!#Z"#Š!F!s_!#<GU&@!#Ÿ>m!_"#0GUo1)(D# #sU! !D#G
")n5GU"#Eqh ¡h&†&E%-%#C!#ZD#T&EX!!s#517EX
>o!F#ZD"##5"S75Q¢ B"?7EX!F"#0[23].
Nlo#%W1^%1%L^P6Z"D# ""xo#%W1B#oB#A(B#%"# !1~(D%
%N^(#51 U7U'B%1[23].l!#A#"#$%^54E-!75! !&%'![!^˜"+
17
"5"#U^"l"C%!#sU,^E-%^C#}""4E-!#%W1&@!!ZD"A#^!_
! !"%'!#K%J#E!v1(>J"(&&S(&B#VD1*#1uU#%W1&@!1†"A#^
GU"#ELD#%("U,"%7%'"Pˆ&†&E%-%#C"+!s^75(;1 B"?
7EX"EF%"%(J!74C%^˜751"#[!D#u1!#4Et%[22]
N#*LIbP!_"4‡B#A&C^EX!(J1>K(6z^S("#sU"%#!#*#*!‡
&EX!^˜#%"4T"7%'6GU^[(!o#%'D!FB#A(D%Ib" !&@&,#'"#S
B%#(751%$1>[D# ""%0†4!s"‰#~(GUJ%74C#G! !#9Et%7-(%$1!#<
>J"#o1%#LMP_GU D#U,"!4(b'#"%1(5b'#"#T1†"A#%(J!
#ZD"#`Ib"xE-!("#K!zD#$ #1K!&@o#%W11o%"Et[36].ˆ&†&E%-%
#C"+!#4#517EXIb"4"%(J!75(Q1 B"?7EX"EF%L74C%^˜751
"#[!D#u1!#4Et%P
1.4. Các phương pháp phân tích kim loại nặng
1.4.1. Phương pháp quang phổ khối plasma cảm ứng (ICP-MS)
#T"ŠMILM^!"%m7U4D7m^I7>1P^˜&0!#<?7)D7>1"C4"#5#
bj^}&%'!_"S>J!4L!›™P&EX!!!ZDbj1@"1 UD# "p^%4
qmm!UI4rmLpqIP?7)D7>1!_#%'"&@Z"!4!_" !^`!#U0! !
U+"J"41R!SD#G"A!#"#5#^C%4
OL>>ODm!"41m"UP75D#wD#%D#"#m4>JB#J%#U!#A#6 !#F75"#m4"ž>J
%Š>JB#J%5&%'"A!#L1 •P
xB#%6Z"#%'D7>1!$1K-%! !"A#z5E&%01T#5##F#ƒ
! !l#l5"%&%'"#*1@"!o!`1-%&†^S^S&EX!D# ""%0"#5#1@"
"#XDMI#wD-%1@"B#J%D#B,%E&%01%bT"!sMINO75!_&@D#G%$%
!45^W" !#! !#%W$##E97R#^4&_!_"#0D# "#%'&EX!#S#,"! !
U+"J"4b$"S#45I#EFD# DD#G"A!#5U^["+! !U+"V!!s
>[bU#F%(D#G" !#(%4#_!s! !U+"J#_#?!B#%!#v&EX!&E541o%
"EtD7>1!_#%'"&@!4O&_! !%45U&EX!D#G" !#B#~%#"#m4"ž>J
B#J%7EX &%'"A!#L1 ™P!s!#v(bj"#%,"b=D#G"A!#B#J%7EX!_"x"A#5&@
D#G%$%!4D# "#%'(B#U,!#&C%"A#%'5&,1bj"#%,"b=&%'")B…"#T">J
18
I#EFD# DMIkO&t%54&S#Šz1Y;!s"#,B<"E-!55U!5
!#K"~75B…"#T"D#G"A!#!_E&%01EX""@%>4-%! !B…"#T"D#G"A!#B# !#E
D##ZD"#`U+")LOP(D#D# "6CD7>1!$1KLMINˆO#U
MINhˆOPI#EFD# DMINO#F#ƒ! !B…"#T"D#G"A!#B%174C%/B# !9
! !&%01>!_&@#CU!4(&@7/D7C%!4(6 !&=#&l"#t%&EX!#574C"! !B%1
74C%"4"#t%%D#G"A!#V[9]
*Sự xuất hiện và bản chất của phổ ICP-MS
nE-%" !^`!slMI(! !D#G")"41RD#G"A!#&EX!D#G7%"#5#
! !U+")"[^49"C"# %#F% !D#S")5UB#%"l"C%"41o%"EtBA!#
"#A!#D#MIz7EX!4>•b=%4#_("C4& 1#F%%4!s!#Z"1RL"#Et!_
&%'"A!#£P,^R^}%4&_54blD#G![!&0D#G%$%!#v"#m4>JB#J%
L1 •P>•"C4D#B#J%!sU+")!#Z"!SD#G"A!#5&EX!D# "#%'#t! !
^m"m!"4"#A!##XD
Các quá trình xảy ra trong nguồn ICP
N_#F%!#Z"1R(U+")#_! !D#G")(%4#_! !U+")(>[D#G%$%
!s! !%4"#m4>JB#J%>•>%#D#MINO
_#F%
c
1
LP
6
1
LBP
I#G7%
c
1
LBPLBP£1cLBP
M4#_LBP
;
£ˆ
#%'"
LBP
£
N#"45b@& 1#F%%4!s1R(7?!5D#G7U!#v"#5#D##t#'"#J
D#G%$%B#J%"#m4>JB#J%!s%4(D# "#%'!#vbj^m"m!"4(#%7C%D#
N #% &=#"A#(&=#7EXD#"#&EX!
#ETU"#[!!#Z"D#MINO75D#!s! !U+")9"C"# %B#A"[^4&†b=
%4#_"4lz7EX!4"SMI"#m4>JB#J%! !!#Z"
* Ưu điểm của phương pháp phân tích bằng ICP-MS
19
I#wD&4D#MINO751@"B•"#T"1-%(&t%! !#&GUB#o7G#E&EX!
D# ""%0Z"##5>)^`@†%"4#%7…#[!B# !##E "*#>$
6Z"#%+7%'#C"#G(6 !&=#&l=D#_6C(E-!7517C#>F!ZD"45##C"
#GL!#%,1"ž"?QŒPyD#G"A!#E-!J(E-!b%0(E-!b1/"(&Z"(b˜(&Z"
#4(D#G"A!#&=#^C(>(Ib5O"4#%+!K5b$4'1o%"Et
LYŒPy "*##4 #?!(!#Z"#%W1bu"4O%¡—m>"4!o#%'D>$6Z"!#Z"
b ^RL33ŒPy1 ("_!(#U,""##(E-!"%0(1o"4U",LŒPy&Z"(& ("S1"A!#(
#%+!K&l=D#_6C"4&=!#Z"L.ŒPy#4 !#Z"LŒPy^Z,"&C(&/!"E
T"7%'(lJ!(!#Z"&@!"4B#4#?!#*#>[LŒP5D#G"A!#"#[!D#u1LŒP
Hình 5: Ứng dụng phương pháp phân tích ICP-MS trong các lĩnh vực
Ưu điểm phép đo phổ ICP- MS:
NlMI75lz7EXBA!#"#A!#D#!_z7EX!4(_!#4D#wD
D#G"A!##F2;U+"J"xa%k5!_"#06 !&=#&l"#t%!#v-%&@#CU5
&@!#?7?!Z"!4L%-%#CD# "#%'"xDDbNDD"&J%-%"Z"!$! !U+"JP
Nd#$zD#G"A!#b &=#7EXZ""J"^4B#o!SD#$%^˜1R!#u15
R&C"&@!#A#6 !!4y!_"#0D#G"A!#! !&l=5"ž7'!s!#v
NU!_&@#CU!4#ElMI7C%75lBA!#"#A!#D#Z"&=#(+
D#wD&4MINO!_&@7/D7C%!45>%>JZ"#~
20
NI#MINOA"C!##FD#MINˆO+!_&@!#?7?!!4($##E9"#5#
D#S#S#EA"6Z"#%'(,!_"#*!‡Z"#~(^W74C%"x
N:˜"U,"A#"4D#wD&4MINO@#F#ƒ! !B•"#T"D#G"A!#B# !(
!_"#0ZD#5"z17S5B#$zD#G"A!#b &=#7EXZ""J"^4B#o!S^˜
1R!#u15R!#4B,"$"EF&J%!#A#6 !
N45%MINO!}&EX!>)^`#E751@"^m"m!"4!#4a(ˆ(
:-%#%E&%01EX""@%(B•"#T"D#G"A!#MINO&EX!K^`@†%&0
D#G"A!##%&J%"EXB# !#&/!b%'"75"4! !7…#[!D#G"A!#,"5>%+,"
D#`!`#%+!K>$6Z"T"7%'b ^R(T"7%'#C"#G(#%+!K&=!#Z"5
1o%"Et
* Một số công trình nghiên cứu xác định kim loại nặng bằng phương pháp
ICP-MS
Nc !&=#7EX,"1@">JB%174C%/"4! !745%"%(J!9lGUN5@%
bjD#EFD# DMINO4#%+!K5U" !%$SK%,(a+l%#(
UW:%,"#K!&†6 !&=#&EX!7EX,"!sB%174C%/(•(>((^(
IbbjD#EFD# DMINO-%1R&oB#o51R"EF%z!K"#m4! !#D#G74C%
!#Z"7EX1o%"EtE-!^["+7517EX! !B%174C%,""4"%(J!! !" !%$
B,"7TE-!lGUb=o#%W1#Ÿb9%&l(bC!(>m(!!^%1%(b=o#%W191K!b*#
"#Etb9%! !U+"J#EB•1(!#*.[6]
N!4>Iwm™Na_Dm™5!@>[[41]D#G"A!#Ib(^(•5>!_"4"#="1@">J
745%!#%1#4^†9˜7%!%LGU„V!GU„#PbjD#EFD# DMINO
d,"$!#4"#ZU#517EX•"4B#4$(2N.(HYDD1(#517EX>"4B#4$
(.&,(YYDD1517EXIb5^"4&_"EF&J%!4(!_1R7+"-%"+
YDD1Ib(5#517EX^!4#Z""#&EX!7+"-%3HDD1
N !%$4#1m^ [43], "Et&C%#?!"m>(I# D&†>)^`D#EF
D# DMINO&0D#G"A!#5I^"4! !&@T""#G119˜b%0d,"$
!#4"#ZU#517EXIb75H(1B
¤
5#517EX75;(1B
¤
21
NO%14m%m>m75!@>[[49]&†>)^`D#EFD# DMINO&06 !&=##51
7EX!s.3B%174C%L„m(7(d((%(:(((qm(4(%((•(>(Om(pb(O(
4(I^(^(O(I"(IbP"41 !s#$%!u9˜b%0¡^^m(K!5&$4n%>#
d,"$!#<j#517EX1@">JU+"J#E>(((4(Om(:"41 #$%
!u!4#F>4-%"41 Et%@">JU+"J#E7(((5I"B# !#
& B0"41 #$%!u9#%˜&=7AB# !#O[B# !b%'"5U!_"#0^4$#
#E9!sl"#K!z
4r>m^5MODm[25] &†"%,#5#6 !&=##517EXIb"4! !1R
"S1"A!#9!)>o"#@!1>"7%bjD#EFD# DMINO !1R"S1"A!#
9„4r„U#517EXIb"4B#4$Yk.Q1B
¤
(!}9˜„4Bm%775"
M>>"7%#517EXIb7S7EX""x3Q(Q&,35"x(;&,(1B
N
}9
B#[!¡%7Bm>O""%4#517EXIb&EX!6 !&=#"4B#4$3k;1B
¤
1.4.2. Các phương pháp khác xác định kim loại nặng
45%D#EFD# DMINO(!}Z"#%D#EFD# DB# !#ED#EFD# D
"?7EX(!#u&@(! !D#EFD# D&%'#_("V!(D##ZD"#`U+
")LqNO(qNO(:NOP(#š#"%cLcpqP(BA!##4C"F"4LP(
D#D# "6CD7>1!$1KLMINˆOP !D#EFD# D&EX!>)^`"˜U"#@!"#m4
"x&J%"EX1RD#G"A!#(#517EXB%174C%/"41R(&%B%'!`"#0!s
D#}"#A#%'1(!‡#EU+!S&@!#A#6 !!sB,"$D#G"A!#
Phương pháp huỳnh quang
@"!#Z"B#%#ZD"#`1@"z7EX9%-%#C54&_>•751BA!#"#A!##'m7m!"4
!sD#G")d#%9"C"# %BA!#"#A!#(D#G")!#<"l"C%¥;
NY
>(_7TD"K!"9"C
"# %!Fb$b&S5%$%D#_z7EX&†#ZD"#`d#%z7EX%$%"4$&EX!
D# "^E-%^C #> "#*?%75#%'"EXD# "4 #?!D#G"A!#>)^`
#%'"EX5U&0&=#"A#5&=#7EX! !!#Z"5?%75D#EFD# DD#G"A!##š#
n4‚N¦%m5dm%[28]>)^`D#EFD# D#š#&06 !&=#7EX
,"Ib"+!F>9!#4Ib
.£
"C4D#K!-%6%"%bbmm77%!"#m4"<7'Ib
.£
6%"75.-%D§
22
2NY„E-!>_BA!#"#A!#5D# "6C7-#Z"75.;Q(;153;Y(Y1I#EFD# D!#4
%-%#CD# "#%'75;(Q.Ib 17
#4%¦%(4¨%¡(¦%™#m¡[27] &†6 !&=#7EX,"-%
"#J!"#).N#U^46UNND#"7^m#UmmNYN1%4%47%mLPbjD#EFD# D
#š#@#CU!sD#wD6 !&=#"z7+"41o%"EtE-!N!47-%"<7'
"#m4"#0"A!#(D§H(4&%B%'&_D#K!Nb=BA!#"#A!#5D# "6C9
bE-!>_"x3H2NQ;1%-%#CD# "#%'!sD#EFD# D7522 17d#4$"U,
"A#!sD#EFD# D7+&,.Q¢ 17I#EFD# D5U&EX! D^`&06 !&=#7EX
,""4"#="57X
„¡„%7mU(pn477^O¡m>"[26]>)^`D#EFD# D#š#
&0 6 ! &=# >%+ % 7EX LMMP ! " ! %$ &† >) ^` "#J! "#)©LD#mP.p
4>m„m7ª(D#K!5U&EX!!#%,"54!744—415D#74†bj6m"4„E-!>_BA!#
"#A!#75Q;¢15bE-!>_D# "6C75Q2;¢1%-%#C&=#7EX!sD#EFD# D75
;
N
N;
N3
DD1
Phương pháp quang phổ hấp thụ nguyên tử(AAS)
d#%!#%,1@"!#˜1"%> !_bE-!>_6 !&=#K&v-%"%D# "6C#CU
!sU+"J!S6 !&=#54& 1#F%U+")"[^4"#*! !U+")"[^4>•#ZD
"#`z7EX!s! !"%!#%,545"C4D##ZD"#`U+")!s_4D#5U
"6 !&=#&EX!U+"J!SD#G"A!#4D#EFD# D5U"#* "*#!#U0
#4 !#Z""#5##F%LU+")#4 1RP75"?#Z"š"#@!54B…"#T"U+
")#4 15"!_D#EFD# D-%&@#CUB# !#GU75D#EFD# D&EX!>)^`
B# D#b%,&0D#G"A!#! !B%174C%/S#,"! !B%174C%/&!_"#06 !
&=#&EX!bjB…"#T"5U_"#06 !&=#"E!"%,D! !B%174C%bjB…"#T"?7)
LqNOPB#o#4/!bjB•"#T"U+")B#o?7)^˜7}D#%"LqNOP
!#4D#wD6 !&=#! !B%174C%/-%%-%#CD# "#%'!›DDb#U#~#Fd•"#T"
#ZD"#`U+")#_#F%7C#L:NOP>)^`#'#U^#_!#4D#wD6 !&=#! !
U+"J!_B#$z"C4#XD!#Z"#U^-%&@!#?7?!(&@#CU!4
¦4™mDO™B4^5¦•1^™B%[33]>)^`D#EFD# DqNO&06 !&=#Ib5
^"41R>%##?!!#4#%'>Z""##l%-%Ib75Y.(;Œ5^75HY(Œ
23
4#1m^[43]D#G"A!##517EX! !B%174C%/"4&@T""#G
11˜b%0>)^`D#EFD# DO!#4B,"$#517EX! !B%174C%#E>
2(.1B
¤
-% ^( .(Y1B
¤
-% ( Y(;1
¤
-% ( .H.1B
¤
-% •(
.;(Y1B
¤
-%53.(Y1B
¤
-%%
74—5!@>[[20]&†D#G"A!##517EX! !B%174C%/5! !U+
"J%7EX!_"41R"#[!T"bjD#EFD# DO!#4B,"$#517EX"
b*#!s! !1R#E>LB,"$"A#"#m4DD1P4#?UD"%>>m47m>!_#51
7EX•75L3Q(«;(;P(75L.(«;(;P91K!!4#Z">4-%! !1RB# !4
B#%&_#517EXLYQ«;(;.P5LQ3;«.P!4#Z""4!GU4%^7!%^
I4m™5d#m1%[45] &†D#G"A!#"4E-!5! bjD#EFD# D
#ZD"#`U+")#4 #F%7C#L:NOPEt!#u&EX!6GU^["4B#4$
l&@"x;(;;&,.(;1a
¤
-%#'>J"EF;(HHH%-%#CD# "#%'^[
"+"A#"4 75;(;.1a
¤
'>Jb%,"#%+B#%6 !&=#LMMP9l&@;(5
.(;1a
¤
7S7EX"75.(5(HŒ !" !%$!‡&†B,"7TD#EFD# D5U!_"#0
K^`&0D#G"A!##517EXLMMP"4! !1RE-!(E-!"#$%5!
Phương pháp quang phổ phát xạ nguyên tử (AES)
4&%B%'b*#"#Et(U+")B#o"#!‡B#oD# "z7EX(
#E,!!ZDz7EX!#4U+")"#*! !U+")>•!#U07+"C"# %
BA!#"#A!#C"# %5UB#ob(U+")!#<"l"C%"41@""#t%%![!V
;
NY
>(!#v!_6#E-"9"C"# %b&SbŠ5%$%D#_z7EX
15_#ZD"#^E-%^CbK!6C#?!„K!6C5U!#A#75D#D# "6CU+")
!lBA!#"#A!#D#D# "6C75?7)&•B#A(#l&%'^}64U!#%5
1@"!#%("%7)&%'(D7>1!$1K
#*!#D#EFD# D5U!_&@#CUB# !4("JA"1R(!_B#$zD#G"A!#
&l"#t%#%U+"J"4!˜1@"1R+Z""#T7X%&0D#G"A!#7EX,"! !
B%174C%&@!"4! !&J%"EXB# !#
24
!%$I#C1aT[11]&†K^`D#EFD# DˆOD#G"A!#1@">JB%174C%
"4E-!(&J%-%!#4%-%#CD# "#%';(;QDD1(d5a%75;(QDD15-%Ib75
;(DD1
>"—¬B1m5!@>[[44]!‡&†>)^`D#EFD# DD#D# "6CU+
")D7>1!4"S!$1KLMINˆOP&0D#G"A!##517EX! !U+"JB%174C%
/"4#$%>$9˜b%01(mm5m^%"mmqm5•75#%B%1
74C%!_#517EXZ"!49"Z"!$! !D#S!s#$%>$517EXB%174C%"4#Š
D#S15!4Et%!_"#0>)^`&EX!#E>;(;.k;(321B
¤
-%^(;(;k
;(1B
¤
-% 4( ;(;k(2Q1B
¤
-% ( ;(3.N(Y1B
¤
-% ( 2(k
;(1B
¤
-% qm( ;(;k;(HH1B
¤
-% ( ;(;.k3(H21B
¤
-% %( ;(33k
;(Y1B
¤
-%Ib((Hk(.1B
¤
-%• !" !%$!‡&†!#4j"Z"!$! !
B%174C%&EX!D# "#%'"4&7-#F"4"#="41@">J˜(&†!_^Z
#%'o#%W1B%174C%/517EX^5"4!$"#="5(#517EXIb"4
!s! !1RD#G"A!#!4#F%-%#C!#4D#wD^E7EXB%174C%/"4"#[!
D#u1
1.5. Các phương pháp xử lý mẫu trầm tích, sinh vật
1.5.1. Nguyên tắc xử lý mẫu [10]
c)781R75 "*##45"5D# #ž!Z"v!!s!#Z"1Rb&S(%$%D#_
5!#U0! !!#Z"!S6 !&=#^C&l"#0D#˜#XD-%D#wD&4&†!#?("x&_6 !
&=##517EX!#Z"15!#v"141J
0o!F#4 1R(!#U0!#Z"D#G"A!#^CD#˜#XD-%D#EFD# DD#G
"A!#(!_#%D#EFD# DD#b%,#%'U756)78E-"56)78B#o
d•"#T"6)78E-"75B•"#T"^˜! !6%"1C#(&/!5_(B%11C#&/!(
_#4/!#‹#XD6%"#U#‹#XDB%1&0D#G#ž1R"4&%B%'&_
"4b*#dm^("4#@DBA#U"47}%>_
d•"#T"6)78B#o75B•"#T"&06)781R"47}9#%'"&@"#A!##XD
LQ;
;
N2;;
;
P(>&_#45"b†1Rbj^^=!#1J%#U6%"D#˜#XDd#%(
! !!#Z"#Š!F!s1R>•b=&J"!# U#45"45"#5#h
.
5
.
h
25
