An toàn lao động khi thi công móng, hố, hào sâu

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AN
TOAN
LAO DdNG,
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SINH LAO DdNG
An toan lao dong khi thi cong
mong, ho, hao sau
TS.
Bui Manh Hung
Chu nhiem bo mon Kinh te Xay
dung - Dai hoc Kien tnic Ha Noi
1.
An
toin
lao dong khi thi cong dao xuc
1.7.
Chii y vdj
cong
tdc Mo
xuc
Triidc khi dao, du bang tay hay bang may
xuc, can
luu
y cac cong trinh ngam
dudi
dat.
Luon nhd
rSng

co the co dudng day
dISn
ngim,
cong thoat
nUdc
va doi khi co
di/dng dng
hoi
dot
ngSm
sau dudi dat. Can tinh den
khS
nang
xau
nhSt:
dung
phiil
cap dien cd the gay dien
giat chet ngudi, bi thuong nang hoac do chap
dien gay bdng nang; vd dudng dng hoi dot gay
chay no; vd dng
nUdc
hoac cdng
ngSm
gay ung
ngap hoac sap Id hd dao
a)
Up
dien ngam: Trudc khi tien hanh dao
xuc hay yeu cau cac co quan

thupc
nganh
dien,
cd quan thudc dja phuong hoac
ngUdI chii
cdng trtnh xay dung cho xem so do dudng day
dien ngam. Ngay
Cei khi
da cd so do van
phSI
luu
y cd mot sd dudng day khdng duoc danh dau
trong so do hoac khong nSm chlnh xac d
noi
nd
duoc danh dau vi dudng cap dien it khi thang.
Hay quan sat cac cot den tin hieu giao
thdng,
den dudng, bot
dien
xung quanh
chung thudng duoc cap dien qua cap ngam,
hay sfldung may dd cap ngam neu
cd.
Can luu y
rSng
cap
nim
gan nhau se khdng phat tin
hieu

rl#ng
re tren may. Mot sd kieu cap cdn khdng dd
duoc
bSng
may djnh vj. Tuyet ddi khdng diing
vat nhon va
sSc
de danh dau. Khi da
x^c
djnh vj
trf tuong ddi
ciia
dudng cap, hay diing dung cu
cam tay
nhux^ng,
mai
de dao Id ra. Khdng nen
diing cudc, xa beng, can theo ddi ky dau hieu
cap trong qua trtnh dao
bdi.
b) Cac cdng trtnh ngam khac
Tuong tu nhu sir ly cap dien ngam, hay yeu
cau ngudi cd trach nhiem cung cap
sodd
dudng
cap nudc ngam, dudng dng khi dot, dudng cap
dien thoai ngam , sau do sir dung cac bien
phap gidng
nhu
ddi vdi dudng cap dien ngam.

Khdng sfl dung
m^y
xiic each
dng dan hoi
ddt
dudi
nira met. Neu ngiri thay mill gas, can
dim
beio
khdng cd vat phat lira nhu thudc la,
ddng
CO
dang
hoat
ddng dgan
dd.
Tranh xa khu
vuc rd
ri,
yeu
cSu mpi
ngUdi so tan va thdng bao
vdi ngudi cd trach nhiem. Khdng de may mdc
thiet bj nang len tren hoac
d
gan dudng dng
dan vi dng dan cd the vd.Tat ci dudng dng hoac
day cap phii dflpc gia cd trudc khi
b3t
dau tien

hanh dao xiic.
1.2.
Litufan
toan khi thi cong
SHo
xuc
a) NhUng mdi nguy hiem
khi
thi cdng
dSo
xiic: Hau het cac cdng
viec
xay dung deu cd Uen
quan den cdng viec dao xuc nhu dao mdng,
ranh thoat nUdc, cdng trtnh ngam. Xuc dat hoac
dao ranh la
nhOng
cdng viec rat nguy hiem ma
ngay ca
nhOng
cdng nhan cd kinh nghiem cung
cd the bj
tai
nan do mpt bd ranh nap dd khdng
dupc
gia
cd
sut.
Id bat ngd.
NhUng cPn mUa to thudng

Ici
nguyen nhan
gaiy
ra Id Six.
Khei
nang lut
ldi
cung la
hiem
hoa
can tinh den. Ngoai ra cdn xuat
hien
sU
nilt
vd
do ap suat dUpc
gl3i
phdng khi di chuyin dat da
hoac do nhiet dp qua ndng vao
miia
he.
b) NhOng
luu
y ve an toan de phdng chdng
sap hd, nga xudng hd
Mep hd, ranh nen bat bang hoac vat mdt
gdc an
toan,
thudng la 450 hoac gia cd
bSng

van,
cdt chdng hay cac phUdng tien thich hdp
de dam bao khdng sat Id.
Can
dJm biio
cd
dii
vat lieu de gia cd ranh
se
dao.
Gia cd ranh la viec can lam ngay, dao den
dau gia cd den dd. Khdng nen lam viec khi ranh
chua dupc gia cd.
Chi nhUng
cdng nhan lanh nghe thuc hien
dudi su
giam
sat
ciia
doc cdng mdi duoc
lip
dat, thao dd hay thay cdt chdng. Nen
ISp
dat
cot chdng
tai
tat ca cac chd nao cd the, trUdc
khi dao tdi day hd, tdt nhat nen thuc hien khi
chieu sau hd hoac ranh
chUa

dat
tdi
1,2m. Sau
dd tiep tuc dat cdt chdng den khi dao tdi day.
Can y
thUc
rang thUc hien day
dii
quy trinh nay
se gdp phan quan trpng trong viec cilu
nhOrng
cdng nhan bj dat
Idviil
lap.
Lap cac rao
cein
d dp cao vila phil
(khoeing
1
m) se ngan
ngUa
loai tai nan roi xudng hd dao.
c) Kiem tra bien phap an toan
vji
ket qui
thuc
hien:
Viec kiem tra
bien
phap ky thuat an

loan thi cdng dao
xiic
do
ngUdI
cd kien thflc
thuc
hien,
it nhat la trUdc mdt ngay tai ndi se
tien hanh dao
xiic.
Sau khi da ap dung bien
phap ky thuat an toan mdi tuan nen theo ddi
noi dd it nhat mdt lan va ngudi kiem tra cd trich
nhiem lap va
luu
giuf bien bin kilm tra.
d) NhOfng cdng trinh lan can: Bat
cil
chd nao
cd the, cdng viec dao xiic can tranh khdng nen
qua sau va qua gan lam inh hudng den nln
mdng
ciia
cac cdng trtnh kl ben. Sir dung cac
bien phap phdng chdng nhu cpc cir, cdt chdng
v.v , de de phdng sap Id khi thi cdng dao xiic.
Khi thuc hien chdng dd cho cac cdng trinh lan
can can nghien cufu
each
chdng cung nhu vj tri

chdng dl khdi inh hudng den ket cau
ciia
cac
cdng trinh dd.
e) Thanh hd: Khdng nen luu
giU,
dl chuyin
vat lieu hay thilt b| gan mieng hd vl cd the gay
nguy hilm cho cdng nhan lam viec d dudi do
vat lieu roi xudng, hoac do tii nang gan
mi^ng
hd gay sap cic cdt chdng gia cd thanh hd.
Nhufng ddng dat di va phe
ll|u
nen dl cich xa
noi dao xuc.
f)
Xe cd
gidi:
Can cd
dii
chd dau va vat cin,
vat chen binh xe hpp ly, de phdng xe lap xudng
hd khi dd vat lieu hoac giy nguy hilm khi quay
dau.
Khu vuc
6e
xe phii giuf mdt khoing cich
an toin so vdi hd de de phdng tii trpng Idn cd
the giy sap hd hoac cac vat gia cd.

g) Ldi
ra
vio
va
ra:
Can dim bio cd day
dii
cic Idi cho phuong tien vao va thoit ra khdi hd
dao mdt cich an tpan nhu thang, dudng ddc
Dilu nay dac biet quan trpng bdi khi lam viec
dudi
hd sau cd
thi
bat chot gap lu hay nhufng
yeu td nguy
hilm
khic. Ldi thoit hilm li het sufc
can thilt.
h) Chilu
sing:
Bd tri dil anh sing d noi thi cdng dao
xde,
dac biet la noi vio vi ra, nhufng cho hdng cua
rao chin bio ve. Chieu sing khdng day du lam
cho ngudi lao ddng de met mdi, phin xa than
kinh cham, lau ngay glim thj luc la nguyen
nhan gian tiep gay chan thuong, ddng thdi lam
giim nang suat lap ddng vi ha chat lupng sin
pham.
Chieu sing qui thira giy ra hien tupng

mit bj
chdi,
bit budc mit phii thich
nghi
trong
mdt thdi gian nap dd
khi
phii
nhin
tir cho sing
sang chd tdi vi ngUdc lai.
Tat ci mpi khu vUc
tr#n
cdng trudng
diu
phil dupc chilu sing khi lam viec
bSng
inh
sing tu nhien hoac nhin tao. Nen bd tri chieu
sing nhan tap dl phdng trinh
nhOng
ndi bdng
tdi^day
dac vi dl thay rd dupc nhufng mdi nguy
hilm.
Nen treo bdng den cang cao cang tdt
dl trinh chdi mit va bd tri sao cho cdng nhan
khdng bj
sSp
bdng

ciia
chinh minh khi lam viec.
2.
Nguyen nhin xiy ra tai nan khi dio
m6ng,
ho
vi hio
sau
)4 BiiniEipan
01.2014
Thi cdng dio mdng cdng
trinh,
dio dip
kenh
muong,
dio ho vi hao siu li loai cdng
viec
cd khdi lupng Idn, tdn nhilu cdng sufc va
cung thudng xiy ra tai nan. Cic nguyen nhan
va hidn tupng tai nan thudng gap la:
a) Sup do dat trong luc dao mdng, hio
sau khi chilu sau vupt qui gidl han cho phep
ciia
cac loai dat da ma khdng gia cd hoac gia
cd thinh
vieh
khdng
dUng
ky thuat an
toin.

NhiJfng
nguyen nhan chinh lam
vieh
dat bi
trupt,
sat.
Id cd
thi
do:
- Oao hd vdi vach dufng vUpt qui gidi han
chieu sau cho phep theo quy pham an toin ma
khdng tiln hinh chdng vach;
-Dao
hd
vdi vach ddc Idn hpn gdc
quy
djnh
theo quy pham ddi vdi loai dat va chieu siu dao;
- Tic ddng
ciia
ngoai luc do chin ddng
cua miy, thilt bi, phuong tien giao thdng hoat
ddng d gan hd dao giy nen;
-Tic ddng til trpng tuong ho
glUa
cic cdng
trinh da cd va hd dap;
-
Kit
cau chdng

vieh
khdng du dim bip
dieu kien chju
lUc
va dn
djnh,
cung nhu vi pham
quy trinh vi phuong phip thio dd
kit
cau
chdng
vieh.
b) Dat di lin,
roi rii
tren xudng hd mdng khi
cd
ngUdI
lim viec d phia
dudi.
c)
NgUdI
lao ddng lep
tr^p
tren mil hd
mdng khdng tuin theo ndi quy an
toan,
khdng
deo day
an
toin.

d) Ngudi rdi xudng hd mdng, hd dao vi
khdng cd biln bio, day chang bio ve,
thieu den bio ve vio ban dem, liic sUdng
mil.
e) Bj nhiem hpi khi ddc
(C02,
NHS,
CH4, )
xucit
hien bat ngd d cic hd siu.
3. Cic
bi#n
phap an toan lao dong khi
dao mdng,
h6
sau
3.1.
Bio
ddm sif
6n Sinh cia ho mong,
vieh
iio
a) Nguyen nhan
sat.
Id hd mdng vi
vieh
dao
Su sup dd mil dat xiy
ra
khi gdc cua ta luy

mil ddc (a)
vUOt
qui dp ddc tU nhien
ciia
dat da
(cp).
Do thi cdng trpng
miia
mUa, cd nUdc ngam,
trj sd luc
dinh,
lUc
ma sit cua dat da glim vi dp
am tang li nguyen nhin
chii
yeu gay sat Id.
b) Mdt sd quy djnh khi dio bdi thanh dufng
Ddi vdi dat cd dp am tU nhien,
kit
cau
khdng bj phi hoai vi khdng cd nUdc ngam, chi
cho
phip
dao hd va dio thinh dflng khdng can
gia cd vdi chieu sau gidl han
nhU:
Dat cat vi sdi
(khdng qui
Im);
Dat i cit (khdng qui

1,25m);
Dat a
s^t
va set (khdng qui
1,5m);
Dat cufng
(khdng qui 2,0m).
Khi
dao hd, hio sau hon gidi han cho phep
thi phii gia cd thinh hd bang vin tUdng cd cpc
chdng,
ving chdng ngang hoac xien
phii
hpp
ip
life
dit va cic til trpng phu them.
c) Dip hd mdng, hap cd mii ddc
Thi cdng hd dio cd mii ddc trong
dllu
kien
dat cd dp am tu nhien, khdng cd nUdc
ngam.
chilu siu khdng qui 5m, gdc ciia mii ddc (ta
luy) lay thep quy djnh vl mii ddc, ta luy.
3.2. Dim bio su dn djnh khi dio hd mdng
rdng va sau
Khi tiln hinh
thi
cdng nhimg hd mdng cd

kich thudc rpng va sau phil dao dat cap vi phii
cd dudng thi cdng. Dudng de van chuyin vi
thi cdng phil cd nen dn djnh vi
dii
rdng: van
chuyin
thii
cdng (dudng rpng 3-3,5m); van
chuyin bang xe
sue
vat keo thi dUdng rdng
5,0m; van chuyin cP gidl thi dudng rdng 7m.
Miy mdc va phuong tien van chuyin khi
qua lai gin hd dao cd
thi
gay ra chan ddng
lam sut Id hd
mdng.Trudng
hpp nay dudng van
chuyin phil bd tri ngoii pham vl sut Id
ciia
khdi
dat.
Khi thi cdng dao dat bang
cpgldi,
chieu cap
ciia
cic bac dat cap lay nhu sau:
- Khdng cao hon chilu cao xiic tdi da
ciia

giu neu dao bang miy xuc va trong trudng hpp
khdng nd min;
- Chieu cao tdi da li 20m trong trudng hpp
thi cdng nd
min
Id sau;
- Chieu cao tdi da cd the lay tdi 30m ddi vdi
trudng hpp dao cic khoing vat chac;
Thi cdng trong
miia
mUa va noi cd mach
nudc ngam phii cd bien phip thpit nudc d tren
bd hoac lim cac ranh dufng cd dat dng hoac
mang thoat nUdc
d
thanh ddc.
3.3. Cac bien phip phdng ngUa tai nan khi
dio mdng, hd siu
a) Bien phip phdng ngira dat da lin, rdi
theo mil ddc
Dat, di khi dip len phii dd xa mep hd, hao
it nhat li 0,5m. Neu tren mil ddc ngau nhien cd
cic u dat hoac da Idi ra thi phil dinh chi cdng
viec d phia dudi vi phi bdt di khdi dat di tU
phia
tren.
Phii dl bd bio ve dl ngan
giO
dat,
di

lin tfltren
xudng.
De
dim bio tdt hdn, d cic
mep bd ddng cac tam bao ve cao
1
Scm.
b) Bien phip phdng ngUa ngudi nga
Cdng nhin len, xudng hd mdng, hd dio,
hio sau phil cd thang chac chan, cam lep trep
len xudng theo cac vang chdng. Khi thi cdng
tren mil ddc cd chilu cao hdn 3m vi dp ddc
hdn 450 hoac khi bl mat ddc
tron,
udt, cdng
nhin phii deo diy an
toin.
Hd, hio tren dudng
di lai phil cd rao ngin chac chan, ban dem phii
cd den bao
hieu,
den bio ve.
c) Bien phap phdng ngira nhiem ddc
-TrUdc khi cdng nhin xudng lam viec tai cic
hd siu, gilng khoan, dudng ham phii kilm tra
khdng khi bing den thd md (neu trong ndi lam
viec cd khi C02 thi den se lip
loe
vi tat, neu cd
khi CH4 thi den se chay sang ).

- Khi phit hien cd hoi, khiddc d dudi hd, hao
phil dmh chi ngay cdng viec,
fim
nguyen nhan
va ip dung cic phUdng phap triet ngudn phit
sinh,
giii toi chiing bang may nen khi, quat
Neu phii lam viec tai cac hd sau, gieng khoan,
dudng ham cd hoi, khi ddc thi bat budc cdng
nhan phii dupc trang bj va sir dung mat na
phdng ddc, binh thd vi phii cd
ngUdI
thudng
xuyen theo ddi, hd trp.
01.2014 BWinililBX 8£