SỰ vận ĐỘNG của các THỂ LOẠI TRONG văn học VIỆT NAM THẾ kỷ XX

DAI HOC QUdc GIA HA NQI

SU VAN DONG CUA CAC THE LOAI
TRONG VAN HOC VIET NAM THE KY XX
Ma s o : CB.01.03

Chutridetai

: PGS. TS Ly Hoai Thu

Can bp phoi hap nghien curu : ThS. Pham Xuan Thach

Ha Noi, thang 9 - 2003


MUC LUC
Trang
Lin noi ddu

1

Mot so van de ly luan ve The loai van hoc

2

Chuong 1: Su van dong cua tieu thuyet Viet Nam trong 50 nam
dau the ky (tir 1900-1945)

8

1.1. Ti^u thuyet Viet Nam giai doan 1900-1930

8

1.2. Ti^u thuyet Viet Nam giai doan 1930-1945

33

1.2.1. Tilu thuyet lang man "Tu luc van doan"

34

1.2.2. Tilu thuyet Hien thuc phe phan

51

Chiromg 2: Six van dong cua tho Viet Nam tiir 1900-1945

71

2.1. Thcf Viet Nam giai doan 1900-1930

71

2.2. Tho Viet Nam giai doan 1930-1945

88

Ketluan

122

Tai lieu tham ichao

124


LCJINOIDAU

Trong ddi sdng van hoc, loai th^ la aiot ye'u to v6 cung quan trong bdi no
"phan anh nhitng khuynh hudng phat tri^n lau dai va ben vflng cua van hoc".
Trong chuong trinh dao tao cua nganh van hoc (ki ca dao tao dai hoc va
sau dai hoc), loai th^ van hoc ciing la mot m6n hoc quan trong. Ngoai chuong
trinh giang day nlm trong giao trinh Ca sa ly luqn van hoc, hien nay d Khoa
Van dang cd mot so chuyen dl, chuyen sau danh cho sinh vien nam thii 4 va
hoe vien cao hoc nhu "Tha va mtfy v & dl trong tha Viet Nam hien dai", "Ti^u
thuyet Viet Nam hien dai", "Kich Viet Nam hien dai"... Viec ket hgp nhiing
v£n de ly thuye't va thuc tiln van hoc sinh dong la mot yeu cau ludn luon
mang tinh khoa hoc va cdn thie't.
Hon nOa, hien nay, viec nghien cuii ly luan van hoc tir gdc do th^ loai
nhu dac trung thi loai, thi phap th^ loai... dang cho nhieu ke't qua kha quan,
dang tin cay.
La mot giao vien chuyen trach giang day phfo Loai the van hoc (ca
chucmg trinh ca sd va chuyen de), xuS^t phat tir nhiing ly do tren chung tdi da
lira chon de tai "SM* van dong cua cdc the loai trong van hoc Viet Nam the ky
XX'' cho cong trinh nghien cuu ciia minh.
Tuy nhien, vi noi dung bao quit cua de tai la qua rong, thdi gian can
duge khao sat la qua dai, dien mao th^ loai la ra't phong phii, chinh vi vay, de'
dam bao tinh tap trung va chat che ciia va'n de, ve mat thdi gian, ehiing toi xin
gidi han d pham vi 50 nam d^u the' ky trong dd dien ra mot budc ngoat quan
trong nha't danh da'u tien trinh hien dai hoa cua van hoc Viet Nam - giai doan

1930-1945. Ve mat the loai, chiing tdi chi di sau khao sat 2 the loai Idn, 2 the
loai ddng vai trd ehu chdt trong ddi sdng van hoc Viet Nam - dd la ti^u thuye't
va tha.
Nhimg van de chua giai quyet dugc trong cong trinh nay, neu dugc cho
phep chung toi xin trd lai trong mot dip khac thuan Igi han.
Cudi cting, bang sir khao sat eu the, ti mi mot sd the loai trong 50 nam
phat trie'n ciia van hoe Viet Nam, chung toi da tim va khai quat dugc nhiJng
qui luat van dong ciing nhu nhihig anh hudng to Idn cua cae the loai ddi vdi
tie'n trinh hien dai hoa van hoc dan toe. Dd la muc dich va cijng la nhiem vu
chinh cua chiing toi trong cong trinh nay.


M O T S6 VAN M L t LUAN Yt T H £ LOAI VAN HOC

1.1. Loai thI van hoc la dang thiic ton tai cu th^ cua tac ph&i van hoc.
Bft cii mot tie phim van hoc nao cung nam trong mot "khuon hinh" thI loai
nh^t dinh: mdt cudn iiiu thuyet, mdt thien truyen ngin, mot bai tha, mot kich
ban van hoc... V^ phuang dien ly thuye't, th^ loai thuoc ve phuang thiic nhan
thiic, cam thu cuoc sdng va each thiic t6 chiJc, c^u tao tic p h ^ . Chinh vi vay,
khi phan tich mdt tic phim cu th^ hay nhin nhan, dinh gii mot giai doan van
hoc, khdng th^ khdng ghi nhan nhiing tim tdi, cich tan ve mat th^ loai. Han
niia, thuc tiln ddi sdng van hoc da chiing minh rang: Tien trinh van dong va
phit trien cua mot giai doan van hoc luon diln ra song hanh cung sir van dong
va phit tri^n cua cie th^ loai van hoc. Noi mdt cich khic: siic sdng cua mot
giai doan van hoc duge hiiu hien ro ret nhi't qua dien mao the loai. Khdng
phai ngSu nhien, M. Bakhtin - nha thi phip hoe ndi tiehg Lien Xd cu da khang
dinh: "Xet ve thuc cha't, the loai van hoc phan inh nhiing khuynh hudng lau
dai va he't siic ben viing trong sir phit tiiin van hoc"^*\ Tie'n trinh van hoc Viet
Nam the' ky XX khdng nam ngoai qui luat dd cua sing tao nghe thuat.
1.2. Trong qua trinh phit trien lau dai ciia van hoc, the loai la mdt ye'u to

ma ben canh mat on dinh, "di truyen", lai luon cd nhiing bie'n dong, doi thay,
tao nen nhieu bien the' vd ciing phong phii. Ciing theo Bakhtin: " 6 the loai bao
gid Cling bao luu nhiing yeu td ca sa, bat tir. That ra cii ca sd nay duge bao
luu d the' loai ehi nhd vao sir ddi mdi thudng xuyen, cd the ndi la nhd dugc
hien dai hoi. The loai bao gid ciing vira la nd, vira khdng phai la nd, no bao
gid cung vira cu ky, vira mdi me. The loai dugc tii sinh, dugc ddi mdi qua
timg giai doan phit trien van hoc va qua ttmg tic pham ei biet cua the loai
nay. Day la sir sdng cua the' loai. Bdi vay, cii e6 sa edn dugc bao luu d the loai
khdng phai la cii c6 sa chet ciing ma la cii c6 sa vinh viln sdng dong, tiic la
cii c6 sa cd nang lire ddi mdi. The loai, sdng bang hien tai, nhung luon luon

M. Bakhtin; "Nhung v£a 66 thi phap D6xt6iepxJd", NXB Giao due, 1993. tr.lOl


nhd d€h qua khti cua minh, khdi nguyen cua minh. Th^ loai - la ke dai dien
cua ky ilc sang tao trong qua trinh phat tri^n cua van hoc. Chinh vi vay, the
loai cd nang luc dam bao tinh thdng nhS^t va tmh lien tuc cua su phit trie'n £iy.
Bdi ih€, di hiiu diing thi loai, phai lin len ngon nguon cua nd^*\
Ve mat nguyen ly, cic thi loai van hoc dugc hinh thanh, phit triin va
bie'n mft trong qui trinh van ddng ciia van hoc la hien tugng phit trien bmh
thudng. Chinh ca sd xa hdi, nhu cdu nhan thiic, thi hi^u cua cong chiing van
hoc la nhihig yeu td quan trong se qui dinh su phit triln cua cic thi loai van
hoc. Da timg cd trong ky lic nhan loai mot thdi dai nghe thuat huy hoang vdi
nhiing tic phim anh hiing ca c6 dai HyLa ndi tiehg nhu Iliit va Odixe. Nhiing
tic phim nay dugc ra ddi trong nhiing di^u kien cua thdi ky c6 dai va la san
pham cua mot hinh thii tu duy nghe thuat va chiu su chi phdi nang ne ciia the'
gidi quan thin linh. Khi ca sd vat cha't ciia xa hdi phit triin, tu duy nghe thuat,
su nhan thiic cua con ngudi ve the gidi xung quanh khdng edn qui hdn nhien,
ngay tha... ciing cd nghia la cic thi loai anh hung ca c6 diin da khdng edn
"da't" de phit triin. Cic kiiu md phdng ve sau nhu tic pham La-Hang ri et deu

khdng phii hgp va cd phin lac long. K. Mic, khi de cap den thanh tiru cua cii
noi thin thoai Hy Lap da khang dinh: Iliit va Odixe khdng thi ra ddi ben canh
ban in va may in, hinh tugng Asin khdng the ton tai trong thdi dai cua thudc
Sling va dan chi - Thdi dai da san sinh ra nen nghe thuat rue ra huy hoang dd
da vmh vien qua rdi va khdng bao gid trd lai... Ngudi ddi sau du he't Idng yeu
men ciing khong the' bat chudc, bdi ne'u cd tinh bie'n mot ngudi da trudng
thanh thanh mot diia tre tha thi chi la "cua simg lam nghe" ma thdi (!). Chinh
dieu nay ciing da giiip chiing ta cat nghia hien tugng mai mot cua cic tic
phim trudng ca, anh hiing ca c6 dai va sir phuc sinh cua cic tic pham trudng
ca hien dai trong van hoc Viet Nam.
Tuy nhien, nhu da ndi d tren, ben canh sir ddi thay, cich tan qua cic thdi
ky lich su, cie the' loai van hoc luon cd sir thira ke, duy tri mat on dinh ndi tiep
tir giai doan nay qua giai doan khic - Ndi mot cich cu the: trong tien trinh van
•*M. Bakhtin-Sdd,tr. 101


ddng cua van hoc, giai doan sau luon luu giii nhiing thanh tuu ve thi loai cua
giai doan trudc. Chinh su lap lai mang tmh qui luat nay da gdp phin hoan
thien va tao nen tmh chft dac trung cua timg thi loai rieng biet.
Ngoai ra, khi de cap den pham trii thi loai, ciing ein chii y de'n tinh dan
tdc, ban sac dan toe cua cic thi loai van hoc. Di nhien la khdng the dua ra
nhiing tieu chi rieng cho tiiu thuye't hay tha ciia mot dan tdc nay ben canh mdt
dan tdc khic ma khdng chiu su chi phdi cua dac trung thi loai nhung r5 rang,
viec xic dinh nhiing dac diim ndi bat trong tu duy sing tao, trong thi hieu
thudng thiic, trong sd trudng van dung thi loai, trong ngdn ngii... se giiip
chiing ta chi ra dugc ban sac rieng cua ttaig dan tdc va su ddng gdp nhiing net
dac sac dd vao thanh tuu chung cua nhan loai.
Tinh dan tdc cua cic thi loai van hoc la mot ye'u td tuang ddi ben viing.
Tuy nhien khdng thi coi cic thi loai vin hoe la "nha't thanh ba't bie'n". Trong
qui trinh van ddng, cd nhiing yeu td se trd nen xua cii, khdng thich hgp cho

viec tie'p can, nhan thiic. Lai cd nhihig ye'u td tuy ben viing nhung nang ddng,
cd kha nang thich ling, phii hgp vdi nhung yeu cau cua thdi dai mdi. Day
chinh la einh cira rong md giiip chiing ta tim hiiu, khai thic nhiing im the va
gidi han trong viec van dung cic the loai cua van hoe Viet Nam, dac biet la sir
ke't hgp giiia tinh dan toe va tinh hien dai, mot trong nhiing pham chat quye't
dinh su thanh cong trong sing tao nghe thuat dugc bde Id rd ret trong Imh vuc
thi loai van hoc.
Cae the loai van hoe dugc hinh thanh tren ca sd ctia cic phuang thiic
phan inh. Ndi mot cich khic, chinh phuang thiie phan inh da "diic" nen cie
md hinh thi loai. Van hoe ton tai 3 phuang thiie phan inh ca ban: Tu su, trii
tinh va kich - Phuang thiic tu sir la mdt phuang thiic mieu ta Idn va quan trong
nha't cua van hoc. Nd lay viec mieu ta ddi sdng khich quan lam ddi tugn^
chinh. Hien thuc ddi sdng trong tic pham dugc tai hien mot cich chan thuc va
rong rai qua he thdng nhan vat va cot truyen. Tat ca deu hudng tdi mdt the
gidi khich quan phong phii va gin giii. Phuang thiic trii tinh, ngugc lai, thien
ve phia chu quan. Nd lay viec hoc Id the gidi ndi cam cua ehu the sang tao lam


cdt y^u. Nhfing hien tugng (su viec va con ngudi) cua ddi sdng khich quan
khlic xa vao tac p h ^ qua cam xuc va suy nghi ciia nha tha. Ddi vdi tha trii
tinh, y^u td cam xiic, su rung ddng true tie'p dugc coi la khdi ngudn, la dac
trung ca ban ddu tien dl xic lap tieu chi thi loai. Ben canh hai phuang thiic
tren, phuang thiic kich la mdt su bd sung cin thie't bdi ne'u phuang thiic trii
tinh chu yeu bde Id cam xiic, phuang thiic tu su coi viec tii dung biic tranh
hien thuc mang tinh tdng thi la chmh thi phuang thiic kich tap trung khai thic
va bilu hien con ngudi thdng qua hanh ddng. Trong cudc sdng, hanh ddng la
sir bilu hien true tie'p va nang ddng nhit ci tinh cua con ngudi. Trong kich,
nhan vat luon d trong tu the hanh ddng. Tir dilm xu^t phit la xung dot vdi
nhung tinh hudng cu thi, kich la thi loai mang de'n su nhan thiic diy du ve ddi
sdng va con ngudi thdng qua hanh ddng. Su ton tai cimg mot liic 3 phuang

thiic phan inh tren da ndi len rang: Van hoc ein phai tie'p can vdi cudc sdng tir
nhieu gdc do va phai phan inh cudc sdng mdt cich toan dien, nhieu mat.
Tuang ling vdi phuang thiic tru* tinh, van hoe cd thi loai tha, tuang ling
vdi phuang thiic tu sir, van hoc cd cic dil loai van xudi, chu yeu la tilu thuyet,
truyen va ky. Tuang ling vdi phuang thiic kich, cd cic kich ban van hoc. Day
ciing chinh la nhiing thi loai chu chdt trong ddi sdng van hoe Viet Nam va la
ddi tugng nghien eiiu cua chiing tdi.
"Khdng cd mot thi loai nao trudng ton ba't bie'n qua thdi gian"^*\ Vi vay,
viec nghien ciiu cic thi loai cin phai duge dat trong nhiing dilu kien lich sir,
cu thi. Hien thuc cudc sdng - coi ngudn sing tao cua van hoc - la mot ddng
chay khdng ngimg, chinh vi vay ma khdng thi doin dinh het sir doi thay cua
cic thi loai trong da phit triin chung a'y. Tuy nhien, su khao sit, he thdng hoa
tien trinh van ddng va phit triin cua cic thi loai trong van hoc Viet Nam la
het siic can thiet va bd ich khdng chi ddi vdi gidi nghien cuu, giang day ma
con ca vdi ngudi sing tic, ngudi thudng thiic.
L3. Nhin vao dd thi van ddng cua van hoc Viet Nam the ky XX, chiing
tdi thay cd hai giai doan ding chii y nhit: dd la giai doan 1930-1945 dugc coi
i")

Ha Minh Due (chu bien), Ly luan van hoc, NXB Giao due, 1998, tr. 163.


la thcd hoang kim rue rd md ra mdt budc ngoat Idn cho tie'n trinh hien dai hoi
va giai doan tir 1986 trd vl cudi the ky dugc menh danh la van hoc thdi ky doi
mdi cd nhilu thanh tuu va khdi sac ve thi loai.
Ngudn gdc sau xa ciia mdt tien trinh ddi mdi nam trong cam hiing sing
tao, trong quan niem nghe thuat ve con ngudi va ddi sdng xa hdi. Nhung ta't ca
nhiing yeu td dd diu true ti^p chi phdi den phuang thiic phan inh, den cich
thiic ca^u tnic va van dung thi loai. Trong hai md'c thdi gian ma chiing tdi de
cap d tren, cd thi ndi rang giai doan 1930-1945 la thdi ky ma su cich tan ve

mat thi loai diln ra tren mot mat bang vd ciing rong Idn va vdi mot tinh than
duy tan triet dl. Thanh tuu dat dugc la to Idn. Giai doan tir 1986 trd ve cudi
the' ky tuy chua dat de'n dinh cao va tinh than ddi mdi ciing mang theo mau sac
va y nghia khic. Tuy nhien, day ciing la mdt thdi ky ma dien mao thi loai da
trd nen phong phii, da dang. Trong dd ding chii y la sir hung thinh ciia mot sd
thi loai va nhiing hudng bien ddi theo chieu hien dai hoa.
De xu ly dang de tai nay, chiing tdi ket hgp ciing mot liic ca hai thao tie
phan chia: Thii nha't la phan chia theo thi loai, thii hai la phan chia theo giai
doan.
Ve thi loai, theo gidi han da trinh bay trong Idi ndi dau, chiing tdi chi tap
trung khao sit 2 the loai chinh ddng vai trd quan trong trong ddi sdng van hoc
ciing nhu trong tien trinh van ddng phit triin cua vin hoe Viet Nam, dd la tilu
thuye't va tha.
Ve thdi gian, chiing tdi gidi han pham vi 50 nam nua dau the' ky XX va
chia thanh 2 mde chinh sau day:
1. Giai doan tir 1900-1930.
2. Giai doan tir 1930-1945.
(Ciing xin luu y la sir phan chia nay chi mang y nghia tuang ddi bdi vi
thuc te ddi sdng the loai trong van hoc Viet Nam khdng cd nhiing ranh gidi
tuyet ddi ve mat thdi gian).


Di khdi dIu cho sir khao sit ciia minh, chung tdi chon mde thdi gian
nhiing nam diu th€ ky XX nhu la tim vl vdi coi ngudn cua su hinh thanh thi
loai theo dung tinh thin cua Bakhtin. Cong trinh cua chiing tdi se tap trung
vao 2 ndi dung Idn sau day:
1. Tilu thuye't Viet Nam tir 1900 de'n 1945.
2, Tha Viet Nam tir 1900 de'n 1945.

Di khdi ddu cho su khao sit ciia minh, chiing tdi chon md'c thdi gian
nhiing nam diu th^ ky XX nhu la tim vl vdi cdi ngudn cua su hmh thanh thi
loai theo dung tinh thin cua Bakhtin. Cdng trinh cua chiing tdi se tap trung
vao 2 ndi dung Idn sau day:
1. Tilu thuye't Viet Nam tir 1900 den 1945.
2. Tha Viet Nam tir 1900 den 1945.


Chiromg 1:
Sir VAN D O N G CUA Tifiu THUYl^T VI$T NAM TRONG
50 NAM DAU T H £ KY (TlT 1900-1945)

1.1. Tieu thuyet Viet Nam giai doan 1900-1930
Tir trudc de'n nay, cd quan niem cho rang, phai de'n nhiing nam 19301945, van hoc Viet Nam ndi chung va van xudi ndi rieng mdi budc vao qui
trinh hien dai hoi. Su thuc thi nhiing budc ehuyin ddng diu tien din den cdng
cudc hien dai hoi cd thi tinh tir nhiing nam diu the' ky 20 (tham chi la cd thi
edn liii de'n tan cudi nhiing nam 80 cua the ky 19).
Budc sang the' ky 20, van chuong Viet Nam khdng edn gidi han trong
khudn khd chat hep cua Thi, Phii, Truyen, ngam ca. Cic nha van da rat cd y
thiic trong viec xay dung mdt nen van hoc vdi su bd sung cic thi loai nhu tilu
thuye't, truyen ngln... Nhiing thi van xudi ma ho da dugc hoc, dugc doe nhieu
va trd nen quen thudc trong van hoc Tay phuang - cu thi la van hoc Phap.
Mae diu thdi ky diu edn mang nhieu dau tich ciia van Ndm, cang vl sau,
ngdn ngii van chuong cang chiu anh hudng ciia cau van Tay va ngdn ngir
Phip. Ve van tu, chii qudc ngii da thay the' chii Ndm ciia Nho gia va trd thanh
thii chii Viet chinh thiic tir day.
Ddng gdp dac lire vao cdng cudc duy tan, trudc he't la vai trd cua hai td
bio Idn: Ddng Duong tap ehi cua Nguyln Van Vmh va Nam Phong tap chi
ciia Pham Quynh. Cd thi khang dinh rang: Ddng Duong tap chi va Nam
Phong tap ehi da giir mot vai trd trong ye'u trong van hoe Viet Nam vao nhiing

nam 20 cua the ky. Hiu het cic tic pham cd gii tri deu dugc dang tai va da sd
cic nha van cd ten tu6i diu xuit hien tren hai td bio dd. Mac dau "Trung Bac
tin van" (1915), "Hiiu Thanh tap chi" (1921), "An Nam tap chi" (1926),
"Tieng dan" (1927)... deu la nhiing co quan ngdn luan eiing thdi cd anh hudng
sau rong manh me den cam nghi, tu tudng qudc dan, gdp phan tao nen sir
thing the' cua van hoi mdi va sir thanh cdng cua chii qudc ngir song "Dong


Duong tap chi" va "Nam Phong tap chi" thuc su la cii "Id" luyen biit, la noi
sinh trudng cua nhilu cay biit danh tieng duong thdi. (Nen nhd la trudc 1925,
van hoc chi b tren bio chi. "Ddng Duong tap chi" va "Nam Phong tap chi"
khdng chi cd cdng Idn trong viec xay dung qudc van ma con luu giii dien mao
so khai cua van xudi Viet Nam the' ky 20).
VI tilu thuye't, trudc Ddng Duong tap chi, mot sd tilu thuyet Tau da
dugc dich ra Qudc ngu va luu hanh rdng rai d Nam ky nhu Thuy Hir, Phong
Thin... cimg nhieu truyen kie'm hiep khic. O Bac ky, Tam Qudc diln nghia
cua dich gia Phan Ke' Binh la tic phim tilu thuye't in bang chii Qudc ngii diu
tien. Den khi cd Ddng Duong tap chi, viec dich tilu thuye't Tau la sd trudng
ciia cay biit Nguyln Dd Muc. Ong dich Tay Suang ky, Dong Chu Het quoc...
va khdng ehi tren Ddng Duong tap chi ma ca d Trung Bac Tan van. Dl dang
nhan thiy cic nha Nho chuyen dich tilu thuye't Tau va di nhien cic nha Tay
hoe chuyen dich tilu thuye't Phip. Ong chu biit Ddng Duong tap chi la ngudi
tien phong tren llnh vuc nay va da luu lai mdt khdi lugng tic pham Idn. Ngoai
Tha ngu ngdn ciia La-phdng-ten, hai kich cua Md-li-e, Nguyln Van Vlnh da
chon dich nhiing tic ph^m tilu thuyet Phip ndi tie'ng nhu Ba ngudi ngu lam
phdo thu cua A. Duy-ma. Mai nuang le cot (Ma-ndng Lexcd) cua Anbe
Prevost, Mieng da lira ciia Bal Zlc. Nhung ke khon nan (Nhiing ngudi khdn
khd) cua Vich to Huygo v.v... Dich thuat la mot boat ddng mdi trong chu
truong Au hoi cua ong. Tir nam 1913, Nguyln Van Vinh thien hin ve van
hoe. Ong khdng ehi dich tir Phip sang Viet ma edn dich tir Viet sang tie'ng

Phap (Doan trudng Tan Thanh). Cd le xuat phat tir thuc te' duong thdi Nguyln
Van Vmh cho rang: Viec dich thuat la mot giai doan cin thiet ehuan bi cho
viec sang tic. Ong ndi: "Bay gid nhiing ngudi doe dugc cic sich hay ciia
ngoai qudc ma c6 dem tieng ban qudc dich ra ro dugc it nao hay chiit a'y thi
ngudi xem den dau khdng bie't dugc het nghTa nhung ciing rd dugc dai khii.
Khi da cd nhieu ngudi nghe phang phic dugc cii tu tudng cua ngudi ta rdi liic
bay gid cd mugn tu tudng iy ma lam ra sich Ndm ta thi mdi cd nhieu ngudi


hiiu... Chung tdi biet rang sich dich ra bay gid ddi sau la cd ngudi che nhung
cd thi mdi goi la tien bd, chiing tdi se thoa Idng rang: minh da cd cam neu len
rude cho nen mdi cd ke theo hut sau"^**. Theo Thanh Lang trong "Ban luge dd
van hoc Viet Nam" thi Nguyln Van Vmh dich rit nhieu va rit mau - ong luon
cd hai thu ky lam viec d ben canh, mot ngudi doc cho dng nghe cau van tieng
Phip, nghe de'n dau, dng dich ludn den diy va doc len lap tiie cho ngudi thii
k^ thii hai bien chep. Vao thdi bu6i mdi phdi thai, khich quan ma xet, Nguyln
Van Vmh vdi su nghiep dich thuat dugc phd bie'n rong rai tren mat bio da cd
cdng trong viec xay dung mot Idi van mdi. Ong da day cdng luyen tap cau van
tilu thuye't, don dudng cho nhiing sing tic sau nay. Van chuong Viet Nam
dang d trong tinh trang chap chiing, "bap be" (chii cua Nguyln Van Vmh) da
cd nhiing budc trudng thanh ciing cip. "Tir nhiing cau van khdng diit khoit
ciia Truong Vinh Ky, tir nhiing bai bio ngd ng^n hdi diu the ky 20 cho den
cic ban dich cua Nguyln Van Vmh va cie ban cua dng, cau van Viet Nam da
de'n mdt budc dai khdng ude lugng duge"^**\
Nhd sir va cham vdi cau van Phip, cau van Viet Nam ciing trd nen tinh
te, mim mai, nd cd thi diln ta mot cich sau sac va day du nhiing y tudng
phiie tap cd trong van chuong Phip. Qua nhiing ban dich vdi dieu van em
dim, hoc gia Viet Nam cd dip lam quen vdi nhiing van hao ndi tie'ng Phip; va
thay dugc sir giau cd, phong phii ciia cic thi van xudi cua mot nin van hoe
dugc nudi duong bang ten tu6i cua rat nhilu nha tilu thuye't Idn.

Ngoai ra, Nguyln Van Vmh edn gay dung mot phong trao simg md qudc
van. Ong da tao cho nhiing ngudi cam biit the he nay Idng yeu men qudc van
va long ham me sing tic. Trong Idi tira cudn Tam Quoc chi qua ban dich cua
Phan Ke Binh, dng da viet mdt cau ndi tieng: "Nude Nam ta sau nay hay dd la
d nhu chii Qudc ngii".
Theo nhilu ngudn tu lieu, ngudi doc Viet Nam trudc 1932, nha't la gidi
tre da timg rat say me nhiing ban dich ciia dng nhu Mai nuang Le cot, Mieng
'•' Pham The Nga, Viet Nam van hoc su- GianvoiTan bi^nQu^c hoc Tung thu, tr.l2l
*"' Thanh Lang, Bang lucre do van hoc Viet Nam, tr. 222.

10


hiiu... Chung tdi biet rang sich dich ra bay gid ddi sau la cd ngudi che nhung
cd thi mdi goi la tien bd, chiing tdi se thoa long rang: mmh da cd cam neu len
rude cho nen mdi cd ke theo hiit sau"^*\ Theo Thanh Lang trong "Ban luge do
van hoc Viet Nam" thi Nguyln Van VToh dich rit nhieu va rit mau - dng ludn
cd hai thu ky lam viec d ben canh, mot ngudi doc cho dng nghe cau van tieng
Phip, nghe de'n dau, dng dich ludn den diy va doc len lap die cho ngudi thii
ky thii hai bien chep. Vao didi bu6i mdi phdi thai, khich quan ma xet, Nguyln
Van Vmh vdi su nghiep dich thuat dugc phd biln rdng rai tren mat bio da cd
cdng trong viec xay dung mdt Idi van mdi. Ong da day cdng luyen tap cau van
tilu thuyet, don dudng cho nhiing sing tic sau nay. Van chuong Viet Nam
dang d trong tinh trang chap ehiing, "bap be" (chu: cua Nguyln Van Vmh) da
cd nhiing budc trudng thanh ciing cip. "Tii nhung ciu van khdng diit khoit
cua Truong Vmh Ky, tir nhiing bai bio ngd ngan hoi diu the ky 20 cho den
cie ban dich cua Nguyln Van Vmh va cic ban cua dng, cau van Viet Nam da
de'n mdt budc dai khdng udc lugng dugc"^**\
Nhd su va cham vdi cau van Phip, cau van Viet Nam ciing trd nen tinh
te, mIm mai, nd cd thi diln ta mot cich sau sic va diy du nhiing y tudng

phiic tap cd trong van chuong Phip. Qua nhiing ban dich vdi dieu van em
dim, hoc gia Viet Nam cd dip lam quen vdi nhiing vin hao ndi tie'ng Phap; va
tha'y duge su giau cd, phong phii cua cic thi van xudi cua mdt nIn van hoc
dugc nudi dudng bang ten tudi cua rit nhilu nha tilu thuye't Idn.
Ngoai ra, Nguyln Van Vmh edn gay dung mot phong trao simg md qudc
van. Ong da tao cho nhiing ngudi cim but the' he nay Idng yeu men qudc van
va Idng ham me sing tic. Trong Idi tua cudn Tam Quoc chi qua ban dich cua
Phan Ke Binh, dng da viet mot cau ndi tieng: "Nude Nam ta sau nay hay dd la
d nhu chii Qudc ngii".
Theo nhilu ngudn tu lieu, ngudi doc Viet Nam trudc 1932, nhit la gidi
tre da timg rat say me nhimg ban dich cua dng nhu Mai nuang Le cot, Mieng
^*'Pham The Nga, Viet Nam van hoc su - GikaycAT^nbi^ti Quoc hoc Tung thu, tr.l21
*"* Thanh Lang, Bang lucre do van hoc Viet Nam, tr. 222.

10


da Ilia, Nhiing ke khdh nan... va coi dd la nhihig sing tic cua chinh ngudi Viet
Nam. Ben canh "Ddng Duong tap chi" cua Nguyln Van Vmh, Pham Quynh
vdi "Nam Phong tap chi" cang la mdt guong mat duy tan tieu bilu cua van
xudi nhung nam diu thi ky 20. La chu but td Nam Phong, kiem Tdng diu ky
hdi Khai Tri Tien Diic, Pham Quynh khdng nhiing c6 xuy cho viec xay dung
mdt nIn hoc Qudc gia ma con quan tam dac biet de'n Imh vuc van hoc. Thdng
qua Nam Phong, Pham Quynh da dua ra nhilu quan dilm, nhilu ly thuyet...
Vira hd hao vie't van qudc ngfi, dng edn nhap cudc vilt sich dl khai sinh nhilu
nganh van mdi. Tuy nhien, Pham Quynh chii trong den tinh chit ngdn luan
nhilu hon la sing tao tic phim nhung khdng thi phii nhan vai trd md dudng
cua dng trong giai doan nay.
Ciing gidng nhu Nguyln Van Vinh, trudc het Pham Quynh rit coi trong
de'n viec luyen tie'ng me de thdng qua viec hoc tie'ng Phip va lam quen vdi van

chuong Phip. Muc dich la lam cho tie'ng Viet them phong phii, "thoit khdi
nhiing xiing xich" cua chii Hin: "Dem diln dich nhiing trang tuyet but cua
nIn van chuong Phip ra tieng Nam thuc su la mot cdng viec cii tir hoan sinh
cho tie'ng nude minh. Nhd the' ma tieng Nam se thay ddi, bie'n hoi rdi trd nen
thuin thuc, bat chudc dugc d cau van Phip su siic tich, sir minh bach, su mach
lac hiiu ly. Da cd sin nhiing diic tinh diu dang, tiet tin, nghia la cd nhac dieu
rieng, tie'ng Viet Nam se nhd cau van Phip ma trd nen cd nhiing dac tinh cd
duyen la thudng. NIn vin chuong qudc ngii nay chiu anh hudng rat nhilu cich
sich dich cua Phip. Nhiing nha van qudc ngii thdi danh cua ta ngay nay,
nhiing ngudi da biet thoit ly nhiing Idi lam van c6 hu theo thdi nha Nho khien
cho cau van tieng Nam tii day them phong phii va nhip dieu hon. Nhiing ngudi
a'y ddng thdi lai la nhiing dich gia rit danh tie'ng"^*\
Song, khich quan ma xet thi sir nghiep cua Pham Quynh ein phai dugc
dinh gii cao hon d Imh vuc thii 2: Imh vuc nghien cihi va phe binh van hoc.
Ddng Duong tap chi da cd cdng khai md cho nganh nghe thuat edn qui mdi

''* Thanh Lang, Bang lucre do van hoc Viet Nam, tr. 201. 202.

11


me nay so vdi thdi dd nhung phai chd den Nam Phong tap ehi, thi van phe
binh nghien ciiu mdi cd nhiing budc phat triin.
Su nghiep nghien ciiu van hoc ciia Pham Quynh khi phong phii va cd
phong cich rieng. Ong da hoc tap dugc cua phuong Tay phuong phip khoa
hoc trong nghien ciiu, nhiing nguyen tic tie'p can, xu ly mdt tic ph^m, mdt
nha van, mdt nIn van hoe hay phuong phip he didng hoi, phuang phip ddi
chie'u, so sinh... Pham Quynh dam dao, dl cap den nhilu Imh vuc khic nhau
ciia van hoe, trong dd dang ehii y la phin viet vl cic thi loai vin hoc, dac biet
la tilu thuye't. Trong bai "Ban vl tilu thuye't", Pham Quynh da cd ging dua ra

mot "dinh nghia" vl tilu thuyet: "La mdt truyen viet bang van xudi dat ra dl
ta tinh tu ngudi ta, phong tuc xa hdi hay la nhiing su tich la du lam cho ngudi
doc cd hiing thii". Sau dd, dng chi ra phuong phip, cich xay dung mot cudn
tieu thuyet ma theo dng, tit ca nghe thuat viet truyen cua Phip cd thi tdm gon
trong miy chii: "Sing tao ra cudc ddi", nghia la xay dung duge nhiing nhan
vat ciing hanh ddng nhu ngudi ching khic gi, chi khic la khi thin thiet manh
liet hon phin nhilu ngudi thudng ma thdi". Ciing theo Pham Quynh, viet mot
cudn tilu thuye't, bdi vay la sing tao ra nhiing khung canh, nhiing trudng hgp
va nha't la nhiing nhan vat rdi day phai hoat ddng trong nhiing khung canh,
nhiing trudng hgp ay. Tai nghe cua nha van, suy cho cimg la "bia dat ra mot
truyen huyin ma vin can cii d su thuc, khien cho ngudi doc vin biet rang
truyen khdng thuc ma khdng thi khdng tin dugc, vi nhiing nhan vat, nhiing
tinh tiet trong truyen tuy khdng thuc ma vi cd phep gi bie't ra thuc dugc, thdi
tudng trinh bay hanh ddng ra de'n the' ma thdi, khdng khic gi"^*\ Trong phin
khao ciiu ma Pham Quynh goi la phin "phd diln", dng da ban ky ludng vl van
tir cua tilu thuyet: "Trong cic Idi hanh van thi Idi van tieu thuyet chinh la van
tu sir, nghia la kl chuyen... Cich phd diln tuy vin phai dung Idi van tu sir
nhilu, ma edn phai tham bic nhilu Idi khic niia nhu ta canh, ta hinh, van dap
v.v... Cd thi ndi trong mdt bd tilu thuye't khdng cd Idi van gi la khong diing -

'•* Thanh Lang, Sdd, ir. 463, 464.

12


van tilu thuyet that la gdm ca cic Idi van"^*\ Cudi cimg, Pham Quynh dua ra
mdt vai md hinh tilu thuyet dang thinh hanh d Phip nhu tilu tiiuyet ngdn tinh,
tilu thuye't ta thuc, tilu thuye't truyin ky... va nhan xet: ddi vdi nha tilu
thuylt Ddng phuong, ii tinh chi la mot dd trang hoang edn ngudi phuong
Tay dem dat tinh ii d trung tam moi hanh ddng. Coi nd nhu mot ddng co

thiic diy tit ca.
Ngoai ra, dl hd trg cho viec "truyin bi nghe thuat tilu thuyet" Pham
Quynh da luge thuat va gidi thieu mdt cich vin tat nhilu tie pham van hoe
Phip. Phai thira nhin la Pham Quynh cd mot cich luge thuat rat vin tit, ngin
gon ma du y. Nhilu tic phim tilu thuye't rit dai, dng rut lai rit gon ma ngudi
doc vin nim dugc nhung tinhtie'tquan trong cua cau chuyen, vin hdi hop nhu
khi doe ban chinh van. Hon niia, dl phii hgp vdi trinh dd thudng thiic cua
"Ngudi duong thdi", sau mdi doan luge trich, dng lai chi ra nhiing net "ky
thuat" cua tie gia. Hoae trudc khi dich mdt doan van gay cin, dng cd miy Idi
ehi din, dai loai "Doan nay la doan nha tilu thuyet ta rit kheo, hiln nhien nhu
tiiuc, luge dich ra day cho ddc gia thudng thiic Idi van tilu thuye't cua Au
Tay"^**\ Cung cich nay ngay nay doc lai, chiing ta thiy cd phin iu tri, nhung
thie't nghi thdi dd la can thiet.
Cd thi ndi rang, mac diu khdng sang tic tilu thuyet nhung Pham Quynh
la ngudi cd cdng vdi lich sir tilu thuyet nhiing nam 20 diu the ky. Ong vira la
ngudi gidi thieu binh luan, diln dich cic tilu thuye't phuong Tay, vira vie't
nhiing bai nghien ciiu, trinh bay nhung quan niem vl dac dilm thi loai va
phuong phap viet tilu thuyet. Mdi khi cd dip tie'p xiic vdi mot tie pham mdi,
Pham Quynh rit sot sing "truyin bi" ndi dung ciing nhu nhiing dac sic vl
nghe thuat cho van gidi nude nha. Vay la hoat ddng eiia dng diln ra song song
cimg mot luc vira mang y nghia thuc hanh (thdng qua cae ban dich tieu thuyet
Phip), vira mang tinh ly thuyet (thdng qua cic bai khao cuu). Phai chang
Pham Quynh khdng chi la nhan vat quan trong cua nhiing nam 20 trd ve diu

""Thanh Lang, Sdd, tr. 467.
*"Thanh Lang, Sdd, tr. 314.

13

thi ky ma con la ngudi "dua da tiep siSc" va cd anh hudng ro ret den ca giai
doan tilu thuylt ke tiep sau 1920.
Tit ca nhung dilu Pham Quynh da lam dugc tren day la nhd cd Nam
Phong va su cdng tic ciia nhilu cay biit danh tieng cung thdi. So vdi Ddng
Duong tap chi. Nam Phong tap chi tdn tai lau hon, dugc quang ba rdng rai hon
nen thanh the cung cd phin Idn hon. Vl vai trd ciia Nam Phong, nha phe binh
Thie'u Son - mot cay biit cd tieng duong thdi da viet: "Nhilu ngudi khdng bie't
van Tay van Tau cd thi chi nhd doc Nam Phong ma cd dugc cii tri thiie phd
thdng vl van chuong hoc thuat Ddng Tay" ^*\ Nam Phong la td bio cua mot
tiidi, la van dan ciia mot the' he nhung chic chin la nd edn nhiing ddng gdp cd
gii tri dai lau cho cdng cudc duy tin cua van hoe ndi chung va tieu thuyet
Viet Nam ndi rieng trudc cich mang Thing Tim 1945. Ngay nay, doc lai tap
chi nay, chiing ta bat gap nhilu vin dl cua van chuong, hoe thuat, nhilu ten
tudi va tic pham ndi danh mot thud. Cudi ciing, ciing nhu Ddng Duong tap
ehi. Nam Phong tap chi la mdt trudng hoc dao tao Qudc van "cd chit lugng".
VI dilm nay, Thieu Son ciing da nhin manh "Nhiing nha hdi trudc da tap
luyen d Ddng Duong tap chi khi qua viet Nam Phong da thanh nhiing thiy day
Qudc van. Ma nhiing dng thiy nay ciing da dao luyen dugc nhilu ngon biit tir
tinh trang nhiing ban tri thiic ciia tan hoe, cuu hoc ma dem vd cho van gidi,
bao gidi biet bao nhieu kien tudng tinh binh"***\ Nhilu nha van trudc 1945
nhu Ddng Hd, Mdng Tuyet, Hoang Tich Chu va tiaam chi ca Nhit Linh
Nguyln trudng Tam da luyen tap viet lich trong ngdi trudng Nam Phong khdng phai ngiu nhien ma Vu Ngoe Phan trong "Nha van hien dai" da danh
gia rit cao cdng lao cua Pham Quynh va coi td tap chi cua dng nhu mot thdi
"Bach khoa toan thu". Nam Phong, vi vay, la mot td bao khdng the bd qua khi
nghien ciiu van hoc hien dai Viet Nam.
Nhin mdt each tdng quit, neu chon mot hien tugng tieu bieu ciia van
xudi Viet Nam nhung nam 20 cua die ky nay trd ve trudc thi dd chinh la viec

'[ThanhLang, Sdd, tr. 314.
'"* Pham Th^ Ngu, Viet Nam van hoc su, tr. 247.

14


Ket-noi.com chia se mien phi
dich va phd bien rdng rai cic tilu thuylt nude ngoai. Kl ca tieu thuyet Tau va
tilu thuyet Tay. Cdng viec nay dap ling nhu ciu "doc" cua cdng chiing van
hoc da trd nen dong dao. Ngudi ta tim thiy nguon hiing thii mdi me thdng qua
nhiing cudc phieu luu cimg vdi nhan vat trong cau chuyen. Hon niia, cin nhin
manh den vai trd dac biet Idn lao ciia chii qudc ngii ciing vdi cdng nghe in in
mdi thuan Igi hon han Idi khic ban xua. Ne'u trudc kia, trong xa hdi chi cd mot
ting Idp it di doc dugc cic van ban chii Hin, chii Ndm thi den giai doan nay,
sd ngudi doc dugc tilu thuyet qua cic ban dich bang chii qudc ngii da tang len
rit nhilu. C) vao mot giai doan ma "nude Nam minh" chua sang tic dugc tilu
thuyet thi liy tic phim cua xii ngudi mang de'n cho ddc gia thdng qua "van
minh" la hgp le. Phong trao dich ciing la mdt tiln dl, mot budc chuin bi quan
trong. Phai nim duge dac dilm dd thi mdi cat nghia dugc vi sao d vao mdt
thdi dilm canh cua giao luu vdi van hoi phuong Tay dang rdng md, nIn van
hoc mang tinh thin mdi nay lai cho dich mot loat tilu thuyet Trung Hoa.
NhOng tilu thuyet chuong hdi ndi tilng dugc sing tic vao thdi Minh - Thanh
xa xua nhung cho den thdi dilm nay mdi den dugc vdi ddc gia Viet Nam.
Cdng lao nay la cua mot ting Idp "Nho gia cudi miia" xoay sang nghi van
nghi bao lay viec dich lam vui thii va mong dap ling eon "khat" doc tilu
thuyet dang len cua mdt ting Idp cdng ehiing vin hoe mdi. Nhiing tic pham
tilu thuye't Trung Hoa du chua giiip ngudi doe hinh dung ra nhiing net rieng
ciia tilu thuyet phuong Tay nhung ciing da mang lai mot y niem chung vl tilu
thuyet. Chinh vi vay nham hudng tdi mdt ndi dung tu tudng va hinh thiic nghe
thuat tan tie'n, ngudi ta chii trong hon den viec dich cic tilu thuyet Phap va
tilu thuyet mdi cua Trung Qudc nhu "Tuyet Hong le sir". Thuc te' la khi da doc
"Mai nuong Le cdt" hay "Nhiing ke khdn nan" thi nhilu ngudi (dai da sd la

Idp tre) td ra thd o, thieu man ma vdi "Chinh Ddng, chinh Tay", "Ddng Chu
liet qudc"... Ho tim thiy trong cic cau chuyen cua tilu thuyet phuang Tay
nhilu net mdi cd siic quyen rii hon va cho rang vay mdi diing la tieu thuye't.
Nhirng quan trong va bd ich nhit vl phia ngudi cim but la song song vdi viec
luyen tap cau van qudc ngii cho thich irng giong van tilu thuyet, nha van con

15


hoc dugc d dd each thiic sang tao cdt truyen va nhan vat. DT nhien la khong
phai bit cii tie gia tilu thuylt nao cung bat diu su nghiep bang dich thuat
song su anh hudng la cd that. Nhilu tic phim diu hieu md phdng bde lo kha
rd, trong dd phai kl de'n Qua dua do cua Nguyln Trong Thuit va To Tdm cua
Hoang Ngoc Phach - hai tie phim dugc coi la hai cudn tilu thuyet diu tien
md dudng cho tilu thuyet Viet Nam hien dai.
To Tdm cua Hoang Ngoc Phach xuit ban nim 1925. Day la mdt cudn
tilu thuyet lang man diu tien, mdt cau chuyen tinh rit dep song ciing ket thiic
rit bi cua van chuong Viet Nam. Chuyen kl vl mot ddi trai gii tan didi Dam
Thuy, Td Tam. Dam Thuy la mdt sinh vien ban van chuong Trudng cao dang
su pham cd nang khieu van hoe, da tiing cd tho dang bao, cd tilu thuye't xuat
ban. Td Tam la mdt thieu nii da timg hoc chii Nho, sau lai dugc hoe them
tie'ng Phip lai rit ham thich qudc van, cd sic dep thanh tao, kilu dilm. Nhan
mdt sir gap gd tinh cd, giiia ho da nly nd mdt tinh cam het siic tu nhien. Hon
niia Td Tam vdn da me'n md tai nang cua Dam Thuy qua sich bao, nay lai
duge biet ngudi thi cang quyen luyen, coi chang la mdt bac dan anh trong van
chuong, mdt ngudi tam tinh, tri ky.
Mdi dau edn la tinh ban, sau ehuyin dan sang tinh yeu nhung ciing vin la
thii tinh "xa nhau thi nhd, ving nhau thi budn" chua cd cii ndng nan say dim
bdi hai ben ciing giii y nhu "cich nhau mdt biie tudng ngan, hai ben ciing cd
liie mudn treo qua ma khdng ben nao dam". Song, mdt hdm Dam Thuy bat

ehgt den choi nha Td Tam thiy trong trap may cua nang cd hai chii V, L dan
nhau (ten rieng ciia 2 ngudi). Ca hai da tay trong tay thdn thiie va tinh yeu
ehuyin sang mot trang mdi. Ho thu di tir lai thudng xuyen vdi nhiing Idi tho 16
thim thiet. Nhung tdi day, tinh yeu da lam vao hoan canh be tic - cha me
Dam Thuy da dinh hdn cho con va chang ciing khdng du can dam de ehdng lai
quyet dinh cua cha me nen da cho Td Tam hay. Nhung Td Tam quan niem
"yeu de ma yeu" nen vin tiep tuc say sua vdi hien tai mac sir de doa ciia ngay
mai. Ho ciing nhau vl cae viing que em dim tho mong, gap nhau tren bai bien
Sim Son... dl tan hudng miii vi ii tinh. Nhung d nha ba An (me ciia Td Tam)
16


DA! HOC Q U O C G!A HA N ^ ;
TRUNG TAiV T H i K G TfN THU' ViEN

cd mdt ciu Tii den dam Td Tam. Dari Tfc5^ltia^kll6ng thi phi( u luu mai
trong mdt moi tinh vd vong nen khuyen Td Tam nhan Idi. Id lam liic diu
cuong quye't tii chdi vi "da yeu mdt ngudi thi khdng thi yeu ai dugc niia" ma
"da khdng yeu thi khdng liy" nhimg sau vi ba An dm nang, nang vi chii hieu
danh chip thuan dl me an long nhim mat xudi tay... VI nha ehdng, Td Tam
mdi hiiu he't su vmh biet tinh yeu vdi Dam Thuy dau ddn, nao nl den ngin
nao. Nang nhilm benh lao va qua ddi, dl lai cho Dam Thuy mot cudn nhat ky
ghi lai tam trang nhirng ngay cudi cimg ciia ddi nang vdi Idi nhin giri: "Rdi
day sau khi huong tan khdi toi, cd liic nao anh qua chd em an giie ngan nam,
nhd anh dl hd vao gdc cay tang da hay biic tudng miy chii rang: Day la md
mdt ngudi bac menh chet vi hai chii ai tinh". Sau cii che't cua ngudi yeu, Dam
Thuy thuong tie'c, an han, suy sup, bi benh tim phai nghi hoc vl ddn diln gia
dinh an dudng. May nhd cd dng anh la ngudi lich lam, am hiiu khuyen can
san sde "vdt len khdi biln tinh" va dua trd lai con dudng cdng danh sir ngiep
nhung trong Idng edn mai ve't thuong ai tinh dau ddn.

VI mat cdt truyen, Td Tam dugc chia lam 5 hdi: Hdi I: To Tam va Dam
Thuy quen biet nhau. Hdi II: Mdi tinh thim kin cua ddi ben. Hdi III: Tmh yeu
vd vong. Hdi IV: Ke chet tuyet vong, ngudi sdng vd hdn. Hdi V: Kiep sdng vd
nghia cua ke edn d lai. Dl nhan thiy day la mot cdt truyen don gian, dl theo
doi va ngay nay doc lai ddc gia khdng khdi cam thiy cd phin don dieu.
Tuy nhien, Td Tam cua Hoang Ngoc Phach trong bdi canh duong thdi la
mot tic phim mang theo nhilu cii mdi ca d trong ndi dung lin hinh thiic, cu
thi la trong dl tai, chu dl, trong cich xay dung nhan vat, biit piiap tam ly v.v...
Ve dl tai, day ro rang la tic pham vie't vl tinh yeu mdi tram phin tram
nen nd rat an khich va gay xdn xao du luan. Thong qua cau chuyen tinh bi luy
giiia Dam Thuy va Td Tam, Hoang Ngoc Phach cd le ciing mudn cd mot Idi
khuyen ddi vdi thanh nien la khdng nen qua dim say bdi ii tinh song thuc
chit dng da bilu Id tu tudng mdi, ca nggi tinh yeu tu do ngoai 11 giao phong
kien. Td Tam, chinh vi vay la cudn tilu LKuye't diu tien mang gia tri nhan dao
bdi da dat ra vin dl giai phdng ca nhan, tdn trong khat vong hanh phiic ca
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nhan - mdt trong nhiing tu tudng Idn cua chii nghia lang man ndi chung va
trao luu van hoc lang man Viet Nam ndi rieng.
VI nhan vat, Td Tam va Dam Thuy la 2 ca thi tieu bilu cho van chuong
lang man. Cii giai dieu siu bi thuong cam ma cau chuyen tinh yeu cua hai
nhan vit mang din la ung vdi cii dieu riu budn ciia thdi dai. Day chinh la tam
thiic ciia ting Idp tri thiic tilu tu sin Viet Nam, sau nay da trd thanh mot can
can benh trim kha ma cang vl cudi, cang bl tic khdng Idi thoit: Budn vi nude
mit, budn vi nhilu gii tri cii bi suy tan, budn vi mdng dep tinh yeu tan vo...
Tuy nhien cau chuyen ciia Hoang Ngoc Phach khdng chi dinh tning vao tinh
cam, vao phin yeu dudi nhit cua nhiing trii tim dang do luyen ii khie'n ddc
gia phai thdn thiie red le ma cii chinh la tie gia da dl cip dugc mot so vin dl
Idn cua xa hdi Viet Nam tren con dudng Au hoi.

Tmh yeu giiia Td Tim va Dam Thuy la mdt mdi tinh tri ky y hgp tam
diu. Ho quy nhau vi tai, trong nhau vi diic, hoa hgp d nhilu y hudng, sd thich.
Nd khdng don gian chi la ua nhau vi ve ngoai "diu may cudi mit" ma la su
hoa hgp ben trong tim hdn. Td Tam mdi doc van ciia Dam Thuy da thdt len
"Sao anh hgp tam tri vdi em vay" va tir khi dugc giip mat trd chuyen, doi trao
thi tudng nhu hai linh hdn dugc sinh ra dl ma hoa quyen, quin quyt. Tmh yeu
tho mdng dd lai dugc "nudi dudng trong huong vi vin chuong", dugc diem td
bang tri tudng tugng nen cang trd nen thi vi va lang man: "Chiing tdi tudng
tugng ra nhu vu tru chi cd hai ngudi ma thdi, bao nhieu nhiing thudng tinh eo
hep, nhirng tiiam canh Idi thdi, bao nhieu tieng khdc cau cudi, dudng danh
mdi Igi d chon phdn hoa da chim dim dau mit ca, trudc mat chi edn thiy khdi
huong cua ii tinh duong nghi ngut bay trong dam tit mil khien cho hai ngudi
tuang tri dd tudng la ddi chim nhan duong cimg nhau tung trdi ma bay". Ro
rang hai nhan vat nay mang trong minh nhiing dac tinh tieu bilu cd hiru cua
chii nghTa lang man: Dd la su cd don va tam trang mudn thoit ra khdi moi
rang budc cua thuc tai. Ngay ca khi ngdi tinh tu ben nhau trong mot dem trang
tren bai biln Do Son, ho vin cam thiy rgn nggp: "Trudc chd gidi cao be rong,
mmh tu thiy mmh be nhd la thudng... Trong Idng sinh ra mot thii kinh sg, sg cai

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tdi v'mh tdi dai cua hoa cdng". Cai cam giac lac long, bo vo dd cang dugc tang
len khi ho c6 tinh quih quyt liy nhau va tu tach minh ra khdi ddi sdng xa hdi.
Song cimg se phien dien nen chung ta khdng ghi nhan muc dich giio due
luan ly ciia Hoang Ngoc Phach qua canh ngd "Trai cd noi sin edn chang mang
quye'n rii gai to, gii di liy ehdng ma con to tudng trai cii"^*\ Theo tic gia, each
day luan ly cho con em qua nhiing ly thuye't khd khan, nhiing giao dilu vo
doin hay mugn nhiing tilu thuyet tiieo Id'i ly tudng tho ngay, liy viec bao ling
phiic, hoa, thien ic dl ran day la qui sao cu, khdng giy hung thii, khong lam

cho tin tudng. Vi vay ma chlng cd dugc gia tri luan ly, giio due. La ngudi
ciing the' he, hiiu ro tam ly Idp tre, Hoang Ngoc Phich da tim kiem mdt Idi
thiic tinh rieng: "Chiu khd tham dd, d day con sdng tinh ma cim biln nhin
ciing ban tiiieu nien diing ling ving ben bd sdng, trong khi cin phai dl tim
vao nhiing chu nghia cao xa khic, miy chii ring "Day la ghlnh cao vuc tham"
(Ldi tua ciia Nguyln Hiin Phiic). Bdi vi "Td Tam" viet bang giong tu sir cua
mdt nhan vat xung tdi, trudc khi vao truyen, Hoang Ngoc Phach ciing da cd
ldi canh bao: "Nhilu khi anh em ngdi dam luan vl Tan hoc thdi nay, ky gia
thudng nghe ndi de'n mot bac thanh nien tan tien, cd tinh tinh van chuong tu
tudng, thudng hay lam dung nhiing tai heu dd dem ra lam viec cho ii tinh,
gheo Idng ngudi nhi nii, vdi thi hanh nhiing y tudng trong sach hay nhiing
canh minh tudng tugng ra. Cd liic cd y ma lam, cung nhilu khi lam ma khdng
tu bie't, miln la tim dugc noi thi nghiem y tudng ciia minh va lay dugc Idng
yeu ciia ngudi ma thdi, nen xly ra lim tan bi kich, thiet cho minh ma kho cho
ngudi, quay rdi den gia dinh xa hdi". Ong edn nhan manh them: "Neu ngudi
cimg minh la mot bac thieu nii tim thudng, tinh tinh thap hep, y tudng nhd
nhen, dl vao dau cung dugc, gap canh nao ciing xong thi cai hai khdng la
miy, nhung gap mot hang thieu nii ciing thich van chuong, ciing cd tu tudng,
da xem duge vai ehuc bd tilu thuyet Tay, da viet dugc it nhieu van qudc ngii,
tinh tinh lai rit la dim thim, thudng hay mo mang nhimg truyen dau dau, it

Pham Th^ Ngu, Sdd. tr. 361.

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khi nghi din thuc tinh the su thi that la "mdt mui ten tinh ii sat nhan"<**\
Nhiing ddng chii nay, nhlc nhd chung ta khdng thi xem nhe muc dich giio
due cua cudn sich, nhung nhu da ndi d tren, tir chd nham dl canh tinh, vo
hinh trung tic gia da trd thanh ke ddng loa ndi tieng ndi ciia chinh nhan vat,

hon niia edn gian tiep nggi ca tmh yeu sau sic cd mdt khdng hai cua ddi tre.
Au day ciing la mdt hien tugng binh thudng cua nghe thuat, nhu trudng hgp
L.Tdnxtdi vie't Anna Karenina...
Vin dl cudi cimg tie gia Hoang Ngoc Phich giri glm qua hai nhan vat
Td Tam, Dam Thuy la cudc diu tranh giiia chu nghia ca nhan vdi dai gia dinh
phong kien, giiia y thiic he tu sin vdi 11 giao phong kien. Dd la nhiing nhan
vat da hap thu van minh va ldi sdng phuong Tay, cd nhung quan niem mdi me
vl tinh yeu, y thiic rit rd vl cai tdi ca nhan, cii tdi ddi giai phdng. Nhung do
diu dugc sinh trudng trong nhirng gia dinh edn ne c6, khudn phep nen ludn bi
giing xe giiia tinh yeu va bdn phin, ca nhin va gia dinh. Mae dii "Td Tam"
chiu anh hudng phuong Tay nhilu mat nhung vin chua hoan toan vugt qua 11
giio va dao diic phong kien. Bang chiing la tie gia vin chon md tip "ben tinh
ben hieu" dl cudi cimg budc nhan vat phii cd sir lua chon. Ci hai nhan vat dii
rit dau khd nhung cung phai hy sinh ai tinh, hy sinh ca nhan de giii liy nen
nep gia phong va lam trdn chii hieu. Cai ket thiic cua tac phim cd thi tao nen
nhilu each hiiu khic nhau. Thii nhit la tie gia diing vl phia Idp tre liy cai
chet cua Td Tam de budc tdi 11 giao phong kien. Thii hai, trudc sau, Hoang
Ngoe Phach vin la ngudi giii viing lap trudng dao diic, nen cho ring: "Ngudi
trong truyen vin hiiu dugc cii nghia hy sinh ddi vdi cha me. Nhu the la dilu
hay". Vl vin de nay, GS. Phan Cu De trong "Tilu thuye't Viet Nam hien dai
da khang dinh: Van de ehdng phong kien trong tilu thuyet Td Tam ehi la thii
yeu va mire do ehdng ddi cung rat tieu cue. VI thuc chat, Td Tam la mot ban
tinh ca ngoai 11 giao, ca nggi cai "tdi" ca nhan trong tinh yeu, thoit ly moi
trach nhiem va nghTa vu ciia ngudi thanh nien trong cudc dau tranh giai cip

•I'hamTh^Ngu. Sdd. tr. 361.

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duong thdi. Tam trang ciia Td Tam va Dam Thuy la tim trang cua nhiing nhan
vat lang man thoit khdi cudc sdng xa hdi".
Ve nghe thuat: To Tdm ra ddi lam xdn xao du luan va dugc ddn tiep mot
each dac biet. VI mat ndi dung, cd thi thiy mdi lien he "mo phdng" giiia "Td
Tam" vdi "Tuyet Hong le su", song, vl nghe thuat, tie phim cua Hoang Ngoc
Phach da xuit hien nhu mdt su kien lam dao Idn nhung ldi viet tilu thuyet
truyin thd'ng. "Ngudi biy gid" - trim trd khen nggi la hay, la mdi, chua timg
cd trong van chuong nude nha, ky thuc, nghe thuat iy neu ai da timg lam quen
vdi tilu thuyet phuong Tay thi khdng cd gi la, nhung ddi vdi nhiing ngudi chi
quen vdi nhung truyen Ndm, nhiing tilu thuyet thin tien kie'm hiep, tilu
tiiuyet lich sir chuong hdi thi qua la Hoang Ngoc Phach da sir dung mot biit
phip tan ky, hien dai.
Trudc het la ket ciu: Hoang Ngoc Phach da tu dat ten cho cudn sach cua
minh la "Tam ly tilu thuyet". Dd la mot chu y each tan va da dugc thuc thi
qua tie phim. NghTa la tic phim khdng md ta diln bien cua ndi dung cdt
truyen thdng qua bien cd hanh ddng nhu trong tilu tiiuyet chuong hdi, ma chu
yeu dua vao diln bien tam ly cua hai nhan vat chinh. Chuyen hiu nhu khdng
cd gi ca. Khdng cd nhiing bien cd, nhiing hanh ddng phieu luu gay hdi hop,
nhiing bat ngd lam dao dien. Khdng cd lim nhan vat, nhieu gap go, "cuu khdn
phd nguy", anh hung xung tran... ma chi cd hai ngudi vdi biu tam tinh cua ho.
Cic chi tiet sir kien chi hien din tiieo qui luat tam ly, theo su hdi tudng cua Td
Tam chii khdng theo trinh tu thdi gian. Vay ma da lam cho ddc gia say sua,
"dieu dung". Truyen ta xua khdng thieu chuyen tinh, nhung cai ket ciu "gap
gd, trao duyen, luu lac, doan vien" den thdi nay trd nen nham chan va da bi
phi vd. Tie gia da xay dung nen mdi tinh dep va tho mdng de rdi din ho den
tan vd chet ehdc. Ngudi ta roi le, ngudi ta trich cii ket thiic "khdng cd hau"
nhung thira nhin tie phim la mdi, la hay... Tit ca chinh la d nghe thuat mieu
ta tam ly, d kha nang nim bit va phat hien nhimg bien ddi tam ly phiic tap ciia
hai con ngudi dang lam vao vdng tinh ai. Nhihig gilng xe ndi tam, nhimg uan
khiJC, sir dim say, ndi tuyet vong... Moi bien thai dii nhd nhat nha't deu dugc

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