Chuyên đề tiếng anh Mệnh đề quan hệ

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MỆNH ĐỀ QUAN HỆ ( RELATIVE CLAUSE)
- Dùng để nối 2 mệnh đề với nhau tạo thành một câu bằng các ĐẠI TỪ QUAN HỆ
1. WHO : Thay thế cho người, làm chủ từ trong MĐQH.
Eg: I need to meet the boy. The boy is my friend’s son
 I need to meet the boy WHO is my friend’s son.
2. WHOM : Thay thế cho người, làm tân ngữ trong MĐQH.
Eg: I know the girl. You spoke to this girl I know the girl WHOM you spoke to.
*Chú ý (mẹo làm bài) Đứng sau đại từ quan hệ WHO thường là một động từ, còn sau đại từ
quan hệ WHOM thường là một danh từ.
3. WHICH : Thay thế cho vật, đồ vật. Vừa làm chủ từ, vừa là tân ngữ trong MĐQH.
Eg: She works for a company. It makes cars.She works for a company WHICH makes cars.
Eg: The book is interesting. I bought it yesterdaythe book WHICH I bought yesterday is
interesting
4. WHERE : Thay thế cho nơi chốn. Làm chủ từ, tân ngữ trong MĐQH
Eg: The movie theater is the place. We can see films at that place.
 The movie theater is the place WHERE we can see the films.
*Chú ý (mẹo làm bài) Đứng sau đại từ quan hệ which thường là một động từ, còn sau đại từ
quan hệ where thường là một danh từ. Sau đại từ quan hệ which còn là một danh từ khi nơi
chốn là bổ nghĩa cho một động từ như VISIT
Eg: the village is very poor. we visited it last week
The village WHICH we visited last week is very poor .
(Không dùng where vì village bổ nghĩa cho visit : VISIT ST)
5. WHOSE : Thay thế cho sở hữu của người, vật ( his- , her- , its- , their- , our- , my- , -’s )
Eg: John found the cat. Its leg was broken. John found the cat WHOSE leg was broken.
Phân biệt giữa WHOSE Và OF WHICH
WHOSE : dùng cả cho người và vật
This is the book .Its cover is nice
This is the book whose cover is nice = This is the book the cover of which is nice
WHOSE :đứng trước danh từ
OF WHICH : đứng sau danh từ ( danh từ đó phải thêm THE )

OF WHICH : chỉ dùng cho vật ,không dùng cho người.
This is the man . His son is my friend.
 This is the man the son of which is my friend.( sai )
This is the man whose son is my friend.( đúng
6. THAT:Thay cho người, vật. Làm chủ từ, tân ngữ trong MĐQH (Thay thế cho whom, who ,
which)
Eg: I need to meet the boy THAT (WHO) is my friend’s son.
She has a car THAT ( WHICH) is made in Japan.
*NOTE: (quan trọng, cần chú ý)
* Không được dùng that trong những trường hợp :
- MĐQH không XÁC ĐỊNH (MĐ bổ nghĩa cho danh từ đứng trước đã xác định, có dấu phẩy ).
Eg: Mary, ( who / that ) sits next to me, is good at maths.
-Sau giới từ :
Eg: The girl to ( whom / that ) I was talking yesterday is my sister
* Bắt buộc dùng that trong những trường hợp :


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- Sau danh từ chỉ cả người lẫn vật :
Eg: I saw a lot of people and vehicles THAT were moving to the market.-Sau những danh từ ở dạng so sánh hơn nhất :
Eg: Yesterday was one of the hottest days THAT I have ever known.
-Sau những cách nói mở đầu bằng ‘ It is/was…’ ( CÂU CHẺ )
Eg: It is the teacher THAT is important, not the kind of school he teaches in.
-Sau ‘all, everybody, everything, nothing, nobody,…’
Eg: – Answer all the questions THAT I asked.
7. WHY : Thay thế cho cụm trạng từ chỉ lí do : for that reason.
Eg: Tell me the reason. You are so sad for that reason.
Tell me the reason WHY you are so sad
Tell me the reason WHICH you are so sad for
Tell me the reason FOR WHICH you are so sad (FOR WHICH = WHY)

8. WHEN : Thay thế cho cụm từ chỉ thời gian : then, at that time, on that day….
Eg: Do you remember the day. We first met on that day.
 Do you remember the day when we first met ?
* NOTE: ta dùng THAT thay thế WHEN với các từ chỉ thời gian : the time, the year, the day
Eg: I never forget the time THAT I met him
II, CÁC LOẠI MỆNH ĐỀ QUAN HỆ:
Có ba loại mệnh đề quan hệ
1.Mệnh đề quan hệ xác định( restrictive relative clause)
-MĐQH xác định dùng để bổ nghĩa cho danh từ đứng trước, nếu bỏ đi MĐ chính không có nghĩa
rõ ràng.
Eg: The girl who is wearing the blue dress is my sister
The book which I borrowed from you is very interesting.
2.Mệnh đề quan hệ không xác định (non- restrictive relative clause )
-Mệnh đề quan hệ không xác định dùng để bổ nghĩa cho danh từ đứng trước, là phần giải
thích thêm, nếu bỏ đi mệnh đề chính vẫn còn nghĩa rõ ràng.
-Mệnh đề quan hệ không xác định thường được ngăn với mệnh đề chính bởi các dấu phẩy.
Danh từ đứng trước thường là tên riêng hoặc trước các danh từ thường có các từ như: this, that,
these, those, my, his her…đứng trước.
- Không được dùng THAT trong mệnh đề không xác định.
Eg: My father, who is 50 years old, is a doctor.This girl, whom you met yesterday, is my
daughter.
3.Mệnh đề quan hệ nối tiếp
- MĐQH nối tiếp dùng để giải thích cả một câu, chỉ dùng đại từ quan hệ which và dùng dấu phẩy
để tách hai mệnh đề. Mệnh đề này luôn đứng ở cuối câu. ( Dùng thay thế cho cả mệnh đề đằng
trước )
Eg: He admires Mr Brown, which surprises me.
Mary tore Tom’s letter, which made him sad
III .DẠNG RÚT GỌN CỦA MỆNH ĐỀ QUAN HỆ:
Rút gọn mệnh đề quan hệ có các dạng sau:
1) Dùng cụm Ving :Dùng cho các mệnh đề chủ động

Bỏ who, which,that và be (nếu có ) lấy động từ thêm ING
The man who is standing there is my brother
The man standing there is my brother


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2) Dùng cụm VP2:Dùng cho các mệnh đề bị động .
Bỏ who, which,that và be
I like books which were written by my father
I like books written by my father
3) Dùng cụm to inf:
- Dùng khi danh từ đứng trước có các chữ sau đây bổ nghĩa :ONLY ,LAST,số thứ tự như:
FIRST,SECOND...
Bỏ who, which,that ,chủ từ (nếu có ) và modal verb như can ,will...thêm to trước động từ
This is the only student who can do the problem
This is the only student to do the problem.
-Động từ là HAVE/HAD
I have much homework that I must do.
I have much homework to do.
-Đầu câu có HERE (BE),THERE (BE)
There are six letters which have to be written today.
There are six letters to be written today.
- Một số động từ khác như need , want ..v..v.. nói chung là khi ta dịch chỗ to inf. với nghĩa
"để" mà nghe suông tai thì có thể dùng được.
GHI NHỚ :
Trong phần to inf này các bạn cần nhớ 2 điều sau:
- Nếu chủ từ 2 mệnh đề khác nhau thì thêm cụm for sb trước to inf.
We have some picture books that children can read.
We have some picture books for children to read.
Tuy nhiên nếu chủ từ đó là đại từ có nghĩa chung chung như we,you,everyone.... thì có thể

không cần ghi ra.
Studying abroad is the wonderful thing that we must think about.
Studying abroad is the wonderful thing (for us ) to think about.
- Nếu trước relative pronoun có giới từ thì phải đem xuống cuối câu. ( đây là lỗi dễ sai nhất).
We have a peg on which we can hang our coat.
We have a peg to hang our coat on.
4) Dùng cụm danh từ (đồng cách danh từ )
Dùng khi mệnh đề tính từ có dạng: S + BE + DANH TỪ /CỤM DANH TỪ/CỤM GIỚI TỪ
Cách làm: bỏ who ,which và be
Football, which is a popular sport, is very good for health.
Football, a popular sport, is very good for health.
Do you like the book which is on the table?
Do you like the book on the table?
IV .GIỚI TỪ ĐI VỚI MỆNH ĐỀ QUAN HỆ
-Chỉ có hai đại từ quan hệ là WHOM và WHICH thường có giới từ đi kèm và giới từ có thể
đứng trước các đại từ quan hệ hoặc cuối mệnh đề quan hệ.
Eg: The man about whom you are talking is my brother.
The man (whom) you are talking about is my brother.
The picture at which you are looking is very expensive.
The picture ( which) you are looking at is very expensive.
Chú ý:


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-Khi giới từ đứng cuối mệnh đề quan hệ thì ta có thể bỏ đại từ quan hệ và có thể dùng that thay
cho whom và which trong mệnh đề quan hệ xác định.
-Khi giới từ đứng trước đại từ quan hệ thì ta có không thể bỏ đại từ quan hệ và có không thể
dùng that thay cho whom và which .
V, Lưu ý về mệnh đề quan hệ
1. Các đại từ quan hệ có chức năng TÂN NGỮ trong MĐQH xác định đều có thể lược bỏ.

Eg: Do you know the boy (whom) we met yesterday?
That’s the house (which) I have bought.
-Tuy nhiên các đại từ quan hệ có chức năng tân ngữ trong MĐQH KHÔNG XÁC ĐỊNH
không thể lược bỏ.
Eg: Mr Tom, whom I spoke on the phone to , is very interested in our plan.
2. Khi danh từ được nói đến là tân ngữ của giới từ, ta có thể đưa giới từ đó đứng trước đại từ
quan hệ. Trường hợp này chỉ được dùng Whom và Which
Eg: Miss Brown, with whom we studied last year, is a very nice teacher.
Mr. Cater, to whom I spoke on the phone last night, is very interested in our plan.
Fortunately we had a map, without which we would have got lost.
3. Chú ý cách dùng của các cấu trúc mở đầu cho mệnh đề quan hệ: all, most, none, neither,
any, either, some, (a)few, both, half, each, one, two, several, many, much, + of which/whom
Daisy has three brothers, all of whom are teachers.
I tried on three pairs of shoes, none of which fitted me.
He asked me a lot of questions, most of which I couldn’t answer.
Two boys, neither of whom I had seen before, came into my class.
They have got two cars, one of which they seldom use.
There were a lot of people at the meeting, few of whom I had met before.
MỘT SỐ MẪU RÚT GỌN KHÁC (THAM KHẢO THÊM)
Rút gọn mệnh đề trạng từ:
Mệnh đề trạng từ là mệnh đề nối nhau bằng các liên từ như when, because, while ...
Điều kiện rút gọn là hai chủ từ phải giống nhau.
Công thức:
- Bỏ liên từ ( hoặc để lại thì biến thành giới từ)
- Chủ động thì đổi động từ thành Ving
- Bị động thì dùng Vp2 ( nhưng nếu giữ lại liên từ, hoặc có NOT thì phải để lại to be và thêm
ing vào to be: ( being + VP2 ) ngoại trừ các liên từ when, if, though thì lại có thể bỏ luôn to be.
- Đối với liên từ when, as ( khi) mà động từ chính trong mệnh đề đó là to be + N và mang nghĩa
"là" thì có thể bỏ luôn to be mà giữ lại danh từ thôi.
Eg:

Chủ động: When he went home,.....(When) going home,....
Bị động:
Because I was given a book, I .....
Because of being given a book, I....( giới từ của because là because of, bắt buộc để lại to be )
When he was attacked by a big dog, he ran away.
Cấp độ 1: bỏ chủ từ
=> When being attcked by a big dog, he....( theo nguyên tắc để lại liên từ phải để lại to be)
Cấp độ 2: bỏ to be
=> When attacked by a big dog, he....( nhưng với when thì có thể bỏ luôn to be )
Cấp độ 3: bỏ liên từ


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Attacked by a big dog, he .....
Because he wasn't rewarded with a smile, he ....
Not being rewarded with a smile, he ....( có NOT nên bắt buộc để lại to be )
As he was a child, he lived in the countryside.
As a child, he lived .... ( bỏ luôn to be )
Nếu sau to be là một cụm danh từ thì ta còn có thể lược bỏ cả AS mà chỉ còn để lại cụm danh từ
trơ trọi.
1. Hoán đổi mệnh đề khi rút gọn.
Theo nguyên tắc chung thì khi rút gọn mệnh đề quan hệ sẽ giữ nguyên vị trí, tuy nhiên mẫu này
lại ngoại lệ. Các em xem ví dụ để hiểu luôn cách dùng nhé.
Eg: She, who had not seen me since 1990, couldn't regconize me at first.
 She couldn't regconize me at first, not having seen me since 1990.
Hoặc: Not having seen me since 1990, she couldn't regconize me at first.
2. Dùng cụm giới từ thay cho mệnh đề quan hệ.
Mẫu này áp dụng khi mệnh đề quan hệ bao gồm to be và cụm giới từ và cách rút gọn cũng khá
dễ vì ta chỉ việc bỏ địa từ quan hệ và to be là xong.
Eg:The book which is on the table is Mr cucku's.

The book which is on the table is Mr cucku's.
The book on the table is Mr cucku's.
3. Dùng các giới từ để thay thế động từ trong mệnh đề. (các giới từ thường gặp là WITH,
WITHOUT, IN, OF)
A. Dùng WITH, WITHOUT: Hai giới từ này dùng trong các mệnh đề quan hệ mô tả bộ phận
thân thể, một số mẫu có động từ HAVE ( có ), CARRY hoặc there be (có ) .
Eg: A girl who had big eyes..... A girl with big eyes...
A robber who was carrying a gun....  A robber with a gun ...
A house which had no windows ... A house without windows ....
The pot in which there is no food ...  The pot without food in it.....
B. Dùng IN : Khi mệnh đề quan hệ diễn tả trang phục trên người như, quần áo, nón, giày dép,....
Eg: A woman who is wearing a red dress... A woman in a red dress....
The man who is wearing dark glasses.... The man in dark glasses....
C. Dùng OF : Thường chỉ về năng lực, tuổi tác..
Eg:A who has a great deal of energy and enthusiasm .... A man of energy and enthuasiasm....
A man who was thirty-five years old... A man of thirty- five....
4. Rút gọn đại từ + to be
I'll go if (it is) necessary.
If (it is) true, this will cause us a lot of trouble.
If ( it is) not well managed, irrigation can be harmful.
(Is there) Anything you want to take with you?
5. Rút gọn to be
In our country everybody is an ordinary worker no matter what his position (is).
She pledged to complete her father's unfinished task, whatever the task (is).
I refuse , however favorable the conditions (are), to work there
6. Rút gọn động từ
You could have come and (you could have) told me
Jean hasn't been told, but I have (been told).
Only one of us was injured, and he (was) just (injured) slightly.

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John has written a poem and Bob (has written) a short story
EXERCISE
EXERCISE I : Write who, that, which, or nothing to complete these sentences :
1. Have you got the money ___________ I lent you yesterday ?
2.Peter, ___________ I had seen earlier, wasn’t at the party.
3. This is the machine ___________ cost half a million pounds.
4. Mary, ___________ had been listening to the conversation, looked angry.
5. Have you read the book ___________ I gave you ?
6. The hous, ___________ they bought three months ago, looks lovely.
7. Mrs.Jackson, ___________ had been very ill, died yesterday.
8. Is this the person ___________ stole your handbag ?
9. The dog, ___________ had been very quiet, suddenly started barking.
10. I didn’t receive the letters ___________ she sent me.
11. My mother, ___________ hadn’t been expecting visitors, looked surprised.
12. The old man, ______ had been talking to them earlier, knew that they were in the building.
13. The horse, _________ had been injured by the flying stones, was very frightened.
14. We didn’t like the secetary ___________ the agency sent.
15. I didn’t find the money ___________ you said you’d left.
16. We visited the school ___________ my father taught.
17. I met her last month, ___________ she came to our house.
18. We all looked at the place ___________ the fire had started.
19. Did they tell you the reason ___________ they were late?
20. The cat sat on the wall ___________ it had a good view of the birds.
21. They arrived in the evening, at a time ___________ we were all out.
22. I couldn’t understand the reason ___________ they were so rude.
23. I met him in the cafeù ___________ he was working as a waiter.
24. I listen to music late at night, ___________ the children have gone to bed.
25. I bought them in August, ___________ I was in France.

26. Let me see all the letters _______ you have written.
27. Is there any one ________ can help me do this?
28. Mr. Brown, _________ is only 34, is the director of this company.
29. I know a place __________ roses grow in abundance.
30. It was the nurse ________ told me to come in.
31. The teacher with ________, we studied last year no longer teaches in our school.
32. They showed me the hospital ________ buildings had been destroyed by US bombings.
33. We saw many soldiers and tanks ______ were moving to the front.
34. Dr. Fleming, _______ discovered penicillin, was awarded the Nobel Prize for medicine in 1945.
35. He joined the political party _______ was in power.
36. Love, ________ is a wonderful feeling, comes to everyone at some time in his life.
37. Freedom is something for _______ millions have given their lives.
38. It is easy to find faults in people ________ we dislike.
39. The really happy people are those _______ enjoy their daily work.
40. We must find a time _______ we can meet and a place _______ we can talk.
EXERCISE II : Join each pair of sentences using relative pronouns :
1.This is the man. I met him in Paris.
2.I wanted the painting. You bought it.
3.This is the chair. My parents gave it to me
4. She’s the woman. She telephoned the police.
5. He’s the person. He wanted to buy your house.
6. We threw out the computer. It never worked properly.
7. This is the lion. It’s been ill recently


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8. The man was badly injured. He was driving the car.
9. The children broke the window. They live in the next street.
10. That’s the woman. I was telling you about her
11. There’s the lady. Her dog was killed

12.That’s the man. He’s going to buy the company.
13. He’s the person. His car was stolen.
14. She’s the new doctor.The doctor’s coming to the hospital next week.5
15. She’s the journalist. Her article was on the front page of The Times.
16. They’re the people. Their shop burned down last week.
17. That’s the boy. He’s just got a place at university.
18.The man didn’t come back again. I shouted at him.
19. The television never worked again. I dropped it.
20. The machine was broken. I hired it.
21. The clothes were beautiful. She bought some clothes.
22. The wall fell down after three weeks. They built the wall.
23. The policeman wasn’t very helpful. I asked him.
24. I didn’t really like the car. We bought it.
25. I lost the money. I borrowed it from John.
26. She is the most intelligent woman. I’ve ever met this woman.
27 .This doctor is famous. You visited him yesterday. 
28.These children are orphans. She is taking care of these children. 
29.My father goes swimming everyday. You met him this morning.
30.The man is my father. I respect this man most.
31.The man is my father. I respect his opinion most.
32.Mary and Margaret are twins. You met them yesterday.
33. I’ll introduce you to the man. His support is necessary for your project.
34. The middle-aged man is the director. My father is talking to him.
35. The boy is my cousin. You make fun of him.
36. The student is from china. He sits next to me.
37. I thanked the woman. This woman had helped me.
EXERCISE III:Rút gọn mệnh đề quan hệ
1. Neil Armstrong was the first man who walked on the moon  to walk
2. The children who attend that school receive a good education attending
3. The scientists who are researching the causes of cancer are making progress Researching

4. We have an apartment which overlooks the park –> overlooking
5. Yuri Gagarin became the first man who flied into space  to fly
6. We stood on the bridge which connects the two halves of the building Connecting
7. I come from a city which is located in the southern part of the country  located
8. The vegetables which are sold in this supermarket are grown without chemicals –> Sold
9. Do you know the woman who is coming toward us ? coming
10. They live in a house that was built in 1890built
11. He was the first man who left the burning buildingto leave
12. The couple who live in the house next door are both college professorsliving
13. The people who are waiting for the bus in the rain are getting wet  waiting
14. The students who did not come to the class yesterday explain their absence to the teacher . Coming
15.The man who is standing there is a clown standing
16.The envelop which lies on the table has no stamp on it
17.Benzene, which was discovered by Faraday, became the starting point in the manufacture of many
dyes, perfumes and explosives.
18.My grandmother, who is old and sick, never goes out of the house.


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19.The student don't know how to do exercise which were given by the teacher yesterday.
20.The diagrams which were made by young Faraday were sent to Sir Humphry Davy at the end of 1812.
21. The gentleman who lives next door to me is a well-known orator.
22.All the astronauts who are orbiting the earth in space capsules are weightless.
23.All students don't hand in their papers will fail in the exam.
24.I saw many houses that were destroyed by the storm.
25.The street which leads to the school is very wide.
26.The system which is used here is very successful.
27.Mr.John, who teaches my son, is my neighbor.
28.Trains which leave from this station take an hour to get to London.
29.The candidates who are sitting for the exam are all from Vietnam.

30.We are driving on the road which was built in 1980.
31.Customers who complain about the service should see the manager.
32.The city which was destroyed during the war has now been rebuilt.
32.My brother, who met you yesterday, works for a big firm.
34.The vegetable which are sold in this shop are grown without chemicals.
35. We had a river in which we could swim .
36.Here are some accounts that you must check.
37.The last student that was interviewed was Tom.
38.We visited Hanoi, which is the capital of VN.
39.My father, who is a pilot, often goes abroad.
40.I was the only one who realized him.
41. I have some homework which I must do tonight.
42.Our solar system is in a galaxy that is called the Milky Way.
43.I was awakened by the sound of a laughter which came from the room which was next to mine at the
motel.
44. There are six reports which have to be typed today.
45. Dalat, which is best known for foreign travellers, has pleasant weather.
46. Animals that are born in a zoo generally adjust to captivity better than those that are captured in the
wild.
47. Few tourists ever see a jaguar, which is a spotted wild cat that is native to tropical America.
48. She is the only woman who was appointed to the board.
49. The floor is dusty but I haven't got a brush with which I can sweep it.
50. A person who serves in a shop is called a shop assistant
51. John, who is my friend, has studied English for ten years.
52. There are many exercises that we have to finish before school.
53. The mistakes which you have to correct are very important. for you to
54 We have a few exercises that we have to do.