Tính khoa học và thực tiễn của việc nghiên cứu tiền cổ

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dich phl,!cVI,!con ngL1aive

Nguy~n Van t:;1idng *

cam tinh va Iy tiilh - ma nhat d~ d!nh gia tr! c6 vi[lt chua
trL1achet 18 gia tr! c6 vi[lttren dlfng n6. Do nhCtngnet ca bi~t
phL10ngdi~n "thi[ltgia" da dL1c;1Ctren dong tien, nen dL1c;1C dung
khao sat qua kinh nghi~mtri thuc. lam COsa trang vi~c tim hi~u cac
di cao, cac c6 vi[ltcung thai.

Bong tien - b(>m~t cua dat

- MOi Ian duc tien deu c6 sl!
pha tr(>n chat Ii~u, nen khi n6 rai
xuong da, da t<;10nen nhCtng am
thanh do d(> rung khac nhau. Net
chCt cua Ian duc sau cOng c6 khi
khac biet vai Ian duc trL1ac. Lai
nCta, m~t bang tren dong tien b!

nL1acphan anh nen v~n hoa, kinh
1<3va xa h(>i- c6 nhiing tiem €In
sau I~ng co d(>ngcua m(>tthai
yang b6ng. Be hi~u tren dong
tien am tang m(>tsl! ao L1ac,cau
mongoNet chCtd~p, uy~n chuy~n
nhL1buc tranh huyen ao, da rung

cam ngL1aingh~ si c6 tam hon
Hoai C6; lam me m~t con ngL1ai
thich thu ng~m nhin, chiem
ngL1ang.
Tinh khoa hQc cua vi~c
nghien cuu
Bong tien mang dau an cua
sl! song di yang W h<;1
tang kinh te
den thL1c;1ng
tang v~n hoa ngh~
thui[lt, can dL1c;1C
giai ma - nghien
Cl/Utheo tinh than khoa h9C,qua
tri tu~ va giac quan nh<;1yben.
Phan tich thau tri~t tlJng net chCt,
khuon vanh, tiet di~n va chat Ii~u
duc; cung dau man, d(> rui xuc
tac tren dong tien d~ xac d!nh

thai d<;1in6 dL1c;1C naysinh.
Nghien cltu dong tien, phai
thanh tam chu ml,!c d~t n6 vao
tr~ng thai lOb!thoi mien", lam cho
vi[ltlung linh ca d(>ng,toat ra suc
song I~y IlJng m9i sinh ho~t xa
h(>icua "m(>tthai Bat nL1ac", tren
cac ch~ng dL1angI!ch sa.
Khi khai qui[lt dL1c;1C
m(>t Cl,!m

tien, can xem xet dia di~m chon
cat. Nhiing dong tien trang d6
gom cac trieu d<;1i nao; quan sat

he ve lich sa, v~n hoa va
kinhte, d6ng thai d~t n6 vao t6ng

th~ hai hoa cua thai di~m giao
Il/U. Chu y tach rai nhiing dong
tien d! bi~t, d~ tra cltu. Xem xet
dong tien c6 nien hi~u ci[ln d~i

A,'

N(JHII~N(~(flJl'II~N (~O

l/U tam tien c6 c6 muc

sL1lien

A'

khuon vanh Ian ap, nen c6 hi~n

ep net, viet lL1c;1Cnet rat
phuc t<;1p. Do d6, giac quan phai
tinh vi, phan bi~t dL1c;1C
am thanh;

dong ~n m(>tdong "tien quyo' (tien

c6). Hai cau tho cua Chieu H6 tra
lai cho Ho Xuan HL10ngkhi ba hoi
yay n~m quan tien:
"Rang gian thi nam, quy co ba,

tL1c;1ng

Trach ngllOi thl,ic nCl tinh kh6ng ra... "

Bay 113nhCtng net d~c thu

nhin net chCt, phai thau hi~u c~n
nguyen trong cai nhin trl!C giac,
trang cac nghe biet d(> rung c6
giai tang hc;lP nhTI B6 113kinh
nghi~m "quen m~t quen tai" rat

mang dau an thai d<;1iCanh
W luc thanh binh sung

HL1ng

man den

khi d6i kh6 "~n xin day dL1ang".

B6 cOng la thai cua "lo<;1nkieu
binh...!II.

can thiet trong vi~c giam d!nh

.

kem. Nha vua s~c t(f cho cac tn3:n
duc tien. Cac tran khong c6 16
rieng, phai thue cac 10 trang d!a
phL10ng duc. Bay 113m(>t ke ha
lan, t<;10cho ng'L1aidan tham Ic;li,
duc tr(>m tien. Tien nhe l<;1i
cang
nhe, meng; dong pha tr(>n nhieu
kem, thiec; Net chCtc<;1n,c§u tha,
dong tien xau, dan chung khong
thich dung. Tren th! trL1ang tien
mai duc 99i la "tien gian", hai

dongtien.
C6 the ta mai phan bi~t dL1c;1C
'

Tinh thl!c tiEm cua vi~c
nghiim cuu

ba lo~i tien "Tr! Binh Nguyen
f)6ng ti6ri dl.lc;lc lam CO Sd
Bao". Trang ba dong d6, lo~i nao
trang nganh kh80 co h((c
cua Tong Anh Tong (1064), 10<;1i
Trang cac di tich dL1c;1Ckhai
nao cua Ly Cao Thong (1205)
qui[lt, ta thL1angthay c6 tien cG.

hay cua Chua Nguy~n duc vao
Vi~c gi8m d!nh chinh X8C dong
the ky 18?
tien da giup fch vao vi$c tra cUu
- Sau khi cuoc chien Trinh
nien d<;1ic6 vi[lt.T<;1i
cac ben cang
Nguy~n cham dut, vua La Hi~n ngay xL1a, thTnh thoang ta cOng
Tong cho duc t<;1iTh~ng Long tim 'g~p cac 10<;1itien c6. N~m
(1740) m(>tlL1c;1ng
Ian tien "Canh 1993, hi[lu du~ cua ThL1c;1ng
thLl
HL1ngThong Bao" tien day dong Tran Ti~n Thanh (dai vua TI!
tot, tiet di~n 24mm, net chCtoai Buc) da dao dL1c;1C
t~i vung ben
phong, chinh ch<;1c.L<;1ic6 nhiing cang Thanh Ha m(>t so "B~c
dong tien Ian (4 - 6cm), m~t trL1ac manh': thai chua Nguy~n cung vai
vien quanh net hoa v~n, m~t sau
cac lo~i dong Hispan 1741
trang tri rang phl,!ng, ca chep;
1759) cua Tay Ban Nha va cac
tror:lg rat d~p m~t. Dan chung rat
dong Belges (1768) cua BT.

-

L1achu(>ng... "m~ toi tham con

Ic;ln

beo, tham tien Canh HL1ng".Thdi
d6, cu(>csong sung man, kinh te
Il/U thong, ghe tau nL1acngoai ra

vao tap ni[lp.Lan hoi ve sau,
trang nL1ac lo~n I~c mat mua d6i

M~c dau ben cang Thanh Ha
nay da tan phe - nhL1ngdau tich
cua cac ngoi nha cO va Chua Ba
cua ngL1aiHoa "v~n tro gan cung
\;:Tp.Hue
\.

14

T~ CII1NGAN
IIhNGs6 6 NAM
2000


~un IIDIt~IHJW)IIB

unlHJl1DUn1BJ

... 7"1~

tue nguYEW'chCtng to sl! phon
vinh ngay xlta can IltUI~i.
L~i nGa,t~i vung Lltang Quan

c6 tim dltc;1C
m9t cl,jmtien kem be

c6 lo~i Nguyen Bao. L~i nGa,
dong thi de;>ccheo, dong de;>c
vong quanh - chCtngto tinh n~ng
d9ng va tam hOn phong phu cua

.

ITTl r-.

rrrc.J

I [.I"

r~

Hoa den I~p nghi~p, da giao IltU
vC/icac thuyen nhan dong hltang

dem ta Il,ja,sanhsu va tien dong
Trung Quoc, dcSilay dltc'1ng,que
va ngO coc dem ve. KinA1e trong
vung ngay cang phon th!nh. Clt
dan, ngltc'1iHoa xin chua Nguy~n
Phuc Quat cho xay dlfng pho
phltc'1ng. Cac thuyen tau Tay

nat, trong d6 hau het la tien

vi Anh quan c6 hon lang tii.

"Thien Minh Thong Bao" va m9t it
dong "Vinh tr! Nguyen Bao". Ong
Tanh - ngltc'1id Phltc'1ng Duc (au
dc'1icho biet: "T6 phl,j cua ong da
tltng duc tien cho chua Nguy~n d

£>ongD~i Tr! vC/jcach de;>cva
loi viet bien hoa da d~ng da giup
ich rat nhieu cho vi~c nghien clJu
va tim hieu cac lo~i nhlt thlt phap
tren cac c6 v~t dc'1iTran.
PhltangcOngvao ra tap n~pdem .
kem, thiec den dcSihang hoa. Vao
fJ6ng lien la m(>tvan bantren
khoang 1875, m9t tau, buon Hoa
kim lo~i
Dong tien la m9t v~n ban thu Ky chd den H9i An m9t Iltc;1ngIC/n
d6ng thung bang
ge;>nviet tren kim lo~i, kh6ng "dau hoa" dltc;1C
,thiec
mong
(m6i
thung 20 lit),
nhling "xac d!nh gia tr! m~u d!ch"
kem
theo
rat

nhieu
den
thflp bang
ma can la m9t ban thong tri deu
lo~i
dau
nay.Den
dltc;1C
bieu t~ng
khflp trong dan chung "Nien d~i
thflp
rat
sang
va
rat
ti~n
lc;1i,
da
dltaog trieu tr! vi Dat nltC/c". M~t
lam
cho
pho
H9i
An
va
ben
cang
sau cua nhling dong tien IC/n,
sang rl!c len. Den nay da thay the
thltc'1ng dltc;1Ctrang tri rang phl,jng

cho
"den dau phl,jngthflp tim bac
vC/inet hoa v~n. Rang phl,jngm6i
tren
dia dau lea let" khi to khi mc'1
trieu d~i m9t khac, cang ve sau
cua
nhling
dem dai am u tLtthc'1i
cang tien trien. Rang dc'1iTran
Bflc
Thu9C.
Dan chung rat Lta
d~p han dc'1i Ly, va rang trieu
thich,
ge;>i
n6
la
"den Hoa Ky".
Nguy~n I~i d~p han doi Tran. Do

vung nay". '
fJ6ng lien mang nien hi~u fJuc
Vua, nen da giup ich trong vi~c
tra
c(fU
Nien
d~i
h9C
(chronology).

Thang
6/1996,
Giao
slt
Monoki cung ba nhan vien nganh
khao c6 Nhat tai Dai hoc Osaka,
da den tim' toi .tai 'nha' de tham
khao tien c6. Khi xem b9 SltUt~p,
g:{ipdong "Thai Hoa Thong Bao"
cua Le Nhan Tong, Giao slt lien
hoi: "Sao trong cach ghi dong
nay la Thai Hoa, ma net chli tren
dong tien I~i la £>~i Hoa?". Toi
lien I~t I~i b9 sltU t~p, chi dong
tien "Thai Binh HlIng Bao" va n6i:
"Thai Binh" la de hi~u vua Dinh
Tien Hoang, ma tren dong tien I~i
duc "£>~i Binh Hltng Bao". Nhlt
v~y, chli "D~i" ngay nay thi xlta
con de;>cla ''Thai''. Day la van de
thu9C ve Nien d~i he;>c.
U;1inlia, c6 m9t so tien tren
m~t viet Iltc;1Cnet, ra m9t dang
rieng ge;>ila "chli L~". Lo~i nay
cung vC/ihai lo~i ThaQ Tri~n, nho
c6 dong tien chli Chan phltClng
duc cung trieu d~i hltC/ng d~n,
nen cac lo~i chli nay c6 the tra
cUtJ dltc;1C,lam cho b9 sltU t~p
them phan phong phu hoa mT.

Ngltc'1ichai tien c6 t~ng hung thu

truytim.

"

fJ6ng fJ~i' Trf vOi net d~c thU
cia d~ng, dB giup ich trong vi~
tim.hieu thu pMp doi Tran. .
Trong !!chsi'1tien t~ H~i'VI~t,

hau het tren m~t dong tien 'chi
:Jungtn9t loi "Chan phltang". Thoi
Tran DI,jTong hi~u'D~i Tri - do
?lnhhltdng Tam giao dong quy :tong-tien dltc;1Cduc, m6i dong
119tloi chli: CMn phltang, Thao
la Tri~n. Net thao nhlt dieu bay
~n Iltc;1n,rat thich hc;1PvC/itam hon

19h~ si thich ca nh~c mua hat.
:>ongD~i Tri c6 lo~i Thong Bao

ro 6 NAM '2000

~ all ¥!GANJIANG

d6, nhin hinh the vat cham trcSva

Pho H9i An ngay cang th!nh
vltc;1ng,dan clt no du cang sflm

the doan dltc;1Cnien d~i chung
do nhieu. Tien "Thien Minh
Phat sinh.
Thong Bao" C1ltc;1C
duc I~i nhieu
M:{itIllng dong tien IC/n cua
Ian. Trong phu Chua, tich trli han
trieu Nguy~n, c6 nhling cau bon
80 v~n quan tien dong dc'1i£>ltc'1ng
chli, to sl! cau mong cho nong Tong do thuyen nhan Trung
nghj~p mlta thu~n gi6 hoa Quoc tai qua ban. Nen kinh te
"PhOngDieu VOThu~n", cho dat cang Phat d~t, cang t~o sl! sam
nltC/cthanh binh "N9iAn Ngo~i uat do h9i cho ben cang H9iAn.
Tinh"de quoc dan an I~c au ca
T6m I~i,dong tien c6 tinh nhat
"Phuc nhlt £>ong Hai - The;>
ti Nam quan vada d~ng, da hap d~n cac
San". Cau tam chli nay dltc;1Cdan
v~n nhan ngh~ s~ cac nha khao
cach

trang tri tren' c6 ~~t, ta c6

chung dung de chuc tl,jng nhau

ccS day cong nghien

cUtJ tim toi

-

trong d!p I~ Tet; mung nh8 mC/i, t~o ra cac tac ph§m tam huyet c6
hay trong nhling bLi6i mltng the;>. gia trj thl!C ti~n ve v~n he;>cva
Nhling cau v~n tren dong tien
ngh~ thu~t; ho:{iccac lo~i sach
bieu 19 nep song v~n hoa nong
tham khao c6 hinh anh vC/iloid~n
nghi~p, vC/i tam ton nhan ai cua t6m Iltc;1C
phong phu. An ph§m
£>uc Vua. Ngoai ra, khi quan sat
nay rat quan tre;>ng,lam chu§n
tcSng the dong tien, ta khong
cho vi~cnghien ccru tien ccSVi~t
nhling danh gia dlt<;1yngh~ thu~t
cUa thc'1id~i, ma can doan net
tinh vi cua kYn~t1~duc kim khi.
"SI/ pMt trien lien t~ GOngla
sl! pMt trien cUBkinh tif va hang
hoa - ma chinh SI/ pMt trien nay
I~i lam pMt trien CaGdo h(>i va
thuang Gang".

Hoa; giup ich' 'ngltc'1i chai ccS
ngo~n so sanh, quan sat net CRe
khuon vanh, cung danh hi~u va
trieu d~i duc tren m~t dong tien.

Dong tien can mang tinh dong
nhat, tiem §n suc song manh li~t,
huy hliarfg cua thc'1i.diYang, can

dltc;1Cphl,jc sinh; tai hi~n trong.
Vao thc'1ichua Nguy~n, pho
"tam hon Hoai Cam" trong kYuc
H9i An la ben cang dau tiencua
xa vc'1iyang yang hinh bOng cO
xu £>ang Trong. Khdi dau ng\c'1i- cua "M9t thc'1i£>at nltC/c"..
15'